There are two types of widely used gemstone cuts. Opaque or figured
gemstones are usually cut with a rounded upper surface and a flat or
rounded back. A stone cut in this fashion is termed a cabochon or is
said to be cabochon cut. There are several variations of this mode of
cutting (fig. 2). Precious opal, agate, jade, star sapphire, and fossil
wood are some of the stones that are cut mostly as cabochons.
Transparent gemstones are usually cut with many plane polished surfaces.
Such stones are called faceted, and the process of cutting and polishing
these stones is called faceting. Emerald, diamond, topaz, and garnet are
examples of gemstones that are commonly seen as faceted stones.
[Illustration: Fig. 2. Variations of the cabochon cut. Left to right:
double cabochon; flat cabochon; simple cabochon; hollow cabochon.]
The cutting of gemstones, although sometimes tedious and time consuming,
is not especially difficult or complex. However, like most arts and
crafts, technique and ability should improve with practice and
experience. There are currently many amateur gem cutters in Texas. A
complete set of equipment necessary to cut cabochon stones may be
purchased for as little as $50.00 or $60.00. Most amateur cabochon
cutters have equipment that cost less than $100.00 which enables them to
do very fine work on many gem materials. Facet cutting requires more
precise equipment, and a complete array of such usually costs more than
$100.00, although less expensive equipment can be obtained. The
beginning gem cutter or lapidary who is willing to assemble and make
some of his own equipment can reduce his initial expenses considerably.