DODWELL, EDWARD DORLEANS, LOUIS
DODWELL, HENRY DORMER
DOG DORMITORY
DOGE DORMOUSE
DOG-FISH DORNBIRN
DOGGER BANK DORNBURG
DOGGETT THOMAS DORNER, ISAAC AUGUST
DOGMA DORNOCH
DOGMATIC THEOLOGY DOROHOI
DOGRA DOROTHEUS
DOGS, ISLE OF D'ORSAY, ALFRED GUILLAUME GABRIEL
DOG-TOOTH DORSET, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
DOGWOOD DORSETSHIRE
DOL DORSIVENTRAL
DOLABELLA, PUBLIUS CORNELIUS DORT, SYNOD OF
DOLBEN, JOHN DORTMUND
DOLCE, LUDOVICO DORY
DOLCI, CARLO DOSITHEUS MAGISTER
DOLDRUMS DOSSAL
DOLE DOSSERET
DOLE DOST MAHOMMED KHAN
DOLERITE DOSTOIEVSKY, FEODOR MIKHAILOVICH
DOLET, ETIENNE DOUAI
DOLGELLEY DOUARNENEZ
DOLGORUKI, VASILY LUKICH DOUBLE
DOLHAIN DOUBLE BASS
DOLICHOCEPHALIC DOUBLEDAY, ABNER
DOLL DOUBLEDAY, THOMAS
DOLLAR (town of Scotland) DOUBLET
DOLLAR (money) DOUBS (river of France)
DOLLING, ROBERT RADCLYFFE DOUBS (department of France)
DOLLINGER, JOHANN IGNAZ VON DOUCE, FRANCIS
DOLLOND, JOHN DOUGLAS
DOLMAN DOUGLAS, SIR CHARLES
DOLNJA TUZLA DOUGLAS, GAVIN
DOLOMIEU, TANCREDE GRATET DE DOUGLAS, SIR HOWARD
DOLOMITE DOUGLAS, JOHN
DOLOMITES, THE DOUGLAS, STEPHEN ARNOLD
DOLPHIN DOUGLAS (capital of the Isle of Man)
DOMAT JEAN DOUGLAS (village of Scotland)
DOMBES DOUGLASS, FREDERICK
DOMBROWSKI, JAN HENRYK DOUKHOBORS
DOME DOULLENS
DOMENICHINO ZAMPIERI DOULTON, SIR HENRY
DOMESDAY BOOK DOUMER, PAUL
DOMESTIC RELATIONS DOUMIC, RENE
DOMETT, ALFRED DOUNE
DOMFRONT DOURO
DOMICILE DOUROUCOULI
DOMINIC, SAINT DOUSA, JANUS
DOMINICA DOUVILLE, JEAN BAPTISTE
DOMINICANS DOUW GERHARD
DOMINIS, MARCO ANTONIO DE DOVE (river of England)
DOMINOES DOVE (bird)
DOMINUS DOVER, GEORGE JAMES WELBORE AGAR-ELLIS
DOMITIAN DOVER, HENRY JERMYN
DOMREMY-LA-PUCELLE DOVER, ROBERT
DON (river of Russia) DOVER (capital of Delaware, U.S.A.)
DON (river of Scotland) DOVER (borough of Kent, England)
DONAGHADEE DOVER (city of New Hampshire, U.S.A.)
DONALDSON, SIR JAMES DOVER (town of New Jersey, U.S.A.)
DONALDSON, JOHN WILLIAM DOVERCOURT
DONATELLO DOW, LORENZO
DONATI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA DOW, NEAL
DONATIO MORTIS CAUSA DOWAGER
DONATION OF CONSTANTINE DOWDEN, EDWARD
DONATISTS DOWDESWELL, WILLIAM
DONATUS, AELIUS DOWER
DONAUWORTH DOWIE, JOHN ALEXANDER
DON BENITO DOWLAS
DONCASTER DOWN (county of Ireland)
DON COSSACKS, TERRITORY OF THE DOWN (smooth rounded hill)
DONEGAL (county of Ireland) DOWNES ANDREW
DONEGAL (town of Ireland) DOWNING, SIR GEORGE
DONELSON, FORT DOWNMAN, JOHN
DONGA DOWNPATRICK
DONGOLA (province of Sudan) DOWNS
DONGOLA (town of Sudan) DOWNSHIRE, WILLS HILL
DONIZETTI, GAETANO DOWRY
DONJON DOWSER and DOWSING
DON JUAN DOXOLOGY
DONKIN, SIR RUFANE SHAW DOYEN, GABRIEL FRANCOIS
DONNAY, CHARLES MAURICE DOYLE, SIR ARTHUR CONAN
DONNE, JOHN DOYLE, SIR FRANCIS HASTINGS CHARLES
DONNYBROOK DOYLE, JOHN ANDREW
DONOSO CORTES, JUAN DOYLE, RICHARD
DONOVAN, EDWARD DOZSA, GYORGY
DOOM DOZY, REINHART PIETER ANNE
DOON DE MAYENCE DRACAENA
DOOR DRACHMANN, HOLGER HENRIK HERBOLDT
DOORWAY DRACO (Athenian statesman)
DOPPLERITE DRACO (constellation)
DORAN, JOHN DRACONTIUS, BLOSSIUS AEMILIUS
DORAT, CLAUDE JOSEPH DRAFTED MASONRY
DORCHESTER, DUDLEY CARLETON DRAG
DORCHESTER, GUY CARLETON DRAGASHANI
DORCHESTER (town of England) DRAGOMAN
DORCHESTER (village of England) DRAGOMIROV, MICHAEL IVANOVICH
DORCHESTER (Boston, U.S.A.) DRAGON
DORDOGNE (river of France) DRAGONETTI, DOMENICO
DORDOGNE (department of France) DRAGON-FLY
DORDRECHT DRAGON'S BLOOD
DORE, LOUIS AUGUSTE GUSTAVE DRAGOON
DORIA, ANDREA DRAGUIGNAN
DORIANS DRAINAGE OF LAND
DORIA-PAMPHILII-LANDI DRAKE, SIR FRANCIS
DORION, SIR ANTOINE AIME DRAKE, NATHAN
DORIS DRAKENBORCH, ARNOLD
DORISLAUS, ISAAC DRAKENSBERG
DORKING DRAMA (part)
DODWELL, EDWARD (1767-1832), English traveller and writer on
archaeology. He belonged to the same family as Henry Dodwell the
theologian, and was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. He travelled
from 1801 to 1806 in Greece, and spent the rest of his life for the most
part in Italy, at Naples and Rome. He died at Rome on the 13th of May
1832, from the effects of an illness contracted in 1830 during a visit
of exploration to the Sabine Mountains. His widow, a daughter of Count
Giraud, thirty years his junior, subsequently became famous as the
"beautiful" countess of Spaur, and played a considerable role in the
political life of the papal city. He published _A Classical and
Topographical Tour through Greece_ (1819), of which a German translation
appeared in 1821; _Views in Greece_, thirty coloured plates (1821); and
_Views and Descriptions of Cyclopian or Pelasgic Remains in Italy and
Greece_ (London and Paris, with French text, 1834).
DODWELL, HENRY (1641-1711), scholar, theologian and controversial
writer, was born at Dublin in October, 1641. His father, having lost his
property in Connaught during the rebellion, settled at York in 1648.
Here Henry received his preliminary education at the free school. In
1654 he was sent by his uncle to Trinity College, Dublin, of which he
subsequently became scholar and fellow. Having conscientious objections
to taking orders he relinquished his fellowship in 1666, but in 1688 he
was elected Camden professor of history at Oxford. In 1691 he was
deprived of his professorship for refusing to take the oath of
allegiance to William and Mary. Retiring to Shottesbrooke in Berkshire,
and living on the produce of a small estate in Ireland, he devoted
himself to the study of chronology and ecclesiastical polity. Gibbon
speaks of his learning as "immense," and says that his "skill in
employing facts is equal to his learning," although he severely
criticizes his method and style. Dodwell's works on ecclesiastical
polity are more numerous and of much less value than those on
chronology, his judgment being far inferior to his power of research. In
his earlier writings he was regarded as one of the greatest champions of
the non-jurors; but the doctrine which he afterwards promulgated, that
the soul is naturally mortal, and that immortality could be enjoyed only
by those who had received baptism from the hands of one set of regularly
ordained clergy, and was therefore a privilege from which dissenters
were hopelessly excluded, did not strengthen his reputation. Dodwell
died at Shottesbrooke on the 7th of June 1711. His chief works on
classical chronology are: _A Discourse concerning Sanchoniathon's
Phoenician History_ (1681); _Annales Thucydidei et Xenophontei_ (1702);
_Chronologia Graeco-Romana pro hypothesibus Dion. Halicarnassei_ (1692);
_Annales Velleiani, Quintilianei, Statiani_ (1698); and a larger
treatise entitled _De veteribus Graecorum Romanorumque Cyclis_ (1701).
His eldest son Henry (d. 1784) is known as the author of a pamphlet
entitled _Christianity not founded on Argument_, to which a reply was
published by his brother William (1709-1785), who was besides engaged in
a controversy with Dr Conyers Middleton on the subject of miracles.
See _The Works of H. D. ... abridg'd with an account of his life_, by
F. Brokesby (2nd ed., 1723) and Thomas Hearne's _Diaries_.
DOG, the English generic term for the quadruped of the domesticated
variety of _Canis_ (Fr. _chien_). The etymology of the word is unknown;
"hound" represents the common Teutonic term (Ger. _Hund_), and it is
suggested that the "English _dog_"--for this was a regular phrase in
continental European countries--represented a special breed. Most canine
experts believe that the dog is descended from the wolf, although
zoologists are less certain (see CARNIVORA); the osteology of one does
not differ materially from that of the other: the dog and the wolf breed
with each other, and the progeny thus obtained will again breed with the
dog. There is one circumstance, however, which seems to mark a
difference between the two animals: the eye of the dog of every country
and species has a circular pupil, but the position or form of the pupil
is oblique in the wolf. W. Youatt says there is also a marked difference
in the temper and habits of the two. The dog is generally easily
managed, and although H. C. Brooke of Welling, Kent, succeeded in making
a wolf fairly tractable, the experience of others has been the reverse
of encouraging. G. Cuvier gives an interesting account of a young wolf
which, having been trained to follow his master, showed affection and
submission scarcely inferior to the domesticated dog. During the absence
from home of his owner the wolf was sent to a menagerie, but pined for
his master and would scarcely take any food for a considerable time. At
length, however, he became attached to his keepers and appeared to have
forgotten his former associate. At the end of eighteen months his master
returned, and, the moment his voice was heard, the wolf recognized him
and lavished on him the most affectionate caresses. A still longer
separation followed, but the wolf again remembered his old associate and
showed great affection upon his return. Such an association proves that
there is very little difference between the dog and the wolf in
recognition of man as an object of affection and veneration. H. C.
Brooke succeeded in training his wolf so well that it was no uncommon
sight to see the latter following his master like a dog. The wolf did
not like strangers, however, and was very shy in their presence.
In the Old and New Testaments the dog is spoken of almost with
abhorrence; it ranked amongst the unclean beasts: traffic in it was
considered as an abomination, and it was forbidden to be offered in the
sanctuary in the discharge of any vow. Part of the Jewish ritual was the
preservation of the Israelites from the idolatry which at that time
prevailed among every other people. Dogs were held in considerable
veneration by the Egyptians, from whose tyranny the Israelites had just
escaped; figures of them appeared on the friezes of most of the temples,
and they were regarded as emblems of the divine being. Herodotus,
speaking of the sanctity in which some animals were held by the
Egyptians, says that the people of every family in which a dog died
shaved themselves--their expression of mourning--adding that this was a
custom of his own time.
The cause of this attachment to and veneration for the dog is, however,
explained in a far more probable and pleasing way than by many of the
fables of ancient mythology. The prosperity of Lower Egypt, and almost
the very subsistence of its inhabitants, depended upon the annual
overflowing of the Nile; and they looked for it with the utmost anxiety.
Its approach was announced by the appearance of a certain star, Sirius,
and as soon as that star was seen above the horizon the people hastened
to remove their flocks to the higher ground and abandoned the lower
pastures to the fertilizing influence of the stream. They hailed it as
their guard and protector; and, associating with its apparent
watchfulness the well-known fidelity of the dog, they called it the
"dog-star" and worshipped it. It was in far later periods and in other
countries that the appearance of the dog-star was regarded as the signal
of insufferable heat or prevalent disease. In Ethiopia, not only was
great veneration paid to the dog, but the inhabitants used to elect a
dog as their king. It was kept in great state, and surrounded by a
numerous train of officers and guards: when it fawned upon them it was
supposed to be pleased with their proceedings; when it growled, it
disapproved of the manner in which their government was conducted. Such
indications of will were implicitly obeyed, or were translated by the
worshippers as their own caprice or interest indicated.
Even 1000 years after this period, the dog was highly esteemed in Egypt
for its sagacity and other excellent qualities; for when Pythagoras,
after his return from Egypt, founded a new sect in Greece, and at Croton
in southern Italy, he taught, with the Egyptian philosophers, that at
the death of the body the soul entered into that of various animals.
After the death of any of his favourite disciples he would hold a dog to
the mouth of the man in order to receive the departing spirit, saying
that there was no animal which could perpetuate his virtues better than
that quadruped. It was in order to preserve the Israelites from errors
and follies of this kind, and to prevent the possibility of such
idolatry being established, that the dog was afterwards regarded with
utter abhorrence amongst the Jews, and this feeling prevailed during the
continuance of the Israelites in Palestine.
Plate I. TYPICAL NON-SPORTING DOGS.
(_From Photos by Bowden Bros._)
[Illustration: GREAT DANE.]
[Illustration: SAINT BERNARD.]
[Illustration: DALMATIAN.]
[Illustration: MASTIFF.]
[Illustration: OLD ENGLISH SHEEP DOG.]
[Illustration: COLLIE.]
[Illustration: CHOW.]
[Illustration: NEWFOUNDLAND.]
[Illustration: POODLE.]
[Illustration: BULL DOG.]
[Illustration: FRENCH BULL DOG.]
[Illustration: _From "Country Life in America."_