_Duodenum_, the _Jejunum_, and the _Ileon_, which have their Residence in
the middle, where they are encircled with a Portion of the two great Guts,
_Caecum_ and _Colon_, that take possession of the Sides, otherwise call'd
the Flanks. The Reins or Kidneys are also in this Place, above, and
somewhat backward.
_What Parts are there contain'd in the _Hypogastrium_, and of what Place
are they possest?_
The greater part of the thick-Guts, _Coecum_, and _Colon_, are enclos'd
therein, with the entire _Rectum_; there is also a Portion of the _Ileon_,
which hides it self in the sides of the _Ilia_, or Hip-Bones: In the middle
under the _Os Pubis_, the Bladder is situated on the Gut _Rectum_ in Men,
and the _Matrix_ in Women lies between the _Rectum_ and Bladder.
_After what manner is the opening of a Corps or dead Body perform'd at a
publick Dissection?_ {68}
It is begun with a Crucial Incision in the Skin from underneath the Throat
downward, traversing from one side to another in the Umbilical Region; then
this Skin is pull'd off at the four Corners, and the _Panicula Adiposa_ is
immediately discover'd: Under this Fat lies a Fleshy Membrane, call'd
_Membrana Carnosa_; and after that, the common Membrane of all the Muscles
of the lower Belly. Thus we have taken a View of what Anatomists commonly
term the _five Teguments_, that is to say, the _Epiderma_ or Scarf-Skin,
the _Derma_ or true Skin, the _Panicula Adiposa_, the _Panicula Carnosa_ or
_Membranus Carnosa_, and the common Membrane of the Muscles.
The five Teguments being remov'd, we meet with as many Muscles on each
side, _viz._ the descending Oblique, the ascending Oblique, the Transverse,
the streight, and the Pyramidal, by the means whereof the Belly is extended
and contracted. Afterwards appears a Membrane nam'd _Peritonaeum_, which
contains all the Bowels, and covers the whole lower Belly, being strongly
fasten'd to the first and third _Vertebra's_ of the Back. The Fat skinny
Net which lies immediately under the _Peritonaeum_, is call'd _Epiploon_
and _Omentum_, or the Caul; it floats over the Bowels, keeping them in a
continual Suppleness necessary for their Functions, maintains the Heat of
the Stomach, and contributes to Digestion.
It remains to take an Account of the Bowels _viz._ the Stomach, Mesentery,
Liver, Spleen, Kidneys, Bladder, and Guts, together with the Parts
appointed for Generation, which in Men {69} are the Spermatick Vessels, the
Testicles, and the _Penis_; and in Women, the Spermatick Vessels, the
Testicles or Ovaries, the _Matrix_, and its _Vagina_ or Neck.
_What is the Stomach?_
It is the Receptacle of the Aliments or Food convey'd thither thro' the
_Oesophagus_ or Gullet, which is a Canal, or kind of streight Gut that
reacheth from the Throat to the Mouth of the Stomach. The Stomach it self
is situated immediately under the _Diaphragm_ or Midriff, between the Liver
and the Spleen, having two Orifices, whereof the Left is properly call'd
_Stomachus_, or the Upper, and the Right (at its other Extremity)
_Pylorus_, or the lower Orifice. Its Figure resembleth that of a Bag-Pipe,
and the greater part of its Body lies toward the Left side. It is compos'd
of three Membranes, _viz._ one Common, which it receives from the
_Peritonaeum_; and two Proper; the two uppermost being smooth, and the
innermost altogether wrinkled.
_What is the _Pancreas_ or Sweet-bread?_
It is a Fat Body, consisting of many Glandules wrapt up in the same
Tunicle, being situated under the _Pylorus_ or lower Orifice of the
Stomach: It helps Digestion, and hath divers other uses; but its principal
Office is to separate the serous Particles of the Blood, to be convey'd
afterward into the Gut _Duodenum_, by a Canal or Passage, nam'd the
_Pancreatick_. This Juice serves to cause the Chyle to ferment with the
Choler, in order to remove the grosser Particles from those that ought to
enter into the Lacteal Vessels.
_Into how many sorts are the Guts distinguish'd?_ {70}
There are two sorts, _viz._ the thin and the thick.
_How many thin or small Guts are there?_
Three; that is to say, the _Duodenum_, the _Jejunum_, and the _Ileon_.
_How many thick Guts are there?_
Three likewise; _viz._ the _Coecum_, the _Colon_, and the _Rectum_.
_Why are some of them call'd thin Guts, and others thick?_
Because the thin are smaller, being appointed only to transport the Chyle
out of the Stomach into the Reserver; whereas the thick are more large and
stronger, serving to carry forth the gross Excrements out of the Belly.
_Are the six Guts of an equal length?_
No, the _Duodenum_, which is the first of the thin Guts, is only twelve
Fingers breadth long. The _Jejunum_, being the second, so call'd because
always empty, is five Foot long: The third is nam'd _Ileon_, by reason of
its great Turnings which oblige it to pass to the _Os Ilion_, where it
produceth a Rupture; it extends it self almost twenty Foot in length.
The first of the thick Guts, known by the Name of _Coecum_, is very short,
and properly only an _Appendix_ or Bag of a Finger's length. That which
follows is the _Colon_, being the largest of all, and full of little Cells,
which are fill'd sometimes with Wind and other Matters that excite the
Pains of the Colick. It encompasseth the thin Guts, in passing from the top
to the bottom of the Belly, by the means of its great Circumvolutions, and
is from eight to nine Foot long. The last is the _Rectum_ or {71} streight
Gut, so nam'd, because it goes directly to the Fundament: It is no longer
than ones Hand, but it is fleshy, and situated upon the _Os Sacrum_, and
the _Coccyx_ or Rump-Bone.
_What is the _Peristaltick_ Motion of the Guts?_
It is the successive Motion and Undulation, whereby the Guts insensibly
push forward from the top to the bottom, the Matters contain'd in them; and
that Motion which on the contrary is perform'd from the bottom to the top,
is term'd the _Antiperistaltick_ as it happens in the _Iliack_ Passion, or
twisting of the Guts, call'd _Domine Miserere_, by reason of its
intolerable Pain.
_What is the Mesentery?_
It is a kind of Membrane somewhat fleshy, which is join'd to the Spine in
the bottom and middle of the Belly, and by its folding, keeps all the Guts
steady in their place; it is all over beset with red, white, and Lymphatick
Vessels; that is to say, those that carry the Blood, Chyle, and _Lympha_,
which serves to cause this last to run more freely, and to ferment. Three
notable Glandules are also observ'd therein, the greatest whereof lies in
the middle, and is nam'd _Asellius's Pancreas_; the two other lesser are
call'd _Lumbar_ Glandules, as being situated near the Left Kidney. From
each of these Glandules proceeds a small Branch; and both are united
together to make the great _Lacteal_ Vein, or _Thoracick_ Canal. This Tube
conveys the Chyle along the _Vertebra's_ of the Back to the Left
_Subclavian_ Vein; from whence it passeth into the ascending _Vena Cava_,
and descends in the Right Ventricle of the Heart, {72} where it assumes the
form of Blood; from whence it passeth to the Lungs thro' the _Pulmonary_
Artery; then it returns to the Heart thro' the _Pulmonary_ Vein, and goes
forth again thro' the Left Ventricle of the Heart, between the _Aorta_ or
great Artery, to be afterward distributed to all the Parts of the Body.
This is the ordinary Passage for the Circulation of the Chyle, and the
Sanguification of the Heart.
_What is the Liver?_
The Liver, being the thickest of all the Bowels, is plac'd in the Right
_Hypochondrium_, at the distance only of a Fingers breadth from the
Diaphragm; its Figure much resembling that of a thick piece of Beef: It is
Convex on the outside, and Concave within; its Substance is soft and
tender, its Colour and Consistence being like coagulated Blood: It is cleft
at bottom, and divided into two Lobes, _viz._ one greater, and the other
less: Its Office is to purifie the Mass of Blood by Filtration; and it is
bound by two strong Ligaments, the first whereof adheres to the Diaphragm,
and the second to the _Xiphoides_ or Sword-like Cartilage. Two great Veins
take their Rise from hence, _viz._ the _Vena Portae_, and the _Vena Cava_,
which form innumerable Branches, as it were Roots in the Body of the Liver.
The Gall-Bladder is fasten'd to the hollow part thereof, and dischargeth
its Choler into the Gut _Duodenum_, thro' the Vessels that bear the Name of
_Meatus Choledochi_, or _Ductus Biliares._ This Choler is not a meer
Excrement, but on the contrary of singular Use in causing the Fermentation
of the Chyle, and bringing it to perfection. {73}
_What is the Spleen?_
The Spleen is a Bowel resembling a Hart's Tongue in shape, and situated in
the Left _Hypochondrium_, over-against the Liver: Its length is about half
a Foot, and its breadth equal to that of three Fingers; its Substance being
soft, as that of the Liver, and its Colour like dark coagulated Blood: It
is fasten'd to the _Peritonaeum_, Left Kidney, Diaphragm, and to the Caul
on the inside; as also to the Stomach by certain Veins, call'd _Vasa
Brevia_; nevertheless these Ligatures do not hinder it from wandering here
and there in the lower Belly, where it often changeth its place, and
causeth many dreadful symptoms by its irregular Motions. Its Office is to
Subtilize the Blood by cleansing and refining it.
_What are the Reins?_
The Reins or Kidneys are Parts of a Fleshy Consistence, harder and more
firm than that of the Liver and Spleen: They are both situated in the sides
of the Umbilical Region, upon the Muscle _Psoas_, between the two Tunicks
of the _Peritonaeum_; but the Right is lower than the Left: Their Shape
resembleth that of a _French_ Bean, and they receive Nerves from the
Stomach, whence Vomitings are frequently occasion'd in the Nephritical
Colicks: They are fasten'd to the Midriff, Loins, and _Aorta_, by the
_Emulgent_ Arteries; as also to the Bladder by the _Ureters_. The Right
Kidney likewise adheres to the Gut _Caecum_, and the Left to the _Colon_.
Their Office is to filtrate or strain the Urine in the _Pelves_ or Basons,
which they have in the middle of their Body on the inside, and {74} to
cause it to run thro' the Vessels call'd _Ureters_ into the Bladder.
Immediately above the Reins on each side, is a flat and soft Glandule, of
the thickness of a Nut; they are nam'd _Renal Glandules_, or _Capsulae
Atribiliariae_, because they contain a blackish Liquor, which (as they say)
serves as it were Leaven for the Blood, to set it a fermenting.
_What is the Bladder?_
It is the Bason or Reserver of Urines, of a Membranous Substance as the
Stomach, being plac'd in the middle of the Hypogastrick Region; so that it
is guarded by the _Os Sacrum_ behind, and by the _Os Pubis_ before: Two
Parts are to be distinguish'd therein, _viz_. its Bottom and Top; by its
Membranous Bottom it is join'd to the Navel, and suspended by the means of
the _Urachus_, and the two Umbilical Arteries which degenerate into
Ligaments in adult Persons: As by its fleshy Neck, longer and crooked in
Men, and shorter and streight in Women it cleaves to the _Intestinum
Rectum_ in the former, and to the Neck of the Womb in the latter. Lastly,
its Office is to receive the Urines to keep them, and to discharge them
from time to time.
_What are the Genitals in Men?_
They are the Spermatick Vessels, the Testicles, and the _Penis_. The
Spermatick Vessels are a Vein and an Artery on each side; the former
proceeding from the _Aorta_, or thick Artery of the Heart; and the other
from the Branches of the _Vena Cava_ of the Liver. These Arteries and Veins
are terminated in the Body of the {75} Testicles, which are two in Number,
enclos'd within the _Scrotum_.
The Office of the Testicles is to filtrate the Seed, which is brought
thither from all the parts of the Body, thro' the Spermatick Vessels,
called _Praeparantia_, and afterwards to cause it to pass thro' others
nam'd _Deferentia_, to the _Vesiculae Seminales_, from whence it is forc'd
into the _Ureter_, thro' two small and very short Canals.
The _Penis_ or Yard is a Nervous and Membranous Part, well furnish'd with
Veins and Arteries, containing in the middle the Canal of the _Ureter_: Its
Extremity, which consists of a very delicate and spongy sort of Flesh, is
call'd _Balanus_, or _Glans_, and the Nut, the Skin that covers it being
nam'd the _Praeputium_, or the Fore-Skin. Thus by the means of this swell'd
Part, and stiff thro' the affluence of the Spirits, the Male injects his
Seed into the _Matrix_ of the Female, to propagate his Kind.
_What are the Parts appropriated to Generation in Women?_
They are the Spermatick Vessels, the Ovaries or Testicles, and the
_Matrix_. The Spermatick Vessels are a Vein and an Artery on each side, as
in Men: The Ovaries or Testicles, situated on the side of the bottom of the
_Matrix_, are almost of the same bigness with those of Men, but of a round
and flat Figure. The _Vesiculae_, or little Bladders which they contain,
are usually term'd _Ova_ or Eggs by Modern Anatomists; and the Vessels that
pass from these Testicles or Ovaries to the _Cornua_ of the _Uterus_, are
call'd _Deferentia_ or _Ejaculatoria_. {76}
The _Matrix_, _Uterus_ or Womb, is the principal Organ of Generation, and
the place where it is perform'd, resembling the Figure of a Pear with its
Head upward, and being situated between the Gut _Rectum_ and the Bladder:
It is of a fleshy and membranous Substance, retain'd in its place by four
Ligaments, fasten'd to the bottom; whereof the two upper are large ones,
proceeding from the Loins, and the two lower round, taking their Rise from
the Groin, where they form a kind of Goose-Foot, which is extended to the
_Os Pubis_, and the flat part of the Thighs; which is the cause that Women
are in danger of Miscarrying when they fall upon their Knees.
The Exterior Neck of the Womb, call'd _Vagina_, is made almost in form of a
Throat or Gullet, extending it self outwardly to the sides of the Lips of
the _Pudendum_, and being terminated inwardly at the internal Orifice of
the _Matrix_, the shape whereof resembleth that of the Muzzle or Nose of a
little Dog. The outward Neck of the womb is fasten'd to the Bladder and the
_Os Pubis_ before, and in the hinder part to the _Os Sacrum_: Between the
Lips of the _Pudendum_ lie the _Nymphae_, which are plac'd at the Extremity
of the Canal of the Bladder, to convey the Urines; and somewhat farther
appear four Caruncles, or small pieces of Flesh, at the Entrance of the
_Vagina_, which when join'd together make the thin Membrane call'd _Hymen_.
* * * * *
{77}
CHAP. XIV.
_Of the Anatomy of the _Thorax_, Breast, or middle _Venter_._
_What is the Breast?_
It is a Cavity in which the Heart and the Lungs are principally enclos'd.
_What is to be consider'd outwardly in the Breast?_
Its extent, and the situation of the Parts therein contain'd.
_What is its extent?_
It is extended from the _Clavicles_ to the _Xiphoides_, or Sword-like
Cartilage on the fore-part, and bounded on the hinder by the twelfth
_Vertebra_ of the Back, having all the Ribs to form its Circumference, and
the Diaphragm for its Bounds at bottom, separating it from the _Abdomen_ or
lower Belly.
_What is the situation of the Parts contain'd in the Breast?_
The Lungs take up the upper Region, and fill almost the whole Space,
descending at the distance of two Fingers breadth from the Diaphragm; the
Heart is situated in the middle, bearing its Point somewhat towards the
Left side, under the Lobes of the Lungs, which are divided by the
_Mediastinum_ that distinguishes them into the Right and Left Parts.
_How is the Breast Anatomiz'd or open'd?_ {78}
After the dissection of the five Teguments, and the removal of the Muscles,
as in the lower Belly, the Anatomist proceeds to lift up the _Sternum_ or
Breast-Bone, by separating it from the Ribs; then it is laid upon the Face,
or else entirely taken away, to the end that the internal Parts of the
Breast may be more clearly discover'd; whereupon immediately appear, the
Heart, the Lungs, the Diaphragm, and the _Mediastinum_, which sticks to the
_Sternum_ throughout its whole length.
_What is the Heart?_
It is a most noble Part, being the Fountain of Life, and the first Original
of the Motion of all the others; on which account it is call'd _Primus
vivens_, & _ultimum moriens_; that is to say, the first Member that begins
to live, and the last that dies.
_What Parts are to be consider'd in the Heart?_
Its fleshy Substance, with all its Fibres turn'd round like the Skrews of a
Vice; its _Basis_, Point, Auricles, Ventricles, large Vessels,
_Pericardium_ and Ligatures or Tyes: The _Basis_ is the uppermost and
broadest part; the Point is the lowermost and narrowest part; the two
Auricles or small Ears being as it were little Cisterns or Reservers, that
pour the Blood by degrees into the Heart, are situated on each side above
the Ventricles. The Ventricles, which are likewise two in Number, are
certain Cavities in its Right and Left Sides. The large Vessels are the
_Aorta_ or great Artery, and the _Vena Cava_ together with the Pulmonary
Artery and Vein. The _Pericardium_ is a kind of Bag fill'd with Water,
wherein the Heart is kept; which is {79} fasten'd to the _Mediastinum_ by
its _Basis_, and to the large Vessels that enter and go out of its
Ventricles.
_What are the Terms appropriated to the continual beating of the Heart?_
They are _Diastole_ and _Systole_, from whence proceed two several Motions,
the first whereof is that of Dilatation, and the other of Contraction,
communicated to all the Arteries which have the same Pulse.
_To what use serves the Water contain'd in the _Pericardium_?_
It prevents the drying of the Heart by its perpetual Motion.
_What are the Lungs?_
They are an Organ serving for Respiration, of a soft Substance, and porous
as a Sponge, being all over beset with Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and
Lymphatick Vessels, and perforated with small Cartilaginous Tubes, that are
imparted to it from the Wind-Pipe, and are call'd _Bronchia_. Their Natural
Colour is a pale Red, and marbl'd dark Brown; and their whole Body is wrapt
up in a fine smooth Membrane, which they receive from the _Pleuron_. They
are suspended by the Wind-Pipe, by their proper Artery and Vein, and by the
Ligatures that fasten them to the _Sternum_, _Mediastinum_, and frequently
to the _Pleuron_ it self: They are also divided into the Right and Left
Parts by the _Mediastinum_; having four or five Lobes, whereof those on the
Left side cover the Heart. Their continual Motion consists in
_Inspiration_, to take in the Air, and _Expiration_, to drive it out. The
_Larynx_ makes the Entrance of the Wind-Pipe {80} into the Lungs, and the
_Pharynx_ that of the _Oesophagus_ or Gullet, at the bottom of the Mouth to
pass into the Stomach.
* * * * *
CHAP. XV.
_Of the Anatomy of the Head, or upper _Venter_._
_What is the head?_
It is a bony Part, that contains and encloseth the Brain within its Cavity.
_What is most remarkable in the outward parts of the Head?_
The Temporal Arteries, the _Crotaphitae_, or Temporal Muscles, and the
Sutures of the Skull.
_Why are these things considerable?_
The Temporal Arteries are of good Note, because they are expos'd on the
outside, lying even with the Skin. The _Crotophite_ Muscles are so
likewise, in regard that they cannot be hurt without danger of Convulsions,
by reason of the _Pericranium_ with which they are cover'd. And the
Sutures, because the _Meninges_ of the Brain proceed from thence to form
the _Pericranium._
_What is the _Pericranium_?_
It is a Membrane that lies under the thick hairy Skin of the Head, and
immediately covers the Skull.
_What are the _Meninges_?_
They are two Membranes that enclose the Substance or Marrow of the Brain.
_What is a Suture?_ {81}
It is a kind of thick Seam or Stitch, that serves to unite the Bones of the
Skull.
_How many sorts of Sutures are there?_
There are two sorts, _viz._ the true, and the false or Bastard.
_What are the true Sutures?_
They are three in number, namely the _Sagittal_, the _Coronal_, and the
_Lambdoidal._
_What is the disposition or situation of the true Sutures?_
The _Sagittal_ is streight, beginning in the middle of the Fore-head, and
sometimes at the root of the Nose, and being terminated behind, at the
joining of the two Branches of the _Lambdoidal Suture_.
The Coronal appears in form of a Crown, passing to the middle of the Head,
and descending thro' the Temples, to finish its Circumference in the Root
of the Nose.
The _Lambdoidal_ Suture is made like an open Pair of Compasses, the Legs
whereof are extended toward the Shoulders; and the Button is in the top of
the Head backward.
_What are the Bastard Sutures?_
They are those that are call'd _Squamous_ or scaly.
_What is the disposition of natural situation of these false Sutures?_
They are plac'd at the two sides of the Head, and make a Semi-Circle of the
bigness of the Ears, round the same Ears.
_What difference is there between the true and spurious Sutures._
The true Sutures are made in form of the Teeth of a Saw, which enter one
into the other; and the false or Bastard ones are those that resemble the
Scales of Fishes, which {82} are join'd together by passing one over the
other.
_What is the Use of the Sutures?_
The Ancients were of Opinion, that they were made to hinder the Fracture of
one Skull-Bone from passing thro' the whole Head; but there is more reason
to believe that they have the three following Uses, that is to say, 1. To
promote the transpiration of the Brain. 2. To give Passage to the Vessels
that go to the _Diploe_. 3. To retain the _Meninges_, and to support the
Mass of the Brain, which is cover'd by them.
_What are the Names of the Bones that compose the Skull?_
The Bone of the fore-part of the Head is call'd _Sinciput_, or the
Fore-head-Bone, as also the _Frontal_ or _Coronal_ Bone. The Bone of the
hinder-part, enclos'd within the _Lambdoidal_ Suture, is term'd the
_Occipital._ The two Bones that form the upper-part, and are distinguish'd
by the Sagittal Suture, bear the Name of _Parietals_, one being on the
Right side, and the other on the Left. And those behind the Ears are call'd
_Temporal_, _Squamosa_, or _Petrosa_. These also are distinguish'd into the
Right and Left Temporals, and are join'd to the bottom of the Parietal by a
bastard squamous Suture.
_What is most remarkable in the thickness of the Skull-Bones?_
The _Diploe_, which is nothing else but a _Plexus_ or Contexture of small
Vessels, that nourish the Bones, and in the middle of their thickness make
the distinction of the first and second Tablature of the Bones; whence it
sometimes {83} happens that an exfoliative Trepan, or Semi-Trepan, is
sufficient, when the first of these two Tables is only broken, the other
remaining entire.
_Is the Brain which is preserv'd in the Skull all of one Piece, or one
equal Mass?_
No, it is distinguish'd by the means of the _Meninges_ into the Brain it
self, and the _Cerebellum_ or little Brain; the Brain, properly so called,
takes up almost the whole Cavity of the Skull, and the _Cerebellum_ is
lodg'd altogether in the hinder-part, where it constitutes only one entire
Body; whereas the former is divided into the Right and Left Parts by the
_Meninges_, which cut it even to the bottom; whence these Foldings are
call'd _Falx_; i. e. a _Scythe_ or _Sickle_.
_What is chiefly remarkable in the Substance of the Brain?_
The Ventricles or Cavities which are found therein, together with the great
Number of Veins, Arteries, Lymphatic Vessels, and Nerves, that carry Sense
to all the Parts of the Body, and Spirits for their Motion.
_An exact Historical Account of all the Holes of the Skull, and the Vessels
that pass thro' them._
To attain to an exact Knowledge of all the Holes with which the inside of
the _Basis_ of the Skull is perforated, they are to be consider'd either
with respect to the Nerves, or to the Sanguinary Vessels. {84}
There are nine Pairs of Nerves that arise from the _Medulla Oblongata_, and
go forth out of the Skull through many Holes hereafter nam'd.
The first Pair is that of the _Olfactory_ Nerves, appropriated to the Sense
of Smelling, which are divided below the _Os Cribiforme_, or Sieve-like
Bone, into divers Threads, that passing into the Nose through many Holes
with which this Bone is pierc'd, are distributed to the inner Tunick of the
Nose.