NA
Highways:
total:
10,591 km
paved:
5,091 km
unpaved:
gravel 1,404 km; earth 4,096 km (1991)
Inland waterways:
NA km
Pipelines:
none
Ports:
none; landlocked
Airports:
total:
16
usable:
16
with permanent-surface runways:
10
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
2
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
2
Telecommunications:
125,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 6 AM, 2 FM, 5 (2 relays) TV;
370,000 radios, 325,000 TV; satellite communications ground stations -
none
@The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Defense Forces
Branches:
Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force, Police Force
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 604,257; fit for military service 489,746; reach
military age (19) annually 19,539 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
7 billion denars, NA% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of the
military budget into US dollars using the prevailing exchange rate
could produce misleading results
@Togo, Geography
Location:
Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean beween Benin and
Ghana
Map references:
Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
56,790 sq km
land area:
54,390 sq km
comparative area:
slightly smaller than West Virginia
Land boundaries:
total 1,647 km, Benin 644 km, Burkina 126 km, Ghana 877 km
Coastline:
56 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
30 nm
International disputes:
none
Climate:
tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Terrain:
gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low
coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes
Natural resources:
phosphates, limestone, marble
Land use:
arable land:
25%
permanent crops:
1%
meadows and pastures:
4%
forest and woodland:
28%
other:
42%
Irrigated land:
70 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and the use
of wood for fuel; recent droughts affecting agriculture
natural hazards:
hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter
international agreements:
party to - Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber; signed, but not
ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change
@Togo, People
Population:
4,255,090 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
3.59% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
47.3 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
11.39 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
88.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
56.93 years
male:
54.87 years
female:
59.06 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
6.9 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Togolese (singular and plural)
adjective:
Togolese
Ethnic divisions:
37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabye,
European and Syrian-Lebanese under 1%
Religions:
indigenous beliefs 70%, Christian 20%, Muslim 10%
Languages:
French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe (one of the two
major African languages in the south), Mina (one of the two major
African languages in the south), Dagomba (one of the two major African
languages in the north), Kabye (one of the two major African languages
in the north)
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
43%
male:
56%
female:
31%
Labor force:
NA
by occupation:
agriculture 78%, industry 22%
note:
about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided between public and private
sectors; 50% of population of working age (1985)
@Togo, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Togo
conventional short form:
Togo
local long form:
Republique Togolaise
local short form:
none
former:
French Togo
Digraph:
TO
Type:
republic under transition to multiparty democratic rule
Capital:
Lome
Administrative divisions:
23 circumscriptions (circonscriptions, singular - circonscription);
Amlame (Amou), Aneho (Lacs), Atakpame (Ogou), Badou (Wawa), Bafilo
(Assoli), Bassar (Bassari), Dapango (Tone), Kande (Keran), Klouto
(Kloto), Pagouda (Binah), Lama-Kara (Kozah), Lome (Golfe), Mango
(Oti), Niamtougou (Doufelgou), Notse (Haho), Pagouda, Sotouboua,
Tabligbo (Yoto), Tchamba, Nyala, Tchaoudjo, Tsevie (Zio), Vogan (Vo)
note:
the 23 units may now be called prefectures (prefectures, singular -
prefecture) and reported name changes for individual units are
included in parentheses
Independence:
27 April 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 27 April (1960)
Constitution:
multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of the Republic
1 July 1992; adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992
Legal system:
French-based court system
Suffrage:
universal adult at age NA
Executive branch:
chief of state:
President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967); election last
held 25 August 1993 (next election to be held NA 1998); all major
opposition parties boycotted the election; Gen. EYADEMA won 96.5% of
the vote
head of government:
Prime Minister Edem KODJO (since April 1994)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers; appointed by the president and the prime
minister
Legislative branch:
unicameral
National Assembly:
elections last held on 6 and 20 February 1994 (next to be held NA);
results - percent of vote by party NA; SEATS - (81 total) RPT and
allies (pro government) 38, CAR, UTD (the opposition) 40, still
contested as of 3 May 1994
Judicial branch:
Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel), Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
Political parties and leaders:
pro-government:
Rally of the Togolese People (RPT), President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA;
Coordination des Forces Nouvelles (CFN), Joseph KOFFIGOH
moderate:
The Togolese Union for Democracy (UTD), Edem KODJO; The Action
Committee for Renewal (CAR), Yao AGBOYIBOR
radical:
The Union for Democracy and Solidarity (UDS), Antoine FOLLY; The
Pan-African Sociodemocrats Group (GSP), an alliance of three radical
parties: The Democratic Convention of African Peoples (CDPA), Leopold
GNININVI; The Party for Democracy and Renewal (PDR), Zarifou AYEVA;
The Pan-African Social Party (PSP), Francis AGBAGLI; The Union of
Forces for Change (UFC), Gilchrist OLYMPIO (in exile)
note:
Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) led by President EYADEMA was the
only party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12
April 1991
Member of:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO (observer), ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ,
G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Charge d'Affaires Edem Frederic HEGBE
chancery:
2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
(202) 234-4212
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Harmon E. KIRBY (Ambassador Johnny YOUNG to replace
Ambassador KIRBY during the summer of 1994)
embassy:
Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue Vauban, Lome
mailing address:
B. P. 852, Lome
telephone:
[228] 21-29-91
FAX:
[228] 21-79-52
Flag:
five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with
yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the
upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of
Ethiopia
@Togo, Economy
Overview:
The economy is heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture, which
accounts for about 33% of GDP and provides employment for 78% of the
labor force. Primary agricultural exports are cocoa, coffee, and
cotton, which together generate about 30% of total export earnings.
Togo is self-sufficient in basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal.
In the industrial sector phosphate mining is by far the most important
activity, although it has suffered from the collapse of World
phosphate prices and increased foreign competition. Togo serves as a
regional commercial and trade center. The government's decade-long IMF
and World Bank supported effort to implement economic reform measures
to encourage foreign investment and bring revenues in line with
expenditures has stalled. Political unrest, including private and
public sector strikes throughout 1992 and 1993, has jeopardized the
reform program and has disrupted vital economic activity.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $3.3 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
NA
National product per capita:
$800 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
0.5% (1991 est.)
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues:
$284 million
expenditures:
$407 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991 est.)
Exports:
$558 million (f.o.b., 1991)
commodities:
phosphates, cotton, cocoa, coffee
partners:
EC 40%, Africa 16%, US 1% (1990)
Imports:
$636 million (f.o.b., 1991)
commodities:
machinery and equipment, consumer goods, food, chemical products
partners:
EC 57%, Africa 17%, US 5%, Japan 4% (1990)
External debt:
$1.3 billion (1991)
Industrial production:
growth rate 9% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
179,000 kW
production:
209 million kWh
consumption per capita:
60 kWh (1990)
Industries:
phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts,
textiles, beverages
Agriculture:
accounts for 33% of GDP; cash crops - coffee, cocoa, cotton; food
crops - yams, cassava, corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum; livestock
production not significant; annual fish catch of 10,000-14,000 tons
Illicit drugs:
increasingly used as transit hub by heroin traffickers
Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $142 million; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $2
billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist
countries (1970-89), $51 million
Currency:
1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 592.05
(January 1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26
(1990), 319.01 (1989)
note:
the official rate is pegged to the French franc, and beginning 12
January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per French franc
from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948
Fiscal year:
calendar year
@Togo, Communications
Railroads:
570 km 1.000-meter gauge, single track
Highways:
total:
6,462 km
paved:
1,762 km
unpaved:
unimproved earth 4,700 km
Inland waterways:
50 km Mono River
Ports:
Lome, Kpeme (phosphate port)
Merchant marine:
2 roll-on/roll-off cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,118
GRT/20,529 DWT
Airports:
total:
9
usable:
9
with permanent-surface runways:
2
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
2
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
0
Telecommunications:
fair system based on network of radio relay routes supplemented by
open wire lines; broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 3 (2 relays) TV;
satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE
@Togo, Defense Forces
Branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 898,448; fit for military service 471,807
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $43 million, about 3% of GDP (1989)
@Tokelau
Header
Affiliation:
(territory of New Zealand)
@Tokelau, Geography
Location:
Oceania, Polynesia, 3,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South
Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand
Map references:
Oceania
Area:
total area:
10 sq km
land area:
10 sq km
comparative area:
about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
0 km
Coastline:
101 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
none
Climate:
tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)
Terrain:
coral atolls enclosing large lagoons
Natural resources:
negligible
Land use:
arable land:
0%
permanent crops:
0%
meadows and pastures:
0%
forest and woodland:
0%
other:
100%
Irrigated land:
NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
very limited natural resources and overcrowding are contributing to
emigration to New Zealand
natural hazards:
lies in Pacific typhoon belt
international agreements:
NA
@Tokelau, People
Population:
1,523 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
-1.35% (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Tokelauan(s)
adjective:
Tokelauan
Ethnic divisions:
Polynesian
Religions:
Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%, other 2%
note:
on Atafu, all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on Nukunonu,
all Roman Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with the
Congregational Christian Church predominant
Languages:
Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English
Literacy:
total population:
NA%
male:
NA%
female:
NA%
Labor force:
NA
@Tokelau, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
none
conventional short form:
Tokelau
Digraph:
TL
Type:
territory of New Zealand
Capital:
none; each atoll has its own administrative center
Administrative divisions:
none (territory of New Zealand)
Independence:
none (territory of New Zealand)
National holiday:
Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840) (Treaty of Waitangi established
British sovereignty over New Zealand)
Constitution:
administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, as amended in 1970
Legal system:
British and local statutes
Suffrage:
NA
Executive branch:
Chief of State:
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
Head of Government:
Administrator Graham ANSELL (since NA 1990; appointed by the Minister
of Foreign Affairs in New Zealand); Official Secretary Casimilo J.
PEREZ (since NA), Office of Tokelau Affairs; Tokelau's governing
Council will elect its first head of government
Legislative branch:
unicameral Council of Elders (Taupulega) on each atoll
Judicial branch:
High Court in Niue, Supreme Court in New Zealand
Political parties and leaders:
NA
Member of:
SPC, WHO (associate)
Diplomatic representation in US:
none (territory of New Zealand)
US diplomatic representation:
none (territory of New Zealand)
Flag:
the flag of New Zealand is used
@Tokelau, Economy
Overview:
Tokelau's small size, isolation, and lack of resources greatly
restrain economic development and confine agriculture to the
subsistence level. The people must rely on aid from New Zealand to
maintain public services, annual aid being substantially greater than
GDP. The principal sources of revenue come from sales of copra,
postage stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts. Money is also
remitted to families from relatives in New Zealand.
National product:
GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.4 million (1988 est.)
National product real growth rate:
NA%
National product per capita:
$800 (1988 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
NA%
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues:
$430,830
expenditures:
$2.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $37,300 (1987 est.)
Exports:
$98,000 (f.o.b., 1983)
commodities:
stamps, copra, handicrafts
partners:
NZ
Imports:
$323,400 (c.i.f., 1983)
commodities:
foodstuffs, building materials, fuel
partners:
NZ
External debt:
$0
Industrial production:
growth rate NA%
Electricity:
capacity:
200 kW
production:
300,000 kWh
consumption per capita:
180 kWh (1990)
Industries:
small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood work, plaited craft
goods; stamps, coins; fishing
Agriculture:
coconuts, copra; basic subsistence crops - breadfruit, papaya,
bananas; pigs, poultry, goats
Economic aid:
recipient:
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
(1970-89), $24 million
Currency:
1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.7771 (January 1994), 1.8495
(1993), 1.8584 (1992), l.7265 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6708 (1989)
Fiscal year:
1 April-31 March
@Tokelau, Communications
Highways:
total:
NA
paved:
NA
unpaved:
NA
Ports:
none; offshore anchorage only
Airports:
none; lagoon landings by amphibious aircraft from Western Samoa
Telecommunications:
radiotelephone service between islands and to Western Samoa
@Tokelau, Defense Forces
Note:
defense is the responsibility of New Zealand
@Tonga, Geography
Location:
Oceania, Polynesia, 2,250 km north-northwest of New Zealand, about
two-thirds of the way between Hawaii and New Zealand
Map references:
Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
748 sq km
land area:
718 sq km
comparative area:
slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
0 km
Coastline:
419 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf:
not specified
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
none
Climate:
tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool
season (May to December)
Terrain:
most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation;
others have limestone overlying volcanic base
Natural resources:
fish, fertile soil
Land use:
arable land:
25%
permanent crops:
55%
meadows and pastures:
6%
forest and woodland:
12%
other:
2%
Irrigated land:
NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
deforestation
natural hazards:
subject to cyclones (October to April)
international agreements:
party to - Marine Life Conservation
Note:
archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited)
@Tonga, People
Population:
104,778 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.79% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
24.76 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
6.75 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
-10.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
20.79 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
67.97 years
male:
65.64 years
female:
70.43 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
3.62 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Tongan(s)
adjective:
Tongan
Ethnic divisions:
Polynesian, Europeans about 300
Religions:
Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents)
Languages:
Tongan, English
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write simple message in Tongan or English
(1976)
total population:
57%
male:
60%
female:
60%
Labor force:
NA
by occupation:
agriculture 70%, mining (600 engaged in mining)
@Tonga, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Kingdom of Tonga
conventional short form:
Tonga
former:
Friendly Islands
Digraph:
TN
Type:
hereditary constitutional monarchy
Capital:
Nuku'alofa
Administrative divisions:
three island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, Vava'u
Independence:
4 June 1970 (from UK)
National holiday:
Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970)
Constitution:
4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967
Legal system:
based on English law
Suffrage:
all literate, tax-paying males and all literate females over 21
Executive branch:
chief of state:
King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965)
head of government:
Prime Minister Baron VAEA (since 22 August 1991); Deputy Prime
Minister S. Langi KAVALIKU (since 22 August 1991)
cabinet:
Cabinet; appointed by the king
Privy Council:
consists of the king and the cabinet
Legislative branch:
unicameral
Legislative Assembly (Fale Alea):
elections last held 14-15 February 1990 (next to be held NA February
1993); results - percent of vote NA; seats - (29 total, 9 elected) 6
proreform, 3 traditionalist
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Reform Movement, 'Akilisi POHIVA; Christian Democratic
Party, leader NA
Member of:
ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS,
SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO
Diplomatic representation in US:
Ambassador Sione KITE, resides in London
consulate(s) general:
San Francisco
US diplomatic representation:
the US has no offices in Tonga; the ambassador to Fiji is accredited
to Tonga and makes periodic visits
Flag:
red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side
corner
@Tonga, Economy
Overview:
The economy's base is agriculture, which employs about 70% of the
labor force and contributes 40% to GDP. Coconuts, bananas, and vanilla
beans are the main crops and make up two-thirds of exports. The
country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New
Zealand. The manufacturing sector accounts for only 11% of GDP.
Tourism is the primary source of hard currency earnings, but the
island remains dependent on sizable external aid and remittances to
offset its trade deficit. The economy continued to grow in 1993
largely because of a rise in squash exports, increased aid flows, and
several large construction projects. The government is now turning its
attention to further development of the private sector and the
reduction of the budget deficit.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $200 million (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
4% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
$2,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
9% (FY92)
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues:
$36.4 million
expenditures:
$68.1 million, including capital expenditures of $33.2 million (1991
est.)
Exports:
$18.8 million (f.o.b., FY92 est.)
commodities:
vanilla, fish, root crops, coconut oil, squash
partners:
Japan 34%, US 17%, Australia 13%, NZ 13% (FY91)
Imports:
$68.3 million (c.i.f., FY92 est.)
commodities:
food products, machinery and transport equipment, manufactures, fuels,
chemicals
partners:
NZ 33%, Australia 22%, US 8%, Japan 8% (FY91)
External debt:
$47.5 million (FY91)
Industrial production:
growth rate 1.5% (FY92); accounts for 11% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
6,000 kW
production:
8 million kWh
consumption per capita:
80 kWh (1990)
Industries:
tourism, fishing
Agriculture:
accounts for 40% of GDP; dominated by coconut, copra, and banana
production; vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper
Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $16 million; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $258
million
Currency:
1 pa'anga (T$) = 100 seniti
Exchange rates:
pa'anga (T$) per US$1 - 1.3934 (November 1993), 1.3471 (1992), 1.2961
(1991), 1.2809 (1990), 1.2637 (1989),
Fiscal year:
1 July-30 June
@Tonga, Communications
Highways:
total:
366 km
paved:
272 km (198 km on Tongatapu; 74 km on Vava'u)
unpaved:
94 km (usable only in dry weather)
Ports:
Nuku'alofa, Neiafu, Pangai
Merchant marine:
3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,761 GRT/10,597 DWT, cargo 1,
liquefied gas 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 1
Airports:
total:
6
usable:
6
with permanent-surface runways:
1
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
1
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
1
Telecommunications:
3,529 telephones; 66,000 radios; no TV sets; broadcast stations - 1
AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station
@Tonga, Defense Forces
Branches:
Tonga Defense Services, Maritime Division, Royal Tongan Marines,
Tongan Royal Guards, Police
Defense expenditures:
$NA, NA% of GDP
@Trinidad and Tobago, Geography