THE STORY OF FERTILIZATION
“WELL, as nearly as I can remember,” began Billy, “Miss Gardener said
she had been studying very hard on the formation of parts of flowers,
and the story of fertilization. It was pretty dry stuff, too, as it was
taught when she was young; but the way she told it was so interesting
that I took notes which will help me in telling you about
THE BIRTH OF SEED BABIES. FORMATION OF THE PISTIL
The pistil is the tall green center stalk generally
found in the midst of the stamens.
The pistil is very interesting, for it has to do with
the way in which the seed baby is born.
[Illustration]
{the stigma (the top),
The pistil has three parts {the style (the stem),
{the ovary (seed holder).
“The pistil is the real mother of the seed babies.”
“Here, Mary Frances, I am going to cut a flower off that geranium in
the window, down the center to show you. Mother will not object.”
When Billy had cut the flower down lengthwise he explained further
THE NEED OF POLLEN
Now, the pistil needs pollen off the anthers of some
other flower in order to bring seed-babies to life. Oh,
yes, Mary Frances, I’m coming to the part about the
bees. The pistil needs pollen, as I said; sometimes a
pistil needs the kind of pollen which is on the anthers
of the same plant, sometimes a pistil needs pollen
from the anthers of some other plant, but it must have
pollen to give seed babies life.
HOW CAN THE FLOWERS GET POLLEN
Now, flowers cannot walk, nor can the pistils or
stamens of flowers walk. How can they get the pollen
powder to their pistils? How can the pollen powder get
to their pistils?
THE FLOWERS SPREAD A FEAST FOR INSECTS
In some cases the breeze blows some pollen upon the
pistils of a few flowers, but it is a very _uncertain_
way, to depend on a breeze; so the wonderful flowers
_spread a feast_ of just the most delightful food for
_bees_, and sometimes for butterflies, and sometimes
for moths; and not only do they get the most enticing
food ready for such insects, but they put out the most
beautiful signs telling them the feast is ready.
They make the sign just as attractive as they possibly
can for the particular kind of insect they wish to come
to them to eat.
They use the loveliest colors and the most delightful
odors, which please the bees, the butterflies, the
moths, more than they please even you and me, by their
wonderful beauty and fragrance.
NECTAR
The food they give the bee is—no, Mary Frances, it is
not honey, it is _nectar_, out of which the bees make
honey.
HONEY BEE’S HONEY-CHURNS
Yes, I know you want to learn how they make it. No,
they do not churn it in a churn; they really churn it,
though. That is a good guess. They churn it in their
honey-sac stomachs. The honey bees love pollen, too. It
is their flour—pollen flour—and they carry it to their
hives in little basket-like places on their legs.
THE INSECTS CARRY POLLEN
Now, the bees in coming to get this feast of good
things to eat—the nectar for honey, and the pollen
for bee-flour, both of which are very necessary for
bees—do just exactly what the flowers want them to do
above everything—_to carry pollen_ from some anthers to
the pistil. This they do without knowing what a great
kindness they are bestowing upon the flowers.
They think they are just doing their duty in gathering
nectar to make honey and pollen for bee-flour, but in
dipping their heads down into the deep calyx where the
nectar is stored, they get their furry bodies covered
with pollen, and when they come out of that flower, or
go to visit another, they spread pollen all over the
stigma of the pistil! And when the pollen is spread on
the stigma of the pistil, somehow, in some wonderful
way it sinks down through the style into the ovary
where the dear little seed baby is born.
If you cut open an old bloom going to seed you will see
a number of seed babies in the ovary from which they
will fall when they are ripe.
BUMBLE BEES HELP
Sometimes flowers are very particular as to just what
insect shall do this work for them. For instance, the
clover hides its nectar too deep for the honey bee’s
tongue to reach; so the bumble bee and butterfly do
most of the work of pollination for the clovers.
The little butter-and-eggs flower depends upon bumble
bees, too, to bring pollen to the pistil, for she
closes the nectar holder with so tight a lip that the
weight of the honey bee is not heavy enough to open it.
ANIMALS WOULD STARVE WITHOUT THIS WORK OF INSECTS
By the way, it is a dreadful thing to kill bumble bees.
They do the work of pollenizing for many a deep-cupped
flower, and _without their aid and the aid of some such
insects, everybody would starve_, for there would be
no seed and no new plants to take the place of the old
ones as they died, and animals and birds and mankind
would perish of starvation.
MOTHS AND BUTTERFLIES HELP, TOO
This work of pollenizing depends for the most part on
bees, but many butterflies and moths feed on nectar
in the same way. Most moths’ tongues are very long,
and many long-necked flowers depend upon them to bring
pollen on their soft, furry bodies to the pistils. The
moths fly at night, so many long-necked flowers, like
the moonflowers, do not open their blooms nor shed
their sweet odors in the day time, but wait to show
their sweetness until their favorite insect is flying.
Now you see that Beauty Butterfly and night moths are
not just a gorgeous bit of living color. Such moths and
Beauty Butterfly accomplish much good.
“Well, Miss Gardener said she lay out in the hammock, just as you are
lying, Mary Frances, studying just what I have told you, only in a much
more difficult way, and she kept saying over and over to herself,
‘Corolla, calyx, sepals, stamens, pistil,’ in order that she might know
her lesson, when all at once her book began to slip out of her hand and
she could not seem to cling to it at all. She heard the dull thud as it
hit the ground.”
“Are you ready?” asked a strange buzzy voice. “I’m always in a hurry,
you see. Are you quite ready?”
“I’m ready,” answered Miss Gardener; “ready for anything; but please,
where are you, who are you, and what am I to be ready for?”
And again the buzzy voice spoke: “Ready to go with me?”
Miss Gardener looked around toward where the buzzy voice seemed to come
from. There, sitting on a rose nearby, was a honey bee.
“Oh,” gasped Miss Gardener, “I’m—that is—I——”
“You’re afraid!” buzzed the bee, coming near her. “You’re afraid I’ll
sting you!” She laughed. “We never sting unless we think we need to
take care of ourselves or our lovely children.”
“Oh,” apologized Miss Gardener, “I—that is, I—I’m ready, Mrs. Bee.”
“All right, then,” buzzed the bee, flying nearer. “Are you certain
you’re not afraid?”
“I’m not,” declared Miss Gardener; but she said a little shiver went
down her spine.
“Very well,” buzzed the bee, coming straight at her and hitting her
between the eyes.
Miss Gardener tried to scream; before she could do so she had the
queerest sensation. Before she could think whether the bee had stung or
not, she began to sink down, down, down, down, down, down, until she
was just the size of the bee.
“You’ve wondered so long,” said the bee, “about what a beehive was like
inside, I am going to take you on a visit to ours. But we must hurry,
or I shall not get my duty to the hive people done. Besides, you cannot
enter without some pollen or nectar; so here, stop and get a bit.”
“How can I?” began Miss Gardener.
“Fly over to that rose I was on,” said the bee. Miss Gardener flew and
gathered some pollen, and, together, Mrs. Honey Bee and she winged
their way over to the hive.