Management, American development, 82 n. _See also_ Technique

Manchester School, and Rationalism, 403

Mandæanism, as redemption-religion, 213;

John the Baptist and Jesus, 214;

survival, 214 n.;

disappearance, 252;

order-communities, 254

Maniakes, Turk, 427 n.

Manichæism, and Chaldean, 176;

origins, 209, 251;

Logos and Paraclete, 227, 251 n.;

development, 251;

missionarism, 260;

Albegensians, 260 n.

Mannheim, plan, 100 n.

Manufacturer, as economic class, 478

Manzikert, battle, 427

Mar Shimun, prince-patriarch, 177

Marcianus, and dynasty, 379

Marcion, Bible and Church, 225-228, 245;

period, 250;

and reform, 296

Marcionites, era, 239

Marcus Aurelius, as episode, 171;

religiousness, 313;

and peace, 430;

Cæsarism and Stoicism, 434 n.

Marduk, as deity, 206

Marib, Congress of Princes, 197, 304

Marinus, as biographer, 252

Marius, C., and money, 410;

and Cæsarism, 423;

and party, 451

Mark Gospel, 223

Market, status, 91, 480

Marozia, as destiny, 339

Marriage, law, control over it, 78, 365;

Civilization type, 105;

defined, 344 n.;

“in form” relation, 362

Marx, Karl, and Marxism, and property, 344;

and party, 450;

and effective theory, 454;

end of influence, 454, 45 5;

and English economics, 469;

and economic classes, 478;

and value, 482 n.;

and work, 492;

in Russia, 495 n.;

on machine-industry as bourgeois, 504 n.

_See also_ Socialism

Mary of England, and absolutism, 388

Mary-cult, Arabian development, 224;

victory at Ephesus, 257;

Western development, 288;

and contrition, 293;

effect of Reformation, 299

Materialism. _See_ Rationalism

Mathematics, and religion, 268

Matthew Gospel, Judaic character, 220 n.

Maule, Sir William H., and divorce laws, 64 n.

Maurists, and orders and schools, 346

Maurya and Sunga dynasty, and Imperialism, 41 n.

Mavali, and revolution, 424

Maximilian I, emperor, and law, 76;

dynasty-idea, 380

Mayan Culture. _See_ Mexican Culture

Mayapan, and Mexican Culture, 45

Mazarin, Jules, Cardinal, power, 389;

and Fronde, 390

Mazdaism, and chivalry, 198;

development, 251;

as State religion, 253;

missionarism, 260;

absorption, 260

Mazdak, reformation, 261;

and Karramiyya movement, 424

Mechanics. _See_ Technique

Medes, as rulers, 40;

as people, 167

Mediæval History, as term, 28

Medici, city nobility, 356;

economics and politics, 475;

small-scale traffic, 481 n.

Medicine, as priesthood, 478 n.

Medinet Habet, relief, 164 n.

Mediterranean region, influence of climatic change, 39 n.

Medrashim, style, 346

Megalopolitanism, and nomadism, 90;

and country, 94;

development, and provinces, 98, 99;

absolute intellect, 99;

city planning, 100;

future Western, 101;

Classical inner-town, 101;

final phase, death, 102, 107;

tension, 102;

sport, 103;

and sterility, 103-105;

and uniform type, 108;

and language, 155;

and cosmopolitanism, 184;

phase in Jewry, 317, 318;

and Fourth Estate and mob, 358, 399;

and public opinion, 400;

and Cæsarism, 431;

and economics, 484.

_See also_ Town

Megasthenes, on Calani, 175 n.

Mehlis, C., on Libyan problem, 162

Melfi, constitutions, 372

Memory, and the named, 140

Meng Tse, materialism and myth, 310, 312

Mercenaries, and Cæsarism, 428

Messana, democratic triumph, 396

Messiah, as common Arabian idea, 206;

of Mandæanism, 214;

attitude of Jesus, 215;

effect of Resurrection, 218

Metals, primacy, 500. _See also_ Smith

Metaphysics. _See_ Philosophy; Religion

Methodism, Pietism, practicality, 308

Mewes, Rudolf, on weather and war, 392 n.

Mexican Culture, development, 43;

violent death, 43;

reconstruction of history, 44, 45;

Civilization and Aztecs, 45;

jurisprudence, 66;

depopulation, 106, 107;

religious beginnings, 288;

fellah-religion, 315

Mexico City. _See_ Tenochtitlan

Meyer, Edward, on Persian host, 40 n., 167;

on history, 47, 50;

error on Egyptian nobility, 350 n.;

correct Egyptian chronology, 427 n.;

mistake on Roman Cæsarism, 432 n.

Michael III, emperor, and Bardas, 426

Michelangelo, and Devil-cult, 292

Microcosm, animal as, in macrocosm, 3-5, 15;

sense as organ, 6, 7;

waking-being, 7;

and cosmic beat, crowd, 18;

and history and nature, 23, 24;

and megalopolitanism, 90;

language as essential element, 132;

and sex, 327;

and Western technique, 504.

_See also_ Animal; Cosmic; Waking-being

Middle Kingdom, Chinese, and world-power, 373

Middle Kingdom, Egyptian, significance, 387

Middleman, as economic class, 478;

as economic master, 483, 484;

as agent of Western technique, 504.

_See also_ Economics; Money

Migrations, and peoples, 162-165;

small bands, 163, 167

Miletus, style of school, 345

Mill, John Stuart, and Pascal, 273

Milton, John, and concepts, 303

Minæans, tribal association, 174

Ming-Chu, period, 40, 387

Ming-ti, as ruler, 41

Minnesänger, Arabian, 198

Minoan art, and Mycenæ, 87-89;

as Egyptian, 88

Mir, status, 348

Mirabeau, Comte de, on law of nations, 366

Mirandola, Francesco della, and Devil-cult, 291

Mirian of Georgia, State religion, 253

Mirza Ali Mohammed, Gnosis, 228

Mishnah, completion, 71;

development, 208;

as commentary, 247;

origin, 316

Missionarism, Arabian, 259;

Islam, 304;

Pythagorean, 307;

Jewish, 318

Mithraism, as military order, 198, 254;

in Syncretism, 201, 253;

and Essenes, 211;

liturgy, 213 n.;

provenance, 314 n.

Mithridates, cultural basis of wars, 318, 321 n.

Mitteis, Ludwig, on Constantine’s legislation, 70 n.

Mob. _See_ Crowd

Modern History, as term, 28

Mohammed, predecessors as prophet, 204;

Paul’s analogy, 221;

as Logos, 236;

and consensus, 243;

revelation, 244.

_See also_ Islam

Moh-ti, and property, 344;

and military technique, 421 n.;

and politics, 453

Mollahs, law-men, 71

Moltke, Count Hellmuth von, leadership, 444

Mommsen, Theodor, false history, 50;

on political character of Roman Empire, 174 n.;

misunderstanding of Cæsarism, 432;

and Varus’ defeat, 487

Monarchy. _See_ Dynastic idea; Politics

Monasticism (Asceticism), Western rural and urban, 91, 297;

in Paganism, 204;

character and development of Arabian, 254;

Orphic, 283;

and orgiasm, 283;

sage, 307

Money, as urban, abstract, 97, 58;

and idea of property, 357;

rise as political force, and Rationalism, 401, 402;

in English politics, 403;

and class dictatorship, 404;

in Roman politics, 410, 411, 457-459;

Cæsarism and overthrow, 431, 433 n., 464, 506, 507;

and genealogy, 449 n.;

and democracy, 456;

in Western politics, and press, 460, 462;

and end of democracy, 463;

early status of coin as goods, 481;

beginning of concept as category, 481-484;

value-token and payment-medium, 483;

trader as master, 483, 484;

as power of Civilization, 485;

struggle against, 485;

and mobility, 485;

money-mass and value, 485 n.;

cultural symbols, 486;

Classical magnitude concept, 486, 495;

irrelation with Classical land value, 487;

Classical slaves as, 488, 496;

Western function-concept, book-keeping, 489, 490;

Western Culture and metallic, 490, 491;

and work, quantity and quality, 491-493;

capital, cultural basis, 493;

financial organization, cultural basis, 494;

Russian attitude, 495 n.;

struggle with technique, 505;

and Socialism, 506 n.

_See also_ Economics

Monophysites, importance, 47;

creed basis of law, 70;

as nation, 177;

and Mary-cult, 224;

origin, 257;

and starting-point of Islam, 258;

missionarism, 260;

and reform, 296

Monotheism, relation to Arabian Culture, 201 n.

Montanist movement, 227

Morale. _See_ Ethics; Spirit; Truth

Mormons, as people, 160

Morphology, of Culture languages, 152-155;

of peoples, 169;

of religious history, 275;

of social history, 348;

of economic history, 470, 476-480

Mortgages, Classical land, 487 n.

Mortmain, and established church, 177 n.;

in Egypt, 375

Moscow, character, 194

Mosque, and basilica, 230

Mother tongue, fallacy, 120;

and dynastic-idea, 183.

_See also_ Language

Motherhood, “versehen,” 126. _See also_ Demeter; Mary-cult; Sex

Motion, as problem of thought, 14-16;

Western concept and military art, 421;

money and mobility, 485.

_See also_ Technique

Motive, and language, 133

Müller, Frederick, race classification, 125

“Mufti,” 71

Muktara, as capital, 426

Multiplication table, dynamics, 66 n.

Murtada, philosophy, 321

Music, basis of charm, 8;

in English Parliamentarism, 403

Musonius Rufus, and peace, 430

Mutation theory, and Darwinism, 32;

and Cultures, 33, 36

Mutawakil, palace, 100 n.

Mycenæ, and Crete, 87-89;

and beast-formed deities, 276

Mysteries, Classical, 203. _See also_ Religion

Mysticism, Sufism, 176, 228, 242;

Arabian period, 200, 250;

John Gospel and Christian, 226;

longing of Western, 292;

of Rationalism and Pietism, 308;

Yesirah, 316;

fixed Jewish, 321

Myth, as theory, and cult, 268, 499;

relation to Greek, 284, 286;

time mythology, 286;

of Western springtime, 288-290;

modern ignorance of it, 290;

and Protestantism, 299

Naasenes, Book of, 213 n., 251 n.

Nabu-Nabid, overthrow, 207

Naganjuna, Mahayana doctrine, 313

Nahua, in Mexican Culture, 45

Names, and words, 138-141;

and spiritual change, religion, 139;

and the enigmatic, 139;

and sentence, 141;

and things, 148;

and people, 160;

and technique, 499

Napoleon I and Napoleonism, and dynastic-idea, 181;

and Désirée Clary, 329;

State-machine, formlessness, 404, 405;

army and personal rule, 407;

and military mobility, 421;

ruthlessness as victor, 422;

and Cæsarism, 428;

as destiny, 439 n.;

and tact of command, 444;

economics and politics, 475

Naranjo, and Mexican Culture, 44

Narses, expedition, 200

Nation, as term, 170, 362;

destiny, 170;

and city-building, 171;

separation, 171;

representation of minority, 172, 180, 183, 184;

character of Classical, 173;

of Arabian, 174-178;

of Western, 178-184;

of Chinese and Egyptian, 178 n.;

language basis, continued dynastic feeling, 183;

nobility as representative, 184;

cosmopolitanism, intelligentsia, and pacifism, 184;

peace and fellahism, 185, 186;

rise of idea, 385.

_See also_ Politics; Race

Nationality, Arabian creed basis, 69, 168, 210, 253, 254, 315, 317;

Arabian cult, and world Christianity, 219

Natural science, religious basis, 13;

English type of causality, 31;

physiognomic, 31;

reputation of Darwinism, 32;

beginning of Arabian, 200 n.;

dispensation and law, 267;

Western Culture and practical mechanics, 300;

theoretical basis in other Cultures, 301;

as diabolical, 302;

Jewish, 316;

scientists as priests, 478.

_See also_ Art; Nature; Technique

Nature, and cosmic and microcosmic, 23, 24;

adjustment to, cultural development and horizon, 25;

technical and theoretical knowledge, 25;

and peasant, 89;

of Rationalism, 305-308.

_See also_ Causality; History; Natural science

Nazarene, connotation, 214 n.

Nebo, as deity, 206

Nebuchadnezzar, henotheism, prayer, 206

Nehardea, school, 200, 210;

as capital of Exilarch, 208

Neo-Brahmanism, 315

Neo-Platonists, dualism, 234;

and revelation, 245;

period, 250;

as order, 254

Neo-Pythagoreans, community, 204, 254;

and revelation, 245;

period, 250

Nephesh, connotation, 234;

soul stones, 234 n.

Nero, and elections, 432;

and ideologues, 434

Nestorianism, creed basis of law, 70;

as nation, 177;

and Mary-cult, 224, 257;

formative influences, 228;

church language, 252;

second-century beginnings, 252 n.;

missionarism, 260;

and reform, 296

New Testament, Marcion as creator, 226, 227;

Marcion and Catholic, 228.

_See also_ Bible; Christianity; Gospels

New York, as world-city, 99

Newspaper. _See_ Press

Ngi-li, as religious source, 286

Nicæa, Council of, Constantine and, 257;

substance controversy, 257, 276

Nicephorus, power, 426

Nicholas I, pope, and world-power, 373

Nicholas of Cusa, as Western, 316 n.

Nicholas of Oresme, as scientist, 301

Nicias, treaty, 385

Nicodemia, as capital, 191

Nietzsche, Friedrich W., and value of truth, 12;

and technique, 302;

on duality of moral, 341

Nika Rebellion, 381 n.

Nirvana, rationalistic concept, 307

Nishapur, and Gundisapora, 200 n.

Nisibis, Jewish defence, 198;

location, 200 n.

Nobility, primary estate, 97;

as State, 172, 180, 183, 367;

beginning as estate, 280;

relation to other estates, 334, 335;

symbolic significance, being, destiny, 335-337, 340;

and family, 336;

big individuals and tradition, 338;

dependence of politics on, 339, 440;

and “training,” 340;

moral, 341;

and idea of property, 343;

and learning, 347;

common cultural land-bound estate, 350;

cultural styles, 350, 351;

foci of feelings, 351, 352;

conflict with priesthood, 352-354;

Classical, and polis, 355;

city movement, effect, new type, 355-357;

and Third Estate, 356;

State rule by minority, 370;

and absolutist State, 400;

development of Roman political, 409-411;

and political Islam, 424;

and party-form, 450.

_See also_ Estates; Feudalism; Oligarchy; Politics

Nomadism, pre-cultural and megalopolitanism, 89, 90

Normans, development of law, 75;

and finance, concept of money, 372, 489

Northcliffe, Viscount, and demagogy, 461, 463

Novel, as megalopolitan, 93

Novels, Justinians, 71

Number, and grammar, 146;

and religion, 268;

abstract, and abstract money, 481, 482;

and technique, 499

Numina, naming, 139

Objects and subjects, 369;

in politics, 441;

in economics, 479, 493

Occamists, and Copernican system, 301

Occupations, status of classes, and primary estates, 333, 348. _See

also_ Economics

Odoacer, historyless, 432

Oetinger, Friedrich C., Pietism, 308

Officialdom, common cultural development, 350;

rise of financial, 371;

Classical tenure and choice, 380, 383

Oigur realm, Manichæism, 260

Old Kingdom, as Gothic, 296;

money concept, 489 n.

Old Testament, and Christian canon, 221, 225, 226, 228, 245. _See

also_ Bible

“Old Women,” as phrase, 329 n.

Oldenbarneveldt, Jan van, power, 389

Oldendorp, Johann, and law of nature, 78

Oligarchy, early Roman, 375, 382;

and polis, 380-382;

and Reformation, 386 n.;

Classical democratic contentions, 394-398.

_See also_ Nobility

Olivarez, Count, power, 389

Oman, Charles W. C., on Byzantine army system, 199 n.

Omar, Puritanism, 304

Ommaiyads, overthrow, 424

Oñate, Conde de, power, 389

Onias, and the “Law,” 209

Opposites, word pairs and logic, 140

Oresme. _See_ Nicholas of Oresme

Orientation, defined, 133

Origen, Scholasticism, 229;

period, 250

Ornament, as taboo, 121;

cathedral as, 123;

and secular buildings, 123;

as expression-language, 134;

script as, 151;

and number, 268;

priesthood as, 337

Orphism, and Classical religious beginnings, 282;

asceticism, 283;

and reform, 296;

and Tyrannis, 386

Orvieto, frescoes, 292

Orsini, and Papacy, 354

Orthodoxy, and Arabian State, 177

Osrhoene, conversion, 177, 253

Ostrogoths, as episode, 171

Othman, war with Ali, 424

Otto I, and world-power, 373

Otto II, and Byzantium, 87

Outsiders, dediticii peregrins, 68 n.

Oxenstierna, Count Axel, power, 389

Pa Period, 387

Pachomius, and monasticism, 254

Pacioli, Luca, book-keeping, 490

Pætus, Thrasea, death, 434

Paganism, struggle with Christianity, 202. _See also_ Hellenism;

Pseudomorphosis; Syncretic Church

Paine, Thomas, and Third Estate, 403 n.

Painting, modern as dishonest, 136

Pais, Ettore, on Twelve Tables, 65 n.

Palæontology, refutation of Darwinism, 32

Palenque, and Mexican Culture, 45

Paley, William, and Third Estate, 403 n.

Palmyra, inscriptions, 206

Pan Ku, myth, 312

Papacy, pope and councils, 59;

as English idea, 294 n.;

family history, 337;

and dynamic space, 352;

idea and facts, 354;

control of Curia, 370;

world-power and contest with Empire, 373, 374;

clerical nobility and pope, 374;

decay, 376.

_See also_ Roman Catholic Church

Paper, Chinese invention, 501 n.

Papias, on Jesus’ teachings, 217 n.

Papinian, position as jurist, 71, 73

Papirius Carbo, and Crassius, 459

Paraclete, doctrine, 227. _See also_ Trinity

Paradosis, in Arabian creeds, 228

Paralii, and Tyrannis, 386

Paris, as France, 95;

as world-city, 99

Parliamentarism, character, 412-415;

as transition, 415, 416;

as seasonable political means, 446.

_See also_ Democracy; England

Parsees, and ghetto, 315;

security, 323

Parshva, Puritanism, 303

Parthians, and Persians, 167;

chivalry, 198;

wars as Jewish, 198

Party, place in politics, 449;

identity with Third Estate, 449;

nobility and forms, 450;

displacement by private politics, machine, 452, 454, 464.

_See also_ Politics

Pascal, Blaise, and Mill, 273;

and Devil-cult, 303

Pataliputra, as world-city, 99;

abandoned, 107

Patriotism, Western fatherland concept, 179, 183;

Jewish attitude, 320

Patrol-state, 366 n.

Paul, Hermann, on sentence, 141

Paul, Saint, position as jurist, 71;

and Christian Church, 220, 221;

Mohammed’s analogy, 221;

system and westward trend of Christianity, 221;

and Mark Gospel, 223;

and cults, 223;

and Greek, 224;

dualism, 234;

substance controversy as reversal of work, 258

Paulicians, iconoclasm, 304

Paullus, L. Æmilius, Pydna, 190 n.

Pausanias, and helots, 357, 396

Pavia, and legal study, 76

Pe-Ki, as general, 417;

overthrow, 419

Peace, Chinese League of Nations attempt, 38, 417, 429;

and fellahism, 185, 186;

Classical attitude, 385;

ruthless, of Cæsarism, 422;

as unhistorical, 429, 434;

as submission, 434, 441

Peacock, as Arabian symbol, 236

Peasantry, as plant, 89;

historyless, cosmic, 96;

and religion, 280;

relation to primary estates, vassalage, 348, 349;

reappearance at end of Culture, 435;

lack in England and America, 449 n.;

as economic class, 478.

_See also_ Being; Country

Pehlevi, as church-language, 252

Pelasgi, as name, 161

Pelham, Sir Henry, money in politics, 403 n.

Penestæ, status, 332

People, false idea, 113, 159;

as conscious linkage, 159;

and name, 160, 161;

and language, 161;

and provenance, and migration, 162-165;

and race, 165;

as soul unit, and events, 165, 169, 170;

Romans and Russians as example, 166-169;

morphology, 169;

creation of Western, 169;

as product of Culture, 169, 170;

characteristics of nations, 170, 171;

of West as result of events, 181;

_vis-à-vis_ nobility, 333;

rise of ideal concept, 393.

_See also_ Race

Pergamum, revolt of Aristonicus, 454

Pericles, age, 391

Peripatos, style, 345

Persecution, contrast of Classical and Arabian, 203

Persephone, cult, 283

Perseus, defeat, 190 n.

Persians, chronology, 27;

as rulers, 40;

language and people, 166;

problem of origin of religion, 168, 191;

cult and nationality, 168;

religion and Jewish, 207;

and revelation, 245;

end of theology, 261;

Arabian-type nation, ghetto, 315.

_See also_ Arabian Culture; Mazdaism; Zarathustra

Person, Classical notion, 60;

Arabian concept of incorporeal, 67, 68, 174, 177;

Classical concept and Western law, 81, 82

Personality, and contrition, 293;

Classical concept, 293 n.

_See also_ Destiny; Will

Peruvian Culture, destruction, 46

Peter, Saint, Gospel, 213 n., 223 n.;

Paul’s supersession, 221

Peter the Great, Petersburg plan, 101 n.;

and Russian pseudomorphosis, 192

Peter Lombard, and sacraments, 292

Petersburg, plan, 101 n.;

artificiality, 193

Petrie, W. M. Flinders, error on Egyptian chronology, 427 n.

Petrus Peregrinus, as scientist, 300;

and technique, 502

Phallic cults, 283, 286

Pharaoh, religious position, 279 n.;

and world-power, 373

Pharisees, tendency, 211

Pherecydes, as dogmatist, 282

Philip of Macedon, politics, 407

Philip II of Spain, and absolutism, 388

Philip IV of Spain, and world-power, 388

Philippi, battle, and Cæsarism, 423

Philistines, migration, 164

Philistinism, and Rationalism, 307

Philo, and Christianity, 229;

dualism, 234

Philology, Arabian, and research, 191. _See also_ Language

Philosophy, Buddhism and Indian, 49;

Western Culture and Classical, 57;

systematic, and untruth, 137 n.;

Jesus and metaphysics, 216, 217, 473 n.;

Western swing, 306;

and economics, 473.

_See also_ Ethics; Religion

Phocas, power, 427

Phœnicians, economic rôle, 481 n.

Physical geography. _See_ Landscape

Physiognomy, and race, 117. _See also_ Destiny

Pi-Yung, as symbol, 287;

and Shi-King, 352;

change, 357

Picture, and expression-language, 116;

as sign of language, letter, 134

Piedras Negras, and Mexican Culture, 45

Pietism, cultural manifestations, 308

Pilate, and Jesus, fact and faith, 216, 473 n.

Pindar, and being, 272;

and religion, 282

Pisistratus, and oligarchy, 382;

and peasantry, 386

Piso, conspiracy, 434

Pistis-Sophia, 213 n.

Pitt, William, and French Revolution, 412

Pittacus, laws, 64

Plant, essential character, cosmic, 3, 4;

being, 7;

and race, 115;

effect of transplanting, 130;

economic life, 473;

and technique, 499

Plantagenets, early, 182 n.

Plato, “ideas,” 58;

and polis, 173 n.;

and commentary, 247 n.;

and Orphism, 282;

cult, 314;

theory and Syracuse, 454

Play, cosmic, and microcosmic sport, 103. _See also_ Sport

Plebs, political rise and status, 349, 357, 408;

and political nobility, 409-411;

and populus, 451 n.

Pliny, on depopulation, 106

Plotinus, Scholasticism, 229;

ecstasy, 242

Pneuma, as Arabian principle, 57;

and law of creed-communities, 68;

as truth, 242.

_See also_ Dualism

Poetry, Arabian Minne, 198. _See also_ Literature

Polis, as Classical nation, 173;

and nobility, oligarchy, 355, 381;

official tenure and choice, 380, 383;

synœcism and aristocracy, 381, 382;

_civitas_ and _hostis_, 384;

normal war, 385;

Tyrannis and non-estate against estates, 386;

and democracy, 387;

burgher and peasant, 396;

destruction as idea, 405;

and subjugated territory, 407;

and Imperialism, 423;

and Classical finance, 494.

_See also_ Politics

Politics, and race, 116;

and intercourse by writing, 153;

and social ethics, 273;

English, and predestination, 304;

State and family, 329, 336;

estates as term, 329 n.;

“in form” estates, 330, 331;

as war, 330, 366, 440, 474;

estates and history of Cultures, 331;

estates and residue classes, 331-334;

Third Estate and non-estate, interrelation, 334;

nobility and priesthood, symbolic significance, 335, 339, 340;

great families, basis of dynastic principle, 336;

priesthood as opposite, 337;

big individuals and tradition, 338;

as life, dependence on nobility, 339, 440;

moral, 341;

custom-ethic and honour, 342, 343;

relation to economics, power and booty, 344, 345, 474-476;

State and historical stream, 361;

nations defined, primary estates and State, 362, 366;

and care and opposition, war as creator of State, 362;

State as inward connection, custom-ethic and law, 363;

orders of internal law, 363;

power and law, internal and external, 363-366;

barrack-state, 366 n.;

State control of external position, paramountcy, 367;

State and nobility as cognate, 367;

alienship of other estates, 368;

factual control and truths, 368;

importance of leadership, subjects and objects, 368, 369, 441,

456;

estate rule and minority within class, 369, 370;

interregnum between feudalism and State, 375;

rise of State idea, 376;

individual ruler, inherited will and dynasty-idea, 376-378;

Classical oligarchy, 380;

rise of nation-idea, 385;

estates against monarchy and non-estate, 385-387;

non-estate as opposite estate, 387;

Chinese and Egyptian absolutism, 387;

Western Fronde, 388-391, 404;

Western absolutist period, cabinet-politics, 391-394, 400;

Classical oligarchic-democratic-alternative period, 394-398;

of Civilization, non-estate as independent force, 400-402;

Rationalism and money as forces, opposition and dependence,

400-401, 455, 456;

Third Estate in England, 402, 403;

rational-money, class dictatorship, anti-form, 403, 404;

character of Second Tyrannis, 405-408;

army as power, 406;

polis and conquered territory, 407;

Roman State of this period, 408-411;

doctrinaire Parliamentarism, 412-415;

its decay, 415, 416;

Fronde period in Arabian Culture, 423;

Third Estate and revolution in Arabian Culture, 424;

pre-Civilization relics and future Western, 430;

theory and reality, 439;

personal, 441;

popular talent and leadership, 441;

men and measures, 441 n.;

conscienceless “doing,” 442;

seasonableness, command of means, 443, 446;

exemplariness in doing, 443;

tact of command, 444;

tradition of command, 444;

art of the possible, 445;

opportuneness, 446;

foreign and domestic, 447;

early cultural, factions, 448;

urban, and parties, 448, party and estates, 449-451;

displacement of party by private, machine, 452, 454, 464;

place and influence of theory, 453-455;

Roman demagogy, elections and courts, 457-460;

Western demagogy, press, 460-463;

battle between democracy and Cæsarism, 463, 464;

hero-death, 471;

and religion, 473 n.;

and financial credit, 491 n.

_See also_ Cæsarism; Church and State; Dynastic idea; Estates;

Feudalism; Foreign relations; History; Polis; Sex

Polybius, on sterility, 104;

on Flaminius, 411

Polycrates, and finance, 383;

economics and politics, 475

Pompey the Great, adventurer, 19;

principate and monarchy, 50;

and Rome, 383;

Triumvirate and Cæsarism, 413;

at Lucca, 446;

demagogy, 458, 459

Pompey, Sextus, and Cæsarism, 428 n.

Pompon, François, technique, 128 n. {sic}

Population, megalopolitanism and sterility, 103-105;

machine and increase, 502

Porcelain, Chinese invention, 501 n.

Porphyry, and Greek Church, 176;

Scholasticism, 229;

ecstasy, 242;

community of elect, 243;

on divine elements, 252

Poitiers, importance of Saracen defeat, 192

Portraiture, physiognomic studies, 126 n.

Portugal, separation from Spain, 390

Possession, concept, 480;

and fortune, 483;

Classical land and money, 487

Poverty, Western learning and vow, 346. _See also_ Monasticism

Power and booty, 344, 345, 347, 371, 372, 474

Prætors, urban, 374;

beginning, 382

Precedent, lack in Roman law, 62;

in Arabian law, 72

Predestination, and English politics, 304. _See also_ Will

Premonstratensians, as rural, 92

Press, and free opinion, 405;

and spatial infinity, 413;

as political means, 447;

power in Western demagogy, 460;

and gunpowder and war, 460;

expulsion of book by newspaper, 461;

dictum as public truth, 461;

education as instrument of power, 462;

syndication, as army, 462;

censorship of silence, 463

Pre-Socratics, asceticism, 283

Pretinax, edict on untended land, 106

Priene, plan, 100

Priesthood, primary class, 97;

beginning as estate, and nobility, 280;

and time mythology, 286;

Western and contrition-concept, 294, 294 n., 298;

relation to other estates, 334, 335;

symbolic significance, waking-being, causality, 335-338, 340;

relation to family and dynasty, 337;

as ornament, idea and person, 337, 338;

and life, 339;

as result of shaping, 340;

and heredity, 341;

moral, 341;

and property, 344;

and learning, style influence, 345-347, 478;

common cultural estate, 350;

cultural styles, 352;

conflict with nobility, 352-354;

city movement, effect, 355, 356;

Western law-making, 365;

Classical, as city officials, 381

Priestley, Joseph, and Third Estate, 403 n.

Primitive man, Ice Age, 33, 34;

and religion, 275.

_See also_ Man; Peasantry

Principate, in Pseudomorphosis, 349;

Sulla as heir, 423;

Augustus’ dyarchy as nullity, 432

Printing, symbolism, 413;

Chinese invention, 501 n.

_See also_ Press

Priscus, Helvidius, death, 434

Private law, first systematic, 66;

Western, and Roman law, 77, 79

Proclus, on Chaldean oracles, 245;

as Syncretic Father, 252;

biography, 252;

and substance controversy, hymn, 257 n.

Procopius, on Narses expedition, 200

Proculiani, legal school, style, 67, 346

Profane, as concept, 345

Proper, and “alien” in sensation, 6

Property, Classical concept and Western law, 82;

farmhouse as, 90;

origin of idea, groundness, 343;

power and booty, divergence, 344, 345, 347, 371, 372, 474;

effect of money, 357;

English law, 371.

_See also_ Economics; Money; Roman law

Prophetic religions. _See_ Apocalyptic

Protestantism. _See_ Puritanism; Reformation

Provinces, and megalopolitanism, 98, 99

Prudentes, law-men, 71

Prussia, as Hohenzollern creation, 182;

political rise, 392;

origin of finance, 489.

_See also_ Germany

Psalms, period, 249

Psellus, Michal Constantine, religiousness, 313

Pseudo-Clementines, romances, 237

Pseudomorphosis, Justinian, Christianity, and Corpus Juris, 74;

as historical term, 189;

of Arabian Culture, 189, 190;

effect of Actium, 191;

Charles Martel and Western avoidance, 192;

Russia, 192;

falsification of Arabian manifestations, 200;

aspects of Syncretism, 201-204;

Jewish rescue from, 210, 211;

Catholic Church and Marcionism, 227;

and substance controversy, 256-258;

feudalism, 349;

economics, 480 n.

_See also_ Religion; Roman law; Syncretic Church

Psychology, of the crowd, 18;

cultural basis, 271

Ptah of Memphis, and dogma, 281

Public opinion, rise, status, 400;

and press, 405

Pulcheria, and dynasty, 379

Pumbeditha, academy, 71

Punctuation, as language gesture, 134

Punic Wars, economics in, 410;

evolution of ruthlessness, 422

Purgatory of learning, 346 n.

Puritan Revolution, as Fronde, 389, 390

Puritanism, Islam as, 302-304;

basis, common cultural manifestation, 302-305;

and concepts, 303;

Pythagoreans, 303;

predestination and politics, 304;

and Rationalism, 305;

Jewish, 316;

and Fronde and Tyrannis, 386 n.;

and English Fronde, 389, 390

Pydna, battle, importance, 190, 409 n., 422

Pyramids, as cosmic, 92

Pyrrhonian skepsis, and Socrates, 309

Pythagoras, fictitious, 72 n.;

and commentary, 247 n.;

biography, 252

Pythagoreans, mysteries, 203;

and cult, 282;

Puritanism, 302, 303;

missionarism, 305;

style, 345;

Sybaris, 394

Qaro, Joseph, as expositor, 321

Qaraites, Puritanism, rise, 255, 316

Quirinus Pater, god, 382

Quirites, origin of name, 382

Rabbi, law-man, 71

Race, false idea of people, 113, 165;

and landscape, no migration, 113, 119, 129;

defined, 113;

and development of language, being and waking-being, 113, 114;

sensation, 114;

in plants, 115;

and history and politics, 116;

and totem, 116;

not classification but physiognomic fact, 117, 130;

American, 119;

house as expression, 120-122;

castle as expression, 122;

superficial and divergent mechanistic conception, 124, 125, 129;

hall-marks, inadequacy of skeletonic determination, 124, 128-130,

175;

chaotic “living” elements in determination, 126, 127;

race-feeling as race-forming, 126;

statistics and ancestry, 127;

importance of movement-expression, 128;

spiritual differences, 128;

and sentences, 142;

and writing, 151;

and Culture-language, 153, 154;

cosmic beat and race hatred, 165, 166, 318;

and intellect, 166;

absolutist State as expression, 400;

Cæsarism and return to power, 431.

_See also_ Being; Language; Nation; People; Politics

Radio, and light, 9 n.;

as megalopolitan, 95 n.;

and distance, 150 n.;

and political tactics, 460

Rainald van Dassel, policy, 376

Rameses III, and sea-folks, 122, 164 n.;

historyless, 432

Ramnes, tribe, 351, 382

Ranke, J. Johannes, on skull forms, 128, 129

Ranke, Leopold von, on history, 46

Raskol movement, 278

Rationalism, and Puritanism, 305;

basis, cultural manifestations, 305, 308, 309;

sage, 307;

Mysticism and Pietism, 308;

dynamic character of Western, 309;

mock-religion, 310;

fading-out, 310;

rise in politics, 400;

and money, 401, 402;

in England, 403;

and class dictatorship, 403, 404;

and constitutions, 413;

and effective political theory, 453, 454

Ravenna, Theoderich’s tomb, 89

Re cult, 279, 281;

as Reformation, 296

Reading, defined, 149

Reason, content, 6;

and understanding, 13

Reflection, and grammar, 141, 143

Reformation, as general cultural movement, 295-297;

Western, as Gothic, 296;

and Renaissance, background, 297;

narrow circle of understanding, 298;

and Devil-cult, 299;

Calvin and world-politics, 299;

relation to intellectual creation, 300;

and oligarchy, 386 n.

Reger, Max, “playing” with music, 137

Reitzenstein, Richard, on Jesus as Mandæan, 214 n.

Religion, fear of the invisible, 8;

as basis of science, 13;

and causality, 14;

and theoretical knowledge, 25;

Arabian consensus, 59;

Arabian cults and scripts, 73, 150, 227 n.;

expression-language and communication-language, 116, 134;

and language-linkage, 116;

and knowledge, 136;

names and religious thought, 139;

and rigid language, 154, 155;

Persian, 168;

and Arabian nationality, 168, 174-178, 210, 242, 243, 253, 315,

317;

Arabian, and research, 191;

geographical cults of Classical, 200;

Arabian fourth period, Mysticism and Scholasticism, 200, 250;

Arabian henotheism, 201;

Arabian dogmatic, 201;

Arabian prophetic, Messianism, 204-207, 209;

awakening of Arabian, 208, 249;

second or apocalyptic period, 208, 212, 249;

as lived metaphysics, 217;

distinct Arabian domains, 228;

Arabian dualism, spirit and soul, 233-236;

inward unity of Arabian, 235, 248;

Arabian Logos and light-sensation, 236, 237;

Arabian time-concept, 238, 249;

Arabian submission, Grace, 240;

Arabian community of the elect, 242, 243, 253;

Arabian sacred books and revelation, 243-246;

infallible word and interpretation, secret revelation, 245-247;

third Arabian period, religions of salvation, grand myths, 249;

three directions of Arabian forms, 251-253;

Arabian monasticism, 254;

Arabian missionarism, 259;

end of Arabian inner history, 261;

and being and waking-being, fear and love, 265, 499;

and light, 265;

intellect and faith, 266, 269-271;

cultural basis of fate, 267;

theory and technique, myth and cult, 268, 271;

God and soul, cultural basis of understanding of numina, 270;

faith and life, 271, 443;

works and moral, 271, 272;

moral and negations on being, 272-274;

and social ethics, 273;

cultural basis of truth, 274;

morphology of history, 275;

primitive organic religiousness, 275, 276, 278;

“pre”-periods of Cultures, 276-278;

of Cultures and landscape, 278;

beginning in Cultures, 279;

cultural character and prime symbols, 279;

Egyptian, 279, 281;

beginning of priesthood estate, 280;

peasant, 280;

narrow circle of cultural understanding, 280, 282;

obscurity of Classical beginning, 281-283;

outline of Classical beginning, 283, 284, 290 n.;

Classical unity, Greek and Roman cults, 284, 285;

later Classical, 285;

Chinese beginning, 285-287;

Chinese tao, 287;

newness of Western, depth-experience as symbol, 288, 294 n.;

reformation as general cultural movement, 295-297;

and Western practical mechanics, 300-302;

Puritanism, 302-305, 316;

Rationalism, 305-308;

Pietism, 308;

cultural basis of mechanistic conception, 308, 309;

Rationalism and myth fads, 310;

second religiousness, 310-314;

historyless fellah, 314;

phase in anti-Semitism, 321, 322;

phase of Fronde and Tyrannis, 386;

and church, 443 n.;

and economics, 473;

and technique, 502.

_See also_ Causality; Christianity; Church and State; Death;

Jews; Philosophy; Priesthood; Pseudomorphosis; Puritanism;

Reformation; Sacred books; Soul; Spirit; Creeds and sects by

name

Renaissance, history-picture, 28 n.;

relation to Classical Culture, 58;

style as urban, 93, 297;

and Italian nationalism, 182;

as Gothic, 291;

and personality, 293;

and Reformation, 297

Republic, Western, as negation, 413. _See also_ Democracy;

Parliamentarism

Resaina, school, 200

Resh-Galutha, 72;

position, 177, 208, 210

Resurrection, as Arabian principle, 59;

effect on Christianity, 218

Retz, Cardinal de, Fronde, 390

Retzius, Anders A., and skull-forms, 128

Revelation, Arabian concept, 243-246;

secret, 246

Revolution, period, 387;

Classical occurrence, 394, 405;

French, as unique manifestation, 411;

Parliamentarism as continuance, 415;

Arabian period, 424.

_See also_ Democracy; Politics

Rhegium, democratic triumph, 396

Rhodes, Cecil, actuality of leadership, 369;

significance, 435;

money and power, 459, 473, 475

Rhodes, plan, 100;

siege, 421

Rhodesia, oval house, 122

Richard I of England, imperial vassal, 374

Richelieu, Cardinal de, power, 389, 390

Robert the Devil, and finance, 372

Robespierre, Maximilian, adventurer, 19;

State-machine, 404, 405;

as mass-leader, 448 n.

Rodbertus, Johann K., and class dictatorship, 404

Roe, Sir Thomas, Turkish mission, 43 n.

Roger II of Sicily, finance, 489

Roman Catholic Church, Classical survivals in popular, 110;

and style of Western learning, 346;

changed basis of politics, 451 n.

_See also_ Christianity; Papacy

Roman law, basis in Classical world, _persona_ and _res_,

60;

and divine law, 60;

as product of practical experience, no legal class, 61;

and Greek law, _jus civile_ and _jus gentium_, city law,

61, 62;

lack of precedent, English contrast, 62, 63;

“collection” not “system,” 63;

lack of early stratification, 64;

codes as party politics, 64;

_jus gentium_ as imperial, 66;

Hadrian’s edict and petrification, 66;

development of jurisprudence, 66;

period of maturity, 66;

lack of basic ideas, 67;

schools, 67;

law of bodies, statics, 67;

and Arabian juridical person, 67, 68, 174, 177;

and Arabian creed-communities, emperor-worship, 68, 69;

Constantine and orthodox Christian law, 69, 70;

position of Arabian-Latin law, 70-72;

divine origin and Arabian written law, precedent and consensus,

72-74;

framing and position of Corpus Juris, religious creation, 74;

independent development of Western law-history, 75;

development of Norman-English law, 75, 76, 78;

Germanic law in Southern Europe, 76;

Maximilian’s code, 76;

character in Germany and Spain, 76, 77;

Corpus Juris Canonici, 77;

Western conflict of _fas_ and _jus_, 78;

effect on Western culture, book and life, 78-80;

Classical bodies and Western functions, 80-82;

Western emancipation as future task, 83, 491, 505;

and established church, 177 n.;

and family, 330;

Western estates and, 365

Romanesque, soul, 180

Romanos, power, 426

Romans, origin of name, 382

Romanticism, and world-literature, 108;

and idea of people, 113;

and apocalyptic, 236, 237, 250

Rome, collapse of empire, 42;

historyful and historyless, 50;

as capital city, 95;

as provincial city, 99;

Classical block-tenements, 101;

suburbs of modern city, 101 n.;

decay of city, 107;

city as Etruscan, 164;

people of city, 166;

political character, 173, 174;

reason for rise, cultural necessity, 185, 422;

cults and Greek cults, 284;

family history, 336;

first settlements and tribes, 351, 382;

Plebs as Third Estate, 357, 408;

_vis-à-vis_ Carthage, 368;

early oligarchy, 375;

aristocratic control, attitude toward residue, 375, 382;

empire as polis, 383;

polis and citizenship, 383, 384;

fifth-century relations, 394-398;

status of Tribunate, 395, 415 n.;

Senate and Tribunate, opposition as “form,” 397;

period of military control, 407;

and border states, 407;

control by political nobility, Senate as engine, 409-411;

money in politics, demagogy, 410, 411, 457-459;

evolution and completion of Cæsarism, 422, 423, 430, 432-434;

political factions and parties, 450;

courts and politics, 459;

finance, 487, 494, 495

Roosevelt, Theodore, on race suicide, 106

Rossbach, battle, importance, 182

Rothschilds, founding of fortune, 402 n.

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, Rationalism, 307;

and class dictatorship, 404;

end of influence, 454

Ruach, connotation, 234

Rubens, Peter Paul, “tigress” expression, 128 n.

Ruma clan, 382

Rumina, goddess, 382

Russian Culture, pseudomorphosis, and Western Culture, 192-194;

and towns, 194;

Dostoyevski and Tolstoi as types, 194-196;

position of Bolshevism, 195;

regular and secular clergy, 254;

pre-cultural religiousness, 278;

soul-character, 295 n.;

unreal classes, 335 n.;

mir, 348;

and money, 495 n.;

present Christianity, 495 n.;

culture and machine, 504 n.

Russo-Japanese War, and military art, 421

Saba, ignored history, 190;

feudalism, 196-198;

geography, 196 n.;

religion, 209, 253;

chronology, 239

Sabazius, cult, 201

Sabbath, Chaldean and Jewish, 207

Sabiniani, legal school, style, 67, 346

_Sachsenspiegel_, 64, 76

Sacraments, Pagan, 203;

Western concept, and free will, 293;

effect of Reformation, 298.

_See also_ Contrition

Sacred books, Arabian nation, revelation, 243-246;

cultural attitude, 244 n.;

infallibility, interpretation, secret revelation, 245-247;

allegorical exegesis, 247;

commentary and authoritative chain, 249, 250.

_See also_ Bible

Sadducees, tendency, 211

Sage, as ideal, 307

Sahara, extension, 39 n.

Saint-Simon, Comte de, and class dictatorship, 404

Saint-Simon, Duc de, on nobility and nation, 172;

on new nobility, 357 n.

Salisbury, Marquess of, and family, 393

Salman, trial, 317

Samarra, plan, 100;

area, 101 n.;

abandoned, 107

Samuel, lord of Al Alblaq, 198

San Gimigniano, fortified towers, 355 n.

Sankhara, Neo-Brahmanism, 315

Sapor I, and Mazdaism, 251

Saracens, Charles Martel’s victory, 192. _See also_ Islam

Saragossa, General Privilege, 373

Sarapion, anchorite, 254

Sards, as name, 164

Sargon, contemporaries, 39

Sassanids, study neglected, 38, 190;

feudalism, 196-198, 423;

Mazdaic State religion, 253;

nobility and priesthood, 353;

as model for Byzantine ceremonial, 378 n.

Savelli, and Papacy, 354

Saviour, as title, 219 n.

Savonarola, Girolamo, and Renaissance, 291;

and reform, urbanism, 296, 297

Saxony, dynastic influence, 182

Scævola, Q. Mucius, private-law, 66

Scent, man’s relation, 7, 115. _See also_ Sense

Schadow, Johann Gottfried, art, 118

Schiele, Friedrich M., on Sadducees and Essenes, 211 n.

Schinkel, Hans F., art, 118

Scholasticism, Arabian and Pseudomorphic, 71, 200, 228, 229, 250;

of Rationalism, 305-308;

intellectual discipline, 463

Schuda, legends, 250

_Schwabenspiegel_, 76

Science. _See_ Intelligence, Natural science

Scipio, P. Cornelius (Africanus Major), and border States, 408;

and Cato, 411;

and Imperialism, 422;

and political organization, 452

Scipio, P Cornelius (Africanus Minor), murder, 423;

and Imperialism, 430;

and political organization, 452

Scots, and divine-given torments, 299 n.

Script. _See_ Writing

Sea-folk, and Egypt, 107, 122, 129, 164

Second religiousness, in Mexican Culture, 45 n.;

period and character, 310;

Syncretism, 311-313;

emperor-cult and fixed organizations, 314;

and Cæsarism, 386 n.;

Western, 455

Seibal, and Mexican Culture, 44

Seleucid Empire, as Arabian, 190;

era, 239

Senate, Roman, and Tribunate, 397, 398;

and political nobility, 409;

Augustus’ dyarchy as nullity, 432;

and courts, 460;

economics and politics, 475

Senatus Populusque Romanus, as Senate and Tribunate, 398;

formal restoration, 433

Seneca, L. Annæus, religiousness, 313

Sensation-content, 6

Sense, as microcosmic organ, and understanding, 5, 69;

human and animal, 114, 115;

and relation of microcosm to macrocosm, 499.

_See also_ Sight

Sentence, origin, and word, 141;

and race, 142;

verbs, 143.

_See also_ Language

Sentinum, battle, importance, 422

Sepoy Mutiny, cultural basis, 321 n.

Septimus Severus, historyless, 432

Serapis-cult, origin, 310

Sertorius, Quintus, and Cæsarism, 428 n.

Sesostris I, absolutism, 387

Sesostris III, absolutism, 387

Sethe, Kurt, on Egyptian script, 108 n.

Seuse, Heinrich, on Mysticism, 292

Sex, cosmic organ, 5;

Civilization and sterility, 103-105;

“versehen,” 126;

conception as sin, 272;

and Classical cults, 283;

orgiasm and asceticism, 283;

elements of duality, war, 327, 328;

and “form,” 331;

and State, 362.

_See also_ Being; Family; Monasticism

Sforza, Catherine, heroism, 328

Shak-el-Arab, Mandæanism, 214 n.

Shamir Juharish, feudalism, 196

Shan-Kur {sic} Period, 416

Shang dynasty, mythology, 286, 379 n.

Shantung, Manichæans, Nestorians, and Islam, 260, 261

Shaping, and training, 331, 340

Shaw, George Bernard, on free woman, 105;

Undershaft as type, 475 n.;

on money and life, 484

Sheridan, Richard B. B., and French Revolution, 412

Shi, as title, 41, 418

Shi-hwang-ti, and second religiousness, 310;

and Chinese history, 434

Shi-King, as religious source, 286;

love songs, 352

Shia, and Chaldean, 176

Shiites, Logos-idea, 236 n.;

beginning, 424

Shirazi, philosophy, 321

Shneor Zalman ben Baruch. _See_ Salman

Shu-Ching, as religious source, 286

Shuiski, Vassili, period, 192

Sibylline books, character of Classical, 244 n.

Sicily, Norman state, 372, 489;

democratic triumph, 396;

and Maniakes, 427 n.

Siculi, as name, 164

Siena, fortified towers, 355

Sight, as supreme sense, 6;

bodily and mental, 7;

and waking-being, 7;

lordship in man, 7-9;

invisible and fear, 8;

and race, 114, 128;

and words, 140;

and verbs, 143;

Arabian light-sensation, “cavern” and Logos, 233, 236, 237;

light and religion, 265.

_See also_ Sense

Sign, and language, 134;

and script, 149

Signorelli, Luca, frescoes and the Devil, 292 n.

Simplicius, and commentary, 247

Sinuhet, biography, 387

Skeleton, and race, 124, 128-130, 175;

and landscape, 130

Skleros, power, 427

Skoptsi, as manifestation, 278

Skull. _See_ Skeleton

Slavery, Roman freedmen and citizenship, 166 n.;

Classical and money, end, 349 n., 480, 488, 496;

Irak rebellion, 426;

attitude of Plebs, 451 n.;

technique, 479 n., 503;

Western status, 488 n.

Sleep, as vegetable, 7

Smith, Adam, relation to property, 345;

and Hume, 403;

and economic thought, 469;

theory of value, 491

Smith, Elliot, ethnological research, 129

Smiths, guild and tribe, 479

Socialism, money and movement, 402;

effect on Capitalism, 454, 464 n., 506 n.;

and Cæsarism, 506.

_See also_ Marx

Society, origin, 343

Sociology, Jesus’ indifference, 217

Socrates, Rationalism, 307;

as spiritual heir and ancestry, 309

Sohm, Rudolf, on German jurisprudence, 80

Sol Invictus, cult, 201;

and Syncretism, 253

Solomon, fictitious, 72 n.;

Psalms, 213 n.

Solon, Egyptian influence, 62 n.;

character of law, 63-65;

and impiety, 282;

economics and politics, 475

Sombart, Werner, on book-keeping, 490

Sophists, and Socrates, 309;

and Chinese Cæsarism, 418

Sorel, Albert, and French Revolution, 399 n.

Soul, cultural and intercultural forms, 56;

cultural significance, 59;

of town, 90;

and language, 137;

and people, 165;

and spirit in Arabian dualism, indwelling, 234-236;

Western and Russian, 295 n.

_See_ Religion; Spirit; Will

Sound, as sign of language, word, 134

Space, extension and waking-being, 7;

and truths, 12;

Arabian concept, 233;

and time and religion, 265.

_See also_ Time

Spain, physical changes, 39 n.;

and Roman law, 77;

Jewish Culture, 316;

period of absolutism, 388;

Fronde conflict, 390;

origins of accountancy, 489

Sparta, helots, 332, 349, 357;

_vis-à-vis_ Athens, 368;

royal succession, 380;

oligarchic-democratic struggle, 396, 397

Spartacus, and Cæsarism, 428 n.

Spartiates, as feudal, 375

Speaking, and language, 117, 125

Speculators, as cultural phenomenon, 484

Spence, Lewis, on Mexican chronology, 44 n.

Spener, Philipp J., Pietism, 308

Spenta Mainyu, Persian Holy Spirit, 244

Sphærus, influence, 454 n.

Spinden, Herbert J., researches in Mexican Culture, 44 n.

Spinoza, Baruch, Gnosis, 228;

Arabian metaphysic, 241, 321;

on contemplation, 242;

expulsion, 317

Spirit, Arabian pneuma, 57;

and soul in Arabian dualism, indwelling, 234-236.

_See also_ Body; Religion; Soul; Waking-being

Sport, and Civilization, 103

Stanley, Arthur P., on Islam and Christianity, 304 n.

State. _See_ Politics

States-General, calling, 373;

overthrow, 388

Statics, Roman law, 67

Steam-engine, effect, 502

Stein, Lorenz von, on money, 485

Stenography, character, 152

Sterility, and Civilization, 103-105

Stoicism, and jurisprudence, 62;

Rationalism, 307;

Pietism, 308;

and second religiousness, 312;

style of school, 345;

improvidence, 372;

and Cæsarism, ideologues and conspiracy, 433, 434;

political influence, 454

Streets, cultural attitude, 94

Stuarts, and Roman law, 365 n.;

and dynasty, 388, 389

Studion, monk-state, 314

Style, Western, external effects, 46;

intercultural, 87-89;

as urban, 92;

and Civilization, 108, 109;

rigid and living, surface mixture, 123;

priesthood and, of learning, 345

Su-tsin, career, 417;

character, 419

Subjects and objects, 369;

in politics, 441;

in economics, 479, 493

Submission, as Arabian concept, 240

Substance, Arabian religious concept, 244;

controversy and Christian split, 255-258.

_See also_ Trinity

Succession Wars, character, 392

Sudra, as caste, 332;

and tribes, 348

Sufism, and Chaldean, 176;

Gnosis, 228;

and contemplation, 242;

Pietism, 308;

and Jewish Mysticism, 321.

_See also_ Islam; Mysticism

Sulla, L. Cornelius, and princeps, 423;

and demagogy, 458;

and courts, 460

Sultanate, rise over caliphate, 425, 426

Sumer, and Arabian Culture, 189 n.

Sun-tse, on war, 417 n., 419 n.;

character, 419 n.;

anecdote, 420 n.

Sura, academy, 71, 200

Swedenborg, Emanuel, Pietism, 308;

and Yesirah, 316

Sybaris, destruction, 303, 394

Symbolism, farmhouse, 90;

peacock, 236;

cultural religious prime symbols, 279, 287, 288;

colour, 289;

clock, 300 n.;

Wandering Jew, 317;

printing, 413;

Classical coin, 486

Syncretic Church, and emperor-worship, 68;

as name, 68 n.;

cults and “Greeks,” 176;

Arabian churches in Classical style, 201;

reversal, Classical cults as Eastern Church, 102;

Paganism and Christianity, sacraments and other elements, 203,

204;

Jewish rescue, from, 210;

Jesus sects, 220 n.;

development, parallelism, 252;

State religion, 253;

monasticism, 254;

westward expansion, 255;

missionarism, 259;

end of theology, 261.

_See also_ Pseudomorphosis; Religion

Syncretism, in second religiousness, 311-313. _See also_

preceding title

Synesius, as Neo-Platonist, 252

Synod of a Hundred Chapters, 278

Synod of Antichrist, 278

Synœcism, Classical, 173, 355, 381, 382;

Roman, 383

Syntax, and grammar, 142;

period, 145

Syracuse, as provincial city, 99;

as megalopolis, 382 n.;

democratic triumph, 396;

colonization, 405;

class proscriptions, 405, 406 n.;

siege, 421;

and Plato’s theory, 454

Syrian Law-book, importance, 64, 70

Sze-ma-tsien, on Contending States, 417;

as compiler, 418 n.;

biographies, 454 n.

Taboo, relation to waking-being and language, 116, 154;

dependence on totem, 117, 265;

in art, 118;

and cathedral, 122;

and script, 151;

space-fear, 265;

and technique, 268, 271;

moral, and negations, 272, 342.

_See also_ Totem

Tacitus, Cornelius, on Decemvirs’ code, 65;

philosophical confusion, 238;

and polis, 383;

on Musonius Rufus, 430;

and Cæsarism, 434 n.

Tai-dsung, and Islam, 261

Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles de, as politician, 446

Talmud, as creed law, 69;

and Chaldean, 176;

development, influences, 208, 209

Tammany Hall, as type, 452 n.

Tannaim, class, 71

Tanvasar, and new Avesta, 250, 251

Taoism, and Pacifism, 185;

principle, 287;

alteration in concept, 307;

expansion, 308;

Syncretism, 312, 315;

of Han period, 314;

and priesthood, 352;

and Cæsarism, 434 n.

Tarquins, fall, 65

Tarragona, Jewish city, 316

Tartars, Russian release, 192

Taxes, purpose, 475 n.

Tchun-tsin-fan-lu, 454 n.

Technique, and truth, 144 n.;

and theory in religion, 268, 271;

and Classical city-religions, 285;

and Western science, 300, 302;

and Rationalism, 306;

development of military, 420-422;

influence on Western economic thought, 469;

machines and Western slavery, 488 n.;

and plant, 499;

of animal movement, involuntary, 499;

conscious-knowing, 499;

tyrannical theory, 500;

development out of nature, 500;

under Classical Culture, 500;

Western passion, Gothic, 501;

effect of steam-engine, 502;

religious origin, and Devil, 502, 504, 504 n., 505;

Western and infinity, conquest of nature, 503, 504;

machine-industry as master of Western Civilization, 504;

its agents, 504;

machine-industry as Western bourgeois, 504 n.;

other cultures and machine, 504 n.;

engineer as priest, 505;

struggle with money, 505

Telemachus, and dynasty, 380

Telescope, Chinese invention, 501 n.

Tell-el-Amarna letters, 166

Ten Thousand, as polis, 160 n.

Tenochtitlan, destruction, 44;

founding, character, 45, 99

Tension, and beat, 4;

and waking-being, 7;

and Civilization and intelligence, 102.

_See also_ Waking-being

Tertullian, Montanist, 227;

and Western Church, 229;

period, 250

Teutoburger Wald, Varus’ defeat, 48 n.

Teutonic Knights, finance, 489

Tezcuco, as world-city, 99

Thebes, as Egypt, 95;

as world-city, 99;

rise of dynasty, 428

Themis, and Dike, 376, 378

Theocritus, “playing” with expression, 137

Theoderich, tomb, 89

Theodore of Studion, and Leo V, 425;

as party leader, 449

Theognis, and _carpe diem_, 383

Theory, development, dominance, 10, 500;

and technique in religion, 268, 271;

cultural attitude toward scientific, 301;

correctness and technical value, 500 n.

Thing, legal Classical notion, 60

Third Estate. _See_ Democracy

Thirty Years’ War, as consequence, 181;

political aspect, 388, 391;

Wallenstein’s idea and fall, 389

Thomas, Saint, Gospel, 213 n.;

Acts, romances, 236, 251 n.

Thomas Aquinas, philosophy, 172 n.;

and Devil-cult, 291;

and sacraments, 293

Thought, defined, development of theoretical, 10;

and life, facts and truths, 11-13;

compulsion, 12;

causality-men, place in life, 16-19.

_See also_ Waking-being

Thucydides, ahistoric, 24

Thurii, plan, 100

Tiberius, as historyful, 171;

economics and politics, 432, 475

Tikal, and Mexican Culture, 44

Tilly, Count of, and Wallenstein, 389

Time, and facts, 12;

and dynastic-idea, 179;

Arabian concept, ordained period, 238-240, 249;

and space and religion, 265;

and truth, 271;

mythology, 286.

_See also_ Being; Destiny; History; Space

Tiresias, and Classical religious beginnings, 282, 350

Tities, tribe, 351, 382

Tobit, as Arabian, 208

Togrulbek, power, 427

Toledo, Jewish city, 316

Toleration, Classical and Arabian attitude, 203

Tolstoi, Leo, Western soul, 194-196;

conception of Jesus, 218

Topinard, Paul, race classification, 125

Totem, relation to being and race, 116;

in art, 118;

and dwelling-house, 121;

and castle, 122;

in language, 154;

time-fear and taboo, 265;

moral, 342.

_See also_ Taboo

Touch, as primary sense, 6. _See also_ Sense

Tournament, as manifestation of nobility, 352

Tours, importance of Saracen defeat, 192

Town, and Culture, 90;

soul, 90;

relation to country, 91;

cultural type, 91;

and market, 91, 480;

and style, 92;

“visage” as cultural, 93;

relation to landscape, 94;

city history as world-history, 95, 96;

domination of capital city, cultural basis, 95, 381;

and intellect, 96;

great and little, spiritual distinction, 97;

and monetary idea, and dictatorship, 97, 98;

Civilization and overflow, 100;

and writing, 152;

script speech, 155;

and nations, 171;

Russia and, 194;

and Renaissance-Reformation movement, 297;

and science, 300;

and Puritanism, 302;

and Rationalism, 305;

consciousness and personal freedom, 354, 356, 358;

burgher estate, 355;

movement of primary estates to, 355, 356;

and State-idea, 377;

relation of politics and economics, capitalism, 476, 477, 493;

effect on trade, 481, 484.

_See also_ Causality; Megalopolitanism; Polis; Politics

Trade, and politics, 474;

as substitute for war, 474.

_See also_ Economics

Tradition, place in cultural history, 338;

prevision law, 363;

of political leadership, 444

Training, and shaping, 331, 340

Trajan, historyless, 432

Tramilæ, as name, 164

Transubstantiation, new English controversy, 309 n.

Trdat of Armenia, State and Church, 253

Trebatius Testa, C., and Cicero, 458 n.

Tree of Knowledge, and cross, 180 n.

Tribes, Arabian pre-cultural associations, solution, 173, 176;

as names for priesthoods, 175;

occupational, 348, 479

Tribonian, as jurist, 73

Tribunate, and Plebs, 357;

beginning, status, as lawful Tyrannis, 394-398, 433;

consular, 397;

and Senate, survival, 397, 398, 433;

blind incident, 415 n.;

Marius as heir, 423;

and party, 451

Trinity, and Arabian pneuma, 68, 244. _See also_ Logos; Substance

Triumvirates, and border States, 408;

and Cæsarism, 423;

first, 454

Troeltsch, Ernst, on Augustine as Classical, 241 n.

Trojan War, as beginning of history, 27;

feud or crusade, 282

Troubadours, Arabian, 198;

relation to Renaissance, 297

Truth, and facts, 11, 12, 47;

cultural basis, 58;

and speech, 137, 144;

abstract and living, 147;

Arabian pneuma, 242;

Arabian sacred book, 243;

experience, 268;

and time, 271;

and current of being, history, 274;

and politics, 368;

influence of press, 461.

_See also_ Ethics; Faith

_Tshou-li_, on officialdom, 372

Tshun-tsin, period, 391

Tsi, in period of Contending States, 417

Tsin, imperialistic State, 38, 41;

and Taoism, 185;

and Tsu, 368;

rise in period of Contending States, 416-419

Tsu, and Tsin, 368;

in period of Contending States, 417, 418, 454

Tung Chung-Shu, on Middle Kingdom, 373 n.

Turfan manuscripts, 213 n., 252

Turgot, Anne R. J., overthrow, 411 n.

Turks, and Cæsarism, 426, 427

Tursha, as name, 164

Twelve Tables, character, 63, 65;

importance, 65 n.;

commentary, 66;

class law, 365;

significance, overthrow, 396

Tyche, and lot-choice of officials, 383

Tyrannis, first, preceding oligarchy, 375;

fall of Tarquinian, 382;

significance, 386;

and Tribunate, struggle for lawful, 394-398;

character of second, 405-408.

_See also_ Politics

Ujjaina, as world-city, 99

Ulemas, law-men, 71

Ulpian, as jurist, 71

_Unam sanctam_ bull, 376

Understanding, and sensation, 6;

language and emancipation, thought, 9, 10;

and reason, 13;

meaning, 133, 136;

as causal, 266;

and faith, 266, 269-271

United States. _See_ Americans

Ur, tombs, 35 n.

Uxmal, and Mexican Culture, 45;

as world-city, 99

Valentinian III, Law of Citations, 73, 248

Valentinus, period, 250;

and substance, 256

Value, early lack of concept, 480;

money and value-in-itself, 482;

theories as subjective, 482 n.;

money and standard, 485 n.;

irrelation of Classical land and money, 487;

Classical attitude toward art, 487;

Western concept of work, 491-493.

_See also_ Economics

Varro, M. Terentius, era, 239

Varus, P. Quintilius, defeat, site, 48, 487

Vasari, Giorgio, and return to nature, 291

Vase-painting, Exekias, 135

Vasili Blazheny, style, 89

Vassalage, rise and significance, 349;

change to money basis, 357.

_See also_ Feudalism; Slavery

Vegetable. _See_ Plant

Venice, and money-outlook, 97 n.;

small-scale traffic, 481 n.

Verbs, place in language development, 143

Vergennes, Comte de, as end of period, 398

Verres, Caius, wealth as object, 459

Vespasian, war on Judea, 210;

and ideologues, 434

Vesta, and economics, 472

Village, and town, 91

Vindex, unimportance, 50

Virtue, change in concept, 307

Vladimir of Kiev, epic cycle, 192

Vohu Mano, as Word of God, 244

Voltaire, and Rationalism, 305

Vries, Hugo de, mutation theory, 32 n.

Waking-being, as microcosmic, and being, 7, 11, 13;

visual thought, 7-9;

language and thought, 9, 10, 114;

life and thought, facts and truths, 11-13, 16;

adjustment to macrocosm, 14, 24;

and causality, 14;

and problem of motion, death, 14-16;

and intercultural history, 56;

and money, 98;

upward series of utterances, 116;

and taboo, 117;

willed activity, 133;

and reflection, 141;

cultural oppositions, 233;

and religion, 265, 499;

and priesthood, 335;

and economics, 473;

and sense, 499;

ultimate fall, 507.

_See also_ Being; Causality; Economics; Intelligence;

Language; Microcosm; Religion; Space; Town

Wallenstein, Albrecht von, idea, power and fall, 389

Wandering Jew, symbolism, 317

Wang, as title, 379

Wang-Cheng, rule, 41, 418, 423

War, and politics and economics, 330, 366, 440, 474;

and nobility, 351;

as great creator, 362;

as normal Classical condition, 385;

character of Baroque, 392;

Pe-Ki as general, 417 n.;

Sun-tse as authority, 417 n., 419 n.;

change in character under Civilization, 419-422;

nineteenth-century substitute, 428;

expected Western period, 429;

as cultural necessity, 429, 434;

relation to press, 460;

and hunger, 471.

_See also_ Army; Peace

Wartburg, cathedral art, 123

Washington, plan, 100 n.

Washington Conference, as prelude of war, 430

Wealth. _See_ Economics; Money

Wedgwood, Josiah, ware, 491

Wei-Yang, character, 419

Weill, Raymond, on Hyksos, 428 n.

Weininger, Otto, Arabian metaphysic, 322

Weissenberg, Samuel, on Jewish type, 175

Wellington, Duke of, rise, 406

Welser, city nobility, 356

Wenceslaus, as emperor, 376

Wesley, John, practical Pietism, 308

Westermann, Diedrich, language investigation, 140

Western Culture, as historic, 28;

and human and universal history, 28;

individuality in historical attunement, 29, 30;

future historical achievement, 30, 46, 47, 55;

landscape and outside effect, 46;

transfer of Christianity to, 59, 235, 237, 258;

independent legal development, 75, 76;

Roman law in, 76-78;

effect of Roman law, 78-83;

and antique, 79;

future jurisprudence, 80-83, 505;

future cities, 101;

present stage of Civilization, 109;

and mother tongue, 120;

and script, 150;

and people, 169;

nations under, dynastic-idea, 179-181, 378, 381;

races, nations, and dynasties, 181-183;

dynastic-idea and overthrow of monarchy, language-idea, 183;

Charles Martel and avoidance of pseudomorphosis, 192;

and Russia, 192;

newness of religion, depth-experience as symbol, 288, 294 n.;

Mary-cult and Devil-cult, 290-294;

guilt and free-will, sacraments, 292, 293;

contrition, 293-295;

personality-concept, 293;

Calvin-Loyola opposition and world-politics, 299;

and practical mechanics, 300;

dynamic character of Rationalism, 309;

probable character of second religiousness, 311 n.;

religion and style of learning, 346;

style of nobility, genealogical principle, 350;

style of priesthood, 352;

relation of primary estates, 353;

capital city, 381;

reading and writing, 413;

money as function, 489-493;

capital and financial organization, 493, 494;

future, 507.

_See also_ Baroque; Cultures; Gothic; Politics; Technique

Westminster Confession, on Grace, 242

Westphalia, Peace of, effect on nobility, 391

Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Ulrich von, on patriarchal kingdom, 380 n.

Will, Arabian attitude, submission, 235, 240;

Arabian Grace, 241, 242;

Western free-will and sacraments, 292, 293;

Russian attitude, 295 n.

William I of England, and property, 371

William of Occam, will and reason, 241

Wilson, Woodrow, as tool, 475

Winchester, Eng., as royal residence, 92 n.

Winckler, Hugo, on post-exilic Jews, 205

Witchcraft, Western cult, 291;

persecution, 302

Woman. _See_ Sex

Words, cult-colouring of prime, 116;

as language sound, 134;

as to origin, 137, 138;

and names, 138-141;

and modern gesture, 140 n.;

and sentence, 141;

acquisition, 142;

vocabularies and grammar, 147;

alien provenance, 148;

and conscious technique, 499.

_See also_ Language

Work, quantity and quality in Western concept of value, 491-493

Works, religious technique and moral, 272. _See also_ Faith

World-city. _See_ Megalopolitanism

World War, and passage to Cæsarism, 418;

effect on universal military service, 429;

and military art, 421;

and Marxism, 455;

guilt question, 461 n.;

Allied press propaganda, 462 n., 463

Worms, Diet of, code, 76

Writing, cultural relation, 36, 146, 150;

Arabian religions and scripts, 73, 150, 227 n.;

Egyptian, 108;

grammatical decomposition, 145, 146;

technique of signs and thoughts, 146;

and linguistic history, 147;

and “present” training, 149;

dependence on grammar, 149;

and reading, 149;

and extension and duration, 150;

and historical endowment, 150;

and colloquial language, 150;

relation to race, as taboo, ornament, 151;

city and utilitarian, standardization, 152, 155;

stenography, 152;

dependence of world history on, 153.

_See also_ Language

Wu, State, annihilation, 422

Wu-ti, as ruler, 41

Wullenweber, Jürgen, economics and politics, 475

Wundt, Wilhelm M., an origin of language, 138

Wyclif, John, and reform, 296

Xenophon, and class dictatorship, 404

Yahweh cult, 201

Yang-Chu, materialism, 309

Yellow Turbans, insurrection, 314

Yeomanry, lack in England and United States, 449 n. _See also_

Peasantry

Yesirah, rational Mysticism, 316

Yiddish, character, 150 n.

Yorck von Wartenburg, Graf, and Napoleon, 406 n.

Zaddikism, 322

Zaleucus, laws, 64

Zama, battle, and Hellenism, 191, 422

Zarathustra, basis of religious reform, 168;

Jewish contemporaries, 205.

_See also_ Mazdaism; Zend Avesta

Zechariah, Persian influence, 208

Zend Avesta, commentary, 247;

new, Mazdaism, 251

Zeno, and property, 344

Zimmern, Heinrich, on Jesus as Mandæan, 214 n.

Zionism, character, 210

Zoroaster. _See_ Zarathustra

Zrvanism, rise, 256

Zwingli, Ulrich, as Gothic, 296

[FOOTNOTES]

[1] In what follows I have drawn upon a metaphysical work that I hope

shortly to be able to publish.

[2] For instance, Vol. I, p. 154.--_Tr._

[3] See Vol. I, p. 54.--_Tr._

[4] Even scientific astronomy, when applied to everyday work, states

the movements of the heavenly bodies in terms referred to our

perception of them.--_Tr._

[5] See Vol. I, p. 172.--_Tr._

[6] A very similar notion of the light-world diffused from the

light-centre forms the cardinal point of the philosophy of Robert

Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln (1175-1273).--_Tr._

[7] The coming of radio broadcasting has in no way altered, but has

rather confirmed, the validity of this. The listener either translates

his aural impressions into those of the light-world or else yields even

more readily than usual to the “illusion” here discussed.--_Tr._

[8] The original reads: “_An Stelle des völlig einheitlichen

verstehenden Empfindens erscheint oft und öfter ein Verstehen der

Bedeutung von kaum noch beachteten Sinneseindrücken._”--_Tr._

[9] Hence we call that which we observe in the faces of men who have

not the habit of thought “animal”--admiringly or contemptuously as the

case may be.

[10] See Vol. I, p. 126.--_Tr._

[11] See Vol. I, p. 102.--_Tr._

[12] Hence Bayle’s profound observation that the understanding is

capable only of discovering errors.

[13] See Vol. I, p. 94.--_Tr._

[14] See Vol. I, pp. 53, et seq.--_Tr._

[15] Original: “_aus dem Erlebnis._”--_Tr._

[16] A.D. 553 (Gibbon, _Decline and Fall_, ch. xliii).--_Tr._

[17] G. Le Bon’s _Psychologie des Foules_ (which has been translated

into English under the title _The Crowd_) is the pioneer work on this

subject, and though unduly coloured perhaps by the author’s personal

prepossessions, still retains its interest and value.--_Tr._

[18] See Vol. I., pp. 139, et seq.--_Tr._

[19] Meaning here names, dates, numbers--the chronology in the usual

extensive sense, and not the intensive or deep sense. See Vol. I, pp.

97, 153 (foot-note).--_Tr._

[20] He affirmed, on the first page of his history (about 400 B.C.),

that before his time nothing of significance had happened (οὐ μεγάλα

νομίζω γενέσθαι οὔτε κατὰ τοὺς πολέμους οὔτε ἐς τα ἄλλα. Thucydides, I,

1.)

[21] Original: “_Alles Bedeutende, nämlich das Einmalige der

Geschichte._”--_Tr._

[22] I suppose the meaning of these words to be that generalization and

flair are not really opposed, but interdependent.--_Tr._

[23] Original: _(“So geschieht dies stets ...) im Hinblick auf das_ im

Augenblick geforderte _Bild als der beständigen Funktion der Zeit und

des Menschen.”_--_Tr._

[24] Even at the level of the Trojan War the timeless mythological

figures of gods and demigods are still involved, intimately and in

detail, in the human story. See, on the whole question of the Greek

attitude towards time and history, Vol. I, p. 9 and _passim_.--_Tr._

[25] See Chapter VIII below.--_Tr._

[26] Introduced in Rome in 522 during the Ostrogoth domination, not

until Charlemagne’s times did it make headway in the Germanic lands.

Then, however, its spread was rapid.

[27] See Vol. I, p. 19.--_Tr._

[28] On the other hand--and very significantly--the field of the

history-picture livingly experienced in the consciousness of the

sincere Renaissance classicist markedly contracted.

[29] See Vol. I, p. 16.--_Tr._

[30] The Emperor Henry VI reigned 1190-7.--_Tr._

[31] During his Italian sojourn of 1786-8 Goethe made up his mind

to resign his political offices at Weimar, retaining merely a

non-executive seat on the Council and definitely devoting himself to

art and science. This resolution he carried into effect on his return

to Weimar in 1788; _Tasso_ finally appeared in 1790.--_Tr._

[32] For the special sense in which the word “Civilization” is used

throughout this work see Vol. I, p. 31. Briefly, the Civilization is

the outcome of the Culture of which it is in one sense the final phase,

but in another the distinct and unlike sequel.--_Tr._

[33] Christian Leopold von Buch, 1774-1853; Cuvier, 1769-1832.--_Tr._

[34] The first proof that the basic forms of plants and animals did

not evolve, but were suddenly there, was given by H. de Vries in his

_Mutation Theory_ (1886). In the language of Goethe, we see how the

“impressed form” [See Vol. I, p. 157.--_Tr._] works itself out in the

individual samples, but not how the die was cut for _the whole genus_.

[35] With this it becomes unnecessary to postulate vast periods of

time for the original states of man, and we can regard the interval

between the oldest man-type hitherto discovered and the beginning of

the Egyptian Culture as a span, greater indeed, but certainly not

unthinkably greater, than the 5,000 years of recognized cultural

history.

[36] It is perhaps not unnecessary to remark that the word “epoch” is

used throughout this book in its proper sense of “turning point” or

“moment of change” and _not_ in the loose sense of “period” which it

has acquired.--_Tr._

[37] _Und Afrika Sprach_ (1912); _Paideuma, Umrisse einer Kultur- und

Seelenlehre_ (1920). Frobenius distinguishes three ages.

[38] This work appeared before the discovery of the Sumerian (or

Pre-Sumerian) tombs of Ur.--_Tr._

[39] See Vol. I, p. 108.--_Tr._

[40] Goethe, in his little essay “_Geistesepochen_,” has characterized

the four parts of a Culture--its preliminary, early, late, and

civilized stages--with such a depth of insight that even to-day there

is nothing to add. See the tables at the end of Vol. I, which agree

with this exactly.

[41] Another blank is the history of the countryside or landscape

(i.e., of the soil, with its plant-mantle and its weathering) in which

man’s history has been staged for five thousand years. And yet man has

so painfully wrested himself from the history of the landscape, and

withal is so held to it still by myriad fibres, that without it life,

soul, and thought are inconceivable.

So far as concerns the South-European field, from the end of the Ice

Age, a hitherto rank luxuriance gradually gave place in the plant-world

to poverty. In the course of the successive Egyptian, Classical,

Arabian, and Western Cultures, a climatic change developed all around

the Mediterranean, which resulted in the peasant’s being compelled to

fight no longer _against_ the plant-world, but _for_ it--first against

the primeval forest and then against the desert. In Hannibal’s time

the Sahara lay very far indeed to the south of Carthage, but to-day

it already penetrates to northern Spain and Italy. Where was it in

the days of the pyramid-builders, who depicted sylvan and hunting

scenes in their reliefs? When the Spaniards expelled the Moriscos,

their countryside of woods and ploughland, already only artificially

maintained, lost its character altogether, and the towns became oases

in the waste. In the Roman period such a result could not have ensued.

[42] The new method of comparative morphology affords us a safe test

of the datings which have been arrived at by other means for the

beginnings of past Cultures. The same kind of argument which would

prevent us, even in the absence of positive information, from dating

Goethe’s birth more than a century earlier than the “_Urfaust_,”

or supposing the career of Alexander the Great to have been that

of an elderly man, enables us to demonstrate, from the individual

characteristics of their political life and the spirit of their art,

thought, and religion, that the Egyptian Culture dawned somewhere

about 3000 and the Chinese about 1400. The calculations of French

investigators and more recently of Borchardt (_Die Annalen und

die zeitliche Festlegung des Alten Reiches_, 1919) are as unsound

intrinsically as those of Chinese historians for the legendary Hsia and

Shang dynasties. Equally, it is impossible that the Egyptian calendar

should have been introduced in 4241 B.C. As in every chronology we

have to allow that evolution has been accompanied by radical calendar

changes, the attempt to fix the exact starting-date _a posteriori_ is

objectless.

[43] Eduard Meyer (_Gesch. d. Altertums_, III, 97) estimates the

Persians, probably too highly, at half a million as against the fifty

millions of the Babylonian Empire. The numerical relation between the

Germanic peoples and legions of the third-century Roman emperors and

the Roman population as a whole, and that of the Ptolemaic and Roman

armies to that of the Egyptian people, was of much the same order.

[H. Delbrück, in his well-known _Gesch. der Kriegskunst_ (1908), Vol.

I, Part I, chapter i, and elsewhere, deals in considerable detail with

the strengths of ancient armies.--_Tr._]

[44] A.D. 378. See C. W. C. Oman, _History of the Art of War: Middle

Ages_ (1898), ch. i; H. Delbrück, _Gesch. der Kriegskunst_, Vol. II,

book I, ch. x, and book II.--_Tr._

[45] In the case of Rome, the idea of a fixed frontier against

the barbarian emerged soon after the defeat of Varus, and the

fortifications of the Limes were laid down before the close of the

first century of our era.--_Tr._

[46] For at that time imperialistic tendencies found expression even in

India, in the Maurya and Sunga dynasty; these, however, could only be

confused and ineffective, Indian nature being what it was.

[47] Chapters vii-ix below.

[48] On the history of the Avesta see _Ency. Brit._, XI ed., articles

“Zend-Avesta” and “Zoroaster.”--_Tr._

[49] Sir Thomas Roe, 1620. A similar mission went to Turkey on the

part of Frederick and the Bohemian nobles to ask for assistance and to

justify to the Turk their action in deposing the Habsburg King. The

answer they received was what might be expected of a great imperialist

power asked to intervene in the affairs of lesser neighbours--namely,

material guarantees of the reality of the movement it was asked to

support and pledges that no settlement would be made without its

agreement.--_Tr._

[50] Mexico City, or, better, the agglomeration of towns and villages

in the valley of Mexico.--_Tr._

[51] According to Prescott, Cortez’s force on landing had thirteen hand

firearms and fourteen cannon, great and small, altogether. The whole of

these were lost in the first defeat at Mexico. Later a pure accident

gave Cortez the contents of a supply-ship from Europe. In a military

sense horses contributed to the Spanish victories nearly if not quite

as much as firearms, but these, too, were in small numbers, sixteen at

the outset.--_Tr._

[52] The following attempt is based upon the data of two American

works--L. Spence, _The Civilization of Ancient Mexico_ (Cambridge,

1912); and H. J. Spinden, _Maya Art: Its Subject matter and Historical

Development_ (Cambridge, 1913)--which independently of one another

attempt to work out the chronology and which reach a certain measure of

agreement.

[53] Since the publication of the German original, Spinden’s further

researches (_Ancient Civilizations of Mexico_) have placed the

historical zero date at 613 B.C. (and the cosmological zero of

back-reckoning at 3373 B.C.). This historical zero seems to lie deep in

the pre-Cultural period, if later events have the dates given in the

text. But compare Author’s note on p. 39.--_Tr._

[54] These are the names of near-by villages serving as labels; the

true names are lost.

[55] And was there an element of _panem et circenses_ in the

mass-sacrifice of captives? May it be that the acceptance of the

Spaniard as the expected manifestation of the god Quetzalcoatl

(“_redeunt Saturnia regna_”), and the serious disputations on matters

of religion that took place between Montezuma and the Christians, were

presages of the phase which Spengler calls the “Second Religiousness”

(see below, p. 310) of the Civilization?--_Tr._

[56] “_Zur Theorie und Methodik der Geschichte_” (_Kleine Schriften_,

1910), which is by far the best piece of historical philosophy ever

written by an opponent of all philosophy.

[57] Varus’s disaster in the Teutoburger Wald.--_Tr._

[58] The Japanese belonged formerly to the Chinese Civilization and

again belong to a Civilization--the Western--to-day. A Japanese Culture

in the genuine sense there has never been. Japanese Americanism must,

therefore, be judged otherwise than as an outgrowth of what never was

there.

[59] _Cæsars Monarchie und das Principat des Pompejus_ (1918) pp. 501,

et seq.

[60] I.e., that sensation consists in the absorption of small particles

radiated by the object.--_Tr._

[61] See Ch. VIII below.--_Tr._

[62] See R. Hirzel, _Die Person_ (1914), p. 7.

[63] L. Wenger, _Das Recht der Griechen und Römer_ (1914), p. 170; R.

v. Mayr, _Römische Rechtsgeschichte_, II, 1, p. 87.

[64] A curious sidelight on this appears in the provisions of the

savage law against recalcitrant debtors, who (after certain delays and

formalities) could be put to death and even hewn in pieces by their

creditors, or--“sold as slaves beyond the Tiber.”--_Tr._

[65] A thirteenth-century collection by Eike von Repgow of German

customs and customary law (ed. K. G. Homeyer, 1861).--_Tr._

[66] And were judged by a different authority, the peregrin

prætor.--_Tr._

[67] The “dependence” of Classical law upon Egyptian is, as it chances,

still traceable. Solon the wholesale merchant introduced into his Attic

legislation provisions concerning debt-slavery, contract, work-shyness,

and unemployment taken from Egypt. Diodorus, I, 77, 79, 94.

[68] The process is clearly explained in Goudy’s article “Roman Law,”

_Ency. Brit._, XI ed. Very roughly, the prætor corresponded to the

judge, and the judges to the jury, of modern English law, but such a

parallel must not be pressed far.--_Tr._

[69] L. Wenger, _Recht der Griechen und Römer_, pp. 166, et seq.

[70] See _Ency. Brit._, XI ed., Vol. XII, p. 502. Fragments of the

older collection referred to were found in the vicinity.--_Tr._

[71] In English legal theory the judge does not _make law_ by a new

decision, but _“declares” the law_--i.e., makes explicit what has

been implicit in the law from the first, though the occasion for its

manifestation has not hitherto arisen.--_Tr._

[72] See _Ency. Brit._, XI ed., Vol XXVI, p. 315.--_Tr._

[73] See Beloch, _Griechische Geschichte_, I, 1, p. 350.

[74] The background of this is Etruscan law, the primitive form of the

Roman. Rome was an Etruscan city.

[75] Busolt, _Griechische Staatskunde_, p. 528.

[76] Compare the famous ironical judgment of Mr. Justice Maule which

led to the reform of the divorce laws in England (1857): “... It is

true that the course which you should legally have taken would have

cost you many hundreds of pounds, whereas probably you have not as many

pence. _But the Law knows no distinction between rich and poor._”--_Tr._

[77] What is important to us, therefore, in the Law of the Twelve

Tables is not the supposed contents (of which scarcely an authentic

clause survived even in Cicero’s day), but the political act of

codification itself, the tendency of which corresponded to that of

the overthrow of the Tarquinian Tyrannis by senatorial Oligarchy--a

success which, now endangered, it was sought to stabilize for the

future. The text which schoolboys learned in detail in Cæsar’s time

must have had the same destiny as the consular lists of the old time,

in which had been interpolated names upon names of families whose

wealth and influence was of much later origin. In recent years Pais

and Lambert have disputed the whole story of the Twelve Tables, and so

far as concerns the authenticity of the reputed text, they may well be

right--not so, however, as regards the course of political events in

the years about 450.

[78] Only half a century separates the traditional dates of these

events (509, 451), in spite of the wealth of traditional history

afterwards attached to the period. The “coup,” in the case of the

Decemvirs, was the capture by the patricians of a machine set up for

the redress of plebeian grievances.--_Tr._

[79] Cf. Ch. IV below.

[80] Sohm, _Institutionen_ (14) p. 101. [This is the edict of “Julian”

(Salvius Julianus, urban prætor). Romanists are not agreed as to how

far, if at all, it included material derived from the decisions of the

peregrin prætor. See Professor Goudy’s article “Roman Law,” _Ency.

Brit._, XI ed., p. 563.--_Tr._]

[81] Lenel, _Das Edictum perpetuum_ (1907); L. Wenger, p. 168.

[82] Even the multiplication table of the children assumes the elements

of dynamics in counting.

[83] V. Mayr, II, 1, p. 85; Sohm, p. 105.

[84] _Enzyklopädie der Rechtswissensch._, I, 357.

[85] Egyptian law of the Hyksos period, and Chinese of the Period of

Contending States, in contrast to the Classical and the Indian law of

the Dharmasutras, must have been built up on basic ideas quite other

than the idea of the corporeality of persons and things. It would be

a grand emancipation from the load of Roman “antiquities” if German

research were to succeed in establishing these.

[86] Sohm, p. 220.

[87] Acts XV. Herein lies the germ of the idea of a Church law.

[88] For Islam as a “juristic person” see M. Horten, _Die religiöse

Gedankenwelt des Volkes im heutigen Islam_ (1917), p. xxiv.

[89] See Ch. VII below. We can venture to make the label so positive

because the adherents of all the Late Classical cults were bound

together in devout consensus, just as the primitive Christian

communities were.

[90] The Persian Church came into the Classical field only in the

Classical form of Mithraism, which was assimilable in the ensemble of

Syncretism.

[91] It is difficult to describe this class in a few words. Roughly,

they (and the “Junian Latins,” so called, who were excepted with

them) represented a stratum of Roman society, largely composed

of “undesirables,” which was only just not servile. In the older

legislation they were necessarily lumped with the outer world as

peregrins, but when Caracalla made this outer world “Roman,” there were

obvious reasons against bringing these people into the fold as well. In

somewhat the same way the word “outsider” is used in colloquial English

with the dual meaning of a foreigner or non-member, and a socially

undesirable person.--_Tr._

[92] In the Twelve Tables _connubium_ was disallowed even between

the patrician and plebian citizens of Rome itself. [The hold of

the patricians on this privilege, however, was already exceedingly

precarious, and it vanished a few years later in the _lex

Canuleia_.--_Tr._]

[93] Cf. Ch. VI below.

[94] Lenel, I, 380.

[95] Here, as in every line of the history of the “Pseudomorphosis,” we

are reminded of Christ’s parable of new wine and old bottles (Matt. ix,

17), an expression not of mere abstract shrewdness, as it seems to us

now, but of intense living force and even passion. It is only one short

verse, not obligatory in its context, but leaping out of depths.--_Tr._

[96] As long ago as 1891 Mitteis (_Reichsrecht und Volksrecht_, p.

13) drew attention to the Oriental vein in Constantine’s legislation.

Collinet (_Études historiques sur le droit de Justinien I_, 1912),

chiefly on the basis of German researches, throws an immense amount

back on Hellenistic law; but how much, after all, of this “Hellenistic”

was really Greek and not merely written in Greek? The results of

interpolation-research have proved truly devastating for the “Classical

spirit” in Justinian’s Digests.

[97] See Ch. VII below.

[98] Coupled with the destruction of all other documents.

[99] Fromer, _Der Talmud_ (1920), p. 190. [The English student will

find a fairly full account of the main groups of Jewish literature in

the article “Hebrew Literature” and cognate articles in the _Ency.

Brit._, XI ed.--_Tr._]

[100] Mitteis (_Röm. Privatrecht bis auf die Zeit Dioklezians_ (1908),

preface) remarks how, “while the ancient law-forms were retained, the

law itself nevertheless became something quite different.”

[101] Head of the exilic Jews under Persian overlordship.--_Tr._

[102] Mayr, IV, pp. 45, et seq.

[103] Hence the fictitious names of authors on innumerable books

in every Arabian literature--Dionysius the Areopagite, Pythagoras,

Hermes Trismegistus, Hippocrates, Enoch, Baruch, Daniel, Solomon, the

Apostle-names attached to the numerous gospels and apocalypses.

[104] For example, Hebrew was supplanted by Aramaic for all ordinary

purposes as early as the Maccabees--and to such an extent that in the

synagogues the Scriptures had to be translated for the people--but has

held its ground as a religious vehicle, and above all as a script,

even to this day. (The present use of a _spoken_ Hebrew represents a

revival in more recent times, after the wider dispersion of the early

Middle Ages had broken the connexion with the Aramaic lands.) In the

Persian field the older Zend survived alongside the newer Pehlevi. In

Egypt somewhat similar influences were contemporaneously determining

the evolution of popular Demotic and official Greek into the Coptic

language with Greek characters.--_Tr._

[105] M. Horten, _D. rel. Gedankenwelt d. Volkes im heut. Islam_, p.

xvi. Cf. Chapter VII below.

[106] Mayr, IV, 45, et seq. [_Ency. Brit._, XI ed., Vol. XXIII, p.

570.--_Tr._]

[107] 471. See _Ency. Brit._, XI ed., article “Chalcedon, Council of,”

and references therein.--_Tr._

[108] Wenger, p. 180.

[109] Krumbacher, _Byzantinische Literatur-Geschichte_, p. 606.

[110] Sachau, _Syrische Rechtsbücher_, Vol. III.

[111] Bertholet, _Kulturgeschichte Israels_, pp. 200, et seq.

[112] We get a hint of this in the famous code of Hammurabi, though

unfortunately we cannot tell in what relation this single work stood,

in point of intrinsic importance, to the general level of contemporary

jurisprudence in the Babylonian world.

[113] See Professor Maitland’s article “English Law” in _Ency. Brit._,

XI ed., Vol. IX.--_Tr._

[114] Sohm, _Inst._, p. 156.

[115] See J. Janssen, _Hist. German People at the End of the Middle

Ages_, English translation, Book IV, Ch. I-II.--_Tr._

[116] Lend, I, p. 395.

[117] The punning contrast of Lombard _faex_ (excrement) and Roman

_lex_ is Huguccio’s (1200).

[118] W. Goetz, _Arch. für Kulturgeschichte_, 10, 28, et seq.

[119] See the article “Canon Law” in _Ency. Brit._, XI ed.--_Tr._

[120] See Sohm’s last work, _Das altkatholische Kirchenrecht und das

Dekret Gratians_ (1918).

[121] See Ch. VII below.

[122] See Ch. X below.

[123] The permanently valid element in English law is the constant

_form_ of an incessant _development_ by the courts.

[124] If the higher courts alone are meant, the number is well below

fifty for England and Wales. Scots law is independent of English and

has its own jurisprudence.--_Tr._

[125] _Inst._, p. 170.

[126] Similar problems are now (1927) arising in connexion with radio

broadcasting.--_Tr._

[127] _Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch_, § 90.

[128] As evidenced in terms of French law like “_Société anonyme_,”

“_raison sociale_,” “_personne juridique_.”--_Tr._

[129] Note, in this connexion, the remarkable development in modern

American industry of a professional managerial class, distinct from the

capitalist, the technician, and the “worker.”--_Tr._

[130] Published 1857. English translation, 1872.--_Tr._

[131] Without Alexander, and even before him, for Alexander neither

kindled nor spread that light; he did not lead, but followed its path

to the East.

[132] See G. Glotz’s recent work _La Civilisation égéenne_, 1923

(English translation, 1927).--_Tr._

[133] This is now recognized by art-research; cf. Salis, _Die Kunst der

Griechen_ (1919), pp. 3, et seq.; H. Th. Bosser, _Alt-Kreta_ (1921),

introduction.

[134] D. Fimmen, _Die kretisch-mykenische Kultur_ (1921), p. 210.

[135] Dehio, _Gesch. d. deutsch. Kunst_ (1919), pp. 16, et seq.

[136] Dieterich, _Byzant. Charakterköpfe_, pp. 136, et seq.

[137] Even admitting within itself the animals of its fields.--_Tr._

[138] Dehio, _Gesch. d. deutschen Kunst_ (1919), pp. 13, et seq.

[139] Eduard Meyer, _Gesch. d. Altertums_, I, p. 188.

[140] The English parallel is Winchester.--_Tr._

[141] The phenomenon is perhaps too well known in our days to need

exemplification. But it is worth while recalling that the usual form of

disgrace for a minister or courtier of the seventeenth or eighteenth

century was to be commanded to “retire to his estates,” and that a

student expelled from the universities is said to be “rusticated.”

Since this volume was written, a remarkable proof of the reality of

this spiritual indrawing by the Megalopolis has been given by the

swift spread of radio broadcasting over the West-European and American

world. For the country-dweller, radio reception means intimate touch

with the news, the thought, and the entertainment of the great city,

and relieves the _grievance_ of “isolation” that the older country-folk

would never have felt as a grievance at all.--_Tr._

[142] In the case of the Venetians the money-outlook was already

potent during the earlier Crusades. But the fact that their financial

exploitation of the great religious adventure was regarded as

scandalous indicates sufficiently that the rural world of the West was

not yet face to face with the money-idea.--_Tr._

[143] See Ch. XIII below.

[144] Samarra exhibits, like the Imperial Fora of Rome and the ruins

of Luxor, truly American proportions. The city stretches for 33

km. [20 miles] along the Tigris. The Balkuwara Palace, which the

Caliph Mutawakil built for one of his sons, forms a square of 1250

m. [say, three-quarters of a mile] on each side. One of the giant

mosques measures in plan 260 × 180 m. [858 × 594 ft.]. Schwarz, _Die

Abbasidenresidenz Samarra_ (1910); Herzfeld, _Ausgrabungen von Samarra_

(1912). [Pataliputra, in the days of Chandragupta and Asoka, measured

_intra muros_ 10 miles × 2 miles (equal to Manhattan Island or London

along the Thames from Greenwich to Richmond).--_Tr._]

[145] Karlsruhe, with its fan-scheme, and Mannheim, with its

rectangles, are earlier than Washington. But both are small places.

The one is a sort of extension of the prince’s Rococo park and centred

on his _point de vue_; the other, though its block-numbering, unique

in Europe, seems to relate it to the American city, was really planned

as a self-contained military capital, rectangular only within its oval

enceinte, whereas the American rectangles are meant to be added to. The

layout of Petersburg by Peter the Great (which has been adhered to to

this day and is still incompletely filled in in detail) is a much more

forcible example of the arbitrary planning of a megalopolis. Though

outside the “European” world, it is of it, for it was the visible

symbol of Peter’s will to force Europe upon Russia. It is contemporary

with Mannheim and Karlsruhe (early eighteenth century), but its creator

conceived of it as a city _of the future_.--_Tr._

[146] In the case of Canada, not merely great regions, but the

_whole country_ has been picketed out in equal rectangles for future

development.--_Tr._

[147] It has been left to the _Western_ Civilization of present-day

Rome to build the garden suburbs that the Classical Civilization could

have built.--_Tr._

[148] Friedländer, _Sittengeschichte Roms_, I, p. 5. Compare this with

Samarra, which had nothing like this population. The “Late Classical

city on Arabian soil was un-Classical in this respect as in others. The

garden suburb of Antioch was renowned throughout the East.”

[149] The city which the Egyptian “Julian the Apostate,” Amenophis IV

(Akhenaton) built himself in Tell-el-Amarna had streets up to 45 m.

[149 ft.] wide.

[150] Pöhlmann, _Aus Altertum und Gegenwart_ (1910), pp. 211, et seq.

[151] Some years ago a French peasant was brought to notice whose

family had occupied its glebe since the ninth century.--_Tr._

[152] Shaw, _The Quintessence of Ibsen_.

[153] An ancient Hindu materialism.--_Tr._

[154] For what follows see Eduard Meyer, _Kl. Schriften_ (1910), pp.

145, et seq.

[155] _Hist. Nat._, XVIII, 7.--_Tr._

[156] We know of measures to promote increase of population in China

in the third century B.C., precisely the Augustan Age of Chinese

evolution. See Rosthorn, _Das soziale Leben der Chinesen_ (1919), p. 6.

[157] The _amphitheatres_ of Nîmes and Arles were filled up by mean

townlets that used the outer wall as their fortifications.--_Tr._

[158] Strabo, Pausanias, Dio Chrysostom, Avienus, etc. See E. Meyer,

_Kl. Schriften_, pp. 164, et seq.

[159] The Colosseum of Rome itself in due course fell into this decay

and we read in the guide-books that “its flora were once famous”--420

wild species lived in its ruins. If this could happen in Rome, we need

not be surprised at the quick, almost catastrophic, conquest of the

Maya cities by tropical vegetation.--_Tr._

[160] According to the researches of K. Sethe. Cf. Robert Eisler, _Die

kenitischen Weihinschriften der Hyksoszeit_, etc. (1919).

[161] Henceforward, and indeed throughout this work, the word

“language” is not to be regarded as limited to spoken and written

language. As the above definition indicates, it includes all modes of

intelligible conscious-expression--“affective language” in the widest

sense.--_Tr._

[162] Obviously, Totemistic facts, so far as they come under the

observation of the waking-consciousness, obtain a significance of the

Taboo kind also; much in man’s sexual life, for example, is performed

with a profound sense of fear, because his will-to-understand is

baffled by it.

[163] W. von Humboldt (_Über die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen

Sprachbaues_) was the first to emphasize the fact that a language is

not a thing, but an activity. “If we would be quite precise, we can

certainly say _there is no such thing as ‘language,’_ just as there

is no such thing as ‘intellect’; but man does speak, and does act

intellectually.”

[164] Hans Friedrich Schinkel (1781-1841), architect of the Opera

House, the Altes Museum, and the Königswache of Berlin. Gottfried

Schadow (1764-1850), sculptor (statues of Frederick II, Zieten,

etc.; Quadriga of Brandenburger Tor), a classicist _malgré lui_

(not to be confused with two other artists of the same name,

quasi-contemporaries).--_Tr._