[1] Avebury, _The Scenery of England_, ch. xi.
DOWNSHIRE, WILLS HILL, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1718-1793), son of Trevor Hill,
1st Viscount Hillsborough, was born at Fairford in Gloucestershire on
the 30th of May 1718. He became an English member of parliament in 1741,
and an Irish viscount on his father's death in the following year, thus
sitting in both the English and Irish parliaments. In 1751 he was
created earl of Hillsborough in the Irish peerage; in 1754 he was made
comptroller of the royal household and an English privy councillor; and
in 1756 he became a peer of Great Britain as baron of Harwich. For
nearly two years he was president of the board of trade and plantations
under George Grenville, and after a brief period of retirement he filled
the same position, and then that of joint postmaster-general, under the
earl of Chatham. From 1768 to 1772 Hillsborough was secretary of state
for the colonies and also president of the board of trade, becoming an
English earl on his retirement; in 1779 he was made secretary of state
for the northern department, and he was created marquess of Downshire
seven years after his final retirement in 1782. Both in and out of
office he opposed all concessions to the American colonists, but he
favoured the project for a union between England and Ireland. Reversing
an earlier opinion Horace Walpole says Downshire was "a pompous
composition of ignorance and want of judgment." He died on the 7th of
October 1793 and was succeeded by his son Arthur (1753-1801), from whom
the present marquess is descended.
DOWRY (in Anglo-Fr. _dowarie_, O. Fr. _douaire_, Med. Lat. _dotaria_,
from Lat. _dos_, from root of _dare_, to give; in Fr. _dot_), the
property which a woman brings with her at her marriage, a wife's
marriage portion (see SETTLEMENT).
DOWSER and DOWSING (from the Cornish "dowse," M.E. _duschen_, to strike
or fall), one who uses, or the art of using, the dowsing-rod (called
"deusing-rod" by John Locke in 1691), or "striking-rod" or divining-rod,
for discovering subterranean minerals or water. (See DIVINING-ROD.)
DOXOLOGY (Gr. [Greek: doxologia], a praising, giving glory), an
ascription of praise to the Deity. The early Christians continued the
Jewish practice of making such an ascription at the close of public
prayer (Origen, [Greek: Peri euches], 33) and introduced it after the
sermon also. The name is often applied to the Trisagion (tersanctus), or
"Holy, Holy, Holy," the scriptural basis of which is found in Isaiah vi.
3, and which has had a place in the worship of the Christian church
since the 2nd century; to the Hallelujah of several of the Psalms and of
Rev. xix.; to such passages of glorification as Rom. ix. 5, xvi. 27,
Eph. iii. 21; and to the last clause of the Lord's Prayer as found in
Matt. vi. 13 (A.V.), which critics are generally agreed in regarding as
an interpolation, and which, while used in the Greek and the Protestant
churches, is omitted in the Roman rite. It is used, however, more
definitely as the designation of two hymns distinguished by liturgical
writers as the Greater and Lesser Doxologies.
The origin and history of these it is impossible to trace fully. The
germ of both is to be found in the Gospels; the first words of the
Greater Doxology, or _Gloria in Excelsis_, being taken from Luke ii. 14,
and the form of the Lesser Doxology, or _Gloria Patri_, having been in
all probability first suggested by Matt. xxviii. 19. The Greater
Doxology, in a form approximating to that of the English prayer-book, is
given in the _Apostolical Constitutions_ (vii. 47). At this time (c.
375) it ran thus: "Glory to God on high, and on earth peace to men of
(his) goodwill. We praise thee, we bless thee, we worship thee, we
glorify thee, we give thanks to thee for thy great glory. O Lord God,
heavenly king, God the Father Almighty; O Lord, the only begotten Son,
Jesus Christ; O Lord God, Lamb of God, Son of the Father, that takest
away the sins of the world, have mercy upon us; Thou that takest away
the sins of the world, receive our prayer; Thou that sittest at the
right hand of the Father, have mercy upon us; For Thou alone art holy.
Thou only, Jesus Christ, with the Holy Ghost, art most high in the glory
of God the Father. Amen." This is the earliest record of it, but it is
also found in the Alexandrine Codex. Alcuin attributes the authorship of
the Latin form--the _Gloria in Excelsis_--to St Hilary of Poitiers (died
367). The quotations from the hymn in the pseudo-Athanasian _De
Virginitate_, and in Chrysostom (_Hom. 69 in Matth._), include only the
opening words (those from St Luke's gospel), though the passage in
Athanasius shows by an _et caetera_ that only the beginning of the hymn
is given. These references indicate that the hymn was used in private
devotions; as it does not appear in any of the earliest liturgies,
whether Eastern or Western, its introduction into the public services of
the church was probably of a later date than has often been supposed.
Its first introduction into the Roman liturgy is due to Pope Symmachus
(498-514), who ordered it to be sung on Sundays and festival days. There
was much opposition to the expansion, but it was suppressed by the
fourth council of Toledo in 633. Until the end of the 11th century its
use was confined to bishops, and to priests at Easter and on their
installation. The Mozarabic liturgy provides for its eucharistic use on
Sundays and festivals. In these and other early liturgies the Greater
Doxology occurs immediately after the beginning of the service; in the
English prayer-book it introduced at the close of the communion office,
but it does not occur in either the morning or evening service. This
doxology is also used in the Protestant Episcopal and Methodist
Episcopal churches of America, as indeed in most Protestant churches at
the eucharist.
The Lesser Doxology, or _Gloria Patri_, combines the character of a
creed with that of a hymn. In its earliest form it ran simply--"Glory be
to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost, world without end,
Amen," or "Glory be to the Father, in (or through) the Son, and in (or
through) the Holy Ghost." Until the rise of the Arian heresy these forms
were probably regarded as indifferent, both being equally capable of an
orthodox interpretation. When the Arians, however, finding the second
form more consistent with their views, adopted it persistently and
exclusively, its use was naturally discountenanced by the Catholics, and
the other form became the symbol of orthodoxy. To the influence of the
Arian heresy is also due the Catholic addition--"as it was in the
beginning, is now, and ever shall be," the use of which was, according
to some authorities, expressly enjoined by the council of Nicaea. There
is no sufficient evidence of this, but there exists a decree of the
second council of Vaison (529), asserting its use as already established
in the East _propter haereticorum astutiam_, and ordering its adoption
throughout the churches of the West. In the Western Church the _Gloria
Patri_ is repeated at the close of every psalm, in the Eastern Church at
the close of the last psalm. This last is the optional rule of the
American Episcopal Church.
Metrical doxologies are often sung at the end of hymns, and the term has
become especially associated with the stanza beginning "Praise God from
whom all blessings flow," with which Thomas Ken, bishop of Winchester,
concluded his morning and evening hymns.
See J. Bingham, _Biog. eccles._ xiv. 2; Siegel, _Christl.
Alterthumer_, i. 515, &c.; F. Procter, _Book of Common Prayer_, p.
212; W. Palmer, _Orig. Liturg._ iv. S 23; art. "Liturgische Formeln"
(by Drews) in Hauck-Herzog, _Realencyk. fur prot. Theol._ xi. 547.
DOYEN, GABRIEL FRANCOIS (1726-1806), French painter, was born at Paris
in 1726. His passion for art prevailed over his father's wish, and he
became in his twelfth year a pupil of Vanloo. Making rapid progress, he
obtained at twenty the Grand Prix, and in 1748 set out for Rome. He
studied the works of Annibale Caracci, Cortona, Giulio Romano and
Michelangelo, then visited Naples, Venice, Bologna and other Italian
cities, and in 1755 returned to Paris. At first unappreciated and
disparaged, he resolved by one grand effort to conquer a reputation, and
in 1758 he exhibited his "Death of Virginia." It was completely
successful, and procured him admission to the Academy. Among his
greatest works are reckoned the "Miracle des Ardents," painted for the
church of St Genevieve at St Roch (1773); the "Triumph of Thetis," for
the chapel of the Invalides; and the "Death of St Louis," for the chapel
of the Military School. In 1776 he was appointed professor at the
Academy of Painting. Soon after the beginning of the Revolution he
accepted the invitation of Catherine II. and settled at St Petersburg,
where he was loaded with honours and rewards. He died there on the 5th
of June 1806.
DOYLE, SIR ARTHUR CONAN (1859- ), English novelist, eldest son of the
artist Charles Doyle, was born on the 22nd of May 1859. He was sent to
Stonyhurst College, and further pursued his education in Germany, and at
Edinburgh University where he graduated M.B. in 1881 and M.D. in 1885.
He had begun to practise as a doctor in Southsea when he published _A
Study in Scarlet_ in 1887. _Micah Clarke_ (1888), a tale of Monmouth's
rebellion, _The Sign of Four_ (1889), and _The White Company_ (1891), a
romance of Du Guesclin's time, followed. In _Rodney Stone_ (1896) he
drew an admirable sketch of the prince regent; and he collected a
popular series of stories of the Napoleonic wars in _The Exploits of
Brigadier Gerard_ (1896). In 1891 he attained immense popularity by _The
Adventures of Sherlock Holmes_, which first appeared in _The Strand
Magazine_. These ingenious stories of the success of the imperturbable
Sherlock Holmes, who had made his first appearance in _A Study in
Scarlet_ (1887), in detecting crime and disentangling mystery, found a
host of imitators. The novelist himself returned to his hero in _The
Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes_ (1893), _The Hound of the Baskervilles_
(1902), and _The Return of Sherlock Holmes_ (1905). His later books
include numerous novels; plays, _The Story of Waterloo_ (1894), in which
Sir Henry Irving played the leading part, _The Fires of Fate_ (1909),
and _The House of Temperley_ (1909); and two books in defence of the
British army in South Africa--_The Great Boer War_ (1900) and _The War
in South Africa; its Causes and Conduct_ (1902). Dr Conan Doyle served
as registrar of the Langman Field Hospital in South Africa, and was
knighted in 1902.
DOYLE, SIR FRANCIS HASTINGS CHARLES, Bart. (1810-1888), English man of
letters, was born at Nunappleton, Yorkshire, on the 21st of August 1810.
He was the son of Major-General Sir Francis Hastings Doyle, 1st baronet
(1783-1839), and was educated at Eton and at Christ Church, Oxford,
where he took a first-class in classics in 1831. He read for the bar and
was called in 1837. He had been elected to a fellowship of All Souls' in
1835, and his interests were chiefly literary. Among his intimate
friends was Mr Gladstone, at whose marriage he assisted as "best man";
but in later life their political opinions widely differed. In 1834 he
published _Miscellaneous Verses_, reissued with additions in 1840. This
was followed by _Two Destinies_ (1844), _The Duke's Funeral_ (1852),
_Return of the Guards and other Poems_ (1866); and from 1867 to 1877 he
was professor of poetry at Oxford. In 1869 some of the lectures he
delivered were published in book form. One of the most interesting was
his appreciation of William Barnes, and the essay on Newman's _Dream of
Gerontius_ was translated into French. In 1886 he published his
_Reminiscences_, full of records of the interesting people he had known.
Sir Francis Doyle succeeded his father (chairman of the board of excise)
as 2nd baronet in 1839, and in 1844 married Sidney, daughter of Charles
Watkin Williams Wynn (1775-1850). From 1845 he held various important
offices in the customs. He died on the 8th of June 1888. Doyle's poetry
is memorable for certain isolated and spirited pieces in praise of
British fortitude. The best-known are his ballads on the "Birkenhead"
disaster and on "The Private of the Buffs."
DOYLE, JOHN ANDREW (1844-1907), English historian, the son of Andrew
Doyle, editor of _The Morning Chronicle_, was born on the 14th of May
1844. He was educated at Eton and at Balliol College, Oxford, winning
the Arnold prize in 1868 for his essay, _The American Colonies_. He was
a fellow of All Souls' from 1870 until his death, which occurred at
Crickhowell, South Wales, on the 4th of August 1907. His principal work
is _The English Colonies in America_, in five volumes, as follows:
_Virginia, Maryland and the Carolinas_ (1 vol., 1882), _The Puritan
Colonies_ (2 vols., 1886), _The Middle Colonies_ (1 vol., 1907), and
_The Colonies under the House of Hanover_ (1 vol., 1907), the whole work
dealing with the history of the colonies from 1607 to 1759. Doyle also
wrote chapters i., ii., v. and vii. of vol. vii. of the _Cambridge
Modern History_, and edited William Bradford's _History of the Plimouth
Plantation_ (1896) and the _Correspondence of Susan Ferrier_ (1898).
DOYLE, RICHARD (1824-1883), English artist, son of John Doyle, the
caricaturist known as "H. B." (1797-1868), was born in London in 1824.
His father's "Political Sketches" took the town by storm in the days of
Lord Grey and Lord Melbourne. The son was an extremely precocious
artist, and in his "Home for the Holidays," done when he was twelve, and
in his "Comic English Histories," drawn four years later, he showed
extraordinary gifts of humour and fancy. He had no art training outside
his father's studio. In 1843 he joined the staff of _Punch_, drawing
cartoons and a vast number of illustrations, but he retired in 1850, in
consequence of the attitude adopted by that paper towards what was known
as "the papal aggression," and especially towards the pope himself. In
1854 he published his "Continental Tour of Brown, Jones and Robinson."
His illustrations to three of the _Christmas Books_ of Charles Dickens,
and to _The Newcomes_ by Thackeray, are reckoned among his principal
achievements; and his fanciful pictures of elves and fairies have always
been general favourites. He died on the 11th of December 1883. His most
popular drawing is his cover of _Punch_.
DOZSA, GYORGY (d. 1514), Hungarian revolutionist, was a Szekler squire
and soldier of fortune, who won such a reputation for valour in the
Turkish wars that the Hungarian chancellor, Tamas Bakocz, on his return
from Rome in 1514 with a papal bull preaching a holy war in Hungary
against the Moslems, appointed him to organize and direct the movement.
In a few weeks he collected thousands of so-called _Kuruczok_ (a
corruption of _Cruciati_), consisting for the most part of small yeomen,
peasants, wandering students, friars and parish priests, the humblest
and most oppressed portion of the community, to whom alone a crusade
against the Turk could have the slightest attraction. They assembled in
their counties, and by the time Dozsa had drilled them into some sort of
discipline and self-confidence, they began to air the grievances of
their class. No measures had been taken to supply these voluntary
crusaders with food or clothing; as harvest-time approached, the
landlords commanded them to return to reap the fields, and on their
refusing to do so, proceeded to maltreat their wives and families and
set their armed retainers upon the half-starved multitudes. Instantly
the movement was diverted from its original object, and the peasants and
their leaders began a war of extermination against the landlords. By
this time Dozsa was losing control of the rabble, which had fallen under
the influence of the socialist parson of Czegled, Lorincz Meszaros. The
rebellion was the more dangerous as the town rabble was on the side of
the peasants, and in Buda and other places the cavalry sent against the
_Kuruczok_ were unhorsed as they passed through the gates. The rebellion
spread like lightning, principally in the central or purely Magyar
provinces, where hundreds of manor-houses and castles were burnt and
thousands of the gentry done to death by impalement, crucifixion and
other unspeakable methods. Dozsa's camp at Czegled was the centre of the
_jacquerie_, and from thence he sent out his bands in every direction,
pillaging and burning. In vain the papal bull was revoked, in vain the
king issued a proclamation commanding the peasantry to return to their
homes under pain of death. By this time the rising had attained the
dimensions of a revolution; all the feudal levies of the kingdom were
called out against it; and mercenaries were hired in haste from Venice,
Bohemia and the emperor. Meanwhile Dozsa had captured the city and
fortress of Csanad, and signalized his victory by impaling the bishop
and the castellan. Subsequently, at Arad, the lord treasurer, Istvan
Telegdy, was seized and tortured to death with satanic ingenuity. It
should, however, in fairness be added that only notorious bloodsuckers,
or obstinately resisting noblemen, were destroyed in this way. Those who
freely submitted were always released on parole, and Dozsa not only
never broke his given word, but frequently assisted the escape of
fugitives. But he could not always control his followers when their
blood was up, and infinite damage was done before he could stop it. At
first, too, it seemed as if the government were incapable of coping with
him. In the course of the summer he took the fortresses of Arad, Lippa
and Vilagos; provided himself with guns and trained gunners; and one of
his bands advanced to within five leagues of the capital. But his
half-naked, ill-armed ploughboys were at last overmatched by the
mailclad chivalry of the nobles. Dozsa, too, had become demoralized by
success. After Csanad, he issued proclamations which can only be
described as nihilistic. His suppression had become a political
necessity. He was finally routed at Temesvar by the combined forces of
Janos Zapolya and Istvan Bathory, was captured, and condemned to sit on
a red-hot iron throne, with a red-hot iron crown on his head and a
red-hot sceptre in his hand. This infernal sentence was actually carried
out, and, life still lingering, the half-roasted carcass of the unhappy
wretch, who endured everything with invincible heroism, was finally
devoured by half-a-dozen of his fellow-rebels, who by way of preparation
had been starved for a whole week beforehand.