Bleeding: The History 3
How Much Blood to Take 5
When to Bleed 7
Barber-Surgeons 8
Bloodletting and the Scientific Revolution 9
Instrumentation and Techniques 10
Spring Lancets 12
The Decline of Bleeding 15
Cupping 17
Early Cupping Instruments 17
Instruments of the Professional Cupper 21
Cupping Procedure 24
Nineteenth Century Attempts to Improve Cupping Technology 25
Dry Cupping 31
Breast Cupping 32
The Decline of Cupping 34
Leeching 34
Leeches 34
Artificial Leeches 36