7,719,445 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
2.28% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
32.22 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
8.37 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
-1.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
73.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
63.31 years
male:
60.86 years
female:
65.88 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
4.21 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Bolivian(s)
adjective:
Bolivian
Ethnic divisions:
Quechua 30%, Aymara 25%, mestizo (mixed European and Indian ancestry)
25%-30%, European 5%-15%
Religions:
Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant (Evangelical Methodist)
Languages:
Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official)
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
78%
male:
85%
female:
71%
Labor force:
3.54 million
by occupation:
agriculture NA, services and utilities 20%, manufacturing, mining and
construction 7% (1993)
@Bolivia, Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Bolivia
conventional short form:
Bolivia
local long form:
Republica de Bolivia
local short form:
Bolivia
Digraph:
BL
Type:
republic
Capital:
La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and seat of
judiciary)
Administrative divisions:
9 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Chuquisaca,
Cochabamba, Beni, La Paz, Oruro, Pando, Potosi, Santa Cruz, Tarija
Independence:
6 August 1825 (from Spain)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 6 August (1825)
Constitution:
2 February 1967
Legal system:
based on Spanish law and Code Napoleon; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age, universal and compulsory (married); 21 years of age,
universal and compulsory (single)
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government:
President Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA Bustamente (since 6 August 1993);
Vice President Victor Hugo CARDENAS Conde (since 6 August 1993);
election last held 6 June 1993 (next to be held May 1997); results -
Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA (MNR) 34%, Hugo BANZER Suarez (ADN/MIR
alliance) 20%, Carlos PALENQUE Aviles (CONDEPA) 14%, Max FERNANDEZ
Rojas (UCS) 13%, Antonio ARANIBAR Quiroga (MBL) 5%; no candidate
received a majority of the popular vote; Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA won
a congressional runoff election on 4 August 1993 after forming a
coalition with Max FERNANDEZ and Antonio ARANIBAR
cabinet:
Cabinet; appointed by the president from panel proposed by the Senate
Legislative branch:
bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional)
Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados):
elections last held 6 June 1993 (next to be held May 1997); results -
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (130 total) MNR 52, UCS 20, ADN
17, MIR 17, CONDEPA 13, MBL 7, ARBOL 1, ASD 1, EJE 1, PDC 1
Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores):
elections last held 6 June 1993 (next to be held May 1997); results -
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (27 total) MNR 17, ADN 4, MIR 4,
CONDEPA 1, UCS 1
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)
Political parties and leaders:
Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR), Jaime PAZ Zamora;
Nationalist Democratic Action (ADN), Jorge LANDIVAR; Nationalist
Revolutionary Movement (MNR), Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA; Civic
Solidarity Union (UCS), Max FERNANDEZ Rojas; Conscience of the
Fatherland (CONDEPA), Carlos PALENQUE Aviles; Free Bolivia Movement
(MBL), Antonio ARANIBAR; Tupac Katari Revolutionary Liberation
Movement (MRTK-L), Victor Hugo CARDENAS Conde; Christian Democrat
Party (PDC), Jorge AGREDA
Member of:
AG, ECLAC, FAO, GATT, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA,
LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Andres PETRICEVIC
chancery:
3014 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
(202) 483-4410 through 4412
FAX:
(202) 328-3712
consulate(s) general:
Los Angeles, Miami, New York, and San Francisco
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Charles R. BOWERS
embassy:
Banco Popular del Peru Building, corner of Calle Mercado and Calle
Colon, La Paz
mailing address:
P. O. Box 425, La Paz, or APO AA 34032
telephone:
[591] (2) 350251 or 350120
FAX:
[591] (2) 359875
Flag:
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with the
coat of arms centered on the yellow band; similar to the flag of
Ghana, which has a large black five-pointed star centered in the
yellow band
@Bolivia, Economy
Overview:
With its long history of semifeudal social controls, dependence on
volatile prices for its mineral exports, and bouts of hyperinflation,
Bolivia has remained one of the poorest and least developed Latin
American countries. However, Bolivia has experienced generally
improving economic conditions since the PAZ Estenssoro administration
(1985-89) introduced market-oriented policies which reduced inflation
from 11,700% in 1985 to about 20% in 1988. PAZ Estenssoro was followed
as President by Jaime PAZ Zamora (1989-93) who continued the
free-market policies of his predecessor, despite opposition from his
own party and from Bolivia's once powerful labor movement. By
maintaining fiscal discipline, PAZ Zamora helped reduce inflation to
9.3% in 1993, while GDP grew by an annual average of 3.25% during his
tenure. Inaugurated in August 1993, President SANCHEZ DE LOZADA has
vowed to advance government market-oriented economic reforms he helped
launch as PAZ Estenssoro's Planning Minister. A major privatization
bill was passed by the Bolivian legislature in late March 1994.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $15.8 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
2.2% (1993)
National product per capita:
$2,100 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
9.3% (1993)
Unemployment rate:
5.8% (1993)
Budget:
revenues:
$3.19 billion
expenditures:
$3.19 billion, including capital expenditures of $552.4 million (1994
est.)
Exports:
$752 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
metals 35%, natural gas 26%, other 39% (coffee, soybeans, sugar,
cotton, timber)
partners:
US 16% , Argentina (1992 est.)
Imports:
$1.17 billion (c.i.f., 1993 est.)
commodities:
food, petroleum, consumer goods, capital goods
partners:
US 23.3% (1992)
External debt:
$3.8 billion (January 1994)
Industrial production:
growth rate 7% (1992); accounts for almost 30% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
865,000 kW
production:
1.834 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
250 kWh (1992)
Industries:
mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverage, tobacco, handicrafts,
clothing; illicit drug industry reportedly produces 15% of its
revenues
Agriculture:
accounts for about 21% of GDP (including forestry and fisheries);
principal commodities - coffee, coca, cotton, corn, sugarcane, rice,
potatoes, timber; self-sufficient in food
Illicit drugs:
world's second-largest producer of coca (after Peru) with an estimated
45,500 hectares under cultivation in 1992; voluntary and forced
eradication program unable to prevent production from rising to 80,300
metric tons in 1992 from 78,200 tons in 1989; government considers all
but 12,000 hectares illicit; intermediate coca products and cocaine
exported to or through Colombia and Brazil to the US and other
international drug markets
Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $990 million; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),
$2.025 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $340 million
Currency:
1 boliviano ($B) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates:
bolivianos ($B) per US$1 - 4.5 (March 1994), 4.4604 (November 1993),
3.9005 (1992), 3.5806 (1991), 3.1727 (1990), 2.6917 (1989), 2.3502
(1988)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
@Bolivia, Communications
Railroads:
3,684 km total, all narrow gauge; 3,652 km 1.000-meter gauge and 32 km
0.760-meter gauge, all government owned, single track
Highways:
total:
42,815 km
paved:
1,865 km
unpaved:
gravel 12,000 km; improved/unimproved earth 28,950 km
Inland waterways:
10,000 km of commercially navigable waterways
Pipelines:
crude oil 1,800 km; petroleum products 580 km; natural gas 1,495 km
Ports:
none; maritime outlets are Arica and Antofagasta in Chile, Matarani
and Ilo in Peru
Merchant marine:
1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,214 GRT/6,390 DWT
Airports:
total:
1,395
usable:
1,188
with permanent-surface runways:
9
with runways over 3,659 m:
2
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
7
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
165
Telecommunications:
very poor telephone service for the general population; 144,300
telephones - 18.7 telephones per 1,000 persons; microwave radio relay
system being expanded; improved international services; broadcast
stations - 129 AM, no FM, 43 TV, 68 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean
INTELSAT earth station
@Bolivia, Defense Forces
Branches:
Army (Ejercito Boliviano), Navy includes Marines (La Fuerza Naval
Boliviana), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Boliviana), National Police Force
( Policia Nacional de Bolivia)
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 1,835,661; fit for military service 1,194,077; reach
military age (19) annually 79,580 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $130.48 million; NA% of GDP (1994 est.)
@Bosnia and Herzegovina
Header
Note:
Bosnia and Herzegovina is suffering from interethnic civil strife
which began in March 1992 after the Government of Bosnia and
Herzegovina held a referendum on independence. Bosnia's Serbs -
supported by neighboring Serbia - responded with armed resistance
aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining
Serb-held areas to a "greater Serbia." Since the onset of the
conflict, which has driven approximately half of the pre-war
population of 4.4 million from their homes, both the Bosnian Serbs and
the Bosnian Croats have asserted control of more than three-quarters
of the territory formerly under the control of the Government of
Bosnia and Herzegovina. The UN and the EU are continuing to try to
mediate a plan for peace. In March 1994 Bosnian Muslims and Bosnian
Croats signed an agreement in Washington, DC, creating a Federation of
Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is to include territories in which
Muslims or Croats predominated, according to the 1991 census. Bosnian
Serbs refused to become a part of this Federation.
@Bosnia and Herzegovina, Geography
Location:
Balkan State, Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula, between
Croatia and Serbia and Montenegro
Map references:
Africa, Arctic Region, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe,
Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
51,233 sq km
land area:
51,233 sq km
comparative area:
slightly larger than Tennessee
Land boundaries:
total 1,459 km, Croatia 932 km, Serbia and Montenegro 527 km (312 km
with Serbia; 215 km with Montenegro)
Coastline:
20 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf:
200-m depth
exclusive economic zone:
12 nm
exclusive fishing zone:
12 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
as of May 1994, members of the Bosnian Serb armed factions, desirous
of establishing a separate state linked with neighboring Serbia,
occupied 70% of Bosnia after having killed or driven out non-Serb
inhabitants; the Bosnian Croats, occupied and declared an independent
state in an additional 10% of Bosnia in 1993, but in March 1994, this
faction and the Bosnian Government settled their dispute and entered
into a bicommunal Federation; a Bosnian Government army commander who
opposes the leadership of Bosnian President IZETBEGOVIC is leading an
insurrection in the government-held enclave of Bihac
Climate:
hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool
summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast
Terrain:
mountains and valleys
Natural resources:
coal, iron, bauxite, manganese, timber, wood products, copper,
chromium, lead, zinc
Land use:
arable land:
20%
permanent crops:
2%
meadows and pastures:
25%
forest and woodland:
36%
other:
17%
Irrigated land:
NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
air pollution from metallurgical plants; water scarce; sites for
disposing of urban waste are limited; widespread casualties and
destruction of infrastructure because of civil strife
natural hazards:
subject to frequent and destructive earthquakes
international agreements:
party to - Air Pollution, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
Protection
@Bosnia and Herzegovina, People
Population:
4,651,485 (July 1994 est.)
note:
all data dealing with population is subject to considerable error
because of the dislocations caused by military action and ethnic
cleansing
Population growth rate:
0.69% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
13.33 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
6.39 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
12.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
75.13 years
male:
72.43 years
female:
78.02 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.61 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)
adjective:
Bosnian, Herzegovinian
Ethnic divisions:
Muslim 44%, Serb 31%, Croat 17%, other 8%
Religions:
Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Catholic 15%, Protestant 4%, other 10%
Languages:
Serbo-Croatian 99%
Literacy:
total population:
NA%
male:
NA%
female:
NA%
Labor force:
1,026,254
by occupation:
agriculture 2%, industry, mining 45% (1991 est.)
@Bosnia and Herzegovina, Government
Note:
The US recognizes the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is a new government being formed
by the Muslims and Croats. On 31 May 1994 a Croat president, Kresimir
ZUBAK, and a Muslim vice president, Ejup GANIC, were elected. Haris
SILAJDZIC, who is prime minister of the Republic, is also the prime
minister of the Federation.
Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
conventional short form:
Bosnia and Herzegovina
local long form:
Republika Bosna i Hercegovina
local short form:
Bosna i Hercegovina
Digraph:
BK
Type:
emerging democracy
Capital:
Sarajevo
Administrative divisions:
109 districts (opstinas, singular - opstina) Banovici, Banja Luka,
Bihac, Bijeljina, Bileca, Bosanska Dubica, Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanska
Krupa, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Novi, Bosanski Petrovac, Bosanski
Samac, Bosansko Grahovo, Bratunac, Brcko, Breza, Bugojno, Busovaca,
Cazin, Cajnice, Capljina, Celinac, Citluk, Derventa, Doboj, Donji
Vakuf, Foca, Fojnica, Gacko, Glamoc, Gorazde, Gornji Vakuf, Gracanica,
Gradacac, Grude, Han Pijesak, Jablanica, Jajce, Kakanj, Kalesija,
Kalinovik, Kiseljak, Kladanj, Kljuc, Konjic, Kotor Varos, Kresevo,
Kupres, Laktasi, Listica, Livno, Lopare, Lukavac, Ljubinje, Ljubuski,
Maglaj, Modrica, Mostar, Mrkonjic-Grad, Neum, Nevesinje, Odzak, Olovo,
Orasje, Posusje, Prijedor, Prnjavor, Prozor, (Pucarevo) Novi Travnik,
Rogatica, Rudo, Sanski Most, Sarajevo-Centar, Sarajevo-Hadzici,
Sarajevo-Ilidza, Sarajevo-Ilijas, Sarajevo-Novi Grad, Sarajevo-Novo,
Sarajevo-Pale, Sarajevo-Stari Grad, Sarajevo-Trnovo, Sarajevo-Vogosca,
Skender Vakuf, Sokolac, Srbac, Srebrenica, Srebrenik, Stolac,
Sekovici, Sipovo, Teslic, Tesanj, Drvar, Duvno, Travnik, Trebinje,
Tuzla, Ugljevik, Vares, Velika Kladusa, Visoko, Visegrad, Vitez,
Vlasenica, Zavidovici, Zenica, Zvornik, Zepce, Zivinice
note:
currently under negotiation with the assistance of international
mediators
Independence:
NA April 1992 (from Yugoslavia)
National holiday:
NA
Constitution:
promulgated in 1974 (under the Communists), amended 1989, 1990, and
1991; the Assembly planned to draft a new constitution in 1991, before
conditions deteriorated; constitution of Federation of Bosnia and
Herzegovina (including Muslim and Croatian controlled parts of
Republic) ratified April 1994
Legal system:
based on civil law system
Suffrage:
16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
President Alija IZETBEGOVIC (since 20 December 1990), other members of
the collective presidency: Ejup GANIC (since NA November 1990), Nijaz
DURAKOVIC (since NA October 1993), Stjepan KLJUJIC (since NA October
1993), Ivo KOMSIC (since NA October 1993), Mirko PEJANOVIC (since NA
June 1992), Tatjana LJUJIC-MIJATOVIC (since NA December 1992)
head of government:
Prime Minister Haris SILAJDZIC (since NA October 1993); Deputy Prime
Minister Edib BUKVIC (since NA October 1993)
cabinet:
executive body of ministers; members of, and responsible to, the
National Assembly
Legislative branch:
bicameral National Assembly
Chamber of Municipalities (Vijece Opeina):
elections last held November-December 1990 (next to be held NA);
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (110 total) SDA 43, SDS BiH 38,
HDZ BiH 23, Party of Democratic Changes 4, DSS 1, SPO 1
Chamber of Citizens (Vijece Gradanstvo):
elections last held November-December 1990 (next to be held NA);
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (130 total) SDA 43, SDS BiH 34,
HDZ BiH 21, Party of Democratic Changes 15, SRSJ BiH 12, MBO 2, DSS 1,
DSZ 1, LS 1
note:
legislative elections for Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina are
slated for late 1994
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court, Constitutional Court
Political parties and leaders:
Party of Democratic Action (SDA), Alija IZETBEGOVIC; Croatian
Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina (HDZ BiH), KresimirZUBAK;
Serbian Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina (SDS BiH), Radovan
KARADZIC, president; Muslim-Bosnian Organization (MBO), Adil
ZULFIKARPASIC, president; Democratic Party of Socialists (DSS), Nijaz
DURAKOVIC, president; Party of Democratic Changes, leader NA; Serbian
Movement for Renewal (SPO), Milan TRIVUNCIC; Alliance of Reform Forces
of Yugoslavia for Bosnia and Herzegovina (SRSJ BiH), Dr. Nenad
KECMANOVIC, president; Democratic League of Greens (DSZ), Drazen
PETROVIC; Liberal Party (LS), Rasim KADIC, president
Other political or pressure groups:
NA
Member of:
CEI, CSCE, ECE, ICAO, ILO, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user),
INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM (guest), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
(vacant); Minister-Counselor, Charge d'Affaires ad interim Seven
ALKALAJ
chancery:
Suite 760, 1707 L Street NW, Washington, DC 10036
telephone:
(202) 833-3612, 3613, and 3615
FAX:
(202) 833-2061
consulate(s) general:
New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Victor JACKOVICH
embassy:
address NA
mailing address:
NA
telephone:
NA
FAX:
NA
Flag:
white with a large blue shield; the shield contains white Roman
crosses with a white diagonal band running from the upper hoist corner
to the lower fly side
@Bosnia and Herzegovina, Economy
Overview:
Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia as the poorest republic in the old Yugoslav federation.
Although agriculture has been almost all in private hands, farms have
been small and inefficient, and the republic traditionally has been a
net importer of food. Industry has been greatly overstaffed, one
reflection of the rigidities of Communist central planning and
management. Tito had pushed the development of military industries in
the republic with the result that Bosnia hosted a large share of
Yugoslavia's defense plants. As of April 1994, Bosnia and Herzegovina
was being torn apart by the continued bitter interethnic warfare that
has caused production to plummet, unemployment and inflation to soar,
and human misery to multiply. No reliable economic statistics for
1992-93 are available, although output clearly has fallen
substantially below the levels of earlier years.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $NA
National product real growth rate:
NA%
National product per capita:
$NA
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
NA%
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues:
$NA
expenditures:
$NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Exports:
$NA
commodities:
NA
partners:
NA
Imports:
$NA
commodities:
NA
partners:
NA
External debt:
$NA
Industrial production:
growth rate NA%; production is sharply down because of interethnic and
interrepublic warfare (1991-93)
Electricity:
capacity:
NA kW
production:
NA kWh
consumption per capita:
NA kWh
Industries:
steel production, mining (coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, and
bauxite), manufacturing (vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products,
wooden furniture, 40% of former Yugoslavia's armaments including tank
and aircraft assembly, domestic appliances), oil refining (1991)
Agriculture:
accounted for 9.0% of GDP in 1989; regularly produces less than 50% of
food needs; the foothills of northern Bosnia support orchards,
vineyards, livestock, and some wheat and corn; long winters and heavy
precipitation leach soil fertility reducing agricultural output in the
mountains; farms are mostly privately held, small, and not very
productive (1991)
Illicit drugs:
NA
Economic aid:
$NA
Currency:
1 dinar = 100 para; Croatian dinar used in Croat-held area, presumably
to be replaced by new Croatian kuna; old and new Serbian dinars used
in Serb-held area; hard currencies probably supplanting local
currencies in areas held by Bosnian government
Exchange rates:
NA
Fiscal year:
calendar year
@Bosnia and Herzegovina, Communications
Railroads:
NA km
Highways:
total:
21,168 km
paved:
11,436 km
unpaved:
gravel 8,146 km; earth 1,586 km (1991)
Inland waterways:
NA km
Pipelines:
crude oil 174 km; natural gas 90 km (1992); note - pipelines now
disrupted
Ports:
coastal - none; inland - Bosanski Brod on the Sava River
Airports:
total:
28
usable:
24
with permanent-surface runways:
5
with runways over 3659:
0
with runways 2440-3659 m:
3
with runways 1220-2439 m:
6
Telecommunications:
telephone and telegraph network is in need of modernization and
expansion, many urban areas being below average compared with services
in other former Yugoslav republics; 727,000 telephones; broadcast
stations - 9 AM, 2 FM, 6 TV; 840,000 radios; 1,012,094 TVs; satellite
ground stations - none
@Bosnia and Herzegovina, Defense Forces
Branches:
Army
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 1,298,102; fit for military service 1,054,068; reach
military age (19) annually 38,283 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
$NA, NA% of GDP
@Botswana, Geography
Location:
Southern Africa, north of South Africa
Map references:
Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
600,370 sq km
land area:
585,370 sq km
comparative area:
slightly smaller than Texas
Land boundaries:
total 4,013 km, Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km, Zimbabwe 813
km
Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
none; landlocked
International disputes:
short section of boundary with Namibia is indefinite; quadripoint with
Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement; recent dispute with
Namibia over uninhabited Kasikili (Sidudu) Island in Linyanti (Chobe)
River
Climate:
semiarid; warm winters and hot summers
Terrain:
predominately flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in
southwest
Natural resources:
diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore,
silver
Land use:
arable land:
2%
permanent crops:
0%
meadows and pastures:
75%
forest and woodland:
2%
other:
21%
Irrigated land:
20 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
overgrazing; desertification; water scarcity
natural hazards:
NA
international agreements:
party to - Climate Change, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear
Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not ratified -
Biodiversity
Note:
landlocked; population concentrated in eastern part of the country
@Botswana, People