THE OUTCOME OF EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE
If the preceding pages may be assumed to have exhibited the present
condition of prostitution in Europe, the reader need not be long
detained for the purpose of summarizing the main inferences to be drawn
from them. It must be clear that prostitution is far more widespread
than superficial appearances indicate; that its roots strike deep,
socially and individually; that police regulation has proved
unnecessary, in so far as the keeping of order is concerned, and
positively harmful in its bearing on the problem of venereal disease.
Further elaboration of these points would involve needless iteration.
But we may well ask whether European experience suggests any broader
reflections with which this study may appropriately be brought to a
close.
Whatever one may hold as to ultimate dealings with the subject, it is
clear that prostitution is at any rate a modifiable phenomenon. For
example, no matter what conditions exist at this very moment, they are
capable of aggravation. If bordells are established and allowed a free
hand in procuring inmates and business, if a community ceases to be
concerned as to the condition of the streets, as to the conduct of the
liquor and amusement traffic; there is no doubt that under these
circumstances the number of prostitutes and the volume of business
transacted by them would at once increase, and in consequence, also the
amount of waste and disease traceable thereto.
The converse of the proposition is equally true. If prostitution and its
evils can by social arrangements be increased, they can also by social
arrangements be lessened. If unhampered exploitation and prominence make
matters worse, then interference with exploitation and prominence makes
matters better. I am not suggesting that such interference has unlimited
possibilities. Making every allowance, however, I believe that the
student of prostitution in Europe is warranted in declaring that, with
the suppression of bordells and of the white slave traffic, and the
maintenance of improved external order, a substantial amount of good has
been accomplished, even if new problems have simultaneously developed in
consequence of the growth of cities and the accumulation of wealth;
further, it may safely be maintained that these efforts have not yet
reached their limit.
What are we fairly justified in expecting from directly repressive
action on the part of the community? Prostitution is, as I endeavored to
show in the chapters on demand and supply, a phenomenon arising out of
the complicated interaction of personal factors and social conditions.
Looked at from this point of view, the attempt to stamp it out
completely by summary, even though persistent, action, cannot be
hopefully regarded. The instrument which a municipality must use to that
end is the police. Now the police is an instrument which, serving, as it
does, many useful purposes, must be preserved as nearly intact as may
be. We have seen that contact with prostitution threatens its integrity
and efficiency. On the police, therefore, no more can be laid than it is
capable of bearing. Just what this load is must be separately determined
for every community and, in large cities, for different parts of the
same community. Where the general level of administration and discipline
is high, more can be safely demanded than in communities in which the
level is lower; where public sentiment is active and definite, the
burden may be further increased; where local organizations observe,
complain and follow up, the danger of a police breakdown is still
further diminished.
It is evident, however, that, even amidst favorable general conditions,
the very nature of the instrument employed involves, under the
complicated conditions of modern life, limitations against which one
soon runs. Police repression can be directed mainly against professional
prostitution and its exploiters. Unquestionably it has a valuable
function to discharge in removing stimulation and reducing suggestion,
as also in minimizing opportunities for demoralization. But in so far as
the prostitute herself is personally concerned, repression becomes
operative only after the woman has been wrecked. It penalizes an
accomplished fact. Powerless to crush this fact out of existence,
powerless for the most part to transform the fact, sheer repression
might still hope to deter the beginner by its forbidding prospect; but
unfortunately, the beginner is less affected by the penalties awaiting
her, because she never believes, at the start, that she is destined to
end in the mire. If, therefore, prostitutes are manufactured by
unschooled human nature and imperfect social institutions, they cannot
in the mass be stamped out by brute force; they must be prevented rather
than suppressed,—prevented, too, on both sides, in the sense that the
sources of supply must be closed and the demand diverted into other
channels.
Moreover, repression, in order to realize its full possibilities,
requires an abundance of institutional facilities such as now nowhere
exist. I have repeatedly adverted to the utter futility of the fines and
short term sentences hitherto generally imposed. Repression, successful
up to the limits of its inherent possibilities, must involve the
endeavor to wean the professional prostitute from one way of living and
to equip her for another. Reformatories, labor-colonies, hospitals and
similar institutions have, therefore, to be made adequate to the load
which an aggressive policy places upon them. At this moment no city
sustains even what it now requires.
It is a further limitation of the repressive policy, as ordinarily
conceived, that it operates almost altogether upon the woman. We are
reminded of the dual nature of prostitution. It involves two partners.
Imagine every brothel closed, every street-walker incarcerated. To the
extent that stimulation and suggestion have by these measures been
reduced, demand has suffered a check. But a strong demand still remains,
unaffected by repressive measures directed merely against dissolute
women. Certain stimuli have been removed; otherwise appetite is left
where it was. Its gratification is impeded,—made more difficult and more
expensive. But these are not insuperable obstacles in the presence of
that volume of supply which, if inoffensive, is hardly reached by
repressive police measures. Indeed, part of what was offensive is
changed in form rather than entirely driven from the market.
Repression encounters difficulty at still another point. Prostitution is
all too frequently a parasitic phenomenon that attaches itself to other
phenomena, sometimes innocuous, sometimes necessary, sometimes part and
parcel of national life or social tradition. Street-walking and the
bordell are not thus intertwined with other activities; they represent
prostitution in its barest, simplest, most undisguised form, and as such
may be, with comparative ease, successfully attacked by police methods.
But when prostitution insinuates itself into the ordinary life of the
community, subtly, inoffensively, imperceptibly taking advantage of the
forms in which business is transacted, social life carried on, or
recreation enjoyed,—then the difficulties in the way of effective action
are more serious. The cruder forms of prostitution are easily
reached;—easily, I say, because, even though the task has been nowhere
achieved, there is, in the nature of the case, no reason why a
well-governed community should fail to achieve it; but the subtler forms
present problems so different in kind that in dealing with them agencies
and influences of a totally different character must be employed.
I do not mean that repression will have accomplished little. On the
contrary, important good is achieved at the moment and still more in the
long run. But prostitution as a formidable problem will still remain.
Repression is, on the whole, what physicians call symptomatic treatment;
it may achieve something more than alleviate the ravages, but it does
not cure the disease. It does not necessarily decrease the thing in the
same ratio in which it alters appearances.
What would conceivably happen in a city like London if the police,
spurred and controlled by an active popular impulse, accomplished all
that could be humanly expected? Street-walking of a provocative
character would disappear; the advertised brothel would cease to exist;
the public house (saloon) would strictly enforce the law against the
harboring of prostitutes; the obvious forms of spurious employment would
be dispersed,—rendered more circumspect and much less readily
accessible; prostitutes would disappear from the lobby and promenade of
the variety theaters, etc. The pimp, the exploiter, the third-party
interest would be severely checked and, with that, the tropical growth
due to them. We may also assume that a vigorous and adequate hygienic
policy would lessen the volume of disease, and effect quicker and
completer cures. In a word, prostitution as an offensive and aggressive
activity would be more or less done for; and the loss through disease
would be minimized.
What would be gained? The inducement to enter the life or to persist in
it would be lessened; the total volume of business and the volume
transacted by any one woman would be decreased; the financial waste
would be less; the amount of disease disseminated would be less; the
demoralization of the woman would often be less complete, less
overwhelming, less irretrievable: surely, very important gains.
Well drawn, well codified, well executed laws could accomplish this. Any
civilized society utilizing the resources and instrumentalities that
every such society has within its reach, can, if really so minded,
ultimately reduce prostitution and its ravages so far by direct action.
It is well worth doing; it is, humanly speaking, a possible undertaking,
even though, I repeat, nowhere as yet by any means accomplished. Let us
not, however, deceive ourselves into thinking that such a direct frontal
attack absolves us from effort in other and different directions.
Further achievement depends upon alterations in the constitution of
society and its component parts. In so far as prostitution is the
outcome of ignorance, laws and police are powerless; only knowledge will
aid. In so far as prostitution is the outcome of mental or moral defect,
laws and police are powerless; only the intelligent guardianship of the
state will avail. In so far as prostitution is the outcome of natural
impulses denied a legitimate expression, only a rationalized social life
will really forestall it. In so far as prostitution is due to alcohol,
to illegitimacy, to broken homes, to bad homes, to low wages, to
wretched industrial conditions—to any or all of the particular phenomena
respecting which the modern conscience is becoming sensitive,—only a
transformation wrought by education, religion, science, sanitation,
enlightened and far-reaching statesmanship can effect a cure. Our
attitude towards prostitution, in so far as these factors are concerned,
cannot embody itself in a special remedial or repressive policy, for in
this sense it must be dealt with as part of the larger social problems
with which it is inextricably entangled. Civilization has stripped for a
life-and-death wrestle with tuberculosis, alcohol and other plagues. It
is on the verge of a similar struggle with the crasser forms of
commercialized vice. Sooner or later, it must fling down the gauntlet to
the whole horrible thing. This will be the real contest,—a contest that
will tax the courage, the self-denial, the faith, the resources of
humanity to their uttermost.
Appendices
APPENDIX I
PARIS REGULATIONS[672]
_Duties and Prohibitions Imposed on Public Prostitutes._
Public prostitutes are required to report at the Health Dispensary for
medical examination at least once a fortnight at dates that will be
fixed for each case.
They are ordered to show their sanitary cards whenever requested to do
so by police officers or agents.
They may not walk about in public streets before the street lanterns
have been lighted, nor, in any season of the year, before seven o’clock
in the evening; nor may they remain in the streets after midnight.
There must be nothing about their deportment or their attire that
attracts attention in an offensive manner.
They are expressly forbidden to speak to minors or to men accompanied by
women or children, or to entice anyone in a loud voice or with
persistence.
They are forbidden to loiter in the streets, to gather in groups, to
walk about in groups, to pass the same points too frequently, as they go
up and down, and to have their “pimps” walk with them or behind them.
They are not permitted to be in the vicinity of churches (Catholic or
Protestant), schools and lycées, covered arcades, boulevards, the
Champs-Élysées, the railway stations and their approaches, and the
public parks.
They are not permitted to live in houses in which there are
boarding-schools or day-schools.
They are likewise not permitted to share their lodgings with a lover or
with another prostitute.
They must never solicit from their windows.
Any woman violating the above instructions, or resisting officers of
public authority, or giving wrong information as to her address or name,
incurs the risk of certain penalties, the severity of which is in
accordance with the seriousness of the offence.
IMPORTANT NOTICE.—The card issued to prostitutes at the time of their
enrolment is not to be regarded as an authorization, and must in no way
be taken as an encouragement to vice, or as an obstacle to decent
employment.
The card enables the administration to determine whether the public
prostitutes—in their own interest as well as in the interest of the
public health—are reporting regularly for the medical examinations which
are provided for them as long as they continue practising prostitution.
A woman may at any time be stricken from the list and have her card
recalled, if it be shown that she no longer draws her means of
subsistence from prostitution.
Furthermore, the necessary confirmation of the above fact will be sought
with reserve and discretion.
INSTRUCTIONS GOVERNING THE VARIOUS OPERATIONS OF THE MORALS SERVICE.
I
CLANDESTINE PROSTITUTION
§ 1. _Searches and scrutinies carried on in private houses in
furnished-room houses, and in cafés and saloons._
The inspectors of the active morals service, when informed that a
certain private house or furnished-room house is being secretly used as
a resort for prostitution, will immediately report such information to
their Officier de paix, who will draw up a statement for the Chief of
Municipal Police.
The Chief of Municipal Police will cause exact and precise data to be
gathered, which will be reported to the Préfet de Police by the Chief of
the 1st Division, who, if that be desirable, will advise the Préfet to
issue a search-warrant.
This warrant, issued in accordance with article 10 of the Law of July
22, 1791, and having effect at any hour of the day or night, in cases of
public notoriety, shall then be transmitted to the Chief of Municipal
Police, together with a note giving the necessary directions to assist
in carrying it out.
The inspectors ordered to the search will report to the Commissaire of
police of the quarter, to advise him of their mission, so that he may be
in readiness to furnish aid when aid shall be required.
The authorization to live in furnished rooms, granted to prostitutes
who, by reason of their age or their infirmities, cannot secure places
in brothels, and cannot afford to live in quarters of their own, has no
other purpose than to enable them to find a home. Such authorization
does not exempt them from the consequences of the offence of practising
prostitution in the furnished rooms inhabited by them.
It would be proper, therefore, to arrest women, if, in the course of
search made in execution of such a warrant, they should be found in the
company of men enticed by them, which fact would furthermore constitute
a charge against the keeper of the house, being an infraction on his
part of article 5 of the Ordinance of November 6, 1778. But such arrests
should not be made if the women are found with men with whom they
regularly share those lodgings, being the concubines of such men, a fact
which it would be easy to establish by referring to the list on the
police register.
As for cafés, saloons, or other places where liquor is sold, and in
which clandestine prostitution is encouraged, the Commissaires of police
may enter such places, without a warrant, up to the closing hour, or
even later, if such establishment should remain open in violation of the
police ordinances.
They may go through public meeting places, if necessary, in order to
ascertain infractions of article 14 of the Ordinance of November 8,
1780.
Inspectors who, in the course of their watches, may observe conditions
constituting violations of the above nature, will inform the Commissaire
of police of the quarter.[673]
§ 2. _Girls not under supervision._
Inspectors must proceed with the greatest caution in the cases of girls
not under supervision, whom they may meet in the public streets, and
must not arrest them except after a surveillance resulting in the
observation of a number of distinct acts of soliciting.
In a public place commonly known to be a resort for prostitution, it is
proper to arrest a girl not under supervision, when there is evidence of
the actual act, or an admission on the part of the girl or of the man
found with her, that the girl has solicited him to the act of
debauchery.
Whatever may be the circumstances under which they have been arrested,
girls not under supervision must, in accordance with the procedure
outlined in the circular of March 24, 1837, be transferred as promptly
as possible to the Bureau of the Commissaire of police of the quarter in
which the arrest has taken place, and they must there be interrogated
without delay.
Inspectors will always adopt an attitude towards such women, that will
be in accordance with the dignity of the administration, except when
legally confirming insults or assaults made on them by such women. They
will absolutely refrain from in any way encouraging the women to solicit
them.
When handing over a girl not under supervision, to the discretion of a
Commissaire of police, inspectors will place in the hands of such
official, unless he is in receipt of a complete declaration from them, a
detailed report of the acts of which the girl is accused.
After having handed over a girl not under supervision, to the discretion
of a Commissaire of police, or after having aided a Commissaire of
police, while executing a warrant, in a public place, in making the
arrest of a girl not under supervision, inspectors will at once
ascertain whether such girl is really domiciled at the address given by
her, and whether she is known by the persons whose servant or employee
she states she has been.
They will carefully gather information as to her behavior and means of
subsistence, and will report all facts thus obtained, in a special
report to the Chief of Municipal Police, who will transmit the report to
the Chief of the 1st Division.
Inspectors should never lose sight of the fact that the object of
searches and scrutinies executed in pursuance of a warrant is to get at
women or girls who are engaged in public prostitution, and not at those
whose sole offence is an act of private debauchery, which, reprehensible
though it may be, should not expose the woman committing such acts to
the consequences that should be borne only by real prostitutes.
For instance, the mere fact that a woman is found in a furnished-room
house, or in a public place, in the very act of debauchery, is not
sufficient evidence to show that the woman is guilty of prostitution, if
she has regular relations of this nature with the man found with her,
and if no act of soliciting to paid debauchery is set forth. It is
expressly recommended, that when women are found sleeping alone, even in
places that have a bad reputation, no steps be taken to arrest them,
unless the circumstances are such as to convince the Commissaire of
police that such women have been engaged in an act of prostitution. The
Commissaires of police will carefully, and without delay, investigate
the circumstances causing the arrest of girls not under supervision;
after having heard the arrested person, they will decide whether the
arrest is to hold good. Should they consider it desirable to take
immediate steps to ascertain certain facts, they may have a telegram
sent for that purpose to the Chief of Municipal Police, by the Officier
de paix of the arrondissement.
They will draw up a procès-verbal of the interrogation through which
they have put the persons arrested. They are expressly forbidden to make
use of printed blanks in conducting this interrogation.
II
TOLERATED PROSTITUTION.
§ 1. _Brothels._
Inspectors must keep tolerated brothels under daily surveillance, in
order that they may be certain that no infractions of public order and
decency take place there, and that the women keeping such houses comply
rigorously with the special requirements made of them, as well as with
the general regulations for public order, notably with those concerning
the apparel and the number of girls permitted to go out, and the hours
of leaving and returning.
As far as departures and returns are concerned, which take place by
stealth after the closing hour, such acts do not constitute a punishable
infraction except in so far as they may be the cause of noises of a
nature to disturb the public peace.
Inspectors will hand in without delay, in the form of a special report,
an account of any serious or extraordinary occurrence taking place in
such houses, and will repeatedly warn the mistresses of such houses that
the latter must immediately report any such event to the Commissaire of
police of their quarter, unless they have an opportunity, within the
proper hours, to notify the administrative Bureau of the Officier de
paix assigned to the morals service.
Inspectors will strictly enforce the prohibition, issued to mistresses
of houses, forbidding them to grant admission to students of the lycées,
or of civil and military schools, when in uniform, or to any young men
under eighteen years of age, and will report any infractions of this
rule.
§ 2. _Enrolled Women._
Inspectors will see to it that all the provisions of the decree of
September 1, 1842 are carried out.
They will require individual prostitutes, not connected with brothels,
when met with in inspections of furnished-room houses or other places,
or in the course of the inspectors’ street duty, to show their cards, in
order that the inspectors may know whether the prostitutes are prompt in
reporting for medical examination, and in order that those who have
missed examinations, a list of whom is given out twice a month by the
administrative bureau, may be traced and called to account. When a girl
makes a statement in explanation of her not having the card, which the
inspector has reason to believe is untrue, he may accompany her to her
home.
Inspectors who are ordered to bring an enrolled woman to the
administrative office, and who do not find such woman at her home, will
do no more than report that fact. They will leave no word as to the
object of their call, in order that the woman wanted may not be tempted
to conceal her whereabouts.
§ 3. _Disappearances of girls._
The search for girls who have disappeared must be carried on with the
greatest possible discretion.
In the cases of girls who have returned to their families, or who have
taken up honest work, or who appear to be no longer deriving their means
of livelihood from public prostitution, inspectors will merely report
the present circumstances of the girls, in a special report.
Of the girls who have disappeared, only such are to be brought to the
administrative Bureau, as have been found in brothels, or in the homes
of other prostitutes, or in furnished-room houses or private houses,
when none of the circumstances given above as exempting them from arrest
under this head, is applicable to them.
III
TRANSFER OF ARRESTED WOMEN TO THE PRÉFECTURE.
Prostitutes arrested by inspectors in Paris or in the suburbs, who
cannot immediately be taken to the Préfecture de Police, will be kept at
the station-houses, from which they will be sent to the Dépôt.
IV
(On Sodomy, here omitted.)
V
ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICE.
Before any other action is taken, the Interrogating Commissaire, Head of
the Morals Bureau, should examine all documents relating to the arrest
of girls not under supervision, in order to determine in what cases
there is good reason for postponing the physical examination.
The interrogation of girls not under supervision is conducted by the
Interrogating Commissaire himself; he reads to the girl the declaration
made by her, and has her sign the procès-verbal of the interrogation; if
necessary, he interrogates the officers.
Whenever it may be necessary to enroll a girl not under supervision, who
is of age and who refuses to submit to the sanitary and administrative
requirements, or, whenever it may be necessary to enroll a girl who _is
not of age_, the case will be decided by a commission consisting of the
Préfet or his representative, the Chief of the 1st Division, and the
Interrogating Commissaire, instead of, as heretofore, ending with a
written statement of the facts. This commission will interrogate the
woman arrested as well as the officers.
It is important to bear in mind that prostitutes, at the time they are
enrolled, receive a printed notice informing them that on their
application their names may be removed from the surveillance lists, when
some verification has been made of the fact that they have ceased
practising prostitution. This verification should be made with
discretion and reserve.
In the matter of disciplinary punishments imposed on enrolled women, the
procedure will continue to be as heretofore, that is, punishments will
be assigned by the Préfet, on the motion of the Interrogating
Commissaire, approved by the Head of the 1st Division. However, in any
case of appeal by an enrolled woman from the punishment imposed upon
her, such appeal shall be referred immediately to a commission
consisting of the Préfet de Police, or his representative, and two
Commissaires of Police of the City of Paris, chosen by rotation from the
list of such officials.
Decisions of this commission will be made after hearing the arrested
person as well as the officers, if that be necessary.
When the commission is not presided over by the Préfet in person, its
decisions must be ratified by him.
To make certain the permanence of the service, the sub-Chief of the 3rd
section of the 2nd bureau will bear the title of _supplementary_
Interrogating Commissaire, but his services will not be called on except
when the titular interrogating commissaire is prevented from being
present.
VI
MEDICAL SERVICE.
Although no cases have as yet arisen in which it has been necessary to
use force in making the physical examination, the medical service is
recommended to refrain from taking such steps in any case in which they
may meet with resistance.
Such an occurrence should at once be brought to the attention of the
Préfet.
APPENDIX II
BERLIN REGULATIONS[674]
In the Police District of Berlin, a person of female sex who has been
assigned, because of her practising immorality as a trade, to the
surveillance of the Health Police, is subject to the following
restrictions:
1. She must submit to medical examination as to her condition of health,
in accordance with directions given her.
2. She must appear promptly, at the time set for her, for medical
examination, and furthermore, as soon as she observes any indication of
illness in her genitals, or in her inguinal glands, she must report at
once to the Chief of the Morals Police and state her trouble.
3. Medical examinations ordered by the morals police, to take place in
her own home, must be permitted without resistance.
4. When found afflicted with a venereal or skin disease, or with any
contagious disease, she is obliged to submit to being committed to such
hospital as may be designated by the authorities and to comply with the
requirements of the treatment until she is cured. Furthermore she must
punctually discharge the duties imposed upon her by the morals police in
any home treatment ordered by that body, or in any treatment
supplementary to hospital care.
If found infested with vermin, she must submit to the treatment as
officially outlined.
In the hospital she must comply with the orders of physicians and
officials, as well as with the rules of the house; in case an absence
has been allowed, she must report promptly on the expiration of the term
granted.
5. She is not permitted to lounge about, in an offensive manner, in the
streets or squares of the city, to entice men to lechery by addressing
them, or to appear in the company of a person known by her to be under
the surveillance of the morals police, or known to her as a pimp.
She is not permitted to stand or sit in doorways or entrance-gates.
She must comply absolutely with the instructions of the criminal
officers who display the proper badges, which instructions are given for
the maintenance of public order and public decency. This does not touch
upon the rights of uniformed officers of supervision.
6. Except for very urgent reasons, she must not enter the following
streets or places:
Lustgarten, Tiergarten, including Königsplatz, Friedrichshain,
Humboldthain, Victoriapark, Unter den Linden, Friedrichstrasse,
Belle-Alliance-Platz, Wilhelmstrasse, Potsdamerstrasse, Bülowstrasse
from Zietenstrasse to Yorckstrasse, Linkstrasse, Lützowstrasse,
Potsdamerplatz, etc.
7. She is not permitted to loiter in the vicinity of churches, schools,
higher institutions of learning, buildings of the Royal Government or
other public buildings, especially military barracks. She must not visit
theaters, circuses, or exhibitions, or the concert gardens connected
with them, the Zoological Gardens, the Museums, the railway stations
(unless it be to purchase a ticket for railway passage), or, finally,
any places that may be named in later orders of the police authorities.
8. In public meeting places she must not attract undue attention to
herself.
9. She may not enter into any manner of relation with male or female
persons under 21 years of age, and, particularly, must not engage such
persons as servants.
10. She must guard carefully against permitting the fact of her living
in a certain house from becoming the occasion of any offence or
disturbance, either in the house itself or in the immediate vicinity.
Failing to prevent such offence, and having once been warned without
effect, she must leave the house within the time indicated by the morals
police when issuing the order of removal to her.
11. At any hour of the day or night, she must grant immediate admission
to the police officer who calls in order to inspect her dwelling, or
procure such admission for him, and give as much information as she may
possess concerning persons found in her rooms.
12. If she is found in any resort known to the police as a place where
prostitutes congregate, and if complaints have been made concerning
irregularities at that place, she may be ordered by the morals police to
refrain from entering such place.
13. She must not appear at the windows of her own dwelling, or of any
other dwelling, in any manner that may give offence.
14. When asked, she must truthfully give the address of her home. She
must personally report every change of address, at the registry of the
morals police, not later than the next prescribed medical examination.
In written petitions to the morals police, her present address must
always be given in full.
15. She must not have her abode in the vicinity of churches, schools, or
higher institutions of learning, buildings of the Royal Government, or
other public buildings, especially military barracks, nor must she have
her abode on the streets and squares to which access is denied her in
Paragraph 6 of these regulations. As soon as her occupation of such
dwelling as may be prohibited by this paragraph (15) is discovered, it
is her duty to give up such dwelling, on the order of the morals police,
within the period indicated by that authority.
16. She is not permitted to grant a lodging to her pimp in her own
dwelling.
17. She must keep her control-book, and the identification card issued
to her at dismissal, in intact condition, until they are handed over to
the proper person; she must not leave either the identification card or
the control-book in the keeping of other prostitutes or of any other
persons not having any right to receive such documents.
18. When in the offices of the morals police, she must conduct herself
quietly and decently, and comply absolutely with the instructions of the
supervising staff and the physicians.
19. In accordance with § 361 sec. 6 and § 362 of the Penal Code for the
German Empire, infractions of these rules are punished by imprisonment
for not more than 6 weeks; the sentence may also provide that the
condemned, after paying this penalty, is to be handed over to the State
Police Department (Landespolizeibehörde), which body will have the
discretion of committing the discharged prisoner to a workhouse, or a
protectory, or house of correction, or other asylum, or of assigning her
to labor of public utility, for a period not exceeding 2 years.
When proof is furnished of an honorable moral deportment and of the
exercise of a respectable calling, as well as in cases of marriage,
surveillance by the morals police will be discontinued on application.
All persons of female sex who are under the surveillance of the Berlin
Morals Police, are subject to the above regulations, even though they
may actually reside in one of the following districts:
Treptow, Reinickendorf, Tegel, Weissensee, Pankow, Tempelhof, Britz,
Friedenau, Schmargendorf.
Persons of female sex living in Charlottenburg, Schöneberg, Wilmersdorf,
Rixdorf, Lichtenberg, Friedrichsberg, Stralau, or Boxhagen-Rummelsburg,
but subject to the morals police, not of those localities, but of
Berlin, are likewise required to observe these regulations. They must
particularly report at the Berlin Morals Police Office, on the days and
at the hours set for them, until such time as they may be assigned to
surveillance by the morals police of their own community, and made
subject to medical examinations in such community.
These regulations go into effect on February 1, 1912.
(A printed circular as to the nature of various venereal diseases, and
the precautions to be observed, is also given to every inscribed woman.)
APPENDIX III
HAMBURG REGULATIONS. (_a_)[675]
I
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST INFECTION WITH VENEREAL DISEASE.
(Directions to inscribed women; omitted here.)
II
INFORMATION AS TO THE MANNER OF FILING CERTAIN COMPLAINTS AND AS TO
HOUSES OF REFUGE.
Should a keeper of furnished rooms attempt to prevent the departure of a
controlled girl, or retain possession of her effects, or make any claim
for payments of whatever nature (such as repayment of money advanced, or
for articles of clothing furnished by him), the girl, if not in a
position to file complaint at the office of the morals police, should,
on the occasion of her next medical examination, apply to the officers
of the morals police, so that an investigation may be made.
The officers are also ready to give the girls information concerning
Houses of Refuge where they may obtain shelter pending their return to a
decent mode of life.
III
POLICE REGULATIONS FOR WOMEN UNDER STRINGENT SUPERVISION OF THE MORALS
POLICE.
§ 1. After being assigned to stringent police supervision, women so
assigned will submit at once to examination by the head Police Physician
or his representative, and, thereafter, to regular examination, twice a
week, by the Medical Inspector appointed by the Police Department, at
the place ordered by the Police Department, and at the time set by the
Police Department. If, in the judgment of the Police Department,
additional examinations are also necessary, the women will submit to
them also, and will report promptly at the time and place indicated for
that purpose.
§ 2. They must immediately report to the Police Department any symptoms
of disease which they may have observed on their persons. Such immediate
report may be omitted only when the regular examination of the medical
inspector is to take place later in the day on which the symptom has
been observed.
§ 3. At all examinations they must present themselves in clean clothing
and in a condition of sobriety and bodily cleanliness.
§ 4. They must unhesitatingly comply with the instructions of the
medical examiners.
§ 5. If the physician orders hospital treatment, they are obliged to
submit to being transferred to such hospital as may be appointed by the
authorities. There they must remain until the physician orders their
discharge. During their detention at the hospital they must comply with
the instructions of the physicians and officers of the institution, as
well as the directions of the nursing staff, conduct themselves in an
orderly and modest manner and observe the rules of order. It is
forbidden to bring flowers, books, foodstuffs, beverages, or tobacco, to
the hospital, without the permission of the physician, or to receive or
utilize such articles at the hospital without such permission. It is
strictly forbidden to make use of any apparatus, instrument, bandage,
chemical, or medicament, on one’s own authority. Temporary absence from
the hospital is only permitted with the approval of medical and police
authority.
§ 6. Within 24 hours they must personally report any engagement of, or
change of residence, at the office of the morals police (City Hall, 3d
Story, Room 129), between the hours of 9 A. M. and 2 P. M., in addition
to discharging any formalities as to reports of residence that may be
required of all the members of the population. When about to leave
Hamburg, permanently or temporarily, they must likewise personally
report their departure at the same office, before 11 A. M. Within 24
hours after returning to Hamburg, they must personally report that fact
at the office of the morals police.
§ 7. They must immediately grant admission to the police officer who
calls in order to inspect their dwellings.
§ 8. They must comply at once and without fail with all instructions of
the police issued to them for the preservation of peace and order, as
well as for the administrative purposes of the morals police, without
thereby forfeiting their right to lodge a subsequent protest.
§ 9. They must likewise comply with any commands or prohibitions of the
police, other than those enumerated in these regulations, but issued in
the interests of the administration of the morals police.
§ 10. They are not permitted:
1. To live or spend the night in any houses other than those approved
of by the morals police for the use of such women, to consort
with men in other than the approved houses, or to wander about
homeless, as vagrants,
2. To have minors in their homes, take in other persons as boarders,
or keep female servants under 25 years of age,
3. To grant access to their dwellings, not to mention the granting of
sexual intercourse, to persons who are minors,
4. To appear visibly at the window or front door of the house they
live in or of any other house, or to attempt to attract men by
tapping, knocking, calling, or in any other manner,
5. To accost men in the street or in other places accessible to the
general public, to entice them, either by means of beckoning or
of other gestures, or to molest them in any manner,
6. To appear in public in any manner that may offend decency, or to
appear in striking apparel,
7. To spend the hours between 11 P. M. and 6 A. M. in any other place
than in their homes,
8. To frequent the following streets and places: Alter Jungfernstieg,
Neuer Jungfernstieg, Alsterdamm, Neuerwall, Alterwall,
Reesendamm, Rathausmarkt, Burstah, Adolphsplatz, Grosse,
Johannisstrasse, Mönckebergstrasse, Steindamm, Reeperbahn,
Spielbudenplatz, Dammthorstrasse, Harvestehuderweg, An der
schönen Aussicht, Schwanenwik, An der Alster, and the
Wallanlagen,
9. To visit the following institutions, theaters, and grounds, or
the parts thereof indicated: Stadttheater, Thaliatheater,
Deutsches Schauspielhaus, Hansatheater, the box seats and
orchestra stalls of the Carl Schultze Theater and of the
Hamburger Operettentheater, seats on the first level of the
Neues Operettentheater, the Museums, the Zoological and
Botanical Gardens, the Velodrom, any seats or stands at the
Races except second balcony or standing room, boxes, balcony
and stalls at the circuses, functions under the auspices of
the Allgemeiner Alster Club, particularly regattas, public
music halls and public dance halls (except those at No. 25
Neustädterstrasse and No. 10 Mohlenhofstrasse),
10. To enter any saloons, restaurants, cafés, concert halls and music
halls in the City of Hamburg or in the following suburbs, united
with the City by the Law of June 22, 1894: St. Pauli,
Eimsbüttel, Roterbaum, etc.,
11. To ride in open carriages,
12. To make use of any apartments in the bath-houses of this city,
other than those reserved for the use of individual bathers, and
especially, to make use of the swimming-pools of such
establishments,
13. To employ, or permit others to practise for them, any device or
process calculated to deceive the medical inspectors,
14. To support a pimp or visit the dwellings of such, or to receive
pimps in their own homes.
§ 11. Any woman under supervision, who offers reasonable assurance that
she has completely abandoned vice as a livelihood, and is engaged in the
pursuit of a legitimate calling, may be provisionally liberated, either
wholly or in part, from the necessity of observing the regulations of
the morals police, and, in case her conduct within a certain period, the
length of which is to be designated for each special case, offers no
reason to suppose that she will continue her practice of the vicious
trade, the surveillance to which she is subject will be finally
discontinued.
§ 12. In accordance with § 361 sec. 6 and § 362 of the Penal Code,
infractions of these regulations are punished by imprisonment for not
more than 6 weeks and commission to the State Police Department
(Landespolizeibehörde), for detention in a workhouse for not more than 2
years.
HAMBURG REGULATIONS. (_b_)
POLICE REGULATIONS FOR WOMEN UNDER LIMITED SUPERVISION OF THE MORALS
POLICE.
§ 1. After being assigned to limited police supervision, women so
assigned will submit at once to examination by the head Police Physician
or his representative, and then to the regular medical examinations that
will be set by the Police Department.
§ 2. They must immediately report to the Police Department any symptom
of disease which they may have observed on their persons. Such immediate
report may be omitted only when the regular examination by the medical
inspector is to take place later in the day on which the symptom has
been observed.
§ 3. At all examinations they must present themselves in clean clothing
and in a condition of sobriety and bodily cleanliness.
§ 4. They must unhesitatingly comply with the instructions of the
medical examiners.
§ 5. If the physician orders hospital treatment, they are obliged to
submit to being transferred to such hospital as may be appointed by the
authorities. There they must remain until the physician orders their
discharge. During their detention at the hospital they must comply with
the instructions of the physicians and officers of the institution, as
well as with the directions of the nursing staff, conduct themselves in
an orderly and modest manner and observe the rules of order. It is
forbidden to bring flowers, books, foodstuffs, beverages, or tobacco, to
the hospital, without the permission of the physician, or to receive or
utilize such articles at the hospital, without such permission. It is
strictly forbidden to make use of any apparatus, instrument, bandage,
chemical, or medicament, on one’s own authority. Temporary absence from
the hospital is only permitted with the approval of medical and police
authority.
§ 6. Within 24 hours they must personally report any engagement of or
change of residence at the office of the morals police (City Hall, 3d
Story, Room 128), between the hours of 9 A. M. and 8 P. M., in addition
to discharging any formalities as to reports of residence that may be
required of all the members of the population. When about to leave
Hamburg, permanently or temporarily, they must likewise personally
report their departure at the same office, before 11 A. M. Within 24
hours after returning to Hamburg they must personally report that fact
at the office of the morals police.
§ 7. They must immediately grant admission to the police officer who
calls in order to inspect their dwellings.
§ 8. They must comply at once and without fail with all instructions of
the police issued to them for the preservation of peace and order, as
well as for the administrative purposes of the morals police, without
thereby forfeiting their right to lodge a subsequent protest.
§ 9. They must likewise comply with any commands or prohibitions of the
police, other than those enumerated in these regulations, but issued in
the interests of the administration of the morals police.
§ 10. They are not permitted:
1. To live in a house which the police authorities have declared to
be unsuitable for them, to spend the night with men or consort
with men in any other house than their own dwelling, or to
wander about homeless, as vagrants,
2. To take in another person as a boarder, to have any minor children
(their own or those of others) in their rooms, or to keep a
female servant who is under 25 years of age,
3. To grant access to their dwellings, not to mention the granting of
sexual intercourse, to persons who are minors,
4. To appear visibly at the window or front door of the house they
live in or of any other house, or to attempt to attract men by
tapping, knocking, calling, or in any other manner,
5. To accost men in the streets or in other places accessible to the
general public, to entice them, either by means of beckoning or
of other gestures, or to molest them in any manner,
6. To appear in public in any manner that may offend decency, or to
appear in striking apparel,
7. To spend the hours between 11 P. M. and 6 A. M. in any other place
than in their homes,
8. To frequent the following streets and places: Alter Jungfernstieg,
Neuer Jungfernstieg, Alsterdamm, etc.,
9. To visit the following theaters, institutions, and grounds, or the
parts thereof indicated: Stadttheater, Thaliatheater, Deutsches
Schauspielhaus, Hansatheater, the box seats and orchestra stalls
of the Carl Schultze Theater, seats on the first level of the
Neues Operettentheater, the Museums, the Zoological and
Botanical Gardens, the Velodrom, any seats or stands at the
Races except second balcony and standing room, boxes, balcony
and stalls at the Circuses, functions under the auspices of the
Allgemeiner Alster Club, particularly regattas, public concert
halls and public dance halls (except the Elbhalle and those at
No. 25 Neustädterstrasse and No. 10 Mohlenhofstrasse),
10. To enter any saloons, restaurants, cafés, concert halls, and music
halls in the City of Hamburg or in the following suburbs, united
with the City by the Law of June 22, 1894: St. Pauli,
Eimsbüttel, etc.,
11. To ride in open carriages,
12. To make use of any apartments in the bath-houses of this city,
other than those reserved for the use of individual bathers, and
especially, to make use of the swimming-pools of such
establishments,
13. To employ, or permit others to practise for them, any device or
process calculated to deceive the medical inspectors,
14. To support a pimp or visit the dwellings of such, or to receive
pimps in their own homes.
§ 11. Any woman under limited supervision, who offers reasonable
assurance that she has completely abandoned vice as a livelihood, and is
engaged in the pursuit of a legitimate calling, may be released from the
supervision to which she is subjected.
§ 12. In accordance with § 361 sec. 6 and § 362 of the Penal Code,
infractions of these regulations are punished by imprisonment for not
more than 6 weeks and commission to the State Police Department
(Landespolizeibehörde), for detention in a workhouse for not more than 2
years.
APPENDIX IV
VIENNA REGULATIONS.[676]
The following police regulations for the supervision of prostitution are
issued in accordance with § 22 of the Ordinance of the Imperial
Government of Lower Austria, dated February 9, 1851, L. G. u. Reg. Bl.
No. 39,[677] on the Jurisdiction of Police Departments; and with
reference to § 5 of the Law of May 24, 1885, R. G. Bl. No. 89.[678]
I. THE SUPERVISING AUTHORITY.
§ 1. The supervision of female persons who make a business of selling
their bodies for vicious purposes, is incumbent on the District Police
Commissariats[679] and on the Division for Morals Police Affairs of the
Department of Police.
II. ASSIGNMENT TO SUPERVISION.
§ 2. In accordance with the provisions of this edict, assignments to
supervision may be made either by the Department of Police or by the
Police Commissariats. But no such assignments may be made without the
previous declaration, on the part of the prostitutes, that they wish to
be put under supervision.
§ 3. Women must not be assigned to supervision if they are:
(a) girls under 18 years of age,
(b) virgins,
(c) pregnant,
(d) married and not legally divorced,
(e) afflicted with contagious diseases.
Prostitutes with venereal diseases must be committed to hospital
treatment before their assignment to supervision.
§ 4. Women about to be assigned to supervision must prove their
identity, and, particularly, their legal domicile, by presenting the
proper documents. If necessary, a delay may be granted within which such
papers are to be procured. This delay does not postpone the assignment
to supervision.
They must be thoroughly interrogated on their circumstances and on the
reasons which have caused them to enter prostitution. In this
interrogation, which is to be conducted with due consideration for the
peculiarities of each case, particular effort must be made to determine
whether the women are aware of the significance of their step.
Finally, they are to be subjected to an official medical examination.
§ 5. Minors may be assigned to supervision only by the Department of
Police, and by that Department only when complete moral indifference,
without any hope of betterment, has been unmistakably ascertained.
In all cases in which there is even the remotest possibility of
improvement, the assignment to supervision is to be postponed until such
time when the attempts at reform may be regarded as finally ineffective.
But every opportunity must always be offered to the legally constituted
guardians of minors, to use the influence for good imposed on them by
their position as guardians. With this object in view, such legal
guardians are to be invited to the office, but every precaution must be
taken to guard their reputations. If they reside outside of Vienna, the
necessary negotiations should, under ordinary circumstances, be carried
on directly with them, and not through the intermediation of the police
authorities of their homes.
In order that the minor may be enabled, if possible, to return to a
decent mode of life, constant communication must be maintained, in every
case, with the Surrogate’s Office, and, wherever it is feasible, with
the charitable organizations active at the time.
§ 6. No kind of certification of assignment to supervision is to be
given to the prostitute; yet, she is to be subjected to verbal
instruction on the essential contents of the police regulations.
§ 7. In the case of every prostitute, her possible previous sentences
and venereal diseases are to be ascertained, either from the records of
the Vienna offices, or through correspondence with the authorities in
such localities as may previously have assigned her to supervision.
§ 8. Prostitutes of foreign domicile whose coming to Vienna was merely
for the purpose of being assigned to supervision here, are to be
deported from the city, in application of the Law of July 27, 1871, R.
G. Bl. No. 88.
III. DWELLINGS OF PROSTITUTES.
(a) _Prostitutes who practise prostitution in their own homes._
§ 9. Such prostitutes as practise prostitution as a trade in their own
homes are obliged, in their choice of abode, to obtain the approval of
the proper Police Commissariat. In granting this approval it must be
borne in mind that such dwellings must be as distant as possible from
the main lines of traffic, and not in the vicinity of schools, churches,
or other public buildings, and not in any other places where their
presence might give offence.
§ 10. Such prostitutes are not permitted to live with persons in whose
households there are minors under the age of 18.
§ 11. Not more than three prostitutes who are under supervision may live
with the same mistress of furnished rooms.
Such lodgings as may exist when this edict goes into effect, which do
not fulfill the above requirements, are either to be gradually ordered
vacated by prostitutes, at such opportunities as may offer, or the
number of prostitutes is to be reduced to the prescribed limit.
§ 12. In the choice of their dwellings, as much liberty as is feasible
is to be allowed such prostitutes as have homes of their own which they
do not share with other prostitutes.
§ 13. There is to be no relation between the prostitutes and the
mistress of their rooms other than that of tenant and landlady. No other
influence must be exerted by the landlady over the prostitutes;
particularly, the landlady must have no share or percentage in the
proceeds of the vicious trade, nor must she hinder the prostitutes from
moving out of the house, nor must she serve alcoholic beverages to the
prostitutes or their customers.
Prostitutes are not permitted to live with landladies who violate the
above regulation, provided that the nature of the offence has been
explained to the offender, without effect.
§ 14. The Police Department is furthermore privileged at any time to
forbid a prostitute to live in a certain house, or with a certain
landlady, without assigning a reason for such prohibition.
§ 15. Dwellings of prostitutes must be kept under constant thorough
surveillance. Admission to such dwellings must be granted at any time to
the officials sent for the purpose of inspection of the dwellings.
(b) _Prostitutes living in brothels._
§ 16. The establishment of brothels, that is, of lodgings in which
prostitution is practised as a business, and in which the mistress of
the house figures as the entrepreneur or manager of the business, is to
be prohibited.
Brothels already in existence are to be inspected regularly, without the
previous knowledge of the inmates, both by the Commissariats and by the
Police Department, by the former at least once every three months, and
by the latter at least once every half-year. The inspections will be
conducted by an officer of the reporting staff and an official
physician.
The inspection is to include a scrutiny of all the rooms, an examination
of the list which the mistress is required to keep (giving the name,
personal data, day of admission, and day of departure, of each
prostitute), a medical examination of the prostitutes to determine the
existence of any physical abuses or maltreatments, and an inquiry into
the manner in which all the remaining orders issued for the management
of the brothel have been complied with.
At these inspections, furthermore, prostitutes must have an opportunity
to make any complaints of whatsoever nature, without pressure from
anyone, and it must be determined whether any difficulties are being put
in the way of their leaving the house.
§ 17. The Commission of the Police Department may, as a result of the
inspection, adopt such measures as appear to it to be for the best
interests of the public, from the standpoint of hygiene or from that of
the Morals Police Service.
Should the Commissariat consider such measures desirable, it must apply
for the approval of the Police Department, simultaneously submitting the
record of the inspection to the Department.
§ 18. The employment in brothels of servants who are minors is not to be
permitted.
§ 19. The Police Department may at any time order the closing of a
brothel; particularly, when there have been infractions of the
provisions of §§ 17 and 18, or even of § 13, the provisions of which are
intended to be applied to brothels also.
(c) _Prostitutes who practise prostitution outside of their homes._
§ 20. Prostitutes who practise prostitution outside of their homes are
not as a rule limited to any locality in the choice of their dwellings.
But even they may be forbidden to live in a certain house, when definite
acts of theirs have been the occasion of complaints that have been shown
to be well-founded.
IV. NATURE OF THE SUPERVISION.
§ 21. A prostitute subject to supervision is required to report twice a
week, at times set for her, for official medical examination.
§ 22. A prostitute found, when being officially examined, to be
afflicted with a venereal disease, is required to report for treatment
not later than 6 P. M. on the same day, at the hospital to which she is
referred by the Commissariat of the district in which she lives, under
pain of compulsory transfer, should she neglect so to report. For this
purpose, she must apply to the Commissariat of her district, for a
certificate of commitment.
§ 23. A prostitute received at the hospital must remain there until her
discharge is ordered by the physician treating her, and while there,
must comply with all instructions.
§ 24. A prostitute discharged from the hospital must comply with the
requirements of any additional outside treatment or observation of her
condition, by presenting herself for examination at such intervals as
may be set by the Sick Division.
In order that diagnosis, hospital treatment, and instructions for
supplementary outside treatment may be entered on the sick card, the
latter should be enclosed with the certificate of commitment that is
sent to the office of the hospital when a prostitute is committed to
such hospital. This card remains at the hospital until the prostitute is
discharged or until the conclusion of any supplementary outside
treatment or observation that may be ordered. The Police Department must
be reminded that the card is still at the hospital, by means of a note
to that effect, written on the sheet that carries the notification of
dismissal to the Police Department.
Should the necessity of a new commitment of the prostitute to the
hospital arise between the time of discharge and the termination of the
outside treatment, effort should be made to have her committed to the
hospital that is still in possession of her sick card, or to induce the
former hospital to send the card to the hospital in which the prostitute
has been received.
§ 25. A prostitute under supervision must give notice within 24 hours of
every change of address, to the Commissariat of her former district as
well as to that of her new district.
The control-sheet is at once to be sent to the proper (new) Commissariat
through the Police Department.
§ 26. For reasons connected with the administration of the morals
police, a prostitute under supervision is not permitted to stroll
through the streets in the company of other prostitutes or of pimps, or
to grant shelter to pimps in her home.
In other respects the prostitute is, in principle, to be bound only to
comply with those general regulations for public morality and decency
that are applicable to all persons.
§ 27. In the interests of public order and public decency, and on
application of the Police Commissariat, orders may be issued for the
purpose of abating a nuisance due to the behavior of prostitutes
inhabiting a certain house or street in large numbers.
But the scope of these orders must not exceed what is absolutely
required by the actual local conditions.
V. OFFICIAL MEDICAL EXAMINATION OF PROSTITUTES.
§ 28. The official medical examination must include all portions of the
body, and involve, if necessary, a use of all the scientific apparatus
which has been developed by the progress of medical knowledge, and which
is at the disposal of the official physician. The use of the metroscope
is particularly recommended.
In addition to making the examination, the physician should also, in
each case, inform the women of its purpose, as well as of the nature of
the first indications of contagious diseases, and of the danger involved
in such diseases, and of the means of preventing infection by observing
the proper hygienic precautions.
§ 29. If the official physician finds the prostitute to be infected with
a venereal disease, he must without delay send a medical certificate to
that effect to the Police Commissariat having jurisdiction in this case.
He must warn the prostitute as to the obligations imposed upon her by §§
22 and 23, and order her to stop having sexual intercourse,
simultaneously calling her attention to § 5, item 3, of the Law of May
24, 1885, R. G. Bl. No. 89.
§ 30. The physician must enter the name of any prostitute whom he
commits to the hospital in the list of inspections which he is required
to keep.
The final hospital diagnosis, which is transmitted to the Police
Commissariat after the dismissal of the prostitute from the hospital,
must be sent to the physician for entry on his inspection list.
§ 31. Prostitutes who fail to appear for official medical examination,
even though such failure occur only once, must immediately be reported
to the Police Commissariat, which, unless adequate reasons for the
omission are advanced, will at once cause the arraignment of such
prostitutes. Such arraignment does not preclude the instituting of penal
proceedings against the prostitutes.
Likewise, those prostitutes that do not appear at their official medical
examination at the time set, are to be reported to the Police
Commissariat in order that penal proceedings may be instituted.
VI. DEPARTURE FROM SUPERVISION.
§ 32. A prostitute desiring to retire from supervision must make
personal declaration of such desire to the Commissariat and undergo an
official medical examination. If she is found, at this examination, to
be afflicted with a venereal disease, she is to be committed to a
hospital and her declaration of departure is not to be noted until she
has been dismissed from the hospital.
§ 33. A prostitute under supervision who evades supervision without a
previous notification of her desire to be dropped from the list, is to
be prosecuted at once, unless she is in a position to show that she has
led a decent life since ceasing to comply with the supervision.
§ 34. The Police Department must at once be notified of names dropped
from supervision; the women’s control-sheets must accompany such
notification.
§ 35. Any further surveillance that may be necessary after dropping a
prostitute from the lists, must be conducted in accordance with the
principles governing the supervision of prostitutes not under control.
VII. SURVEILLANCE OF PROSTITUTES NOT UNDER SUPERVISION.
§ 36. It is incumbent on the Police Commissariats, as well as directly
on the Office for Morals Police Affairs, to determine what persons are
carrying on prostitution in a commercial manner, without having declared
their entrance under supervision.
§ 37. The Imperial Safety Guard, as well as such Imperial Police agents
as are not specifically entrusted with surveillance over prostitution,
may take steps against women practising prostitution, only when the
facts have been established beyond any possibility of doubt, or when
there are special reasons for interference, as, for example, § 516 of
the Penal Code, § 1 of the Law of May 24, 1885, R. G. Bl. No. 89, or §
11 of the Imperial Ordinance of April 20, 1854, R. G. Bl. No. 96.
§ 38. Only such police officers as are specifically entrusted with the
surveillance over prostitution may accost or detain persons merely on
suspicion of their practising immorality as a trade, and then only after
having repeatedly, in the course of observations held on a number of
different days, gathered material of a nature to justify such action.
Other police officers, when merely suspecting the practice of commercial
prostitution, will limit themselves to a report of their observations.
§ 39. Special attention is to be paid to the lower class of saloons.
Every legal means must be used in prosecuting the owners of such places
as may arouse suspicion by the employment therein of female persons for
other tasks than those connected with the sale of liquor. In cases that
are clear, the Labor Department must be informed of the facts. Owners of
such places must be denied all concessions within the gift of the
police, such as the license to keep open after the regular closing hour,
or to provide musical entertainment. If they already hold such
concessions, the latter are to be canceled.
§ 40. Persons practising prostitution commercially under the cloak of
some regular calling are to be kept under the necessary surveillance.
§ 41. Investigation must be made of all complaints against persons
suspected of procuring, or of practising prostitution commercially, as
well as of all questionable advertisements in the daily press.
§ 42. In each case the investigation must be made with due regard for
the reputation of the person suspected, and with a discretion that
should be all the greater when the foundation for a penal case is weak.
VIII. TREATMENT OF COMPLAINTS.
§ 43. Complaints made as to any offensive conduct on the part of
prostitutes in the streets or in certain houses must be carefully
investigated, and measures must be taken for the abatement of such
nuisances.
IX. PENALTIES.
(a) _For prostitutes under supervision._
§ 44. The punishment of prostitutes under supervision, for violations of
the Police Ordinances governing the surveillance over prostitution, is
imposed by the Police Commissariats in accordance with § 5, item 2, of
the Law of May 24, 1885, R. G. Bl. No. 89, and with Ministerial
Ordinance of September 30, 1857, R. G. Bl. No. 198.
The penalty is detention for a period of from 6 hours to 8 days,
depending on a very specific examination of the various circumstances
constituting the offence.
§ 45. In the case of insignificant irregularities, particularly in the
case of a first offence, prosecution may be omitted after the prostitute
has been properly reprimanded.
§ 46. Legal proceedings in accordance with § 5, item 2, of the Law of
May 24, 1885, R. G. Bl. No. 89, must not be instituted except when the
offence provided for in that section is committed by a prostitute who
has been punished several times by the police for a similar offence, in
other words, when it is evident, both that the case is one of persistent
disregard of police regulations, and that the severity of the penalty
imposed by the police is not commensurate with the seriousness of the
case. Under these circumstances the imposing of detention for more than
eight days, or even commitment to a workhouse or house of correction, is
permissible.
Whenever complaints are to be filed with the courts, the exact nature of
the offence must be stated, and reasons must be advanced for asking the
aid of the courts.
(b) _For prostitutes not under supervision._
§ 47. Cases against prostitutes not under supervision may be tried
either by the Police Commissariats or by the Police Department directly.
In connection with every trial, a résumé of the decisions made in each
case must be drawn up.
§ 48. No punishment should be imposed on women accused for the first
time of, or arrested for the first time for, commercial prostitution,
especially when they are still young, even though the facts be beyond
doubt, unless such punishment may be required, as a repressive measure,
by the manifest depravity of the case.
In all cases in which it may seem not unreasonable to assume that the
woman accused has been led into prostitution by circumstances of a
temporary and accidental nature only, and that consequently her return
to a respectable mode of life might be rendered more difficult by the
stigma of a police penalty, no other action must be taken than the
applying of such of the charitable provisions of § 5, as are applicable
to the particular case.
Such charitable provisions must also be carried out, in the case of a
prostitute not under supervision, when she is a minor, against whom a
penal action has been instituted.
§ 49. No woman accused of the practice of commercial prostitution may be
subjected to the official medical examination until the offence is
finally proved.
§ 50. A prostitute found to be afflicted with a venereal disease at the
official medical examination, must immediately be taken to the hospital.
As a preliminary she must be informed of the rules provided for
prostitutes under supervision, in §§ 23 and 24, which rules, under these
circumstances, are applicable also to prostitutes not under supervision.
Punishments for infractions of these obligations are to be imposed in
accordance with § 5, item 2, of the Law of May 24, 1885, R. G. Bl. No.
89, and in accordance with Ministerial Ordinance of September 30, 1857,
R. G. Bl. No. 198.
§ 51. Penalties imposed by the police on persons convicted of the
practice of commercial prostitution, must conform to § 5, section 1, or,
in the case of persons previously punished for similar offences, to § 5,
item 1, of the Law of May 24, 1885, R. G. Bl. No. 89, and to the
Ministerial Ordinance of September 30, 1857, R. G. Bl. No. 198.
The provisions of § 46 or of § 44 determine whether proceedings are to
be instituted, in accordance with § 5, item 1, of the above law, and
also, what is to be the severity of the punishment; yet, in assigning a
penalty, the principle must be borne in mind that a prostitute not under
supervision is to be treated with greater severity than one who is under
supervision.
§ 52. When the police impose a penalty on a prostitute not under
supervision, the facts of the case, and, particularly, the amenability
of the accused, must be so formulated as to leave no misunderstanding in
the mind of the latter, as to the offence imputed to her.
X. JURISDICTION.
(a) _Jurisdiction of the Police Department._
§ 53. The following business is within the jurisdiction of the Office
for Morals Police Affairs:
1. The functions conferred on this office in its capacity as
headquarters for the surveillance of the white slave traffic, in
accordance with the edict of the Department of Police, dated August 12,
1905.
2. All records of general nature concerning prostitutes under
supervision, concerning the houses mentioned in §§ 9 and 16, and the
mistresses of such houses, concerning prostitutes not under supervision,
concerning pimps, and concerning procuring.
3. The instituting of proceedings to determine whether minors, or
prostitutes who ply their trade outside of their homes, are to be placed
under supervision.
4. Orders to evacuate streets or houses inhabited by prostitutes.
5. Management of such prostitutes not under supervision as may be traced
by the officers assigned to the office.
6. Complete control over such trials as may, by reason of their
importance, be assigned to the office by the President.
7. Keeping on file the complaints lodged with the Police Department, as
well as with the Police Commissariats, as to the behavior of the
prostitutes.
8. Supervision of the Commissariats with the object of maintaining a
uniform application of the prostitution regulations.
9. Inspection of the punishment and fine books kept by the
Commissariats.
10. Examination of the appeals made against the judgments of the
Commissariats.
11. Consultations at regular intervals with the officials assigned to
report on prostitution.
12. Collecting of material having reference to the regulation of
prostitution, and advancing of proposals thereon.
(b) _Jurisdiction of the Police Commissariats._
§ 54. The application of the prostitution regulations, in all matters in
which § 53 does not stipulate the exclusive jurisdiction of the Police
Department, is incumbent on the Police Commissariats.
The Commissariats must keep records on the following matters:
1. Prostitutes, in their district, under supervision.
2. Dwellings of prostitutes under supervision, who practise prostitution
in such dwellings.
3. Mistresses or keepers of such dwellings.
Furthermore, the Police Commissariats must transmit the following
material to the Police Department:
(a) Weekly reports of changes occurring in their own districts, in the
number of prostitutes,
(b) Complaints as to the behavior of the prostitutes,
(c) Accusations of procuring,
(d) The documents provided for in § 47,
(e) After disposing of the cases, the reports of failure to appear for
medical examination,
(f) The punishment-books (every month),
(g) The records taken in the inspections of brothels.
Finally, the Commissariats must report any changes in the number of
houses mentioned in §§ 9 and 16, as well as in the mistresses of such
houses, and they must also report all cases of failure to assign a
prostitute to supervision in spite of the fact that the necessary
preliminary condition provided in § 2 has been realized.
APPENDIX V
DANISH LAW FOR RESISTING PUBLIC IMMORALITY AND VENEREAL INFECTION,
CONFIRMED BY HIS MAJESTY KING FREDERICK VIII ON MARCH 30, 1906.
§ 1. Police supervision of commercial immorality is hereby abolished.
Police action against persons practising such trade is legitimate when
it accords with the conditions, and proceeds in the manner, provided in
the legislation on vagrancy (Lovgivningen om Løsgængeri). Yet, the order
mentioned in the Law of March 3, 1860, § 2, must not be given unless
warning has been previously issued.
§ 2. Anyone who incites or entices to immorality, in such manner, or who
displays an immoral mode of life, to such a degree, as to offend the
sense of decency, or to become a public nuisance, or to disturb those
living in the vicinity, shall be punished by imprisonment, or, under
aggravating circumstances, or for a repetition of the offence, by
commitment to the penitentiary. If there are extenuating circumstances,
the punishment may be commuted to a fine.
The same punishment is provided for any woman who practises immorality
as a trade, provided that a male person, or a minor over two years of
age, lives in the same dwelling with her, or that she receives visits
for immoral purposes from male persons under eighteen years of age.
Any person not previously warned or punished for one of the above
offences, may, instead of being punished, be simply warned, by the
Police Department; but no warning may be issued if the accused demands
sentence by law.
§ 3. The keeping of brothels is prohibited. Anyone violating this
prohibition is punished by imprisonment in a house of correction or at
hard labor, or by imprisonment on common prison diet. The same
punishment is imposed on anyone guilty of procuring. Such persons as
may, with the object of pecuniary profit, grant admission to their
dwellings, to persons of different sex, in order that vicious practices
may there take place, or such as let rooms, not for the purpose of
prolonged habitation, but in order to provide an opportunity for immoral
practices, or such as admit to their houses female persons under the age
of eighteen, who are seeking gain by immoral practices, shall be
punished by detention in prison or at hard labor. In the case of a
repeated offence, the punishment may be increased to commission to a
penitentiary for a period not exceeding two years.
It is forbidden to offer for sale, or to send out circulars concerning,
or to exhibit a signboard concerning, any device calculated to prevent
the consequences of cohabitation, to the general public, or to
individuals not personally known to the seller, or to persons not
distinctly specified. Violation of this prohibition is treated and
punished in accordance with the rules governing violations of police
regulations.
§ 4. The same punishment as that provided in § 181 of the General Civil
Penal Code, shall be imposed on any person who, under the circumstances
described in the paragraph cited, has carnal intercourse with the person
to whom he or she is married, provided, that the latter has thereby
contracted an infection, and makes a charge to that effect within one
year after acquiring knowledge as to the contraction of the disease.
Anyone guilty of the offence described in § 181 of the General Civil
Penal Code, or of the offence described above, must, when the other
person, without having previously been informed of the danger of
infection, becomes infected, not only indemnify the infected person for
the expenses involved in the curative treatment, but must also pay
damages to cover the sufferings and losses due to the disease.
§ 5. Persons afflicted with venereal diseases have the right, regardless
of whether they are able or not able to defray the expenses of their
cure, to demand treatment of such diseases at the public expense.
Likewise, such persons are obliged to submit to such public treatment
unless they can show that they have already engaged proper medical
attention. If such persons are not situated in surroundings of a nature
to furnish reasonable assurance that the disease will not be transmitted
to other persons, unless such patients are removed, or, if the patients
do not comply with orders given to prevent the infection of others, they
may be committed to a hospital for treatment. When such steps become
necessary, the district judges (in Copenhagen, the Director of Police)
shall, with the approval of the Minister of Justices, issue the
appropriate orders, and compliance with the obligation thus imposed may
be forced by fines, imposed by the authorities cited, and, when such
fines are of no avail, by arraignment by the police.
Those permanently in receipt of poor relief, who are found to be
afflicted with venereal diseases, are to be committed to a hospital for
treatment.
§ 6. Whenever, in the course of the treatment of a disease, or at the
termination of such treatment, it is considered necessary, in view of
the danger of infection, to keep the patient under constant supervision,
he must be ordered by the physician, to present himself to the latter at
certain fixed times, or, in lieu of such action, to furnish documentary
evidence that another authorized physician has undertaken to treat him.
Blanks to be used in issuing such orders may be obtained from the proper
City or District Physician.
If the patient violates this order, or if the physician does not desire
to treat him any longer, and if, on request to furnish evidence that his
treatment has been undertaken by another physician, he neglects to do
so, notification of this fact must be sent to the proper Public or
Examining Physician, who will then order such patient to report at the
Consultation Office, in accordance with the provisions of § 13 below.
§ 7. It is incumbent on every physician who examines or treats a patient
for a venereal disease, to call the attention of the latter to the
contagious character of the disease, and to the legal consequences of
infecting other persons, or exposing them to infection, with the
disease, and, particularly, to warn the patient against contracting
marriage, while the danger of infection is still present. Blanks for
issuing these admonitions may be obtained from the proper City or
District Physician.
§ 8. In his weekly reports to the proper City or District Physician,
every physician must distinctly state that he has carried out the
provisions of the above paragraph, as well as indicate the number of
persons to whom he has issued the orders described in § 6.
Violation of the provisions of §§ 6 and 7, and of the first section of
this paragraph, shall be punished by fines not exceeding 200 kroner. Any
one in these circumstances, who gives a wrong name, business, or
address, to the physician treating him, shall be punished in accordance
with § 155 of the Penal Code.
§ 9. An infant afflicted with syphilis may not be given to be nursed, to
any woman except the mother of the child. Nor may any nurse who knows or
thinks she is infected with this disease, accept the child of any other
woman to nurse. Violations of these prohibitions shall be punished by
imposing the penalty provided in § 181 of the General Civil Penal Code,
which also provides that any one convicted of such offence, shall, if
the disease be transmitted, not only be obliged to indemnify the person
so infected, for the costs of treatment, but shall also have to pay
damages for sufferings and losses due to the disease. The same liability
for damages shall be incumbent on such person as hands over a child whom
he knows or has reason to know to be infected with a venereal disease,
to the care of other persons, or who puts out such child to nurse,
without having previously informed the foster-parents, or the nurse, of
the fact that the child is afflicted, or suspected of being afflicted,
with syphilis, and of the danger of infection involved in relations of
this nature with such child. To put out such child to nurse is forbidden
under any circumstances that would expose other children to infection;
violation of this prohibition is punished by applying the provisions of
item 2 of the first section of this paragraph.
These provisions are applicable also to such public authorities as put
out children to nurse, or assign them to the care of foster-parents.
A child is considered to be suspicious, from the standpoint of syphilis,
even though no indications of the disease have put in their appearance,
in case either of the parents has contracted syphilis within the past
seven years, and three months have not yet elapsed since the birth of
the child.
§ 10. Any one accused of one of the offences provided for in § 1, § 2, §
4, or § 9, item 2, or in § 181 of the General Civil Penal Code, may, by
his express consent, be subjected, under the auspices of the police, to
a medical examination. In case of a refusal to be examined, the court
may deliver a verdict, provided the accusation be considered
well-founded, ordering the examination to be made without the consent of
the accused.
§ 11. The medical examinations provided in § 10 will be held at the
place indicated by the police, by the proper City or District Physician,
or by a special Examining Physician appointed for the purpose.
Compulsory examinations must be conducted, unless this right is
expressly waived by the person to be examined, by a physician of the
same sex as the latter, provided such can be found in the town itself or
within such distance from it as to cause no considerable delay, and
provided such physician is willing to conduct examinations of this
nature.—Physicians discharging such duties shall either receive an
annual salary, to be fixed by the local administration and approved by
the Minister of Justice, or, if no such salary shall have been so fixed
and approved, they shall be paid for each examination, as follows: For
examinations of individuals to be conducted at the same place and time,
4 kroner for the examination of the first such individual, and 1 krone
for each individual examined immediately thereafter; in addition they
may be reimbursed for any outlay made for their transportation. In
towns, such payments are to be made from the town treasury; in the
country, from the provincial appropriations fund; and on the Island of
Bornholm, from the provincial fund available for both town and country.
For drawing up a certificate to indicate whether or not the person
examined has been found to be afflicted with a venereal disease, no
special payment shall be made to the physician.
§ 12. Likewise, but at times other than those set for the above
examinations, Public or Examining Physicians shall examine, and, if it
be necessary and feasible, without commitment to a hospital, shall treat
any person who applies to them or is referred to them because of
venereal infection. No payment may be required or accepted from the
patient for such services. Payment shall be made out of the public funds
in accordance with the rules followed heretofore.
In Copenhagen there must always be on hand a sufficient number of
examining physicians, who are assigned to a daily schedule of attendance
at offices in various parts of the city, at times set by the Health
Board.
§ 13. Whenever the Public or Examining Physician considers it necessary,
in view of the danger of contagion, to order patients to report to him
at times to be definitely set by the physician, the latter shall so
order, making use of the blanks officially provided for the purpose.
Compliance with this order may be forced by the imposing of fines, by
the District Judge (in Copenhagen, by the Director of Police), with the
approval of the Minister of Justice, and, should this fail to produce
the desired effect, by arraignment by the police.
§ 14. Those committed to a hospital for treatment of venereal diseases
at the public expense, shall not leave the hospital until they are
discharged by the hospital physician. Violation of this provision is
punished by imprisonment on common prison diet for not more than twenty
days, or by ordinary imprisonment for not more than one month.
§ 15. The police may prohibit hotel-keepers, inn-keepers, and
saloon-keepers from granting shelter, in their establishments, to female
persons who have been sentenced for violating § 2 of this law, or from
employing such female persons to entertain or serve the guests in such
establishments.
Violations of this prohibition shall be punished by fines not exceeding
100 kroner, imprisonment on common prison diet for not more than two
months, or imprisonment at hard labor for not more than three months. If
the offender has not been previously sentenced or warned for the same
offence, a warning by the Police Department may take the place of a
sentence. But no warning shall be issued if the accused demands sentence
by law.
§ 16. In administering the provisions of this law for imprisonment or
penitentiary commitment, the rules set by Chapter II of the General
Civil Penal Code, as well as by the Provisional Law of April 1, 1905,
shall be followed. Trials for violations treated in § 2, § 6, section 2,
§ 7, § 8, section 1, § 9, § 14, and § 15, shall be conducted as regular
public police trials, but behind closed doors. Fines imposed as a result
of these public trials, are added to the police fund; in Copenhagen, to
the city treasury.
§ 17. By the term “venereal diseases,” as used in this law, are meant
the diseases known to medical science as _syphilis_, _gonorrhœa_, and
_ulcus venereum_.
§ 18. This law goes into effect six months after it has been printed in
the Law Journal; but the enrolment of immoral women, which has been
carried on heretofore in accordance with the Law of April 10, 1874,
shall cease at once. Simultaneously §§ 180 and 182 of the Penal Code,
and the Law of April 10, 1874, on Measures to Resist the Spread of
Venereal Infection, the Law of March 1, 1895, on Changes and Additions
in the above Law, the Law of April 11, 1901, on Additions to the two
preceding laws, and the Laws of February 11, 1863, § 8, final item, and
of February 4, 1874, § 2, section c, together with all rules,
regulations, and orders based thereon, are hereby abolished, as such
rules, regulations, and orders can no longer be enforced on the basis of
the laws in operation before the going into effect of the Law of April
10, 1874.
INDEX
Abolition defined, 286–287.
Amsterdam, 297, 339.
Animierkneipe, 10, 30, 46, 94.
Armies, venereal disease in, 370–379, 393, 394.
Arrests, 161–163, 278–281, 334.
Augagneur V., 361, 379.
Barmaids, 88.
Baumgarten, A., 65, 78, 140, 154, 170, 185.
Berlin, regulation in, 123–129;
street conditions in, 157–158;
sanitary control in, 206–209, 214–215;
compared with Paris and London, 309;
regulations, text of, 415–419.
Birmingham, 316–317.
Blaschko, A., 42, 43, 74, 115, 143, 217, 221, 239, 282, 366, 393.
Bloch, I., 4, 5, 49, 120, 179, 205.
Booth, Mrs. B., 83, 88.
Booth, C., 17, 18, 85.
Bordells, definition, 166;
prevalence of, 166–167;
number and size, 172–174;
decay of, 180, 182;
effect on street conditions, 192–196;
effect on other forms of vice, 196–198;
in relation to disease, 256–261;
suppression of, in abolition towns, 323–324.
Bremen, regulation in, 129–136;
bordells in, 169.
Brothels, 292–295.
Brussels, sanitary control in, 227.
Budapest, regulation in, 131–136;
street conditions in, 157–158;
bordells in, 187;
rendezvous houses in, 200.
Christiania, 324, 328, 329, 331, 379–381, 386–388.
Continence among males, 41–43;
wholesomeness of, 50–51.
Coote, W. A., 304, 314.
Copenhagen, 324, 328, 339, 379–388.
Danish law, 296, 346–347;
text in full, 445–452.
Degeneracy and prostitution, 67–70.
Denmark, venereal disease in: see Copenhagen.
Denunciation, 353–358.
Dispensary system, 360–361.
Disappearances, 154–155, 234–235, 249–250.
Dresden, regulation in, 133–136.
Dufour, P., 143.
Dutch Law, 296.
Economic pressure, 83–87.
Edinburgh, 318.
Employment agencies, 94–95.
England, venereal disease in, 363–365; 371–377.
Engel-Reimers, J., 247.
Fiaux, L., 23, 25, 35, 77, 111, 139, 143, 144, 155, 181, 186, 190.
Finger, E., 42, 78, 154, 246.
Fosdick, R. B., 269.
Geneva, sanitary control in, 227.
German Empire, venereal disease in, 378–379.
Glasgow, 320–321.
Gonorrhœa, 224, 231–233, 244–245, 250–252.
The Hague, 328, 332.
Hamburg, regulation in, 133–136;
bordells in, 168;
sanitary control in, 215, 228;
text of regulations, 420–428.
Henry, Sir E., 313–314.
Hirschfeld, M., 46.
Hoff, E. M., 330, 353, 382, 389.
Homosexuality, 31–32.
Hospital treatment, 236–238.
Illegitimacy, 81.
Immorality distinguished from prostitution, 16–19.
Italy, abolition legislation in, 349–353.
Johannson, J. E., 20, 37, 51, 202, 219, 235, 236, 279, 332.
Kneeland, G. J., 231.
Krefting, R., 386, 388.
Lépine, Louis, 24, 138–139, 140, 155, 170, 190, 278.
Liquor and prostitution, 45, 98–99.
Liverpool, 315–319.
London, laws, 292, etc.;
street and brothel conditions, 302–308;
compared with continental cities, 309;
police conditions in, 312–314.
Lyons, 158.
Maison de passe, 196.
Manchester, 158, 317, 318.
McNeil, A., 231.
Melville, C. H., 364, 373, 375, 377, 379.
Minors, 77–79, 152–154, 241–243.
Moll, A., 12, 50, 82, 192.
Morals police, 147, 270–273, 281–282, 341–342.
Munich, regulation in, 130, 132;
street conditions in, 158–159.
Neisser, A., 241, 246.
Notification of disease, 362–363.
Norway, venereal disease in: see Christiania.
Norwegian law, 295, 343–345.
Parent-Duchatelet, A.-J.-B., 10, 21, 22, 70, 73.
Paris, regulation in, 130–136;
street conditions in, 157–158;
bordells in, 170, 190;
sanitary control in, 211, 226;
Hospital St. Lazare, 213;
medical examination, 216–218;
compared with London, 309;
text of regulations, 405, 414.
Pimps, 32–33, 95–97, 336.
Pinkus, F., 81, 83, 230, 234, 238, 244, 251, 257.
Police, 397, 399.
Prostitutes, mortality of, 21–24;
number of, 24–28;
number of inscribed, 40–46;
supply of, 63–88.
Prostitution, cost of, 34–38;
complexity of, 39–41, 105–106;
definition of, 9–15;
fluctuations in, 19–21;
forms of, 28–31;
involves two parties, 39, 107–109;
legal attitude towards, 106, 111–117, 136–142, 288–292;
medieval, 5, 6;
modern, 6–8.
Prussia, venereal disease in, 368–371, 377–379.
Rescue work, 100.
Regulation, defined, 121–122;
decay of, 266–267.
Regulation in various cities: see under names of cities.
Rendezvous houses, 96–98, 200–202.
Riehl process, 90, 185.
Rome, sanitary control in, 227.
Rotterdam, 328, 333.
Santoliquido, R., 352.
Scheven, K., 168, 173, 266.
Schjerning, O. v., 379.
Schmölder, R., 116, 138, 235.
Schneider, C. K., 22, 186.
Schreiber, Adele, 18, 63, 77, 80, 170, 177.
Seduction, 80.
Segregation, 175–179.
Servants and prostitution, 76–77.
Sex education, 52–58.
Souteneur, see Pimp.
Stockholm, regulation in, 134.
Stuttgart, regulation in, 130–136;
street conditions in, 58–59.
Supply, sources of, 61–65.
Sweden, venereal disease in, 369.
Syphilis, 223, 250;
amount discovered, 228–230;
length of treatment, 238.
Venereal disease statistics, 366.
(For various countries, see under countries, cities, armies.)
Vienna, regulation in, 132–136;
street conditions in, 157–158;
bordells in, 171, 188–189;
text of regulations, 429–444.
Vigilance societies, 91.
Webb, Sidney and Beatrice, 365.
White, D., 364.
White Slave traffic, 92–94;
dependent on bordells, 182–185.
Wolzendorff, K., 142.
Zurich, 324, 333;
venereal disease in, 389–391.
-----
Footnote 1:
The following cities were visited: London, Liverpool, Birmingham,
Manchester, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Paris, Lyons, Rome, Brussels, Berlin,
Hamburg, Dresden, Frankfort-on-Main, Cologne, Hamm, Stuttgart, Munich,
The Hague, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Christiania,
Geneva, Zurich, Vienna, Budapest.
Footnote 2:
This has been conclusively established by the researches of Dr. Iwan
Bloch in his great work “_Die Prostitution_,” (Berlin, 1912), one
volume of which has already appeared. Dr. Bloch has courteously placed
the proof sheets of the second volume at my disposal.
Footnote 3:
The evidence and authorities are exhaustively given by Bloch, _loc.
cit._, Vol. I, pp. 685, etc. Constantinople became Islamic in 1453.
Footnote 4:
It looks like a contradiction in terms to speak of known clandestine
prostitution. Current usage on the Continent construes “professional
prostitute” to mean a woman who has been registered by the police; any
prostitute who is not registered is therefore called clandestine. Many
of these so-called clandestines are just as notorious as the
registered professionals. The clandestine class therefore nowadays
contains known, but unregistered women, as well as unknown or not
reliably known prostitutes. It is this last named contingent that was
insignificant in medieval, and has become so numerous in modern towns.
Footnote 5:
The Animierkneipe is a low grade drinking-resort in which the barmaid
drinks with her customer, often in a screened nook or corner, if he
can be induced to occupy one.
Footnote 6:
Müller: _Zur Kenntnis der Prostitution in Zürich_. (Zurich, 1911), pp.
11 and 44. Abundant additional illustrations will appear in subsequent
chapters, e. g. Chap. III, V, VII, etc.
Footnote 7:
A.-J.-B. Parent-Duchatelet: _De la Prostitution dans la Ville de
Paris_. (2 volumes, Paris, 1857) Vol. I, p. 25.
Footnote 8:
Adrien Mithouard in _Rapports au nom de la 2^e Commission sur la
Prostitution_, etc. (Conseil Municipal de Paris, 1904) p. 110. A.
Moll: _Handbuch der Sexualwissenschaften_ (Leipzig, 1912) p. 354,
describes the same type as known in Germany: “To clandestine
prostitution are to be reckoned also girls and women of better
families who sell themselves in the salons of the pander.” So also S.
Leonhard: “Girls and women who live in comparative luxury, who have a
calling and a good social position are often prostitutes.” _Die
Prostitution_ (Munich, 1912) p. 23; also p. 20.
Footnote 9:
Particularly Chapter VII. It is obvious that there is wide room for
error in tracing the source of an infection, but allowance may be made
for this without affecting the argument here made.
Footnote 10:
H. Loeb: _Statistiches über Geschlechtskrankheiten in Mannheim.
Zeitschrift für Bekämpfung der Geschlechtskrankheiten_ (Leipzig). Band
II, pp. 93 etc. Loeb admits a few persons whom my definition would
exclude,—viz., mistresses, etc., who ought to be excluded so long as
they are attached to one individual. This valuable publication will be
referred to henceforth as _Zeitschrift_.
Footnote 11:
Lion & Loeb, _Zeitschrift_ VII, p. 295.
Footnote 12:
F. Bloch: _Die nicht-gewerbsmässige Prostitution_. _Zeitschrift_, Band
X, p. 70. Bloch’s patients come from all social classes. In
_Zeitschrift_ XII, pp. 314 etc., Oppenheim and Neugebauer deal with
the infection of laborers alone.
Footnote 13:
Georges Hébart: _Où se prennent les malades vénériennes?_ Thèse de
Paris, 1906, pp. 31–34.
Footnote 14:
_Zeitschrift_, V., p. 286.
Footnote 15:
See, for example, Müller, _loc. cit_., pp. 11–13.
Footnote 16:
Paul Kampffmeyer: _Die Prostitution als soziale Klassenerscheinung_.
(Berlin, 1905) p. 26.
Footnote 17:
Charles Booth: _Life and Labor in London_ (final volume, London, 1903)
p. 41.
Footnote 18:
Ibid. p. 42.
Footnote 19:
_Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich_—quoted by J. Marcuse:
_Die Beschränkung der Geburtenzahl_ (Munich, 1913) p. 22.
Footnote 20:
Adele Schreiber: _Mutterschaft_ (Munich, 1912) p. 260.
Footnote 21:
_Loc. cit._, p. 44.
Footnote 22:
James Devon: _The Criminal and the Community_ (London and New York,
1912) p. 158.
Footnote 23:
Moll: _loc. cit._, p. 371. Also: Kampffmeyer: _loc. cit._, p. 20.
Footnote 24:
Wohlrabe: _Schäden und Gefahren der sexuellen Unsittlichkeit_
(Leipzig, 1908) pp. 8–10. Fuller accounts have been published by
Wittenberg and Hückstädt: _Die geschlechtlich-sittlichen Verhältnisse
der evangelischen Landbewohner im Deutschen Reich_ (Leipzig, 1895).
These authors are all clergymen and may take too unfavorable a view.
Footnote 25:
_Zeitschrift_, Vol. XI, p. 410. An opinion differing somewhat from
that in the text is held by J. Kyrle, _Zeitschrift_ VIII, p. 352.
Footnote 26:
This will appear clearly in the statistics given in Chap. V.
Footnote 27:
_I Reglementeringsfragen_ (Upsala, 1911) p. 63.
Footnote 28:
_Ibid._, p. 49. Carefully compiled tables covering the years, 1870–
1904, are given in Prof. Johansson’s report prepared for the Swedish
Commission appointed to study the regulation of prostitution. This
report is published in four volumes in the Swedish language
(Stockholm, 1910). I shall refer to it as Report Swedish Commission.
Prof. Johansson’s researches are contained in Vol. III. For the tables
here referred to, see pp. 19–20. In 1900–4, 31.7% of the registered
prostitutes were dropped from the police rolls and of these 73.4%
engaged in some decent occupation. As this volume goes to press, a new
book by Prof. Johansson appears: _Reglementeringen I Stockholm_
(Stockholm, 1913). Table 6, p. 62, shows that of all women enrolled
between 1859 and 1884, 36.6% left the life (sent home, obtained decent
employment, married, etc.). If this is so often the case with the
lowest type, whose emergence has been made difficult, it must be far
oftener true of the clandestine not branded by the law. “Everything
points to the likelihood that, if in their prostitution period they
have succeeded in escaping enrolment, their return to a normal mode of
life is much facilitated.” _Ibid._, p. 43.
Footnote 29:
_Loc. cit._, Vol. I, p. 584.
Footnote 30:
Parent-Duchatelet reports (_loc. cit._, p. 582) two contrary opinions
as current in his day: Some physicians hold that the prostitute has a
constitution of iron (“santé de fer”), others that she dies before
thirty. Neither view is sound. Parent-Duchatelet himself is able to
trace the subsequent career of 1,680 women out of 5,081 who were
stricken from the Paris list during a period of 10 years. They
returned to various occupations; probably many of those whom he could
not follow up did likewise (_Ibid._, pp. 584–5).
Footnote 31:
Quoted by C. K. Schneider: _Die Prostituierte und die Gesellschaft_
(Leipzig, 1908) p. 187.
Footnote 32:
_Loc. cit._, Vol I, p. 95.
Footnote 33:
_Rapports_, _Conseil municipal_, _loc. cit._, p. 31.
Footnote 34:
_Report_, _Swedish Commission_, Vol III, pp. 105–6.
Footnote 35:
J. Schrank, _Die Prostitution in Wien_, two volumes (Wien, 1886), Vol.
II, pp. 220–2.
Footnote 36:
Schneider, _loc. cit._, p. 39.
Footnote 37:
Fiaux, _La Police des Moeurs_ (3 vols. Paris, 1907, 1910) Vol. III, p.
658. M. Fiaux is the most voluminous and indefatigable of European
writers on the subject and his works are inexhaustible mines of
information and argument.
Footnote 38:
The Lock-Hospital; the term “Lock” has no connection with “lock-up.”
Its meaning is obscure.
Footnote 39:
Maurice Gregory, _The European Movement for Abolition_. (Tokyo, Japan,
1912), pp. 44–47.
Footnote 40:
At the proper time subsequently, these occasions are always followed
by a perceptible rise in the illegitimacy curve.
Footnote 41:
Louis Fiaux: _La Police des Moeurs_, Vol. I, p. 160.
Footnote 42:
These estimates deal with clandestine prostitution alone, meaning
thereby, as I have already pointed out, unofficial prostitution, some
of it notorious, some concealed. Official or registered prostitution
is too small to be a factor in calculations of this kind.
Footnote 43:
F. Schiller in _Zeitschrift_ II, p. 312.
Footnote 44:
Disturbed local conditions might be assigned as the explanation of
this figure; but it is practically repeated in 1880, when the arrests
reached 3,544.
Footnote 45:
Gregory, _loc. cit._, p. 46.
Footnote 46:
William Acton, _Prostitution_ (London, 1870) p. 4. Acton quotes also
(p. 3) a police estimate of 6,371, for 1839.
Footnote 47:
P. Pollitz: _Die Psychologie des Verbrechers_. (Leipzig, 1909) p. 85.
Footnote 48:
The figures are official; they may be found in various sources, _e.
g._, A. Grotjahn, _Soziale Pathologie_ (Berlin, 1912) p. 153.
Footnote 49:
Studies of this point have been made in Paris by O. Commenge: _La
Prostitution clandestine à Paris_ (Paris, 1904) Chap. II.
Footnote 50:
_Memorandum on a Social Evil in Glasgow_, published by authority of
the Parish Council, October, 1911, p. 43. The Chief Constable in a
report to the Magistrates Committee, November 20, 1911, holds this
estimate to be a gross exaggeration.
Footnote 51:
Personally communicated by Police Brigadier.
Footnote 52:
Personally communicated by officials.
Footnote 53:
Th. M. Roest Van Limburgh: _In den Strijd tegen de Ontucht_.
(Rotterdam, 1910) p. 17.
Footnote 54:
The last named figures are quoted by Moll, _loc. cit._, p. 371. For a
discussion as to the probable number of prostitutes in Hamburg, see
_Zeitschrift_ IV, p. 183.
Footnote 55:
These bars often advertise “new service weekly.” A statistical return
on the waitresses of Berlin shows that 57.2% remained in one place
three months or less. Of 1,108 cases examined, 732 had more than six
places in one year, 200 more than ten, and 63 more than 20! Henning,
_Denkschrift über das Kellnerinnen-Wesen_ (Berlin, no date) pp. 13,
14. See also: A. Meher, _Die geheime und öffentliche Prostitution in
Stuttgart_, etc. (Paderborn, 1912) p. 133, etc. See also: _Das
Animierkneipenwesen in Frankfurt a. M._ _Zeitschrift_ VIII, p. 59;
also, same volume, pp. 70 and 75.
Footnote 56:
See Chapter XI—_The Outcome of European Experience_.
Footnote 57:
The pimp is called “bully” in England, “souteneur,” “Louis” or
“Alphonse” in France; “Zuhälter” in Germany.
Footnote 58:
The pimp is said to be less common in Scandinavia than elsewhere: See
Hjalmar von Sydow, _Om Soutenörväsendet_ in _Report, Swedish
Commission_, Vol. IV, p. 12.
Footnote 59:
See pp. 96–7.
Footnote 60:
$1.25 to $2.50.
Footnote 61:
Schneider: _loc. cit._, p. 32.
Footnote 62:
For a shabby room in Berlin, the author of the “_Diary of a Lost One_”
(Berlin, 1905) p. 137, paid 180 marks a month.
Footnote 63:
The subject is more fully discussed in Chapter VI.
Footnote 64:
_Loc. cit._, p. 220. A well-known Berlin resort is capitalized at
1,000,000 marks and has recently declared a dividend of 20%.
(_Berliner Tageblatt_, May 2, 1912.)
Footnote 65:
Fiaux, _loc. cit._, I, pp. 215–6, 220–221.
Footnote 66:
$75 to $150.
Footnote 67:
_Report, Swedish Commission_, Vol. III, p. 50.
Footnote 68:
Prof. Johansson calculated that a woman averages one-fourth of a year
in hospital, prison, etc.
Footnote 69:
_Ibid._, p. 54.
Footnote 70:
Quoted by Kampffmeyer, _loc. cit._, p. 34.
Footnote 71:
_Statistisches Jahrbuch_ (Berlin, 1910) pp. 242–3.
Footnote 72:
From this statement England is purposely excluded for two reasons: (1)
accurate data covering different social classes are not obtainable;
(2) family and religious life are so differently organized that there
is a very strong presumption that correct living is in certain strata
of society distinctly more probable than on the Continent.
Organizations like the White Cross Societies and The Alliance of Honor
testify to the existence of sound sentiment and promote sound
practice. But as to the extent to which continence prevails I have
been unable to form a conception.
Footnote 73:
_Zeitschrift_ XI, p. 47.
Footnote 74:
_Zeitschrift_ XI, p. 5.
Footnote 75:
_Zeitschrift_ IX, pp. 66–68. See also pp. 37–65.
Footnote 76:
_Zeitschrift_ IX, p. 411.
Footnote 77:
_Zeitschrift_ XIII, p. 154.
Footnote 78:
Blaschko, in _Zeitschrift_ XIII, p. 104.
Footnote 79:
_Zeitschrift_ XII, p. 34.
Footnote 80:
See Blaschko, _Zeitschrift_ XIII, pp. 154–5.
Footnote 81:
“The incidence of gonorrhea is estimated at over 100%; i. e., on the
average, every man has had it. This does not mean that actually every
man has had gonorrhea, for if one person has had it six times, that
would absolve several others.” F. Pinkus: _Die Verhütung der
Geschlechtskrankheiten_ (Freiburg, 1912) p. 21.
Footnote 82:
Bloch, _loc. cit._, Vol. I, pp. 710–712 gives details and authorities.
Footnote 83:
_Zeitschrift_ VIII, p. 4.
Footnote 84:
The rôle of alcohol is described by O. Rosenthal: _Alkoholismus und
Prostitution_ (with bibliography) (Berlin, 1905). See also M.
Hirschfeld: _Die Gurgel von Berlin_ (Berlin, no date) pp. 43, etc.
Footnote 85:
_Zeitschrift_ XI, pp. 6 and 60.
Footnote 86:
See Iwan Bloch: _Das Sexualleben unserer Zeit_ (Berlin, 1909) p. 91.
Footnote 87:
Moll, _loc. cit._, p. 887. See also pp. 945, etc.
Footnote 88:
Felix Pinkus, _loc. cit._, p. 177.
Footnote 89:
M. von Gruber, _Die Prostitution_ (Wien, 1905) p. 40, etc.
Footnote 90:
_Zeitschrift_ XIII, p. 46; see also III, p. 255.
Footnote 91:
Touton, quoting Troemner’s report at the Dresden Conference, 1911,
_Zeitschrift_ XII, p. 412. See also X, p. 211; for the opposite point
of view, see _Zeitschrift_ XIII, pp. 82, etc., 92, etc.; also, Max
Marcuse, _Das Liebesleben des deutschen Studenten_ (_Sexual-Probleme_
Nov. 1908); also, _Zeitschrift_ XI, pp. 81 and 129.
Footnote 92:
_Zeitschrift_ XIII, p. 70.
Footnote 93:
_Report, Swedish Commission_, Vol. III, _loc. cit._, p. 214.
Footnote 94:
“In this grave matter, so timid and divided is public opinion, that I
have to be practically silent, ‘letting I dare not, wait upon I
would.’” John Russell, in “_Can the School Prepare for Parenthood?_”
(Eugenics Education Society, 1909) p. 4.
Footnote 95:
“_Papers for Boys_,” with a preface by the Archbishop of Canterbury
(To be had through the Editor, the Headmaster of Dover College, Dover,
for 6d.).
Footnote 96:
Frankfort-on-the-Oder is one of the few places.
Footnote 97:
The so-called “Abiturienten,” who are about to enter the University.
Whatever these addresses accomplish, the amount of venereal disease
found among Gymnasium students would show that the efforts are too
late.
Footnote 98:
It has been objected to physicians that they over-emphasize
prophylaxis.
Footnote 99:
Among the German writers who have emphasized this point are F. W.
Foerster, _Sexualethik und Sexualpädagogik_ (Munich, 1910), and Julian
Marcuse, _Grundzüge einer sexuellen Pädagogik_ (Munich, 1908). The
latter says with great vigor: “It were a disastrous blunder to suppose
that intellectual enlightenment in reference to matters of sex is
alone capable of preventing error and damage; the natural impulse is
far too forceful to be mastered by mere knowledge of these things.
Nay, helpful knowledge must be accompanied by training of the
feelings, discipline of the will, things of infinitely greater
importance than sheer enlightenment, both of which are foundations for
sexual instruction that must be provided for.” p. 38.
Footnote 100:
“In my judgment, the friends of sexual enlightenment have not yet
succeeded in devising a satisfactory way of approaching children.” P.
Groebel, _Sexualpädagogik_ (Hamburg, 1909) p. 1. As an example of what
is proposed for German schools, see Konrad Hoeller: _Die Sexualfrage
und die Schule_ (Leipzig, 1907) pp. 45, etc.
Footnote 101:
Expressly forbidden in Prussia.
Footnote 102:
“I regard it as best to mention the safety devices in school, because
I cannot hope that my injunctions to continence will be heeded by all
my pupils.” Groebel, _loc. cit._, p. 15.
Footnote 103:
A textbook for use in training teachers to give sex-instruction
has recently appeared in Swedish: Julia Kinberg och Alma
Sundquist—_Handledning i Sexuell Undervisning och Uppfostran_
(Stockholm, 1910).
Footnote 104:
E. g., pimp, pp. 95, etc.; bordells, chap. VI; alcohol, pp. 98, etc.
Footnote 105:
_Fédération francaise des Sociétés antipornographiques._
Footnote 106:
_Volksbund zur Bekämpfung des Schmutzes in Wort und Bild._
Footnote 107:
In Austria, July 31, 1912; in Bavaria, March 6, 1906, supplemented
June 3, 1912; in Prussia, December 28, 1911.
Footnote 108:
The literature on the subject in German is already very extensive. As
containing data of all kinds, I may specify the following: Bohn,
_Materialien zur Bekämpfung der unsittlichen Literatur—ein
kulturgeschichtliches Denkmal für die deutsche Presse_, (Berlin,
1905). _Berichte der ausserdeutschen und deutschen Berichterstatten_,
(Congress held at Cologne, 1904) (Berlin, 1905). E. Schultze, _Die
Schundliteratur_ (Halle, 1911). A monthly periodical dealing with the
problem in all its aspects is issued in Berlin; it is called _Die
Hochwacht_, is edited by Professor Karl Brunner and published by the
Ulrich Meyer Verlagsbuchhandlung. Summaries of all legislation bearing
on the topic are found in: _Bekämpfung der Schundliteratur—Flugschrift
der Zentralstelle für Volkswohlfahrt_ (Berlin, 1911). Roeren, _Die
Gesetzgebung gegen die unsittliche Literatur in den verschiedenen
Ländern_ (Berlin, 1905.) A Blue book on the subject has also been
issued by the English government. It is called: _Report from the Joint
Select Committee on Lotteries and Indecent Advertisements_ (London,
1908).
Footnote 109:
Some explanation is found in the fact that the statute does not define
indecency.
Footnote 110:
For example: Hans Wegener, _Wir jungen Männer_ (Dusseldorf, 1906).
Footnote 111:
Adele Schreiber has calculated that 57% of German women between 20 and
30 years old are unmarried. _Loc. cit._, p. 459.
Footnote 112:
_Loc. cit._, Vol. I, pp. 67–68.
Footnote 113:
G. P. Merrick, _Work Among the Fallen_ (London, 1890) pp. 23–24.
Footnote 114:
_Zeitschrift_ XII, pp. 18, 19. Similar results appear in statistics
given by Meher: _Die geheime und öffentliche Prostitution in
Stuttgart, Karlsruhe und München_ (Paderborn, 1912) pp. 221–222.
Footnote 115:
Statistics kindly contributed by the Chief of the Sittenpolizei.
Footnote 116:
_Report, Swedish Commission_, Vol. III, _loc. cit._, p. 77.
Footnote 117:
Manuscript communication, based on private investigation.
Footnote 118:
Kellnerinnen.
Footnote 119:
For these figures, I am indebted to the courtesy of the Chief of the
Sittenabteilung.
Footnote 120:
F. Pinkus, in _Archiv für Dermatologie u. Syphilis_ CVII 1–3, p. 147.
Footnote 121:
Baumgarten in _Zeitschrift_ IX, p. 135.
Footnote 122:
Figures courteously communicated by the Secretary of the institution.
Footnote 123:
_Ditto._
Footnote 124:
_Ditto._
Footnote 125:
Merrick: _loc. cit._, pp. 25–26.
Footnote 126:
_Report, Swedish Commission_, Vol. III, _loc. cit._, p. 75. Dr.
Lindblad, studying 800 hospital cases, reaches the same conclusion.
_Ibid._, p. 12.
Footnote 127:
Analyzed by Commenge, _loc. cit._, p. 336.
Footnote 128:
Merrick, _loc. cit._, pp. 49–50.
Footnote 129:
Schiller in _Zeitschrift_ II, p. 304.
Footnote 130:
Statistics quoted by Grotjahn, _loc. cit._, p. 153.
Footnote 131:
Some confidential London statistics name a few music teachers, school
teachers, trained nurses, etc. But the percentage is very small.
Footnote 132:
Page 80.
Footnote 133:
Report of the Inspector under the Inebriate Acts, 1879 to 1900, for
year 1909 (London, 1911) p. 24.
Footnote 134:
Quoted by P. Pollitz, _Die Psychologie des Verbrechers_ (Leipzig,
1909) p. 89. It must be observed that just as Branthwaite’s high
percentage is due to complication with inebriacy, so Bonhöffer’s must
be regarded as complicated by criminality. A similar investigation
dealing with the tramps and beggars of Breslau has been made by
Bonhöffer; see “_Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis des grosstädtischen Bettel-
und Vagabondentums_.” (Berlin, 1900.)
Footnote 135:
Helene F. Stelzner, _Gibt es geborene Prostituierte?_ (Dresden, 1911)
p. 9.
Footnote 136:
_Report, Swedish Commission_, Vol. III, p. 10.
Footnote 137:
“_Die Prostitution_,” Vol. I, p. 331. Parent-Duchatelet describes the
type excellently: _loc. cit._, Chapter II.
Footnote 138:
_Report_, 1909, _loc. cit._, p. 24.
Footnote 139:
Letters (2 Vols., New York, 1912) Vol. II, p. 532.
Footnote 140:
Private communication.
Footnote 141:
Parent-Duchatelet: _loc. cit._, I, p. 44. Of 6,842 clandestines,
two-thirds were born outside the department of the Seine. Commenge,
_loc. cit._, p. 304.
Footnote 142:
M. Talmeyr, _Das Ende einer Gesellschaft_ (Berlin, no date) p. 256.
Footnote 143:
_Report, Swedish Commission_, Vol. III, p. 74.
Footnote 144:
_Report, Swedish Commission_, Vol. III, p. 28.
Footnote 145:
_The Prevention of Destitution_ (London, 1912) p. 306 (slightly
abridged).
Footnote 146:
_Mitteilungen der deutschen Gesellschaft zur Bekämpfung der
Geschlechtskrankheiten_ (Leipzig, 1912) X, 6, p. 129.
Footnote 147:
Münsterberg, _Prostitution und Staat_ (Leipzig, 1911) p. 13. The
subject is discussed at length, with bibliography, in _Zeitschrift_ I,
pp. 134–162; and III, p. 165.
Footnote 148:
Rosa Kempf, _Die Industriearbeiterin als Mutter_, in Adele Schreiber’s
_Mutterschaft_ (Munich, 1912) pp. 230–243.
Footnote 149:
Marcuse, _Beschränkung der Geburtenzahl_, pp. 57–58. The proportional
increase looks less startling; the figures were 34.8% of the entire
female population in 1882, 38.3% in 1907. For further details, see:
Helene Simon, _Der Anteil der Frau an der deutschen Industrie nach den
Ergebnissen der Berufszählung von 1907_ (Jena, 1907) also: Robert and
Lisbeth Wilbrandt, _Die deutsche Frau im Beruf_. Part IV of “_Handbuch
der Frauenbewegung_” (Berlin, 1902).
Footnote 150:
_Zeitschrift_ XII, p. 19.
Footnote 151:
The details are:
124 had lost both parents
147 had lost one parent
20 did not know if parents were living or dead
93 had both parents alive
———
384
_Report, London Female Preventive and Reformatory Institution 1910–
11._ Merrick, _loc. cit._, p. 31 gives additional statistics to the
same effect. See also: Othmar Spann,—_Untersuchungen über die
uneheliche Bevölkerung in Frankfort—a. M._ (Dresden, 1905).
Footnote 152:
_Report, Swedish Commission_, Vol. III, _loc. cit._, p. 30.
Footnote 153:
Branthwaite, _Report_, 1909, p. 24.
Footnote 154:
Wilbrandt, _loc. cit._, pp. 147, 148.
Footnote 155:
Commenge, _loc. cit._, p. 337.
Footnote 156:
_Report, Swedish Commission_, Vol. III, _loc. cit._, p. 12.
Footnote 157:
It is of course impossible to give an exhaustive account in the text.
The living-in system in vogue in English shops affords another example
of the demoralizing outcome of the broken or unnatural home. See
_Report of the Truck Committee_ (London, 1900) Vol. I, pp. 70, 71.