Early Malta.
This variety, though originally from Mazagan, on the coast of Africa, is
one of the hardiest sorts now in cultivation. Stem from two to three
feet high, and rather slender; pods four to five inches long, containing
four or five whitish seeds.
The Early Mazagan is much less productive than many other sorts; but its
hardiness and earliness have secured it a place in the garden, and it
has been cultivated more or less extensively for upwards of a century.
EVERGREEN LONG POD. _M'Int._
Green Genoa. Green Long Pod. Green Nonpareil.
This variety grows from three to four feet high. The pods are long,
somewhat flattened, and generally contain four rather small, oblong,
green seeds. It is an excellent bearer, of good quality, and but a few
days later than the Common Long Pod. The variety is much esteemed on
account of the fine, green color of the beans; which, if gathered at the
proper time, retain their green color when dressed.
In planting, make the drills three feet apart, and two inches and a half
deep; and allow two plants for each linear foot.
GREEN CHINA.
From two to two feet and a half high; pods long, cylindrical, containing
three or four beans, which remain of a green color when dry. It is
recommended for its great productiveness and late maturity.
GREEN JULIENNE. _Vil._
Plant about three feet and a half high, usually divided into four
branches; the pods are erect, four inches long, three-fourths of an inch
thick, and contain two or three small, oblong, green seeds.
Early and of good quality.
GREEN WINDSOR.
Toker.
Stem three feet high, separating into two, and sometimes three,
branches; flowers white; pods erect, often horizontal, four inches and a
half long, an inch and a quarter wide, and containing three large,
green, nearly circular, and rather thick seeds.
The latter retain their fresh, green color till near maturity, and, to a
considerable extent, when fully ripe; and, on this account, are found in
the market, and used at table, after most other varieties have
disappeared.
The variety resembles the Common Broad Windsor; but the seeds are
smaller, and retain their green color after maturity. Eleven or twelve
well-developed seeds will weigh an ounce.
HORSE-BEAN. _Law._
Scotch Bean. Faba vulgaris arvensis.
Stem from three to five feet high; flowers variable in color; the ripe
seeds are from a half to five-eighths of an inch in length by
three-eighths in breadth, generally slightly compressed on the sides,
and frequently a little hollowed or flattened at the end, of a whitish
or light-brownish color, occasionally interspersed with darker blotches,
particularly towards the extremities; eye black; average weight per
bushel sixty-two pounds.
An agricultural sort, generally cultivated in rows, but sometimes sown
broadcast. It is not adapted to the climate of the United States, though
extensively and profitably grown in England and Scotland.
JOHNSON'S WONDERFUL. _Law._
An improved variety of the Broad Windsor, recently introduced, and
apparently of excellent quality. The pods are long, and contain six or
eight beans, which are similar in size and form to the Windsor.
LONG-PODDED. _Law._
Lisbon. Hang-down Long Pod. Early Long Pod. Sandwich. Turkey Long Pod.
Sword Long Pod.
Stems from three to five feet high; pods six to seven inches long, an
inch and a fourth broad, rather pendulous, and containing four or five
whitish, somewhat oblong, flattened seeds, about an inch in length, and
five-eighths of an inch in breadth.
The variety has been long in cultivation, is remarkably productive, and
one of the most esteemed of the English Beans. It is about a week later
than the Early Mazagan.
MARSHALL'S EARLY DWARF PROLIFIC. _M'Int._
Plant from eighteen inches to two feet high, separating into numerous
branches. It resembles the Early Mazagan; but is two weeks earlier, and
much more productive. The pods are produced in clusters near the
ground, and contain four or five seeds, which are larger than those of
the last named.
RED OR SCARLET BLOSSOMED.
Stem three or four feet high, separating near the ground into four
branches; flowers generally bright-red, approaching scarlet, but varying
from pale to purplish-red and blackish-purple, and sometimes to nearly
jet-black; the pods, which differ from all other varieties in their
dark, rusty-brown color, are erect, four inches long, nearly an inch
broad, and contain three and sometimes four seeds.
The variety is remarkably hardy and productive; but less esteemed than
many others, on account of its dark color. It deserves cultivation as an
ornamental plant.
RED WINDSOR. _Law._ _M'Int._
Scarlet Windsor. Dark-red.
This variety resembles the Violet or Purple; growing about four feet
high. The pods are narrower than those of the Broad Windsor, and contain
about the same number of seeds: in the green state, these are darker
than those of the Violet, but change to scarlet when fully grown, and to
deep-red when ripe.
The Red Windsor is late, but prolific, and of good quality. It is,
however, little cultivated, on account of its dark and unattractive
appearance. The seed weighs about thirty-one grains.
ROYAL DWARF CLUSTER. _M'Int._
A very Dwarf, and comparatively new variety; growing only twelve or
fourteen inches high. It produces its pods in clusters, three or four
beans in each pod, which are smaller than Marshall's Early Prolific. On
account of its branching habit, it should not have less than ten or
twelve inches in the line, which is nearly its proper distance between
the rows. Much esteemed for the delicacy and smallness of the beans
while young, and considered one of the best of the early Dwarf sorts.
TOKER. _Law._
Large Toker.
Height about five feet; pods rather long, and very broad, containing
three or four beans of a whitish color,--differing from the Common
Windsor in being of an elongated, oval form.
This is a medium late sort, and an excellent bearer, but considered
somewhat coarse, and therefore not so much esteemed as the Windsor. The
ripe seed weighs thirty-six grains.
VIOLET OR PURPLE.
Violette.
Stem about four feet high, with two or three ramifications; flowers
white; pods generally erect, sometimes at right angles, a little curved,
four inches or upwards in length, an inch and a fourth in width,
four-fifths of an inch thick, containing two and sometimes three seeds.
When ripe, the beans are large, not regular in form, rather thin, of a
violet-red color, changing by age to a mahogany-red; the size and shape
being intermediate between the Long Pod and Broad Windsor.
The variety is of good quality, and productive; but less desirable than
many other sorts, on account of its dark color.
WHITE-BLOSSOMED LONG POD. _Law._
The flowers of this sort differ from all others in being pure white;
having no spots on the large upper petal, or on the wings or smaller
side petals. It is liable to degenerate; but may easily be
distinguished, when in flower, by the above characters. Stem about four
feet high; pods long, nearly cylindrical, and slightly pendulous,
generally containing four and sometimes five seeds, which are black or
blackish-brown, three-fourths of an inch long, and half an inch broad.
It is a moderate bearer, and of excellent quality; but not used in an
advanced state, on account of its color. The variety possesses the
singular anomaly of having the whitest flowers and the darkest seeds of
any of the English Beans. The seed weighs about twelve grains.
WINDSOR.
White Broad Windsor. Taylor's Large Windsor. Kentish Windsor. Mumford.
Wrench's Improved Windsor.
Stem about four feet high; flowers white; pods generally horizontal or
inclined, five inches long, an inch and a fourth wide, seven-eighths of
an inch thick, and containing two or three beans; seeds large,
yellowish, of a flat, circular form, an inch broad, but varying in size
according to soil, culture, and season. A quart contains from two
hundred and fifty to two hundred and seventy-five seeds.
This familiar sort is much esteemed and extensively cultivated. It is
considered the earliest of the late Garden varieties; and excellent as a
summer bean, on account of its remaining longer fit for use than any
other, with the exception of the Green Windsor. It is a sure bearer;
and, as the pods are produced in succession, pluckings may be made from
day to day for many weeks.
The seeds are the heaviest of all the English Beans; nine well-grown
specimens weighing an ounce.
LENTIL. _Law._
Ervum lens.
A hardy, annual plant, with an erect, angular, branching stem a foot and
a half high. The leaves are winged, with about six pairs of narrow
leaflets, and terminate in a divided tendril, or clasper; the flowers
are small, numerous, and generally produced in pairs; the pods are
somewhat quadrangular, flattened, usually in pairs, and enclose one or
two round, lens-like seeds, the size and color varying in the different
varieties,--about four hundred and fifty are contained in an ounce, and
their power of germination is retained three years.
_Cultivation._--"The soil best adapted for the Lentil is that of a dry,
light, calcareous, sandy nature."
When cultivated as green food for stock, it should be sown broadcast;
but, if grown for ripe seeds, it should be sown in drills,--the last of
April or beginning of May being the most suitable season for sowing.
_Use._--"The Lentil is a legume of the greatest antiquity, and was much
esteemed in the days of the patriarchs. In Egypt and Syria, the seeds
are parched, and sold in shops; being considered by the natives as
excellent food for those making long journeys. In France, Germany,
Holland, and other countries of Europe, it is grown to a considerable
extent, both for its seeds and haum. The former are used in various
ways, but principally, when ripe, in soups, as split pease. When given
as green food to stock, it should be cut when the first pods are nearly
full grown."
_Varieties._--
COMMON LENTIL. _Law._
Yellow Lentil.
This variety is considered superior to the Large Lentil, though the
seeds are much smaller. In the markets of Paris, it is the most
esteemed of all the cultivated sorts. Its season is the same with that
of the last named.
GREEN LENTIL.
Lentille verte Du Puy. _Vil._
The Green Lentil somewhat resembles the Small Lentil, particularly in
its habit of growth; though its stem is taller and more slender, and its
foliage deeper colored. The principal distinction is in the color of the
seeds, which are green, spotted and marbled with black.
LARGE LENTIL. _Law._
Flowers small, white, generally two, but sometimes three, on each
peduncle; the pods are three-fourths of an inch long, half an inch
broad, flattened, and generally contain a single seed, which is white or
cream-colored, lens-shaped, three-eighths of an inch in diameter, and an
eighth of an inch in thickness. The plant is about fifteen inches high.
It is one of the most productive of all the varieties, though inferior
in quality to the Common Lentil.
ONE-FLOWERED LENTIL.
Ervum monanthos.
The stem of this quite distinct species is from twelve to fifteen inches
high; the flowers are yellow, stained or spotted with black, and
produced one on a foot-stalk; the pods are oval, smooth, and contain
three or four globular, wrinkled, grayish-brown seeds, nearly a fourth
of an inch in diameter.
About five hundred and fifty seeds are contained in an ounce.
The One-flowered Lentil is inferior to most of the other sorts; but is
cultivated to some extent, in France and elsewhere, both for its seeds
and herbage.
RED LENTIL. _Law._
Seeds of the size and form of those of the Common Lentil, but of a
reddish-brown color; flowers light-red. Its season of maturity is the
same with that of the last named.
SMALL LENTIL. _Law._
Lentille petite. _Vil._
Seeds about an eighth of an inch in diameter; flowers reddish; and pods
often containing two seeds.
This is the "Lentille petite" of the French; and is the variety mostly
sown for green food in France, although its ripe seeds are also used. It
is rather late, and grows taller than any of the other sorts, except the
Green Lentil. When sown in drills, they should be from ten to fifteen
inches apart, and the plants about four or five inches distant in the
rows.
The Lentils are of a close, branching habit of growth; and a single
plant will produce a hundred and fifty and often a much greater number
of pods.
* * * * *
LUPINE.
Lupinus.
The Lupines are distinguished among leguminous plants by their strong,
erect, branching habit of growth. Of the numerous species and varieties,
some are cultivated for ornament, others for forage, and some for
ploughing under for the purpose of enriching the soil. The only species
grown for their farinaceous seeds, or which are considered of much value
to the gardener, are the two following:--
WHITE LUPINE. _Law._
Lupinus albus.
An annual species, with a sturdy, erect stem two feet high; leaves
oblong, covered with a silvery down, and produced seven or eight
together at the end of a common stem; the flowers are white, in loose,
terminal spikes; the pods are straight, hairy, about three inches long,
and contain five or six large, white, flattened seeds,--these are
slightly bitter when eaten, and are reputed to possess important medical
properties.
"The White Lupine was extensively cultivated by the Romans for its
ripened seeds, which were used for food; and also for its green herbage,
which was employed for the support of their domestic animals."
It is of little value as an esculent; and, compared with many other
leguminous plants, not worthy of cultivation.
The seeds should be sown where the plants are to remain, as they do not
succeed well when transplanted. Sow early in May, in drills sixteen to
eighteen inches apart; cover an inch and a half deep, and thin to five
or six inches in the rows.
YELLOW LUPINE. _Law._
Lupinus luteus.
The Yellow Lupine is a native of Sicily. It is a hardy annual, and
resembles the foregoing species in its general character. The flowers
are yellow; the pods are about two inches long, hairy, flattened, and
enclose four or five large, roundish, speckled seeds. It blossoms and
ripens at the same time with the White, and is planted and cultivated in
the same manner.
This species is grown in Italy for the same purposes as the White, but
more extensively. It is also grown in some parts of the south of France,
on poor, dry grounds, for cutting in a green state, and ploughing under
as a fertilizer.
* * * * *
THE PEA.
Pisum sativum.
The native country of the Pea, like that of many of our garden
vegetables, is unknown. It is a hardy, annual plant; and its cultivation
and use as an esculent are almost universal.
To give in detail the various methods of preparing the soil, sowing,
culture, gathering, and use, would occupy a volume.
The following directions are condensed from an elaborate treatise on the
culture of this vegetable, by Charles M'Intosh, in his excellent work
entitled "The Book of the Garden:"--
_Soil and its Preparation._--The Pea comes earliest to maturity in
light, rich soil, abounding in humus: hence the practice of adding
decomposed leaves or vegetable mould has a very beneficial effect. For
general crops, a rich, hazel loam, or deep, rich, alluvial soil, is next
best; but, for the most abundant of all, a strong loam, inclining to
clay. For early crops, mild manure, such as leaf-mould, should be used.
If the soil is very poor, stronger manure should be employed. For
general crops, a good dressing may be applied; and for the dwarf kinds,
such as Tom Thumb, Bishop's New Long Pod, and the like, the soil can
hardly be too rich.
_Seed and Sowing._--A quart of ripe pease is equal to about two pounds'
weight; and contains, of the largest-sized varieties, about thirteen
hundred, and of the smaller descriptions about two thousand, seeds. A
pint of the small-seeded sorts, such as the Daniel O'Rourke, Early
Frame, and Early Charlton, will sow a row about sixty feet in length;
and the same quantity of larger-growing sorts will sow a row of nearly a
hundred feet, on account of being sown so much thinner. A fair average
depth for covering the seed is two and a half or three inches; though
some practise planting four or five inches deep, which is said to be a
preventive against the premature decay of the vines near the roots.
As to distance between the rows, when pease are sown in the usual manner
(that is, row after row throughout the whole field), they should be as
far asunder as the length of the stem of the variety cultivated: thus a
pea, that attains a height or length of two feet, should have two feet
from row to row, and so on to those taller or lower growing.
They are sometimes sown two rows together, about a foot apart, and ten,
twenty, or even fifty feet between the double rows; by which every
portion of the crop is well exposed to the sun and air, and the produce
gathered with great facility. There is no loss of ground by this method;
for other crops can be planted within a foot or two of the rows, and
this amount of space is necessary for the purpose of gathering.
A common practice in ordinary garden culture is to sow in double rows
twelve or fourteen inches apart, slightly raising the soil for the
purpose. When so planted, all of the sorts not over two feet in height
may be successfully grown without sticking. When varieties of much
taller growth are sown, a greater yield will be secured by bushing the
plants; which is more economically as well as more strongly done if the
planting is made in double rows. The staking, or bushing, should be
furnished when the plants are three or four inches high, or immediately
after the second hoeing: they should be of equal height, and all
straggling side-twigs should be removed for appearance' sake.
_Early Crops._--The earliest crops produced in the open garden without
artificial aid are obtained by judicious selection of the most approved
early varieties, choosing a warm, favorable soil and situation, and
sowing the seed either in November, just as the ground is closing, or in
February or March, at the first opening of the soil; the latter season,
however, being preferable, as the seed then vegetates with much greater
certainty, and the crop is nearly or quite as early. Great benefit will
be derived from reflected heat, when planted at the foot of a wall,
building, or tight fence, running east and west. It is necessary,
however, when warm sunshine follows cold, frosty nights, to shade the
pease from its influence an hour or two in the morning, or to sprinkle
them with cold water if they have been at all frozen.
They are sometimes covered with a narrow glass frame of a triangular
form, and glazed on both sides, or on one only, according as they may be
used on rows running from north to south, or from east to west. In the
latter case, such frames may have glass in the south side only.
_Subsequent Cultivation._--"When the crop has attained the height of
about five inches, a little earth should be drawn around the stems, but
not so closely as to press upon them: it should form a sort of ridge,
with a slight channel in the middle. The intention here is not, as in
many other cases, to encourage the roots to diverge in a horizontal
direction (for they have no disposition to do so), but rather to give a
slight support to the plants until they take hold of the stakes that are
to support them. Those crops which are not to be staked require this
support the most: and they should have the earth drawn up upon one side
only, that the vines may be thrown to one side; which will both
facilitate the operation of gathering, and keep the ground between them
clear at the same time, while it supports the necks of the plants better
than if the earth was drawn up on both sides."
_Mildew._--One of the most successful cultivators (T. A. Knight) says,
"that the secondary and immediate cause of this disease is a want of a
sufficient supply of moisture from the soil, with excess of humidity in
the air; particularly if the plants be exposed to a temperature below
that to which they have been accustomed. If damp and cloudy weather
succeed that which has been warm and bright, without the intervention
of sufficient rain to moisten the ground to some depth, the crop is
generally much injured by mildew."
"While engaged in the production of those excellent pease which bear his
name, he proved this theory by warding off mildew by copious waterings
of the roots. The fashionable remedy, at present, is the application of
sulphur. This, no doubt, subdues the disease, but does not remove the
cause."--_M'Int._
_Gathering._--The crop should be gathered as it becomes fit for use. If
even a few of the pods begin to ripen, young pods will not only cease to
form, but those partly advanced will cease to enlarge.
_Use._--"In a sanitary point of view, pease cannot be eaten too young,
nor too soon after they are gathered; and hence people who depend on the
public markets for their supply seldom have this very popular vegetable
in perfection, and too often only when it is almost unfit for use. This
is a formidable objection to the use of pease brought from long
distances. It is, of course, for the interest of the producer to keep
back his pease till they are fully grown, because they measure better,
and, we believe, by many are purchased quicker, as they get greater bulk
for their money. This may be so far excusable on the part of such: but
it is inexcusable that a gentleman, having a garden of his own, should
be served with pease otherwise than in the very highest state of
perfection; which they are not, if allowed to become too old, or even
too large."--_M'Int._
"Pease, in a green state, are with difficulty sent to a distance, as,
when packed closely together, heat and fermentation speedily take place.
This is one of the causes why pease from the South, or those brought by
long distances to market, are discolored, devoid of flavor, and, worst
of all, very unwholesome to eat. Pease intended for long transportation
should be packed in open baskets (not in boxes or tight barrels), and
laid in layers not more than two inches thick; and, between such
layers, a thick stratum of clean straw or other dry material should be
placed."
_Varieties._--These are very numerous, and, like those of the Broccoli
Lettuce, not only greatly confused, but often based on trifling and
unimportant distinctions.
From experiments made a few years since in the gardens of the London
Horticultural Society, under the direction of Mr. Thompson, who planted
no less than two hundred and thirty-five reputed sorts (all of which
were then enumerated in seedsmen's catalogues), only twenty-seven of the
number were selected as being really useful. About the same time,
upwards of a hundred sorts were grown by Mr. M'Intosh, from which twelve
were selected as being truly distinct and valuable.
"New sorts are yearly introduced: and it would be injudicious not to
give them a fair trial; for as we progress in pea-culture, as in every
other branch of horticulture, we may reasonably expect that really
improved and meritorious sorts will arise, and be substituted for others
that may be inferior."
AUVERGNE. _Cot. Gard._
White Sabre. White Cimeter.
The plant is of moderately strong habit of growth, producing a single
stem from four to five feet high, according to the soil in which it is
grown; and bears from twelve to fifteen pods. These are generally
single, but sometimes in pairs; when fully grown, four inches and a half
long, and over half an inch broad; tapering to the point, and very much
curved. They contain from eight to ten peas, which are closely
compressed, and of the size of the Early Frames. Even the small pods
contain as many as six or seven peas in each. The ripe seed is white.
Plants from seed sown May 1 were in blossom June 26; and the pods were
sufficiently grown for plucking, July 12.
The Auvergne Pea was introduced from France into England some years ago
by the London Horticultural Society. Although it very far surpasses most
of the varieties of the White Pea, it has never become much
disseminated, and is very little known or cultivated. It is, however, a
most characteristic variety, and always easily distinguishable by its
long, curved pods. It is one of the most productive of all the garden
pease.
BATT'S WONDER. _Trans._
Plant three feet in height, of robust growth; foliage dark-green; pods
narrow, nearly straight, but exceedingly well filled, containing seven
or eight peas of medium size, which, when ripe, are small, smooth, and
of a bluish-green color.
Planted May 1, the variety will flower about July 1, and the pods will
be fit for use the middle of the month.
The variety withstands drought well, and the pods hang long before the
peas become too hard for use. It is an excellent pea for a second crop.
BECK'S PRIZE-TAKER. _Trans._
Prize-taker. Rising Sun.
Plant four and a half to five feet in height; pods roundish, curved or
hooked near the end, well filled, containing seven to eight middle-sized
peas of a fine green color when young, and mixed olive and white when
ripe.
Sown May 1, the variety will blossom June 25, and the pods will be
suitable for plucking about the 12th of July.
It is one of the best varieties for the main crop. Similar to, if not
identical with, Bellamy's Early Green Marrow.
BEDMAN'S IMPERIAL. _Cot. Gard._
The plant generally produces a single stem, which is from three to four
feet high; the pods are usually in pairs, but sometimes single, three
inches and a quarter long, five-eighths of an inch broad, somewhat
curved, and terminate abruptly at the points. Each pod contains six to
seven peas, which are of an ovate form, and about a third of an inch in
their greatest diameter. The ripe seed is pale-blue.
Planted May 1, the variety blossomed the last of June, and furnished
pease for use about the 18th of July. For many years, this variety stood
foremost among the Imperials; but is now giving place to other and
greatly superior sorts.
BELLAMY'S EARLY GREEN MARROW. _Cot. Gard._
Plant of strong and robust habit of growth, sometimes with a single and
often with a branching stem, four and a half or five feet high, and
producing from twelve to eighteen pods: these are in pairs, rarely
single, three inches and a half long, seven-tenths of an inch broad,
slightly curved, thick-backed, and terminate abruptly at the point. The
surface is smooth, and of a very dark-green color. They contain, on an
average, from six to seven large bluish-green peas. The ripe seed has a
mixed appearance; some being dull yellowish-white, and others light
olive-green, in about equal proportions.
Plants from seed sown the first week in May were in blossom the last
week in June, and pods were plucked for use about the middle of July.
The variety is highly recommended, both as a good bearer and a pea of
excellent quality, whether for private use or for marketing: for the
latter purpose it is peculiarly adapted, as the pod is of a fine
deep-color, handsomely and regularly shaped, and always plumply filled.
BISHOP'S EARLY DWARF. _Law._
Pods single or in pairs, about two inches long, bent back at both ends,
and increasing in size towards the middle; pea about a fourth of an
inch in diameter, and irregularly shaped, cream-colored, with blotches
of white, particularly about the eye. The plant grows little more than a
foot high, and is fairly productive. Early sowings will give a supply
for the table in about ten weeks.
This once-popular, Early Dwarf sort is now rapidly giving place to
Bishop's New Long-podded,--a more prolific and much superior variety.
BISHOP'S NEW LONG-PODDED.
Stem about two feet high; pods nearly straight, almost cylindrical,
containing six or seven white peas. It is an early variety, an abundant
bearer, of excellent quality, and in all respects much superior to the
Common Bishop's Early Dwarf. Planted the 1st of May, it will blossom
June 14, and yield pease for the table the 10th of July.
M'Intosh describes it as "a most abundant bearer, producing a succession
of pods during most of the pea-season. Like all pease of its class, it
requires a rich soil, and from four to six inches between the seed in
the line. It is one of the most valuable sorts for small gardens and for
domestic use. It originated in England with Mr. David Bishop; and is a
hybrid between Bishop's Early Dwarf and one of the Marrowfats, carrying
with it the characters of both its parents."
BLACK-EYED MARROW.
Plant about five feet high, strong and vigorous; pods generally single,
sometimes in pairs, three inches and a quarter in length, three-fourths
of an inch in breadth, becoming rough or wrinkled on the surface as they
approach maturity, and containing about six large, round, cream-white or
brownish-white black-eyed seeds, about three-eighths of an inch in
diameter.
Its season is nearly the same with the Dwarf and Missouri Marrow. If
sown the 1st of May, the plants will blossom the 28th or 30th of June,
and yield pease for the table about July 15: the crop will ripen the
last of the same month.
This is a very prolific as well as excellent variety. It is little
cultivated in gardens at the North, though sometimes grown as a
field-pea in the Canadas. In the Middle States, and at the South, it is
a popular market-sort, and its cultivation is much more extensive.
The dark color of the eye of the ripened seed distinguishes the variety
from all others.
BLUE CIMETER. _Thomp._
Sabre. Dwarf Sabre. Blue Sabre. New Sabre. Beck's Eclipse.
Plant about three feet high; pods generally in pairs, well filled, long,
roundish, gradually curved from the stem to the point, or
cimeter-shaped; seeds of good quality, larger than those of the Prussian
Blue, from which the variety doubtless originated, and to which, when
grown in poor soil, it has a tendency to return.
If planted the 1st of May, it will blossom about the 28th of June, and
the pods will be suitable for plucking about the middle of July.
It bears abundantly, but not in succession; and, for this reason, is
much prized by market-gardeners. The most of the pods being fit to pluck
at the same time, the crop is harvested at once, and the land
immediately occupied with other vegetables.
BLUE IMPERIAL.
Dwarf Blue Imperial.
Plant strong and vigorous, four feet in height, with large, healthy
foliage; pods single and in pairs, three inches and a quarter in
length, three-fourths of an inch in breadth, containing six or seven
large peas.
The ripe seed is somewhat indented and irregularly compressed,
three-eighths of an inch in diameter, and of a greenish-blue color.
With respect to season, the variety is intermediate. If planted the 1st
of May, it will blossom the 26th of June, and the pods will attain a
size fit for plucking about the 12th of July. It is very hardy; yields
abundantly; thrives well in almost any description of soil or situation;
and, though not so sweet and tender as some of the more recent sorts, is
of good quality. It vegetates with much greater certainty, and its crops
are more reliable, than the higher-flavored varieties; and these
qualities will still secure its cultivation by those who prefer a
certain and plentiful supply of fair quality, to a precarious and
limited yield of extraordinary sweetness and excellence. It has long
been grown in this country, and is considered a standard variety.
BLUE PRUSSIAN. _Cot. Gard._
Dwarf Blue Prussian. Prussian Blue. Green Prussian.
Plant of a vigorous but not robust habit of growth, with a single stem
about three feet high, which is sometimes branching. The pods are
generally produced in pairs, but are also sometimes single, and vary
from twelve to sixteen on each plant. They are from two and
three-fourths of an inch to three inches long, three-fourths of an inch
wide, somewhat curved, and rather broader towards the point, where they
terminate abruptly. They contain about seven peas, which are four-tenths
of an inch long, seven-twentieths of an inch wide, about the same in
thickness, and compressed on the sides, from being so close together.
The ripe seed is blue.
Sown the 1st of May, the plants blossomed June 28, and yielded pease for
use the middle of July.
It produces abundantly, and is a valuable sort for late summer use. "It
is unquestionably the parent of the Blue Imperial and all like
varieties."
BLUE SPANISH DWARF. _Cot. Gard._
Groom's Superb. Blue Fan.
Plant from a foot and a half to three feet high. The pods are single and
in pairs, in about equal proportion, two inches and a half long,
containing from six to seven peas each. The ripe seed is pale-blue.
Plants from sowings made the first of May will blossom the last of June,
and yield pease for use the middle of July.
It is a useful variety for small gardens, as it is a low grower and a
fair bearer; but it is now much surpassed by Bishop's Long-podded and
Burbridge's Eclipse, both of which are considered more prolific and
better flavored.
BRITISH QUEEN. _Cot. Gard._
Hair's Defiance. Tall White Mammoth. Erin's Queen.
The plant is of a showy and robust habit of growth, from six to seven
feet high, sometimes with a single stem, but generally branching within
nine inches or a foot of the ground, and frequently furnished with two
and even three laterals, which are of the same height as the whole
plant. The pods begin to be produced at the first joint above the first
lateral shoot, and are in number from thirteen to eighteen on each
plant. They are generally single, but frequently in pairs, from three
inches and a quarter to three inches and three-quarters long, rather
flattened and broad when first fit to gather, but becoming round and
plump when more advanced. They are quite smooth, of a bright-green
color, slightly curved, wavy on the upper edge, and contain from five
to seven exceedingly large peas, which are not so close together as to
compress each other. The ripe seed is white, large, and wrinkled.
Sown the 1st of May, the plants will blossom about the 30th of June, and
pods may be plucked for use about the 15th of July. They will ripen off
about the 1st of August.
This is one of the best late peas in cultivation. It belongs to the
class known as Wrinkled, or Knight's Marrow; but is much superior in
every respect to all the old varieties usually called Knight's Marrows,
being much more prolific and richly flavored. As an intermediate
variety, it deserves a place in every garden.
BURBRIDGE'S ECLIPSE. _Cot. Gard._
Stubbs's Dwarf.
Plant a robust grower, always with a simple stem, attaining the height
of a foot and a half to about two feet; pods in pairs, rarely single,
and from three inches to three inches and a quarter long, seven-tenths
of an inch broad, perfectly straight, and of equal width throughout,
with a slight waving on the upper edge,--they contain from five to seven
peas, which are ovate, nearly half an inch long, a third of an inch
broad, and the same in thickness.
Seed was planted May 1, the plants blossomed June 26, and pods were
plucked for use July 14.
This may be classed among the valuable contributions which have been
made to the list of peas during the last few years. Unlike most of the
dwarf varieties, it is a most productive sort; and thus its dwarf
character is not its chief recommendation. For private gardens, or for
cultivation for market, few peas surpass this and Bishop's Long-podded.
CARTER'S VICTORIA. _Trans._
Carter's Eclipse.
Plant six to seven feet high; pods large, slightly curved, containing
seven or eight large peas, which are sweet and of excellent quality. The
ripe seeds are white, and much shrivelled or wrinkled.
Plants from seeds sown May 1 blossomed July 1, and the pods were fit for
plucking the 18th of the month.
The variety continues long in bearing, and the peas exceed in size those
of Knight's Tall White Marrow. It is one of the best late tall peas.
CHARLTON. _Cot. Gard. Law. Thomp._
Early Charlton.
The original character of this variety may be described as follows:--
Plant about five feet high, and of vigorous growth; leaves large, with
short petioles; tendrils small; pods broad, containing six or seven peas
of excellent quality. They are rather larger than those of the Early
Frame, with which this is often confounded. The Early Charlton may,
however, be distinguished by its stronger habit of growth, flat pods,
larger seeds, and by being fit for use about a fortnight later than the
Early Frame; so that, when sown at the same time, it forms a succession.
According to the Messrs. Lawson, this is the oldest, and for a long
period was the best known and most extensively cultivated, of all the
varieties of white garden-pease. Its history can be traced as far back
as 1670; and from that time till about 1770, or nearly a century, it
continued to stand first in catalogues as the earliest pea, until it was
supplanted by the Early Frame about 1770. It is further said by some to
be the source from which the most esteemed early garden varieties have
arisen; and that they are nothing else than the Early Charlton Pea,
considerably modified in character from the effects of cultivation and
selection. Although this idea may seem far-fetched, it is not
improbable, especially when we take into consideration the
susceptibility of change, from cultivation and other causes, which the
Pea is ascertained to possess. Thus if the Early Charlton, or any other
variety, be sown for several years, and only the very earliest and very
latest flowering-plants selected for seed each season, the difference in
the time of ripening between the two will ultimately become so great as
to give them the appearance of two distinct varieties; and by sowing the
earlier portion on light, early soils, and the later on strong, black,
coarse, or low soils, the difference will become materially increased.
It is therefore probable, that the Early Frame, with its numerous
sub-varieties (including the Dan O'Rourke, Prince Albert, Early Kent,
and a multitude of others), may have originated in the Charlton, though
some of them differ essentially in their habit of growth.
The various names by which it has been known are Reading Hotspur,
Master's or Flander's Hotspur, Golden Hotspur, Brompton Hotspur, Essex
Hotspur, Early Nicol's Hotspur, Charlton Hotspur, and finally Early
Charlton; the last name becoming general about 1750.
An English writer remarks, "that the variety now exists only in name.
That which is sold for the Early Charlton is often a degenerated stock
of Early Frames, or any stock of Frames which cannot be warranted or
depended upon, but which are, nevertheless, of such a character as to
admit of their being grown as garden varieties. The Early Charlton, if
grown at all by seed-growers as a distinct variety, is certainly
cultivated to a very limited extent."
Of the popular American improved early sorts, the Hill's Early, Hovey's
Extra Early, Landreth's Extra Early, are hardy, as well as very
prolific; and are not only well adapted for private gardens, but may be
recommended as the most profitable kinds for cultivating for early
marketing. In an experimental trial of these kinds with the Early Daniel
O'Rourke, and some of the most approved of the earliest foreign
varieties, they proved to be nearly or quite as early, fully as
prolific, continued longer in bearing, and were much more stocky and
vigorous in habit.
CHAMPION OF PARIS. _Cot. Gard._
Excelsior. Paradise Marrow. Stuart's Paradise.
Plant of vigorous growth, with a simple stem five to six feet high,
rarely branched, producing from eight to ten pods. These last are
generally single, but sometimes in pairs, from three inches and a
quarter to three inches and three-quarters long, and five-eighths of an
inch wide. They are curved almost as much as those of the Cimeter; and,
when near maturity, become quite fleshy, wrinkled, and thick-backed.
They contain from six to seven large peas, which are close together
without being compressed. The ripe seed is white, medium-sized, somewhat
flattened and pitted. If sown May 1, the plants will blossom June 28,
and the pods will be ready for plucking July 16.
This is a very excellent pea, an abundant cropper, and considerably
earlier than the Auvergne and Shillings Grotto; to both of which it is
also greatly superior.
CLIMAX. _Trans._
Napoléon.
Plant three feet and a half high, of robust habit; pods single or in
pairs, three inches long, containing five or six peas; when ripe, these
are of medium size, pale-blue or olive, sometimes yellowish, shaded with
blue, and, like the Eugénie, much wrinkled and indented.
If sown the beginning of May, the variety will blossom about the 15th
of June, pods may be plucked for use the 10th of July, and the crop will
ripen the 25th of the same month.
English catalogues represent the Napoléon as being "the earliest blue
pea in cultivation, podding from the bottom of the haum to the top, with
fine large pods." In a trial growth, it proved early and productive; not
only forming a great number of pods, but well filling the pods after
being formed. In quality it is tender, very sweet and well flavored,
resembling the Champion of England. Its season is nearly the same with
that of the Eugénie, and the variety is well deserving of cultivation.
Mr. Harrison, the originator of the Eugénie and Napoléon, states that
both of the peas were originally taken from one pod.
DANTZIC. _Law._
Plant six to seven feet high, branching; pods in pairs, two and a half
inches long, half an inch broad, compact, and slightly bent. When ripe,
the seed is the smallest of all the light peas, quite round or
spherical, of a bright-yellow color, beautifully transparent, with
whitish eyes.
If sown the 1st of May, the plants will blossom the 8th of July, afford
pease for the table about the 25th of the same month, and ripen from the
10th to the middle of August.
It is not a productive variety, and is seldom cultivated in England or
in this country; but is grown extensively on the shores of the Baltic,
and exported for splitting, or boiling whole.
DICKSON'S FAVORITE. _Trans._
Dickson's Early Favorite.
Plant five feet high, stocky, vigorous, and very prolific; pods ten to
twelve on a stalk, long, round when fully grown, curved, hooked at the
extremity, but not so much so as in the Auvergne,--to which, in many
respects, it bears a strong resemblance. The pods are remarkably well
filled, containing from eight to ten peas of medium size, round, and
very white.
Planted the 1st of May, the variety blossomed June 25, and pods were
gathered for use the 12th of July.
This pea is highly deserving of cultivation as a second early variety.
DILLISTONE'S EARLY. _Cot. Gard._
The plant is of slender habit of growth, produces a single stem two feet
high, and bears, on an average, from seven to nine pods: these are
smaller than those of the Dan O'Rourke, generally single, but
occasionally in pairs, almost straight, and contain seven peas each. The
seed, when ripe, is white.
Sown at the time of the Dan O'Rourke, the plants were a mass of bloom
three days before the last named had commenced blossoming, and the crop
was ready for gathering seven days before the Dan O'Rourke.
This is undoubtedly the earliest pea known, and is quite seven or eight
days earlier than the Dan O'Rourke, which has hitherto been regarded as
the earliest variety. A striking feature of Dillistone's Early is, that
its changes take place at once. It blooms in a mass, its pods all appear
together, and the whole crop is ready to be gathered at the same time.
In the Chiswick Garden, England, where a hundred and sixteen varieties
were experimentally cultivated, during the season of 1860, under the
supervision of Robert Hogg, LL.D., this variety was beginning to die
off, when the Dan O'Rourke was yet green and growing.
DWARF MARROW.
Dwarf White Marrow. Dwarf Marrowfat. Early Dwarf Marrowfat.
Plant from three to four feet in height, generally with a single stem,
but sometimes branching; pods somewhat flattened, generally single, but
sometimes produced in pairs, three inches to three inches and a half
long, three-fourths of an inch broad at the middle, tapering with a
slight but regular curve to both ends, and containing about six
closely-set peas: these are cream-colored and white; the white
prevailing about the eye, and at the union of the two sections of the
pea; not perfectly round, but more or less compressed, slightly
wrinkled, and measuring nearly three-eighths of an inch in diameter.
Planted the 1st of May, the variety blossomed the last of June, and
afforded pease for the table the 15th of July.
The Dwarf Marrow is hardy and productive. Though not so sweet or well
flavored as some of the more recent sorts, its yield is abundant and
long continued; and, for these qualities, it is extensively cultivated.
The variety, however, is rarely found in an unmixed state; much of the
seed sown under this name producing plants of stronger habit of growth
than those of the true Dwarf Marrow, and more resembling the Tall White
variety.
EARLY DAN O'ROURKE.
Dunnett's First Early. Waite's Dan O'Rourke. Carter's Earliest.
Sangster's Number One. _Cot. Gard._
Plant from three and a half to four feet high,--in general habit not
unlike the Early Frame, of which it is probably an improved variety;
pods usually single, two inches and three-fourths long, containing five
or six peas.
When fully ripe, the pea is round, cream-colored, white at the eye and
at the junction of the cotyledons, and nearly a fourth of an inch in
diameter.
Plants from seeds sown May 1 were in bloom June 7, and pods were
gathered for use from the 25th of the month.
The Dan O'Rourke is remarkable for its precocity; and, with the
exception of Dillistone's Early and one or two American varieties, is
the earliest of all the sorts now in cultivation. It is hardy, prolific,
seldom fails to produce a good crop, appears to be well adapted to our
soil and climate, is excellent for small private gardens, and one of the
best for extensive culture for market.
Its character as an early pea can be sustained only by careful culture,
and judicious selection of seeds for propagation. If grown in cold soil,
from late-ripened seeds, the variety will rapidly degenerate; and, if
from the past any thing can be judged of the future, the Dan O'Rourke,
under the ordinary forms of propagation and culture, will shortly follow
its numerous and once equally popular predecessors to quiet retirement
as a synonyme of the Early Frame or Charlton.
EARLY FRAME. _Thomp._
Early Dwarf Frame. Early Double-blossomed Frame. _Law._ Essex Champion.
Single-blossomed Frame.
Plant three to four feet in height; pods in pairs, slightly bent
backwards, well filled, terminating rather abruptly at both ends, and
about two and a half inches long by from three-eighths to half an inch
in breadth. The pease, when fully ripe, are round and plump,
cream-colored, white towards the eye and at the union of the cotyledons,
and measure nearly a fourth of an inch in diameter.
Sown the 1st of May, the variety blossomed June 20, and the pods were
ready for plucking the 6th of July.
This well-known pea, for a long period, was the most popular of all the
early varieties. At present, it is less extensively cultivated; having
been superseded by much earlier and equally hardy and prolific sorts.
"The flowers sometimes come single, and sometimes double; the stalk
from the same axil dividing into two branches, each terminating in a
flower: hence the names of 'Single-blossomed' and 'Double-blossomed'
have both been occasionally applied to this variety."
EARLY HOTSPUR.
Early Golden Hotspur. Golden Hotspur. Superfine Early. Reading Hotspur.
Similar to the Early Frame. Mr. Thompson represents it as identical. The
Messrs. Lawson describe it as follows: "Pods generally in pairs, three
inches long, half an inch broad, nearly straight, and well filled; pea
similar to the Double-blossomed Early Frame, but rather larger."
EARLY WARWICK.
Race-horse.
Once at the head of early pease: now considered by the most experienced
cultivators to be identical with the Early Frame.
EARLY WASHINGTON.
Cedo nulli.
A sub-variety of the Early Frame; differing slightly, if at all, either
in the size or form of the pod, color and size of the seed, or in
productiveness.
Once popular, and almost universally cultivated: now rarely found on
seedsmen's catalogues.
EUGÉNIE.
Plant about three feet in height, with pale-green foliage; pods single
or in pairs, three inches long, containing five or six peas. When ripe,
the peas are of medium size, cream-colored, and much shrivelled and
indented.
Plants from sowings made May 1 were in blossom June 14, green pease were
plucked July 10, and the pods ripened from the 18th to the 25th of the
same month. English catalogues describe the variety as being "the
earliest white, wrinkled marrow-pea in cultivation; podding from the
bottom of the stalk to the top, with fine large pods." In a
trial-growth, it proved hardy and very prolific; and the pease, while
young, were nearly as sweet as those of the Champion of England. The
pods were not remarkable for diameter; but, on the contrary, were
apparently slender. The peas, however, were large; and, the pods being
thin in texture, the pease, when shelled, seemed to be equal in diameter
to the pods themselves. As a new variety, it certainly promises well,
and appears to be worthy of general cultivation. It will come to the
table immediately after the earliest sorts, and yield a supply till the
Marrows are ready for plucking.
FAIRBEARD'S CHAMPION OF ENGLAND. _Cot. Gard._
Champion of England.
Plant of strong and luxuriant habit of growth, with a stem from five to
six feet in height, which is often undivided, but also frequently
branching. The laterals are produced within about eighteen inches of the
ground, and sometimes assume a vigorous growth, and attain as great a
height as the main stem. They produce pods at the first joint above the
lateral, and are continued at every succeeding joint to the greatest
extremity of the plant. The pods are generally single, but frequently in
pairs, about three inches and a half long, slightly curved, and
terminate abruptly at the point; the surface is quite smooth, and the
color light-green till maturity, when they become paler and shrivelled.
They contain six or seven quite large peas, which are closely packed
together and compressed. The ripe seed is wrinkled, and of a pale
olive-green.
Sown the 1st of May, the plants were in flower June 25, and pods were
gathered for use the 12th of July.
This variety was originated in England, by Mr. William Fairbeard, in
1843; and, with the Early Surprise, came out of the same pod,--the
produce of a plant found in a crop of the Dwarf White Knight's Marrows,
to which class it properly belongs. It is, without doubt, one of the
most valuable acquisitions which have been obtained for many years;
being remarkably tender and sugary, and, in all respects, of first-rate
excellence. The rapid progress of its popularity, and its universal
cultivation, are, however, the best indications of its superiority.
The variety was introduced into this country soon after it was
originated, and was first sold at five dollars per quart.
FAIRBEARD'S NONPAREIL. _Cot. Gard._
Stem branching, three and a half to four feet high, with a habit of
growth and vigor similar to the Early Frames. The pods are full and
plump, but do not become thick-backed and fleshy as they ripen, like
those of the Frames. They contain from six to eight peas, which are
close together, much compressed, and of that sweet flavor which is
peculiar to the Knight's Marrows. The ripe seed is small and wrinkled,
and of the same color as the other white, wrinkled pease.
The variety was originated by Mr. William Fairbeard, who also raised the
Champion of England. It is earlier than the last-named sort, nearly as
early as the Frames, and a most valuable acquisition.
FAIRBEARD'S SURPRISE. _Cot. Gard._
Early Surprise. Surprise.
The plant of this variety is of a free but not robust habit of growth,
and always with a simple stem, which is about four feet high. The pods
are produced at every joint, beginning at about two feet and a half from
the ground. They are generally single, but sometimes in pairs, three
inches long, slightly curved, but not quite so much as those of the
Champion of England. They contain from six to seven peas, which are of
good size, but not so sweet as those of the last-named sort. The ripe
seed is somewhat oval, and of a pale, olive-green color.
The variety is a day or two earlier than the Champion of England. It
originated from the Dwarf White Knight's Marrow, and was taken from the
pod in which was found the Champion of England.
FLACK'S IMPERIAL. _Cot. Gard._
Flack's Victory. Flack's Victoria. Flack's New Large Victoria.
The plant is of a robust habit of growth, with a stem which is always
branching, and generally about three feet in height; the pods are
numerous, varying from twelve to eighteen on a plant, generally produced
in pairs, but often singly, three inches and a half long, three-fourths
of an inch broad, and considerably curved,--terminating abruptly at the
point, where they are somewhat broader than at any other part. Each pod
contains from six to eight very large peas, which are of an ovate shape,
half an inch long, seven-twentieths of an inch broad, and the same in
thickness. The ripe seed is blue.
Plants from seed sown May 1 will blossom June 28, and supply the table
July 15.
It is one of the most prolific peas in cultivation; grows to a
convenient height; and, whether considered for private gardens or for
market supplies, is one of the most valuable varieties which has been
introduced for years.
GENERAL WYNDHAM. _Cot. Gard._
The plant is of a robust habit, six to seven feet high, and frequently
branched; the foliage is dark-green and blotched; the pods are either
single or in pairs, and number from ten to fourteen on each plant,--they
contain eight very large peas, which are of the deep, dull-green color
of the Early Green Marrow. The ripe seed is white and olive mixed.
This is a valuable acquisition, and was evidently procured from the Ne
Plus Ultra; but it is a more robust grower, and produces much larger
pods.
The plant continues growing, blooming, and podding till very late in the
season; and, when this is in the full vigor of growth, the Ne Plus Ultra
is ripening off. The pease, when cooked, are of a fine, bright-green
color, and unlike those of any other variety.
HAIR'S DWARF MAMMOTH.
Plant strong and vigorous, from three to three feet and a half high,
branching, with short joints; pods single or in pairs, broad,
comparatively flat, containing about six very large peas, which are
sugary, tender, and excellent. The ripe seeds are shrivelled, and vary
in color; some being cream-white, and others bluish-green.
Sown May 1, the plants will blossom July 1, and the pods will be ready
for use the 15th of the same month.
Very prolific, and deserving of cultivation.
HARRISON'S GLORY. _Trans._
Plant three feet high, of a bushy, robust habit of growth; pods rather
short, nearly straight, and flattish, containing five or six
medium-sized peas, of good quality: when ripe, the seeds are
light-olive, mixed with white, and also slightly indented.
If planted May 1, the variety will flower June 23, and the pods will be
fit for gathering about the 10th of July.
A good variety; but, like Harrison's Glory, the pods are frequently not
well filled.
HARRISON'S PERFECTION. _Trans._
Plant three feet in height, of vigorous habit; pods small, straight,
containing five peas of good size and quality.
Sown the 1st of May, the variety will flower June 23, and the pods will
be fit for plucking about the 12th of July.
The only defect in this variety is, that the pods are often not well
filled. When growing, it is scarcely distinguishable from Harrison's
Glory; but, in the mature state, the seeds of the former are smooth and
white, while those of the latter are indented, and of an olive-color.
KING OF THE MARROWS.
Plant six feet in height, stocky, and of remarkably vigorous habit; pods
single or in pairs, containing five or six large seeds, which, when
ripe, are yellowish-green, and much shrivelled and indented, like those
of the Champion of England.
If planted May 1, the variety will blossom the last of June, and pods
for the table may be plucked about the 15th of July.
Though comparatively late, it is one of the best of the more recently
introduced sorts, and well deserving of general cultivation. When the
pods are gathered as fast as they become fit for use, the plants will
continue to put forth new blossoms, and form new pods for an
extraordinary length of time; in favorable seasons, often supplying the
table for five or six weeks.
It is very tender and sugary, and little, if at all, inferior to the
Champion of England.
In common with most of the colored pease, the ripe seeds, when grown in
this country, are much paler than those of foreign production; and, when
long cultivated in the climate of the United States, the blue or green
is frequently changed to pale-blue or yellowish-green, and often
ultimately becomes nearly cream-white.
KNIGHT'S DWARF BLUE MARROW.
A dwarfish sub-variety of Knight's Marrows, with wrinkled, blue seeds.
KNIGHT'S DWARF GREEN MARROW.
Knight's Dwarf Green Wrinkled.
Plant about three feet high; pods in pairs, three inches long,
three-fourths of an inch wide, flattish, and slightly bent. The ripe
pease are of a light bluish-green color. It differs from the foregoing
principally in the height of the plant, but also to some extent in the
form of the pods.
KNIGHT'S DWARF WHITE MARROW. _Law._
Knight's Dwarf White Wrinkled Marrow.
Plant three feet high; pods in pairs, three inches long, three-fourths
of an inch wide, straight, or nearly so, well filled, and terminating
abruptly at both ends; pea, on an average, about three-eighths of an
inch in diameter, flattened, and very much wrinkled; color white, and
sometimes of a greenish tinge. It is a few days earlier than the Dwarf
Green.
KNIGHT'S TALL BLUE MARROW.
A sub-variety of Knight's Tall Marrows, with blue, wrinkled, and
indented seeds. It resembles the Tall White and Tall Green Marrows.
KNIGHT'S TALL GREEN MARROW. _Law._ _Thomp._
Plant from six to seven feet in height, of strong growth; pods large,
broad, and well filled; the seed, when ripe, is green, and much wrinkled
or indented.
If planted the first of May, the variety will blossom towards the last
of June, and supply the table the middle of July.
The peas are exceedingly tender and sugary; the skin also is very thin.
"From their remarkably wrinkled appearance, together with the peculiar
sweetness which they all possess, Knight's Marrows may be said to form a
distinct class of garden-pease; possessing qualities which, together
with their general productiveness, render them a valuable acquisition,
both to cultivators and consumers."
If planted not less than six feet apart, these pease will bear most
abundantly from the ground to the top: they also yield their pods in
succession, and are the best for late crops.
KNIGHT'S TALL WHITE MARROW.
Knight's Tall White Wrinkled Marrow.
Height and general character of the plant similar to Knight's Tall Green
Marrow. Pods in pairs. The ripe seed is white. Very productive and
excellent.
MATCHLESS MARROW. _Cot. Gard._
This is a good marrow-pea, but now surpassed by the improved varieties
of the Early Green Marrow. It possesses no qualities superior to that
variety, and is not so early. The plant grows from five to six feet in
height; and the pods contain about seven large peas, which are closely
compressed together.
MILFORD MARROW. _Cot. Gard._
The plant is of a strong and robust habit of growth, always with a
single stem, attaining the height of four and a half or five feet, and
producing from twelve to sixteen pods, which are almost always in pairs,
three inches and three-quarters long, and three-quarters of an inch
wide. They do not become broad-backed, thick, or fleshy, but rather
shrivelled, and contain from six to seven very large peas, which are
roundish and somewhat compressed, half an inch long, nearly the same
broad, and nine-twentieths thick.
Its season is near that of Bellamy's Early Green Marrow; if planted May
1, blossoming June 28, and being fit for plucking about the middle of
July.
MISSOURI MARROW.
Missouri Marrowfat.
Plant three feet and a half or four feet high, strong and vigorous,
generally simple, but sometimes divided into branches; pods single and
in pairs, three inches long, wrinkled on the surface as they ripen,
nearly straight, and containing about six peas, rather closely set
together. When ripe, the pea is similar to the Dwarf Marrow in form, but
is larger, paler, more wrinkled, and much more regular in size.
Plants from seed sown May 1 were in blossom the 30th of June, and pods
were gathered for use the 14th of July. It is a few days later than
Fairbeard's Champion of England, and nearly of the season of the Dwarf
Marrowfat, of which it is probably but an improved or sub-variety.
It is of American origin, very productive, of good quality, and well
deserving of cultivation.
NE PLUS ULTRA. _Cot. Gard._
Jay's Conqueror.
This is comparatively a recent variety. It belongs to the wrinkled class
of pease; is as early as Bellamy's Green Marrow; and possesses, both in
pod and pea, the same fine, deep, olive-green color.
The plant is of strong and robust habit of growth, six to seven feet
high, with a branching stem. It begins to produce pods at two or two and
a half feet from the ground; and the number, in all, is from twelve to
eighteen. The pods are generally in pairs, three inches and a half long,
three-fourths of an inch wide, very plump and full, almost round,
slightly curved, and terminate abruptly at the end. Their color is deep,
bright-green, and the surface smooth. They contain seven very large
peas, each of which is half an inch long, nearly the same broad; and,
although they are not so closely packed as to compress each other, they
fill the pods well.
When sown the first of May, the variety will blossom the last of June,
and afford peas for use the 15th of July.
It is one of the best tall Marrows in cultivation. The ripe seed is
mixed white and olive.
NOBLE'S EARLY GREEN MARROW. _Cot. Gard._
A sub-variety of Bellamy's Early Green Marrow. It is a much more
abundant bearer; producing from eighteen to twenty pods on a plant,
which are singularly regular in their size and form.
PRINCE ALBERT.
Early Prince Albert. Early May. Early Kent.
Plant from two and a half to three feet in height, usually without
branches; pods generally in pairs, two inches and a half in length, half
an inch broad, tapering abruptly at both ends, slightly bent backwards,
and well filled; pea, when fully ripe, round, cream-colored, approaching
to white about the eye and at the line of the division of the lobes, and
measuring about a fourth of an inch in diameter.
Sown May 1, the plants blossomed June 15, and pods were plucked for use
July 6.
The Prince Albert was, at one period, the most popular of all the early
varieties, and was cultivated in almost every part of the United States.
As now found in the garden, the variety is not distinguishable from some
forms of the Early Frame; and it is everywhere giving place to the Early
Dan O'Rourke, Dillistone's Early, and other more recent and superior
sorts.
QUEEN OF THE DWARFS. _Cot. Gard._
A very dwarfish variety, from six to nine inches high. Stem thick and
succulent; foliage dark bluish-green. Each plant produces from four to
six pods, which are of a curious, elliptic form, and contain three or
four large peas. Ripe seed white, of medium size, egg-shaped, unevenly
compressed.
The plants are tender; the pods do not fill freely; and the variety
cannot be recommended for cultivation.
RINGWOOD MARROW.
Flanagan's Early. Early Ringwood. _Cot. Gard._ Beck's Gem.
Plant three and a half to four feet high, usually simple, but sometimes
sending out shoots near the ground. The pods are single and in pairs;
and, as they ripen, become thick and fleshy, with a rough, pitted, and
shrivelled surface: they contain from six to seven large peas, which are
nearly round, and about seven-tenths of an inch in diameter in the green
state. The ripe seed is white.
The variety is comparatively early. If planted May 1, it will blossom
about the 25th of June, and the pods will be ready to pluck about the
10th of July.
A very valuable sort, producing a large, well-filled pod, and is a most
abundant bearer. It has, however, a peculiarity, which by many is
considered an objection,--the pod is white, instead of green, and
presents, when only full grown, the appearance of over-maturity. This
objection is chiefly made by those who grow it for markets, and who find
it difficult to convince their customers, that, notwithstanding the pod
is white, it is still in its highest perfection. So far from being soon
out of season, it retains its tender and marrowy character longer than
many other varieties.
A new sort, called the "Lincoln Green," is said to possess all the
excellences of the Ringwood Marrow, without the objectionable white pod.
ROYAL DWARF OR WHITE PRUSSIAN. _Cot. Gard._
Dwarf Prolific. Poor Man's Profit.
Plant of medium growth, with an erect stem, which is three feet high,
generally simple, but occasionally branching. The pods are usually
single, but sometimes in pairs, nearly three inches long, half an inch
broad, almost straight, and somewhat tapering towards the point. The
surface is quite smooth, and the color bright-green. They are generally
well filled, and contain from five to six peas, which are ovate, not
compressed, four-tenths of an inch long, a third of an inch broad, and
the same in thickness. The ripe seed is white.
Plants from seed sown the 1st of May will blossom June 25, and supply
the table about the middle of July. The crop will ripen the 25th of the
same month.
This is an old and prolific variety, well adapted for field culture, and
long a favorite in gardens, but now, to a great extent, superseded.
SEBASTOPOL.
Plant of rather slender habit, three feet and a half in height; pods
usually single, two inches and three quarters in length, containing from
five to seven peas, which, when ripe, are nearly round and smooth,
cream-colored, and scarcely distinguishable, in their size, form, or
color, from the Early Frame and kindred kinds.
If planted May 1, the variety will blossom June 16, afford pods of
sufficient size for shelling about July 7, and ripen the 20th of the
same month.
It is early, very productive, of superior quality, and an excellent sort
for growing for market, or in small gardens for family use. In an
experimental cultivation of the variety, it proved one of the most
prolific of all the early sorts.
SHILLINGS GROTTO. _Cot. Gard._
Plant with a simple stem, four feet and a half to five feet high; the
pods are generally single, but frequently in pairs, three inches and a
half long, about half an inch wide, slightly curved, and, when fully
matured, assuming a thick-backed and somewhat quadrangular form. Each
pod contains, on an average, seven large peas. The ripe seed is white.
A great objection to this variety is the tardiness with which it fills;
the pods being fully grown, and apparently filled, when the peas are
quite small and only half grown. Though considered a standard sort, it
is not superior to the Champion of England; and will probably soon give
place to it, or some other of the more recent varieties.
SPANISH DWARF. _Cot. Gard._
Early Spanish Dwarf. Dwarf Fan. Strawberry.
Plant about a foot high, branching on each side in the manner of a fan;
and hence often called the "Dwarf Fan." The pods are sometimes single,
but generally in pairs, two inches and a half long, half an inch broad,
terminate rather abruptly at the point, and contain from five to six
rather large peas. The ripe seed is cream-white.
Sown May 1, the plants were in blossom June 26, and pods were plucked
for use July 14.
The Spanish Dwarf is an old variety, and still maintains its position as
an Early Dwarf for small gardens, though it can hardly be considered
equal to Burbridge's Eclipse or Bishop's Long-podded.
There is a variety of this which is called the Improved Spanish Dwarf,
and grows fully nine inches taller than the old variety; but it
possesses no particular merit to recommend it.
TALL WHITE MARROW.
Large Carolina. Tall Marrowfat.
Plant six to seven feet in height, seldom branched; pods three to three
inches and a half long, three-fourths of an inch broad, more bluntly
pointed than those of the Dwarf variety, and containing six or seven
peas. When ripe, the pea is nearly of the color of the Dwarf Marrow, but
is more perfectly spherical, less wrinkled, and, when compared in bulk,
has a smoother, harder, and more glossy appearance.
Planted May 1, the variety will blossom near the 1st of July, and will
come to the table from the 15th to the 20th of the same month. It is a
few days later than the Dwarf.
In this country, it has been longer cultivated than any other sort; and,
in some of the forms of its very numerous sub-varieties, is now to be
found in almost every garden. It is hardy, abundant, long-continued in
its yield, and of excellent quality. In England, the variety is
cultivated in single rows three feet apart. In this country, where the
growth of the pea is much less luxuriant, it may be grown in double rows
three feet and a half apart, and twelve inches between the single rows.
TAYLOR'S EARLY.
Similar in habit, production, and early maturity, to the Early Dan
O'Rourke.
THURSTON'S RELIANCE. _Cot. Gard._
Plant strong and robust, six to seven feet high; pods generally single,
but occasionally in pairs, and from three inches and a half to four
inches and a quarter long. They are broad and flat, shaped like the pods
of the Blue Cimeter, and contain seven or eight very large peas. Ripe
seed white, large, and unevenly compressed.
This is a quite distinct and useful pea; an abundant bearer; and the
pods are of a fine deep-green color, which is a recommendation for it
when grown for market. It comes in at the same time as the Auvergne and
Shillings Grotto, but is of a more tender constitution.
TOM THUMB.
Beck's Gem. Bush Pea. Pois nain hatif extra, of the French.
Plant of remarkably low growth, seldom much exceeding nine inches in
height, stout and branching; pods single, rarely in pairs, two inches
and a half in length, half an inch broad, containing five or six peas,
which are cream-yellow, and measure about a fourth of an inch in
diameter.
Planted the 1st of May, the variety blossomed the 12th of June, and the
pods were of suitable size for plucking July 4.
In the color of its foliage, its height and general habit, the variety
is very distinct, and readily distinguishable from all other kinds. It
is early, of good quality, and, the height of the plant considered,
yields abundantly. It may be cultivated in rows ten inches apart.
Mr. Landreth, of Philadelphia, remarks as follows: "For sowing at this
season (November, in the Middle States), we recommend trial of a new
variety, which we have designated 'Tom Thumb,' in allusion to its
extreme dwarfness. It seldom rises over twelve inches, is an abundant
bearer, and is, withal, quite early. It seems to be admirably adapted to
autumn sowings in the South, where, on apprehended frost, protection may
be given: it is also equally well suited to early spring planting for
the same reason. It is curious, as well as useful; and, if planted on
ground well enriched, will yield as much to a given quantity of land as
any pea known to us."
It is a desirable variety in the kitchen garden; as, from its exceeding
dwarfish habit, it may be so sown as to form a neat edging for the walk
or border.
VEITCH'S PERFECTION. _Trans._
Plant three feet and a half to four feet high, of strong, robust growth,
somewhat branched; pods ten or twelve on a stalk or branch, large, flat,
straight, containing six or eight large peas, which are very sugary and
excellent. The ripe seeds are large, of a light olive-green color; some
being nearly white.
Planted the 1st of May, the variety will be in flower June 28, and the
pods will be fit for use about the middle or 20th of July. It is one of
the best pease for main or late crops.
VICTORIA MARROW. _Thomp._
Plant from six to seven feet high; pods remarkably large, nearly four
inches in length, generally in pairs, straight, roundish, well filled,
containing from six to eight peas of extraordinary size and of good
quality. The ripe pease are olive-green.
The Victoria Marrow is not early. Planted May 1, it will blossom the
last of June, and be fit for the table from the middle of July.
This variety bears some resemblance to Knight's Tall Marrow; but, like
nearly all others, it is less sugary. Those who have a fancy for large
pease will find this perhaps the largest.
WARNER'S EARLY EMPEROR. _Thomp._
Warner's Early Conqueror. Early Railway. Early Wonder. Beck's
Morning-star. Early Emperor.
This variety grows somewhat taller, and is a few days earlier, than the
Prince Albert: the pods and pease are also somewhat larger. It is an
abundant bearer; and, on the whole, must be considered a good
sub-variety of the Early Frame.
WOODFORD'S MARROW. _Cot. Gard._
Nonpareil.
Plant of strong and robust habit of growth, like a vigorous-growing
Marrow; rising with a stem three feet and a half high, which is
sometimes simple, but generally branching at about half its height from
the ground. The pods begin to be produced at little more than half the
height of the plant; and, from that point to the top, every joint
produces single or double pods, amounting, in all, to ten or twelve on
each. They are single or in pairs, in nearly equal proportions, about
three inches and a half long, seven-tenths of an inch broad, quite
smooth, and of a dark-green color. When ready to gather, they are rather
flattened, but become round as they ripen. They contain, on an average,
seven peas, which are of a dark olive-green color, rather thick in the
skin, and closely packed; so much so as to be quite flattened on the
sides adjoining.
Sown May 1, the variety blossomed June 28, and pease were gathered for
the table July 17.
This is a very characteristic pea, and may at once be detected from all
others, either by the ripe seed or growing plants, from the peculiar
dark-green color, which, when true, it always exhibits. It is well
adapted for a market-pea; its dark-green color favoring the popular
prejudices.
* * * * *
EATABLE-PODDED OR SUGAR PEASE.
String-pease. Skinless Pease. Pisum macrocarpum. _Dec._
In this class are included such of the varieties as want the tough,
inner film, or parchment lining, common to the other sorts. The pods are
generally of large size, tender and succulent, and are used in the green
state like string-beans; though the seeds may be used as other pease,
either in the green state or when ripe. "When not ripe, the pods of some
of the sorts have the appearance of being swollen or distended with air;
but, on ripening, they become much shrivelled, and collapse closely on
the seeds." The varieties are not numerous, when compared with the
extensive catalogue of the kinds of the Common Pea offered for sale by
seedsmen, and described by horticultural writers. The principal are the
following:--
COMMON DWARF SUGAR. _Law. Vil._
Dwarf Crooked-podded Sugar.
Stalk about two feet high, dividing into branches when cultivated in
good soil; flower white; pods single or in pairs, six-seeded, three
inches long by five-eighths of an inch broad, crooked or jointed-like
with the seeds, as in all of the Sugar Pease, very prominent, especially
on becoming ripe and dry; pea fully a fourth of an inch in diameter,
white, and slightly wrinkled.
The variety is quite late. Sown the beginning of May, the plants
blossomed the last week in June, and pods were gathered for use July 17.
It is prolific, of good quality as a shelled-pea, and the young pods are
tender and well flavored.
EARLY DWARF DUTCH SUGAR. _Vil._
Early Dwarf de Grace.
Plant about twenty inches high, branching; leaves of medium size,
yellowish-green; flowers white; pods two inches and three-quarters in
length, half an inch wide, somewhat sickle-shaped, swollen on the sides,
flattened at the lower end, and containing five or six peas, which, when
ripe, are roundish, often irregularly flattened or indented, wrinkled,
and of a yellowish-white color.
The variety is the lowest-growing and earliest of all the Eatable-podded
kinds. If sown at the time of the Common Dwarf Sugar, it will be fit for
use twelve or fourteen days in advance of that variety. It requires a
good soil; and the pods are succulent and tender, but are not considered
superior to those of the Common Dwarf Sugar.
GIANT EATABLE-PODDED. _Vil._
Giant Sugar.
Stalk four to five feet high; leaves large, yellowish-green, stained
with red at their union with the stalk of the plant; flower reddish;
pods transparent yellowish-green, very thick and fleshy, distended on
the surface by the seeds, which are widely distributed, curved, and much
contorted, six inches long, and sometimes nearly an inch and a half in
diameter,--exceeding in size that of any other variety. They contain but
five or six seeds, which, when ripe, are irregular in form, and of a
greenish-yellow color, spotted or speckled with brown.
It is about a week later than the Large Crooked Sugar.
LARGE CROOKED SUGAR. _Thomp._
Broadsword. Six-inch-pod Sugar.
Plant nearly six feet in height, and branching when grown in good soil;
the leaves are large, yellowish-green; flowers white; pods very
large,--measuring from four to five inches in length and an inch in
width,--broad, flat, and crooked. When young, they are tender, and
easily snap or break in pieces, like the young pods of kidney-beans; and
are then fit for use. The sides of the pods exhibit prominent marks
where pushed out by the seeds, even at an early stage of growth. The
ripe pease are somewhat indented or irregularly compressed, and of a
yellowish-white color.
It is one of the best of the Eatable-podded sorts, and is hardy and
productive. It is, however, quite late; blossoming, if sown May 1, about
the last of June, and producing pods for use in the green state about
the 20th of July.
PURPLE-PODDED OR AUSTRALIAN. _Law._
Blue-podded. Botany-bay Pea.
Plant five feet high, generally without branches; pods usually in pairs,
flattened, with thick, fleshy skins, and commonly of a dark-purple
color; but this characteristic is not permanent, as they are sometimes
found with green pods; in which case, they are, however, easily
distinguished from those of other pease by their thick and fleshy
nature. When ripe, the pease are of medium size, often much indented and
irregularly compressed, and of a light, dunnish, or brown color. Season
intermediate.
It is very productive, and seems possessed of properties which entitle
it to cultivation.
RED-FLOWERED SUGAR. _Vil._
Chocolate.
Stem four or five feet in height, generally simple, but branching when
grown in rich soil; leaves long, yellowish-green, tinged with red where
they connect with the stalk of the plant; flowers pale-red; pods three
inches long, seven-tenths of an inch broad, more or less contorted,
containing six to eight peas; seed comparatively large, pale-brown,
marbled with reddish-brown.
Season nearly the same as that of the Common Dwarf Sugar. It is
productive, remarkably hardy, and may be sown very early in spring, as
it is little affected by cool and wet weather; but the green pease are
not much esteemed, as they possess a strong and rather unpleasant
flavor. The green pods are tender and good; and, for these, the variety
may be worthy of cultivation.
TAMARIND SUGAR.
Late Dwarf Sugar. Tamarind Pea.
Plant similar to the Common Dwarf Sugar, but of more luxuriant habit,
and with larger foliage; flowers white; pods single or in pairs, six to
eight seeded, very long and broad,--often measuring four inches in
length and an inch in breadth,--succulent, and generally contorted and
irregular in form. A few days later than the Common Dwarf Sugar.
Hardy, prolific, and deserves more general cultivation.
WHITE-PODDED SUGAR. _Vil._
Stem four to five feet high; leaves yellowish-green, and, like those of
the Giant Eatable-podded, stained with red at their insertion with the
stalk; flowers purple; pods nearly three inches long, five-eighths of an
inch wide, sickle-shaped and contorted, of a yellowish-white color,
containing five or six peas. The ripe seeds are irregularly flattened
and indented, of a greenish-yellow color, marbled or spotted with brown
or black.
The variety is quite late. Sown May 1, the pods were not fit for use
till July 24.
The pods are crisp and succulent, though inferior in flavor to most of
the Eatable-podded varieties.
YELLOW-PODDED SUGAR. _Vil._
Stem three to four feet high; leaves large, yellowish-green; flowers
white, tinted with yellow; pods four inches long, tapering slightly at
the ends, greenish-yellow, thick and fleshy, containing six or seven
peas, widely separated. The ripe seeds are oblong, rather regular in
form, and of a creamy-white color.
It is one of the earliest of the Eatable-podded sorts; coming to the
table, if planted May 1, about the middle of July. It is of good
quality, but not hardy or productive; and seems to have little to
recommend it, aside from the singular color of its pods.
* * * * *
PEA-NUT.
Ground Bean. Earth Nut. _Vil._ Pindar Nut. Ground Nut. Arachys hypogea.
A native of Africa, and also of Central and Tropical America. It is an
annual plant; and the stem, when full grown, is about fifteen inches in
height. The leaves are pinnate, with four leaflets, and a leafy,
emarginate appendage at the base of the petioles; the flowers are
yellow, and are produced singly, in the axils of the leaves; the fruit,
or pod, is of an oblong form, from an inch to an inch and a half in
length, rather more than three-eighths of an inch in diameter, often
contracted at the middle, but sometimes bottle-formed, reticulated, and
of a yellowish color; the kernels, of which the pods contain from one to
three, are oblong, quite white, and enclosed in a thin, brown skin, or
pellicle.
A remarkable peculiarity of this plant is, that the lower blossoms
(which alone produce fruit), after the decay of the petals, insinuate
their ovaries into the earth; beneath which, at the depth of several
inches, the fruit is afterwards perfected.
The seed, or kernel, retains its germinative property but a single
season; and, when designed for planting, should be preserved unbroken in
the pod, or shell.
_Soil and Cultivation._--The Pea-nut succeeds best in a warm, light,
loamy soil. This should be deeply ploughed and well pulverized, and
afterwards laid out in slightly raised ridges two feet apart. As the
plants require the whole season for their perfection, the seed should be
planted as early in spring as the weather becomes suitable. Drop nine
inches apart in the drills, and cover an inch and a half or two inches
deep. Weeding must be performed early in the season; as, after the
blossoming of the plants, they are greatly injured if disturbed by the
hoe, or if weeds are removed about the roots.
It is rather tropical in its character, and cannot be cultivated with
success either in the Northern or Middle States.
"The seeds are sometimes dibbled in rows, so as to leave the plants a
foot apart each way. As soon as the flowers appear, the vines are
earthed up from time to time, so as to keep them chiefly within the
ground. When cultivated alone, and there is sufficient moisture, the
yield of nuts is from sixty to seventy-five bushels to the acre. If
allowed to grow without earthing up, the vines will yield half a ton of
hay to the acre. They are killed by the first frost; when the nuts will
be mature, and ready for use."
_Varieties._--
AFRICAN PEA-NUT.
A comparatively small, smooth, and regularly formed sort. Shell thin,
usually enclosing two kernels.
WILMINGTON PEA-NUT.
Carolina.
Similar to the African. The pods, however, are longer, and the shell is
thicker and paler. They rarely contain less than two, and often enclose
three, kernels. Extensively cultivated in the Carolinas and Gulf States.
TENNESSEE PEA-NUT.
Pods large, thick, and irregular in form; the reticulations very coarse
and deep. The pods usually contain two kernels. Less esteemed than
either of the preceding varieties.
* * * * *
VETCH, OR TARE.
Vicia sativa.
The Vetch, or Tare, in its properties and habits, somewhat resembles the
Common Pea. There are numerous species as well as varieties, and the
seeds of all may be used for food; but they are generally too small, or
produced too sparingly, to repay the cost of cultivation.
The only variety of much importance to the garden is the following:--
WHITE TARE, OR VETCH. _Law._
Lentil, of Canada. Napoléon Pea.
Annual; stem slender and climbing, about three feet high, the leaves
terminating in a branching tendril, or clasper; flowers purplish; pods
brown, slender, containing from eight to twelve seeds, or grains, which
are globular, sometimes slightly flattened, smooth, and of a
yellowish-white color; they retain their germinative quality three
years; an ounce contains about six hundred seeds.
In France and Canada, the seeds are used as a substitute for pease, both
green and ripe, in soups and other dishes. They are also ground, and
made into bread; but in this case their flour is generally mixed with
that of wheat, or other of the edible grains.
The seeds may be sown in drills, in April or May, in the manner of
garden-pease, or broadcast with oats for agricultural purposes.
_Varieties._--
SUMMER TARE, OR VETCH.
An agricultural variety, grown at the north of England and in Scotland.
It is sown broadcast, and cultivated as wheat or barley. Both the haum
and seed are used.
WINTER TARE, OR VETCH.
Extensively grown in England and Scotland; usually sown in autumn, mixed
with rye, for early spring food for stock. The seeds are smaller than
those of the summer variety.
Not sufficiently hardy to survive the winters of the Northern States.
* * * * *
WINGED PEA.
Red Birdsfoot Trefoil. _Mill._ Lotus tetragonolobus.
A hardy, creeping, or climbing, annual plant, fifteen or eighteen inches
in height, or length; leaves trifoliate; flowers large, solitary,
bright-scarlet; pods three inches and a half long, with four
longitudinal, leafy membranes, or wings; seeds globular, slightly
compressed, yellowish-white.
_Use._--The ripened seeds are sometimes used as a substitute for coffee;
and the pods, while young and tender, form an agreeable dish, not unlike
string-beans. It is often cultivated as an ornamental plant; and, for
this purpose, is generally sown in patches, four or five seeds together
on the border, where the plants are intended to remain.
When grown as an esculent, sow in double drills an inch and a half deep,
and two feet apart; the single rows being made twelve inches from each
other.