30,281 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
1.26% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
13.08 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
6.6 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
6.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
5.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
77.46 years
male:
73.76 years
female:
81.03 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.46 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Liechtensteiner(s)
adjective:
Liechtenstein
Ethnic divisions:
Alemannic 95%, Italian and other 5%
Religions:
Roman Catholic 87.3%, Protestant 8.3%, unknown 1.6%, other 2.8% (1988)
Languages:
German (official), Alemannic dialect
Literacy:
age 10 and over can read and write (1981)
total population:
100%
male:
100%
female:
100%
Labor force:
19,905 of which 11,933 are foreigners; 6,885 commute from Austria and
Switzerland to work each day
by occupation:
industry, trade, and building 53.2%, services 45%, agriculture,
fishing, forestry, and horticulture 1.8% (1990)
@Liechtenstein, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Principality of Liechtenstein
conventional short form:
Liechtenstein
local long form:
Furstentum Liechtenstein
local short form:
Liechtenstein
Digraph:
LS
Type:
hereditary constitutional monarchy
Capital:
Vaduz
Administrative divisions:
11 communes (gemeinden, singular - gemeinde); Balzers, Eschen,
Gamprin, Mauren, Planken, Ruggell, Schaan, Schellenberg, Triesen,
Triesenberg, Vaduz
Independence:
23 January 1719 (Imperial Principality of Liechtenstein established)
National holiday:
Assumption Day, 15 August
Constitution:
5 October 1921
Legal system:
local civil and penal codes; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
Prince Hans ADAM II (since 13 November 1989; assumed executive powers
26 August 1984); Heir Apparent Prince ALOIS von und zu Liechtenstein
(born 11 June 1968)
head of government:
Mario FRICK (since 15 December 1993); Deputy Head of Government Dr.
Thomas BUECHEL (since 15 December 1993)
cabinet:
Cabinet; elected by the Diet; confirmed by the sovereign
Legislative branch:
unicameral
Diet (Landtag):
elections last held on 24 October 1993 (next to be held by March
1997); results - VU 50.1%, FBP 41.3%, FL 8.5%; seats - (25 total) VU
13, FBP 11, FL 1
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for criminal cases, Superior
Court (Obergericht) for civil cases
Political parties and leaders:
Fatherland Union (VU), Dr. Otto HASLER; Progressive Citizens' Party
(FBP), Emanuel VOGT; Free Electoral List (FL)
Member of:
CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, IAEA, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS,
UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WCL, WIPO
Diplomatic representation in US:
in routine diplomatic matters, Liechtenstein is represented in the US
by the Swiss Embassy
US diplomatic representation:
the US has no diplomatic or consular mission in Liechtenstein, but the
US Consul General at Zurich (Switzerland) has consular accreditation
at Vaduz
Flag:
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a gold crown on
the hoist side of the blue band
@Liechtenstein, Economy
Overview:
The prosperous economy is based primarily on small-scale light
industry and tourism. Industry accounts for 53% of total employment,
the service sector 45% (mostly based on tourism), and agriculture and
forestry 2%. The sale of postage stamps to collectors is estimated at
$10 million annually. Low business taxes (the maximum tax rate is 20%)
and easy incorporation rules have induced about 25,000 holding or
so-called letter box companies to establish nominal offices in
Liechtenstein. Such companies, incorporated solely for tax purposes,
provide 30% of state revenues. The economy is tied closely to
Switzerland's economy in a customs union, and incomes and living
standards parallel those of the more prosperous Swiss groups.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $630 million (1990 est.)
National product real growth rate:
NA%
National product per capita:
$22,300 (1990 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
5.4% (1990)
Unemployment rate:
1.5% (1990)
Budget:
revenues:
$259 million
expenditures:
$292 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990 est.)
Exports:
$NA
commodities:
small specialty machinery, dental products, stamps, hardware, pottery
partners:
EFTA countries 20.9% (Switzerland 15.4%), EC countries 42.7%, other
36.4% (1990)
Imports:
$NA
commodities:
machinery, metal goods, textiles, foodstuffs, motor vehicles
partners:
NA
External debt:
$NA
Industrial production:
growth rate NA%
Electricity:
capacity:
23,000 kW
production:
150 million kWh
consumption per capita:
5,230 kWh (1992)
Industries:
electronics, metal manufacturing, textiles, ceramics, pharmaceuticals,
food products, precision instruments, tourism
Agriculture:
livestock, vegetables, corn, wheat, potatoes, grapes
Economic aid:
none
Currency:
1 Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, rappen, or
centesimi
Exchange rates:
Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1 - 1.4715 (January
1994), 1.4776 (1993), 1.4062 (1992), 1.4340 (1991), 1.3892 (1990),
1.6359 (1989)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
@Liechtenstein, Communications
Railroads:
18.5 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, electrified; owned, operated, and
included in statistics of Austrian Federal Railways
Highways:
total:
322.93 km
paved:
322.93 km
Airports:
none
Telecommunications:
limited, but sufficient automatic telephone system; 25,400 telephones;
linked to Swiss networks by cable and radio relay for international
telephone, radio, and TV services
@Liechtenstein, Defense Forces
Note:
defense is responsibility of Switzerland
@Lithuania, Geography
Location:
Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Sweden and Russia
Map references:
Asia, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
65,200 sq km
land area:
65,200 sq km
comparative area:
slightly larger than West Virginia
Land boundaries:
total 1,273 km, Belarus 502 km, Latvia 453 km, Poland 91 km, Russia
(Kaliningrad) 227 km
Coastline:
108 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
dispute with Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) over the position of the
Nemunas (Nemen) River border presently located on the Lithuanian bank
and not in midriver as by international standards
Climate:
maritime; wet, moderate winters and summers
Terrain:
lowland, many scattered small lakes, fertile soil
Natural resources:
peat
Land use:
arable land:
49.1%
permanent crops:
0%
meadows and pastures:
22.2%
forest and woodland:
16.3%
other:
12.4%
Irrigated land:
430 sq km (1990)
Environment:
current issues:
contamination of soil and groundwater with petroleum products and
chemicals at military bases
natural hazards:
NA
international agreements:
party to - Ship Pollution; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity,
Climate Change
Population:
3,848,389 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.74% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
14.71 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
10.95 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
3.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
16.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
71.24 years
male:
66.53 years
female:
76.19 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
2.01 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Lithuanian(s)
adjective:
Lithuanian
Ethnic divisions:
Lithuanian 80.1%, Russian 8.6%, Polish 7.7%, Byelorussian 1.5%, other
2.1%
Religions:
Roman Catholic, Lutheran, other
Languages:
Lithuanian (official), Polish, Russian
Literacy:
age 9-49 can read and write (1989)
total population:
98%
male:
99%
female:
98%
Labor force:
1.836 million
by occupation:
industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 18%, other 40%
(1990)
@Lithuania, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Lithuania
conventional short form:
Lithuania
local long form:
Lietuvos Respublika
local short form:
Lietuva
former:
Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
Digraph:
LH
Type:
republic
Capital:
Vilnius
Administrative divisions:
44 regions (rajonai, singular - rajonas) and 11 municipalities*:
Akmenes Rajonas, Alytaus Rajonas, Alytus*, Anyksciu Rajonas,
Birsionas*, Birzu Rajonas, Druskininkai*, Ignalinos Rajonas, Jonavos
Rajonas, Joniskio Rajonas, Jurbarko Rajonas, Kaisiadoriu Rajonas,
Marijampoles Rajonas, Kaunas*, Kauno Rajonas, Kedainiu Rajonas, Kelmes
Rajonas, Klaipeda*, Klaipedos Rajonas, Kretingos Ragonas, Kupiskio
Rajonas, Lazdiju Rajonas, Marijampole*, Mazeikiu Ragonas, Moletu
Rajonas, Neringa* Pakruojo Rajonas, Palanga*, Panevezio Rajonas,
Panevezys*, Pasvalio Rajonas, Plunges Rajonas, Prienu Rajonas,
Radviliskio Rajonas, Raseiniu Rajonas, Rokiskio Rajonas, Sakiu
Rajonas, Salcininky Rajonas, Siauliai*, Siauliu Rajonas, Silales
Rajonas, Siltues Rajonas, Sirvinty Rajonas, Skuodo Rajonas, Svencioniu
Rajonas, Taurages Rajonas, Telsiu Rajonas, Traky Rajonas, Ukmerges
Rajonas, Utenos Rajonas, Varenos Rajonas, Vilkaviskio Rajonas,
Vilniaus Rajonas, Vilnius*, Zarasu Rajonas
Independence:
6 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 16 February (1918)
Constitution:
adopted 25 October 1992
Legal system:
based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
President Algirdas Mykolas BRAZAUSKAS (since 25 November 1992; elected
acting president by Parliament 25 November 1992 and elected by direct
vote 15 February 1993); election last held 14 February 1993 (next to
be held NA 1997); results - Algirdas BRAZAUSKAS was elected; note - on
25 November 1992 BRAZAUSKAS was elected chairman of Parliament and, as
such, acting president of the Republic; he was confirmed in office by
direct balloting 15 February 1993
head of government:
Premier Adolfas SLEZEVICIUS (since 10 March 1993)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers; appointed by the president on the nomination of
the prime minister
Legislative branch:
unicameral
Seimas (parliament):
elections last held 26 October and 25 November 1992 (next to be held
NA); results - LDDP 51%; seats - (141 total) LDDP 73, Conservative
Party 30, LKDP 17, LTS 8, Farmers' Union 4, LLS 4, Center Union 2,
others 3
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court, Court of Appeals
Political parties and leaders:
Christian Democratic Party (LKDP), Povilas KATILIUS, chairman;
Democratic Labor Party of Lithuania (LDDP), Adolfas SLEZEVICIUS,
chairman; Lithuanian Nationalist Union (LTS), Rimantas SMETONA,
chairman; Lithuanian Social Democratic Party (LSDP), Aloyzas SAKALAS,
chairman; Farmers' Union, Jonas CIULEVICIUS, chairman; Center Union,
Romualdas OZOLAS, chairman; Conservative Party, Vytautas LANDSBERGIS,
chairman; Lithuanian Polish Union (LLS), Rytardas MACIKIANEC, chairman
Other political or pressure groups:
Homeland Union; Lithuanian Future Forum; Farmers Union
Member of:
BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF,
INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU,
LORCS, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Alfonsas EIDINTAS
chancery:
2622 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone:
(202) 234-5860, 2639
FAX:
(202) 328-0466
consulate(s) general:
New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Darryl N. JOHNSON
embassy:
Akmenu 6, Vilnius 232600
mailing address:
APO AE 09723
telephone:
370-2-223-031
FAX:
370-2-222-779
Flag:
three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), green, and red
@Lithuania, Economy
Overview:
Since independence in September 1991, Lithuania has made steady
progress in developing a market economy. Over 40% of state property
has been privatized and trade is diversifying with a gradual shift
away from the former Soviet Union to Western markets. Nevertheless,
the process has been painful with industrial output in 1993 less than
half the 1991 level. Inflation, while lower than in most ex-Soviet
states, has exceeded rates in the other Baltic states. Full monetary
stability and economic recovery are likely to be impeded by periodic
government backtracking on key elements of its reform and
stabilization program as it seeks to ease the economic pain of
restructuring. Recovery will build on Lithuanian's strategic location
with its ice-free port at Klaipeda and its rail and highway hub in
Vilnius connecting it with Eastern Europe, Belarus, Russia, and
Ukraine, and on its agriculture potential, highly skilled labor force,
and diversified industrial sector. Lacking important natural
resources, it will remain dependent on imports of fuels and raw
materials.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $12.4 billion (1993 estimate from
the UN International Comparison Program, as extended to 1991 and
published in the World Bank's World Development Report 1993; and as
extrapolated to 1993 using official Lithuanian statistics, which are
very uncertain because of major economic changes since 1990)
National product real growth rate:
-10% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
$3,240 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
188% (1993)
Unemployment rate:
1.8% (July 1993)
Budget:
revenues:
$258.5 million
expenditures:
$270.2 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)
Exports:
$NA
commodities:
electronics 18%, petroleum products 5%, food 10%, chemicals 6% (1989)
partners:
Russia 40%, Ukraine 16%, other FSU countries 32%, West 12%
Imports:
$NA
commodities:
oil 24%, machinery 14%, chemicals 8%, grain NA% (1989)
partners:
Russia 62%, Belarus 18%, other FSU countries 10%, West 10%
External debt:
$NA
Industrial production:
growth rate -52% (1992)
Electricity:
capacity:
5,925,000 kW
production:
25 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
6,600 kWh (1992)
Industries:
employs 42% of the labor force; accounts for 23% of GOP shares in the
total production of the former USSR are: metal-cutting machine tools
6.6%; electric motors 4.6%; television sets 6.2%; refrigerators and
freezers 5.4%; other branches: petroleum refining, shipbuilding (small
ships), furniture making, textiles, food processing, fertilizers,
agricultural machinery, optical equipment, electronic components,
computers, and amber
Agriculture:
employs around 18% of labor force; accounts for 25% of GDP; sugar,
grain, potatoes, sugar beets, vegetables, meat, milk, dairy products,
eggs, fish; most developed are the livestock and dairy branches, which
depend on imported grain; net exporter of meat, milk, and eggs
Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for illicit drugs from Central and Southwest Asia
and Latin America to Western Europe; limited producer of illicit
opium; mostly for domestic consumption
Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (1992), $10 million; Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-86), $NA million;
Communist countries (1971-86), $NA million
Currency:
introduced the convertible litas in June 1993
Exchange rates:
litai per US$1 - 4 (fixed rate 1 May 1994); 3.9 (late January 1994)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
@Lithuania, Communications
Railroads:
2,000 km (1,524-mm gauge); 120 km electrified
Highways:
total:
44,200 km
paved:
35,500 km
unpaved:
earth 8,700 km (1990)
Inland waterways:
600 km perennially navigable
Pipelines:
crude oil, 105 km; natural gas 760 km (1992)
Ports:
coastal - Klaipeda; inland - Kaunas
Merchant marine:
44 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 276,265 GRT/323,505 DWT, cargo
29, combination bulk 11, railcar carrier 3, roll-on/roll-off cargo 1
Airports:
total:
96
usable:
18
with permanent-surface runways:
12
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
5
with runways 1,060-2,439 m:
11
note:
a C-130 can land on a 1,060-m airstrip
Telecommunications:
Lithuania ranks among the most modern of the former Soviet republics
in respect to its telecommunications system; telephone subscriber
circuits 900,000; subscriber density 240 per 1,000 persons; land lines
or microwave to former USSR republics; international connections no
longer depend on the Moscow gateway switch, but are established by
satellite through Oslo from Vilnius and through Copenhagen from
Kaunas; 2 satellite earth stations - 1 EUTELSAT and 1 INTELSAT; an
NMT-450 analog cellular network operates in Vilnius and other cities
and is linked internationally through Copenhagen by EUTELSAT;
international electronic mail is available; broadcast stations - 13
AM, 26 FM, 1 SW, 1 LW, 3 TV
@Lithuania, Defense Forces
Branches:
Ground Forces, Navy, Air Force, Security Forces (internal and border
troops), National Guard (Skat)
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 941,273; fit for military service 744,867; reach
military age (18) annually 27,375 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $NA, 5.5% of GDP (1993 est.)
@Luxembourg, Geography
Location:
Western Europe, between Belgium and Germany
Map references:
Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
2,586 sq km
land area:
2,586 sq km
comparative area:
slightly smaller than Rhode Island
Land boundaries:
total 359 km, Belgium 148 km, France 73 km, Germany 138 km
Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
none; landlocked
International disputes:
none
Climate:
modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
Terrain:
mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to
slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle
floodplain in the southeast
Natural resources:
iron ore (no longer exploited)
Land use:
arable land:
24%
permanent crops:
1%
meadows and pastures:
20%
forest and woodland:
21%
other:
34%
Irrigated land:
NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
deforestation
natural hazards:
NA
international agreements:
party to - Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber; signed,
but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Environmental
Modification, Law of the Sea
Note:
landlocked
@Luxembourg, People
Population:
401,900 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.8% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
12.81 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
9.47 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
4.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
6.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
76.69 years
male:
73.01 years
female:
80.52 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.64 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Luxembourger(s)
adjective:
Luxembourg
Ethnic divisions:
Celtic base (with French and German blend), Portuguese, Italian, and
European (guest and worker residents)
Religions:
Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant and Jewish 3%
Languages:
Luxembourgisch, German, French, English
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.)
total population:
100%
male:
100%
female:
100%
Labor force:
177,300 (one-third of labor force is foreign workers, mostly from
Portugal, Italy, France, Belgium, and Germany)
by occupation:
services 65%, industry 31.6%, agriculture 3.4% (1988)
@Luxembourg, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
conventional short form:
Luxembourg
local long form:
Grand-Duche de Luxembourg
local short form:
Luxembourg
Digraph:
LU
Type:
constitutional monarchy
Capital:
Luxembourg
Administrative divisions:
3 districts; Diekirch, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg
Independence:
1839
National holiday:
National Day, 23 June (1921) (public celebration of the Grand Duke's
birthday)
Constitution:
17 October 1868, occasional revisions
Legal system:
based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch:
chief of state:
Grand Duke JEAN (since 12 November 1964); Heir Apparent Prince HENRI
(son of Grand Duke Jean, born 16 April 1955)
head of government:
Prime Minister Jacques SANTER (since 21 July 1984); Vice Prime
Minister Jacques F. POOS (since 21 July 1984)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers; appointed by the sovereign
Legislative branch:
unicameral
Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Deputes):
elections last held on 18 June 1989 (next to be held by June 1994);
results - CSV 31.7%, LSAP 27.2%, DP 16.2%, Greens 8.4%, PAC 7.3%, KPL
5.1%, other 4.1%; seats - (60 total) CSV 22, LSAP 18, DP 11, Greens 4,
PAC 4, KPL 1
note:
the Council of State (Conseil d'Etat) is an advisory body whose views
are considered by the Chamber of Deputies
Judicial branch:
Superior Court of Justice (Cour Superieure de Justice)
Political parties and leaders:
Christian Social Party (CSV), Jacques SANTER; Socialist Workers Party
(LSAP), Jacques POOS; Liberal (DP), Colette FLESCH; Communist (KPL),
Andre HOFFMANN; Green Alternative (GAP), Jean HUSS
Other political or pressure groups:
group of steel companies representing iron and steel industry;
Centrale Paysanne representing agricultural producers; Christian and
Socialist labor unions; Federation of Industrialists; Artisans and
Shopkeepers Federation
Member of:
ACCT, Australia Group, Benelux, CCC, CE, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE,
EIB, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC,
NATO, NEA, NSG, OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UPU,
WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Alphonse BERNS
chancery:
2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
(202) 265-4171
FAX:
(202) 328-8270
consulate(s) general:
New York and San Francisco
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Edward M. ROWELL
embassy:
22 Boulevard Emmanuel-Servais, 2535 Luxembourg City
mailing address:
PSC 11, Luxembourg City; APO AE 09132-5380
telephone:
[352] 460123
FAX:
[352] 461401
Flag:
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue;
similar to the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a darker blue and
is shorter; design was based on the flag of France
@Luxembourg, Economy