AUSTRIA.--BUKHOVINIA, GALLICIA, AND LODOMIRIA.--BOHEMIA AND
MORAVIA.--AUSTRIAN
SILESIA.--DALMATIA.--CROATIA.--CARNIOLA.--CARINTHIA.--STYRIA.--SALTZBURG,
THE TYROL, THE VORARLBERG.--UPPER AND LOWER AUSTRIA.--HUNGARY.
_Bukhovinia._--BUKHOVINIA was part of the ancient Dacia, and the bulk of
the population is, consequently, Rumanyo.
A smaller portion is common to Bukhovinia and Gallicia, and this is
chiefly Russniak, but partly Pole.
_Gallicia and Lodomiria._--At present these are Russniak areas
encroached upon by Poles and Germans: indeed, it was from Gallicia,
Lodomiria, and Bukhovinia, that the Malorussians seem to have
originated, and Russia to have been conquered.
Gallicia, however, at one time seems to have been occupied, more or less
partially, by the most south-western members of the Lithuanic
family--the Gothini of Tacitus, whose language is stated to have been
_Gallic_. I have suggested, elsewhere, the likehood of this meaning
_Gallician_--there being no reason to look upon that name as one of
recent origin. More than this, without denying the existence of true
Gauls on those several portions of the water-system of the middle Danube
where they are placed by ancient writers under the name of _Galatæ_, I
am inclined to believe that they were rather _Gallician_ and _Gallic_.
For Gallicia to have been Lithuanic, Volhynia must have been
Lithuanic[24] also, unless we suppose the _Gothini_ to have been an
isolated settlement; which, perhaps, they were.
_Bohemia._--Whatever may be the inferences from the fact of Bohemia
having been politically connected with the empire of the Germanic
Marcomanni, whatever may be those from the element _Boio-_, as
connecting its population with the _Boii_ of Gaul and Bavaria
(_Baiovarii_), the doctrine that the present Slavonic population of that
kingdom--_Tshekhs_ as they call themselves--is either recent in origin
or secondary to any German or Keltic aborigines, is wholly unsupported
by history. In other words, at the beginning of the historical period
Bohemia was as Slavonic as it is now.
From A.D. 526 to A.D. 550, Bohemia belonged to the great Thuringian
empire. The notion that it was then Germanic (except in its political
relations) is gratuitous. Nevertheless, Schaffarik’s account is, that
the ancestors of the present Tshekhs came, _probably_, from White
Croatia: which was either north of the Carpathians, or on each side of
them. According to other writers, however, the parts above the river
Kulpa in Croatia sent them forth. In Bohemian the verb _ceti=to begin_,
from which Dobrowsky derives the name _Czekh=the beginners_, _the
foremost_, _i.e._ the first Slavonians who passed westwards. The
powerful Samo, the just Krok, and his daughter, the wise Libussa, the
founder of Prague, begin the uncertain list of Bohemian kings, A.D.
624-700. About A.D. 722, a number of petty chiefs become united under
P’remysl, the husband of Libussa. Under his son Nezamysl, occurs the
first Constitutional Assembly at Wysegrad; and in A.D. 845, Christianity
was introduced. But it took no sure footing till about A.D. 966. Till
A.D. 1471, the names of the Bohemian kings and heroes are
Tshekh--Wenceslaus, Ottokar, Ziska, Podiebrad. In A.D. 1564, the
Austrian connexion and the process of Germanizing began.
Now, in considering the heroic age of Tshekh literature, Schaffarik
himself, though firmly holding the doctrine of a previous Germanic
population, remarks, that “there is no trace of any remnant of the
German spirit having survived in Bohemia. The remains of such Germanic
population as there were, must have been a weak remnant, and soon have
become lost in the Slavonic nationality. Even the stronger most probably
withdrew to the lonely hills.”
_Moravia._--The history and ethnology of Moravia is nearly that of
Bohemia, except that the Marcomannic Germans, the Turks, Huns, Avars,
and other less important populations may have effected a greater amount
of intermixture. Both populations are Tshekh, speaking the Tshekh
language--the language, probably, of the ancient Quadi.
_Austrian Silesia._--The basis of the population is Sorabian, _i.e._
akin to the Srbie, and Serskie of Lusatia. Like Gallicia, however, it
has become Polish in language wherever it is not German.
_Dalmatia._--The bulk of the present population is Slavonic, closely
allied to the Servians, Bosnians, Herzegovnians, and Montenegriners. The
foreign elements, however, are considerable.
First came the Roman conquest; then the Avar; then Germanic, then Arab,
and then Venetian influences. Besides this there were Mongol inroads,
and an absolute conquest of the neighbouring countries of Bosnia and
Herzegovna by the Turks.
In Dalmatia we have a Slavonic population addicted to maritime habits.
The Liburnians of old, the Narentines, the Uskoks, the Almissans during
the contests between Venice and the Turks are prominent in the history
of piracy. On the other hand the history of more than one
Republic--Ragusa, Poglizza--shows that the Dalmatian temper has not been
dead to the spirit of political liberty.
_Croatia_ is Slavonic nearly as Servia and Bosnia are Slavonic. The
Croatian dialect, without the two being mutually unintelligible, differs
from the so-called Illyrian of the Vinds, Slovenians, or Slovenzi of--
_Istria_, _Carniola_, _Carinthia_, _and Styria_, all truly Slavonic
districts, though, of course, partially occupied by an encroaching
population of Germans on the northern, and of Italians on the southern
frontier.
_Salzburg, the northern half of the Tyrol, and the Vorarlberg_ I believe
to have been originally as Slavonic as Carinthia, and also that they are
at the present moment Slavonic in blood, though German in language.
_Upper and Lower Austria_ I believe to have been in the same
predicament.
The southern half of the Tyrol had its affinities with the south rather
than the north, and was originally, in part at least, Etruscan. It must
be remembered that it by no means follows that because it was Etruscan
it was necessarily other than Slavonic.
_Hungary._--The complex ethnology of Hungary now remains for
consideration.
_The Banat_ is a mixture of recently introduced populations in the way
of colonization.
_Transylvania_ is German, Rumanyo and Sekler, a term which will be
noticed hereafter.
The central parts only are Majiar--Majiar meaning the population which
speaks the Majiar language, which originated in Asia, and which in the
tenth century effected intrusions and conquests in Hungary, just as the
Osmanlis did in Rumelia. The details of the Majiar movements from the
Ural Mountains to the Danube are obscure. They are said, however, to
have been driven from their own locality by the Petschenagi. They are
also mentioned as having taken that part of Russia which is called
Susdal, in their way.
_Seven_ was the number of the names of their patriarchs, who where
Almus, the father of Arpad, Eleud of Zobolsu, Cundu of Curzan, Ound of
Ete,[25] Tosu of Lelu, Huba of Zemera, Tahut of Horca; but the tribes,
clans, or generations were far more numerous. In one of the traditions
they amount to one hundred and eight. In the genealogies themselves we
can trace more than one family to a single patriarch, since the tribes
of Calan and Consoy are derived from Ete, the son of Ound. In these
divisions and subdivisions we see a far greater resemblance to an
Asiatic than to a European state of society; indeed, we may easily
imagine that it is Turks or Mongols that we are reading of.
I cannot find that they came to Europe accompanied by their wives and
daughters. Their march was rapid, since it was game and fish that they
subsisted on rather than on the produce of agriculture. “Every day they
hunted, so that the Hungarians are skilful above other nations in the
chase. By hunting and fishing they got their daily food.”
They are described as a people of excessive rudeness and cruelty. “The
nation of the Hungarians, fiercer then any brute beast, killed but few
with the sword, though many thousands with their arrows. These they shot
from bows of horn with such skill that their blows could not be guarded
against it. This mode of fighting was dangerous in proportion as it was
novel. It was like that of the Britons, except that where the one used
darts the other used arrows.”
The Majiars were darker-skinned than the Turks; such, at least, is the
plain interpretation of the epithet _black_, which is applied to them by
Nestor; who calls them the _black Ugri_ (_Ugri czerni_) in
contradistinction to the _white Ugri_ (_Ugri bjeli_), by which he is
supposed to mean the Khazars.
From about A.D. 889 to A.D. 955, the Majiars were the scourge of the
countries along the Danube; and in Bavaria, Saxony, Thuringia,
Franconia, Hesse, Alsatia, and even France, they fought battles with
various success--at first as conquerors. Afterwards, however, the tide
of success turned against them, and a signal victory near Merseburg, in
A.D. 934, first broke their power, which was afterwards limited to their
present area by a more decisive victory on the Lech in A.D. 955.
I have remarked upon the extent to which the division of the Majiars
into tribes, families, clans, or generations, has a Turk or Mongol look;
and I now add that it is possible that it may actually be so. There are
numerous proofs of the presence of Turk tribes in Hungary--the three
most, important of which are--1. The Avars; 2. The Petschenagi; and 3.
The Kumanians.
This is no more than we expect: since there were not only the
descendants of the Huns of Attila settled in the country, but several
separate subsequent invasions from the east had occurred in the
interval.
1. The Avars, for more than three centuries after the death of Attila,
continued to be the chief population of Pannonia; a population engaged
in perpetual wars with their neighbours in Croatia, Moravia, and
Transylvania, and, frequently, extending their invasions to Bohemia,
Germany, and even France. Whether they were the absolute descendants of
the Huns of Attila, under a new name, or not, is unimportant; since, if
they were not Huns in the strict sense of the term, they were a very
closely allied population. I think they formed the bulk of the
Pannonians during the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth centuries. But,
as the strength of the Slavonians of Moravia, Upper Hungary, Croatia and
Servia increased, the power of the Avars waned, and, weakened as they
were at the time of the Majiar invasion, they lost their language and
nationality and name soon after that event. Till then, however, they had
a separate existence, though reduced in importance. In the time of
Nestor the extinction of the Avars, whom the Russians call _Obri_, was
indicated by the following bye-word,--“they are gone even as the _Obri_;
neither kith nor kin remains.” Whether they were most amalgamated with
the Slavonians or the Majiars is doubtful. Such Hun blood as runs in the
veins of the present Hungarians is referable to the Avars; at least it
is certain that unless we supposed the Huns of Attila to have remained
in Hungary (Pannonia) under the name of Avar, we cannot well trace their
continued existence in that country; besides which the words _Hun_ and
_Avar_, are frequently used as synonymous--“_Huni_ qui et _Avares_
dicuntur.”
2. The Petschenagi, a branch of the great Turk family, were, even in
Asia, the nearest neighbours of the ancestors of the Majiars; their
locality being the parts between the Jaik and the Uralian Mountains.
Their invasion of Russia is placed by Nestor in _A.D._ 915; their
settlements being the parts between the Lower Dnieper and the mouths of
the Danube. We find them in Hungary under the name of _Bisseni_.
3. The Kumanians appear in Europe rather later than the Petschenagi and
Majiars, _i.e._, in the latter half of the eleventh century. Volhynia is
the country where they more especially settled. Like the Petschenagi
they were Turk, but not Mahometan. On the contrary, they are described
as unclean Pagans, who ate all sorts of meat, and some of it raw.
4. The fourth section of the Turk stock which made settlements in
Hungary were the _Khazars_. I should not, however, like to assert
positively that they were not Avars under another name, or, at any rate,
a closely allied population.
5. The fifth were the _Bulgarians_. Without fixing the date of their
advent, we may safely assume that it was subsequent to the conversion of
some portion of the nation to Mahometanism, although previous to their
adoption of the Slavonic language.
But the remarkable fact is the name of one of their leaders _Heten_,[26]
a name which we see in the list of the proper Majiar patriarchs. This
confirms the notion that the division into tribes and sub-tribes may
have been less Majiar and more Turk than it seems to be.
The _Bashkirs_ of Hungary are a difficult population. In the thirteenth
century, the Arabian writer Jakut, writes that he found in the city of
Aleppo some florid-faced Mahometans, who were called Bashkirs, and came
from Hungary.
Now, the present Bashkirs are the occupants of those parts beyond the
Uralian Mountains from which the Majiars came: their language being
Turk. But, as there is satisfactory evidence that this is an adopted
tongue, and that their original speech was Ugrian, they are reasonably
supposed to represent in the thirteenth century, not the Majiars of
Hungary, but the Majiars of the mother-country from which the invaders
of Europe proceeded. If so, how came they to be Mahometans? Were they
not rather the Bulgarians last mentioned? Their florid complexion is the
chief fact against it. On the other hand, it must be remarked that
though Jakut says that they were called _Bashkirs_ (“audiebant
Baschgardi”) he does not say that they called themselves so. Again, the
number of their chiefs is seven--the number of the so-called Majiar
patriarchs; amongst whom it must remembered we find the _Bulgarian_
Heten.
Hence, of a Bashkir intermixture, separate from the Bulgarians on one
side, and the Majiars on the other, there is no satisfactory evidence.
The analysis as far as it has proceeded has given us--
1. Ugrians Majiars.
2. Turks _a._ Huns.
“ _b._ Avars.
“ _c._ Petschenagi.
“ _d._ Kumanians.
“ _e._ Khazars.
“ _f._ Bulgarians,
“ α. Pagan,
“ β. Mahometan.
The Majiar conquest converted a Turk into a Ugrian area: its date being
the tenth century.
The Hun conquest converted a semi-romanized into a Turk area; its date
being the fifth century. A.D. 444 is a convenient epoch for this event.
It was the year of the murder of Attila’s brother, and the sole
supremacy of Attila himself.
We will first ask how Attila _left_ Hungary: next how he _found_ it.
I am not at all satisfied with the reasons generally given for believing
that, as his power fell to pieces at his death, so did the Hun blood in
Hungary become extinct. Still less am I satisfied with the reasons which
give any particular nation the credit of having destroyed it. The
recovery of the province of Pannonia never took place. I cannot find
that either the Goths of the Lower, or the Germans of the Upper, Danube
made any permanent conquest. That the Slavonic tribes of the surrounding
frontier pressed towards the interior is certain; but it is not certain
that they ever made the country their own.
That the political power of the descendants of Attila was broken is
certain; and for that very reason, I believe that the ethnological
influence of the Huns remained. The son of Attila was not the king of
the _Huns_, because _Hun_ seems to have been a collective name, and,
perhaps, was not a native one. But he was king of several of the
populations in detail, of which, along with others, the Hun power was
made. The tribes most ready to avail themselves of the death of Attila
were the Goths of the Lower Danube--Bulgaria, and (perhaps) Servia. Now
these first attacked the _Setagæ_ of Lower Pannonia; and when Dinzic,
the son of Attila knew of it he opposed them with the few tribes that
still acknowledged his dominion, the _Ultzinzures_, the _Angesuri_ the
_Bitugures_, and the _Bardones_. All these were particular Hun
populations, who, as long as the Hun power was at work on a large scale
were merged in one general name, but who afterwards step forth as
separate substantive members of that great confederacy, or empire.
Still there was great encroachment; the invading populations of the
Avars and the Bulgarians--so far as they were not Huns--being like the
Ultzinzures, &c. of Turk blood.
Before the remains of the Huns of Attila were extinguished--probably
before they were notably diminished--the closely allied Avars (Huns,
perhaps, under another name) conquered Pannonia, and held it from the
end of the sixth to that of the eighth century.
What with the remains of Attila’s army, and what with the Avars and the
Bulgarians, I think that when the Majiars entered Hungary they found it,
at least, as much Turk as aught else,--as much, but not more; for the
history of Hungary between the Hun and the Majiar conquests seems to
have been as follows:--
_a._ There was some reaction on the part of the Romans, assisted by--
_b._ The Goths, and perhaps by--
_c._ The remains of the native population of the frontiers.
The _Gepidæ_, too, were amongst the subjects of Attila. After his death
they rebelled against his son. Between the Danube, the Theiss, and the
Carpathian Mountains, their power grew steadily until the rise of the
Avars and Lombards; the union of which two nations was too strong for
them. By the beginning of the eighth century their national existence
had ceased.
I cannot say to what stock the Gepidæ belonged. I _think_ they were
Slavonians.
Be this, however, as it may, their power seems to have been in the
inverse ratio to that of the Avars, and they must be admitted as an
element in the ethnology of Hungary, without being supposed to be a very
important one.
We may well, then, say that no European population is more heterogeneous
than that of Hungary.
_a._ In the countries of Saala and Eisenberg we have a simple extension
of the Carinthians.
_b._ In Upper Hungary the Slovaks.
_c._ On the Croatian frontier, Croatians--to say nothing about the
political union of the two kingdoms.
_d._ In Slavonia, Servians and Russians--a variety of the Servian
section.
_e._ The Banat has already been noticed. So has--
_f._ Transylvania. The non-Majiar populations of all these districts are
separated from the Majiars by the outward and visible signs of
difference of language; and their ethnology is, consequently, widely
different from that of the Jaszag and Kunszag. Of these, though the
former is Slavonic and the latter Turk, in blood, each is Majiar in
language.
Different, however, from all are the Seklers. _Their_ peculiarity is,
that they were Majiars before the great Majiar invasion of the tenth
century; Ugrians, probably, in the army of Attila, as they easily might
have been, and as their own belief makes them, whilst a passage in
Alfred mentions the _Syssele east of the land of the Vends_. The word
means _settler_ in Majiar, and it is only by supposing an early Majiar
invasion that its presence in the pages of Alfred can be explained.
It is in language that the Majiar is distinct from the rest of Europe.
In blood there is but little difference. That a Majiar female ever made
her way from the Ural Mountains to Hungary is more than I can find; the
presumptions being against it. Hence, it is just possible that a
whole-blooded Majiar was never born on the banks of the Danube. Whether
the other elements are most Turk or most Slavonic is more than I venture
to guess.
* * * * *
Why do I give a Sarmatian origin to the ancient populations of the Lower
and Middle Danube? The details are too lengthy for exhibition; a sketch
only can be given. Special testimony places the Thracians, the Getæ,
the Daci, and the Triballi in the same class. The reasons in favour of
the _recent_ origin of the present Servians, Croatians, Carinthians,
Slovaks, and Tshekhs, is inconclusive. The Jazyges of the Euxine were in
the same category with the Jazyges of the Theiss, _i.e._ Slavonic. From
these the intermediate populations cannot be separated.
But why carry the Slavonic area further west? In the Tyrol we have such
geographical names as Scharn-_itz_, Gsh_nitz_-thal, and _Vintsh_-gau; in
the Vorarlberg, Ked-_nitz_ and Windisch-_matrei_. Even where the names
are less definitely Slavonic, the compound sibilant _tsh_, so
predominant in Slavonic, so exceptional in German, is of frequent
occurrence. This, perhaps, is little, yet is more than can be found in
any country known to have been _non_-Slavonic. Besides which, there are
no presumptions against the doctrine. Again--a Slavonic population in
the Vorarlberg and Southern Bavaria best accounts for the name
_Vind_-elicia.
* * * * *
Malta, Crete, and several of the Greek Islands, are European in respect
to their politics only. Ethnologically, they are African and Asiatic. In
Malta the language of the common people is Arabic, and the blood is
probably Arabic also--the superadded elements being numerous.
The aboriginal population of Crete is problematical. If we admit the
reasonable presumption that it was an extension of that of the
Continent, Egypt and Phœnicia have each a claim; as has Greece. That
_Minos_ represents a different person--historical or mythological--from
_Menes_ is a current doctrine; but then the notion that any amount of
similarity of name may occur within improbably narrow limits both of
space and time is current also.
Hence, Egyptian, Phœnician, Anatolian, and perhaps other earlier
elements are to be attributed to Crete anterior to the period of its
Hellenization. Of the subsequent elements the Arabic is the most
important. In each and all, too, of the other isles, the basis is
_non_-Hellenic.
I have no opinion as to the original blood of Sardinia, Corsica, and the
Balearic isles. The last are Spanish in speech, the other two Italian,
Arabic elements having been superadded--those introduced by the Roman
conquest, and by the Phœnician having preceded them.
* * * * *
If the ethnological analyses of the preceding pages be true, the extent
to which the phenomena of what is called _race_ are liable to
over-valuation is considerable; so rare and exceptional is any approach
to pure blood, and so little do pedigree and nationality coincide. The
most powerful nations are the most heterogeneous. Yet the inference
that mixture favours social development would be as unsafe as the
exaggeration of the effects of purity. The conditions which are least
favourable for a prominent place in the world’s history are the best for
the preservation of old characters. The purest populations of Europe are
the Basques, the Lapps, the Poles, and the Frisians; yet who can
predicate any important character common to them all?
To attribute national aptitudes and inaptitudes or national
predilections and antipathies to the unknown influences of blood, as
long as the patent facts of history and external circumstances remain
unexhausted, is to cut the Gordian Knot rather than to untie it. That
there is something in pedigree is probable; but, in the mind of the
analytical ethnologist, this something is much nearer to nothing than to
everything.
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THE PHYTOLOGIST. Nos. 116 to 127. 1_s._ each.
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A HISTORY OF BRITISH CRUSTACEA. By THOMAS BELL, Sec.R.S., F.L.S.,
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A HISTORY OF BRITISH MOLLUSCA AND THEIR SHELLS. By Professor EDWARD
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8vo., 2_s._ 6_d._ plain, or royal 8vo. coloured, 5_s._ each.
The two last enumerated Works are in continuation of the series of
“British Histories,” of which the Quadrupeds and Reptiles, by Professor
Bell; the Birds and Fishes, by Mr. Yarrell; the Birds’ Eggs, by Mr.
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A FAMILIAR INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF POLARIZED LIGHT; with a
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HINTS ON THE HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT OF THE HONEY BEE. By EDWARD
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A SUPPLEMENTARY CATALOGUE OF THE BRITISH TINEIDÆ AND PTEROPHORIDÆ.
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THE GOLD SEEKER’S MANUAL. Foolscap 8vo., 3_s._ 6_d._
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SPERM WHALE, and a South Sea Whaling
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A HISTORY OF BRITISH QUADRUPEDS, including the Cetacea. Nearly 200
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THE HONEY BEE; its Natural History, Physiology, and Management. By
EDWARD BEVAN, M.D. A New Edition, 12mo., with many Illustrations,
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A TREATISE ON THE MANAGEMENT OF FRESH-WATER FISH, with a view to
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A GEOGRAPHICAL AND COMPARATIVE LIST OF THE BIRDS OF EUROPE AND
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JOHN VAN VOORST, 1, PATERNOSTER ROW.
WORKS PUBLISHED BY MR. VAN VOORST.
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RARE AND REMARKABLE ANIMALS OF SCOTLAND, Represented from Living
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6_l._ 6_s._
FIRST STEPS TO ANATOMY. By JAMES L. DRUMMOND, M.D., Professor of
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A HISTORY OF BRITISH STARFISHES, and other Animals of the Class
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THE NATURAL HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE, comprising its Geology,
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UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY; or, A New and Practical System of Short-hand
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A MANUAL OF THE BRITISH MARINE ALGÆ: containing Generic and
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COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE EGGS OF BRITISH BIRDS: accompanied
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FLORA CALPENSIS: Contributions to the Botany and Topography of
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THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE VARIETIES OF MAN. By ROBERT GORDON
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paper (royal 8vo.) for colouring, price 2_l._ 2_s._
A FAMILIAR INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF INSECTS. With numerous
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A HISTORY OF BRITISH FOSSIL MAMMALS AND BIRDS. By Professor OWEN,
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ON PARTHENOGENESIS; or, The Successive Production of Procreating
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A HISTORY OF BRITISH FOREST-TREES, Indigenous and Introduced. By
PRIDEAUX JOHN SELBY, F.L.S., M.W.S., &c. Nearly 200 Engravings.
8vo. 28_s._, royal 8vo., 2_l._ 16_s._
A HISTORY OF BRITISH BIRDS. By WILLIAM YARRELL, F.L.S., V.P.Z.S.,
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BAPTISMAL FONTS. A Series of 125 Engravings, Examples of the
different Periods, accompanied with Descriptions; and with an
Introductory Essay by Mr. PALEY. 8vo., 1_l._ 1_s._
DOMESTIC SCENES IN GREENLAND AND ICELAND. 16mo., Illustrated, 2_s._
6_d._ Second Edition.
ELEMENTS OF PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE; Explaining, in Question and
Answer, and in familiar language, what most things daily used,
seen, or talked of, are; what they are made of, where found, and to
what uses applied. Second Edition, 16mo., with Illustrations, 3_s._
THE POOR ARTIST; or, Seven Eye-Sights and One Object. Fcap. 8vo.
5_s._
GOLDSMITH’S VICAR OF WAKEFIELD. With 32 Illustrations, by WILLIAM
MULREADY, R.A.; engraved by JOHN THOMPSON. Square 8vo., 1_l._
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WATTS’S DIVINE AND MORAL SONGS. With 30 Illustrations, by C. W.
COPE, R.A.; engraved by JOHN THOMPSON. Square 8vo., 7_s._ 6_d._, or
21_s._ in morocco.
LONDON, DECEMBER 1860.
Catalogue of Books
PUBLISHED BY MR. VAN VOORST.
INDEX.
Accentuated List, _p._ 7
Adams & Baikie’s Manual Nat. Hist., 12
Adams’s Genera of Mollusca, 5
Aikin’s Arts and Manufactures, 14
Anatomical Manipulation, 12
Ansted’s Ancient World, 9
---- Elementary Course of Geology, 9
---- Geologist’s Text-Book, 9
---- Gold-Seeker’s Manual, 9
---- Scenery, Science, and Art, 14
Babington’s Flora of Cambridgeshire, 7
---- Manual of British Botany, 7
Baptismal Fonts, 15
Bate and Westwood’s British Crustacea, 5
Beale on Sperm Whale, 3
Bell’s British Quadrupeds, 3
---- British Reptiles, 4
---- British Stalk-eyed Crustacea, 5
Bennett’s Naturalist in Australasia, 11
Bloomfield’s Farmer’s Boy, 16
Boccius on Production of Fish, 4
Bonaparte’s List of Birds, 3
Brightwell’s Life of Linnæus, 14
Burton’s Falconry on the Indus, 3
Church and Northcote’s Chem. Analysis, 9
Clark’s Testaceous Mollusca, 5
Cocks’s Sea-Weed Collector’s Guide, 8
Couch’s Illustrations of Instinct, 11
Cumming’s Isle of Man, 13
Currency, 16
Dallas’s Elements of Entomology, 5
Dalyell’s Powers of the Creator, 12
---- Rare Animals of Scotland, 12
Dawson’s Geodephaga Britannica, 7
Domestic Scenes in Greenland & Iceland, 14
Douglas’s World of Insects, 6
Dowden’s Walks after Wild Flowers, 8
Drew’s Practical Meteorology, 11
Drummond’s First Steps to Anatomy, 11
Economy of Human Life, 16
Elements of Practical Knowledge, 14
England before the Norman Conquest, 14
Entomologist’s Annual, 5
---- Companion, 6
Evening Thoughts, 14
Fly Fishing in Salt and Fresh Water, 4
Forbes’s British Star-fishes, 5
---- Malacologia Monensis, 5
---- and Hanley’s British Mollusca, 5
---- and Spratt’s Travels in Lycia, 13
Garner’s Nat. Hist. of Staffordshire, 13
---- Figures of Invertebrate Animals, 14
Gosse’s Aquarium, 13
---- Birds of Jamaica, 3
Gosse’s British Sea-Anemones, &c., 13
---- Canadian Naturalist, 13
---- Handbook to Marine Aquarium, 13
---- Manual of Marine Zoology, 13
---- Naturalist’s Rambles on Dev. Coast, 13
---- Omphalos, 10
---- Tenby, 13
Gray’s Bard and Elegy, 15
Greg and Lettsom’s British Mineralogy, 10
Griffith & Henfrey’s Micrographic Dict., 11
Harvey’s British Marine Algæ, 8
---- Thesaurus Capensis, 8
---- Flora Capensis, 8
---- Index Generum Algarum , 8
---- Nereis Boreali-Americana, 8
---- Sea-side Book, 13
Henfrey’s Botanical Diagrams, 7
---- Elementary Course of Botany, 7
---- Rudiments of Botany, 7
---- Translation of Mohl, 7
---- Vegetation of Europe, 7
---- & Griffith’s Micrographic Dict., 11
---- & Tulk’s Anatomical Manipulation, 12
Hewitson’s Birds’ Eggs, 3
---- Exotic Butterflies, 6
Instrumenta Ecclesiastica, 15
Jenyns’s Observations in Meteorology, 11
---- Observations in Natural History, 11
---- White’s Selborne, 13
Jesse’s Angler’s Rambles, 4
Johnston’s British Zoophytes, 6
---- Introduction to Conchology, 5
---- Terra Lindisfarnensis, 9
Jones’s Aquarian Naturalist, 11
---- Animal Kingdom, 11
---- Natural History of Animals, 11
Knox’s (A. E.) Rambles in Sussex, 3
Knox (Dr.), Great Artists & Great Anat., 11
Latham’s Descriptive Ethnology, 12
---- Ethnology of British Colonies, 12
---- Ethnology of British Islands, 12
---- Ethnology of Europe, 12
---- Man and his Migrations, 12
---- Varieties of Man, 12
Leach’s Synopsis of British Mollusca, 5
Letters of Rusticus, 12
Lettsom and Greg’s British Mineralogy, 10
Lowe’s Faunæ et Floræ Maderæ, 8
---- Manual Flora of Madeira, 8
Malan’s Catalogue of Eggs, 3
Martin’s Cat. of Privately Printed Books, 16
Melville and Strickland on the Dodo, 4
Micrographic Dictionary, 11
Mohl on the Vegetable Cell, 7
JOHN VAN VOORST, 1 PATERNOSTER ROW.
Moule’s Heraldry of Fish _p._ 4
Newman’s British Ferns 9
---- History of Insects 6
---- Letters of Rusticus 12
Northcote & Church’s Chem. Analysis 9
Owen’s British Fossil Mammals 10
---- on Skeleton of Extinct Sloth 10
Paley’s Gothic Moldings 16
---- Manual of Gothic Architecture 16
Poor Artist 14
Prescott on Tobacco 14
Prestwich’s Geological Inquiry 10
---- Ground beneath us 10
Samuelson’s Honey-Bee 10
---- Earthworm and Housefly 10
Sclater’s Tanagers 3
Seemann’s British Ferns at One View 7
Selby’s British Forest Trees 8
Shakspeare’s Seven Ages of Man 15
Sharpe’s Decorated Windows 15
Shield’s Hints on Moths and Butterflies 6
Siebold on True Parthenogenesis 6
Smith’s British Diatomaceæ 9
Spratt and Forbes’s Travels in Lycia 13
Stainton’s Butterflies and Moths 6
---- History of the Tineina 6
Strickland’s Ornithological Synonyms 4
---- Memoirs 10
---- and Melville on the Dodo 4
Sunday-Book for the Young 14
Tugwell’s Sea-Anemones 6
Tulk and Henfrey’s Anat. Manipulation 12
Vicar of Wakefield, Illustr. by Mulready 15
Watts’s Songs, Illustrated by Cope 16
Ward (Dr.) on Healthy Respiration 14
Ward (N. B.) on the Growth of Plants 8
Westwood and Bate’s British Crustacea 5
White’s Selborne 13
Wilkinson’s Weeds and Wild Flowers 7
Williams’s Chemical Manipulation 9
Wollaston’s Insecta Maderensia 7
---- on Variation of Species 12
Yarrell’s British Birds 3
---- British Fishes 4
---- on the Salmon 4
NATURAL HISTORY OF THE BRITISH ISLES.
_This Series of Works is Illustrated by many Hundred Engravings;
every Species has been Drawn and Engraved under the immediate
inspection of the Authors; the best Artists have been employed, and
no care or expense has been spared._
_A few Copies have been printed on Larger Paper._
SESSILE-EYED CRUSTACEA, by Mr. SPENCE BATE and Mr. WESTWOOD. Part
1, price 2_s._ 6_d._, on January 1st, 1861.
QUADRUPEDS, by Professor BELL. A New Edition preparing.
BIRDS, by Mr. YARRELL. Third Edition, 3 vols. £4 14_s._ 6_d._
COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE EGGS OF BIRDS, by Mr. HEWITSON. Third
Edition, 2 vols., £4 14_s._ 6_d._
REPTILES, by Professor BELL. Second Edition, 12_s._
FISHES, by Mr. YARRELL. Third Edition, edited by Sir JOHN
RICHARDSON, 2 vols., £3 3_s._
STALK-EYED CRUSTACEA, by Prof. BELL. 8vo, £1 5_s._
STAR-FISHES, by Professor EDWARD FORBES. 15_s._
ZOOPHYTES, by Dr. JOHNSTON. Second Edition, 2 vols., £2 2_s._
MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS AND THEIR SHELLS, by Professor EDWARD FORBES and
Mr. HANLEY. 4 vols. 8vo, £6 10_s._ Royal 8vo, Coloured, £13.
FOREST TREES, by Mr. SELBY. £1 8_s._
FERNS, by Mr. NEWMAN. Third Edition, 18_s._
FOSSIL MAMMALS AND BIRDS, by Prof. OWEN. £1 11_s._ 6_d._
JOHN VAN VOORST, 1 PATERNOSTER ROW.
ZOOLOGY.
MAMMALIA.
=History of British Quadrupeds, including the Cetacea.= By THOMAS
BELL, F.R.S., P.L.S., Professor of Zoology in King’s College,
London. Illustrated by nearly 200 Engravings, comprising portraits
of the animals, and vignette tail-pieces. 8vo. New Edition in
preparation.
=Natural History of the Sperm Whale=, and a Sketch of a South Sea
Whaling Voyage. By THOMAS BEALE. Post 8vo, 12_s._ cloth.
BIRDS.
=History of British Birds.= By WILLIAM YARRELL, V.P.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.
This work contains a history and a picture portrait, engraved
expressly for the work, of each species of the Birds found in
Britain. Three volumes, containing 550 Illustrations. Third
Edition, demy 8vo, £4 14_s._ 6_d._
=Coloured Illustrations of the Eggs of British Birds=, with
Descriptions of their Nests and Nidification. By WILLIAM C.
HEWITSON. Third Edition, 2 vols. 8vo, £4 14_s._ 6_d._ The figures
and descriptions of the Eggs in this edition are from different
specimens to those figured in the previous editions.
=Systematic Catalogue of the Eggs of British Birds=, arranged with a
View to supersede the use of Labels for Eggs. By the Rev. S. C.
MALAN, M.A., M.A.S. On writing-paper. 8vo, 8_s._ 6_d._
=Ornithological Rambles in Sussex.= By A. E. KNOX, M.A., F.L.S. Third
Edition. Post 8vo, with Four Illustrations by Wolf, 7_s._ 6_d._
=Falconry in the Valley of the Indus.= By R. F. BURTON, Author of
‘Goa and the Blue Mountains,’ &c. Post 8vo, with Four
Illustrations, 6_s._
=Monograph of the Birds forming the Tanagrine Genus= CALLISTE;
illustrated by Coloured Plates of all the known species. By P. L.
SCLATER, M.A., Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, F.Z.S.,
&c. 8vo, £2 2_s._
=Birds of Jamaica.= By P. H. GOSSE, F.R.S., Author of the ‘Canadian
Naturalist,’ &c. Post 8vo, 10_s._
=Geographical and Comparative List of the Birds of= Europe and North
America. By CHARLES LUCIEN BONAPARTE, Prince of Musignano. 8vo,
5_s._
=The Dodo and its Kindred=; or, The History, Affinities and Osteology
of the Dodo, Solitaire, and other Extinct Birds of the Islands
Mauritius, Rodriguez, and Bourbon. By H. E. STRICKLAND, M.A.,
F.G.S., F.R.G.S., and R. G. MELVILLE, M.D. Edin., M.R.C.S. Royal
4to, with 18 Plates and other Illustrations, £1 1_s._
=Ornithological Synonyms.= By the late HUGH EDWIN STRICKLAND, M.A.,
F.R.S., &c. Edited by Mrs. HUGH EDWIN STRICKLAND and SIR WILLIAM
JARDINE, Bart., F.R.S.E., &c. 8vo, Vol. I. containing the Order
Accipitres, 12_s._ 6_d._ Vol. II. in the press.
REPTILES.
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BOTANY.
=The British Ferns at one View.= By BERTHOLD SEEMANN, Ph.D., F.L.S.
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FOOTNOTES:
[1] The great incorrectness, and occasional inconvenience of this name
will be seen in the sequel.
[2] See the chapter on the ethnology of Greece.
[3] In these notices of the characteristics of the different Spanish
districts, provinces, or kingdoms, I follow the “Handbook for Spain,”--a
work well known to be, for its kind, of more than ordinary value.
[4] I prefer this word to _Roman_, because it by no means follows that
because a settlement was made by a _Legion_ or a part of one, it was
therefore Roman.
[5] It would be more accurate to say that _Llocgyr_ was the Welsh name
of the supposed maritime parts of England.
[6] “_Taciti Germania, with Ethnological Notes_,” §. on the
Quasi-Germanic Gauls.
[7] “Lectures on the History of France,” i. 233, 234.
[8] Observe that the oldest name of the island is _Greek_.
[9] Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, clvi.
[10] Gulielmus Appulus, lib. i., from Gibbon, lvi.
[11] By Semitic is meant Jewish and Phœnician collectively.
[12] Lib. ii.
[13] This series of facts was recognized by Gibbon; is well illustrated
by Zeuss (see _Greek Slavonians_), and has been carried to an extreme
length by Fallermayer.
[14] Taciti Germania, xciv.
[15] See p. 160.
[16] Ermann--Prichard, vol. iv. p. 346.
[17] The details of this theory are given in the author’s “Germania of
Tacitus, with Ethnological Notes,” § _Goths_.
[18] “The Ethnology of the British Islands.”
[19] Island undersögt fra en lægevidenskabeligt Synspunct, af P. A.
Schleisner, M.D.
[20] Stockfleth--Bidrag til Kundskab om Finnerne i Norge.--1848.
[21] The “J” is pronounced “Y.”
[22] “The _Germania of Tacitus, with Ethnological Notes_,” Epilegomena
cxxxi.
[23] I may reasonably be charged with finding the name _Goth_ in
everything, in _Getæ_, _Gothi_, _Gothones_, _Gothini_, _Jutæ_, _Vitæ_,
and _Jats_. But as I care far more for processes than results a somewhat
sharp self-examination acquits me. Starting with the doctrine that
nothing is to be considered accidental which we can reasonably
investigate, I only demur to those conclusions which are incompatible
with undoubted facts. Is this the case with any of the deductions
hitherto laid before the reader? First let us look to them in respect to
the facts they assume. Of these the most startling is the presence of
Lithuanians in the Vithesleth and in India. Yet, if the oldest occupants
of the Danish Islands were not Germans, what were they likelier to have
been than Lithuanians, considering that Prussia was Lithuanic?
“Slavonians,” it may be answered. Granted; but the Slavonic character of
the Vithesleth is as much opposed to current notions as the Lithuanic.
Besides which, the difference is only one of detail. Then, as to the
Lithuanian elements in India. If we hesitate to deduce these from
Europe, we must deduce the Indian elements in Lithuania from Asia. There
is a difficulty either way. Then, as to the changes in the form of the
word. Take the two extremest forms, _Goth-_, and _Vit-_. Is this change
legitimate? The answer to this lies in the fact of the Russian form for
Master being _Gosp_-odar, whereas the Lithuanic is _Visp_-ati.
Since the chapter on the ethnology of Scandinavia was printed, Mr.
Worsaae has made me acquainted with a remarkable fact connected with the
Isle of Laaland, confirmatory of the belief of a Sarmatian population
partially, at least, in the Vithesleth. In the southern part of the
island some of the geographical terms are Slavonic, and in Saxo there is
the statement, that when the other Danes prepared an invasion against
their Wend, or Slavonic, enemies, of the continent, the Laalanders were
neither allowed to take a part in them, nor yet informed of their being
in contemplation; for fear lest they should communicate the news to the
_Wends_ (Slavonians).
[24] See p. 172.
[25] Or _Heten_.--See p. 248.
[26] Or _Ete_.--See p. 243.
[27] “This book ought to be largely circulated, not only on account of
its scientific merits--though these, as we have in part shown, are great
and signal--but because it is popularly written throughout, and
therefore likely to excite general attention to a subject which ought to
be held as one of primary importance. Every one is interested about
fishes--the political economist, the epicure, the merchant, the man of
science, the angler, the poor, the rich. We hail the appearance of this
book as the dawn of a new era in the Natural History of
England.”--_Quarterly Review_, No. 116.
* * * * *
Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:
all the popution=> all the population {pg 214}
unquestionbly=> unquestionably {pg 216}
End of Project Gutenberg's The Ethnology of Europe, by Robert Gordon Latham