NATURE AND PROPERTIES.
The active principle of tobacco is a volatile, highly poisonous
alkaloid, called Nicotine (C₁₀H₁₄N₂). Although green tobacco-plants
contain generally more nicotine than the leaves after they have been
prepared for the market, yet the odour is only perceptible after the
fermentation of the leaves has set in. It has been ascertained that
young leaves 2 inches long contained 2·8 per cent., and leaves 10½
inches broad and 16 inches long, as much as 5·6 per cent. of their
weight of nicotine. The amount increases as the plants become ripe, and
decreases on their becoming overripe.
Though the narcotic effects of tobacco experienced by the smoker must
partly be attributed to nicotine, it cannot be said that they are solely
due to it. It is well known that the products of combustion of quite
harmless substances are often stupefying. Good Syrian tobacco contains
no nicotine, yet smokers consider cigars made from this tobacco to be
strong. It is evident that the strength of a cigar, as judged by the
smoker, depends greatly on the circumstance whether the tobacco burns
well or not. If it burns well, a greater amount of nicotine is consumed
and decomposed, and less of the narcotic products of combustion are
created, than when it burns badly. Cigars of the latter description,
containing little nicotine, are more narcotic in their effects when
smoked than well-burning cigars containing much nicotine.
The amount of nicotine in tobacco varies very much, according to the
sort of plant, the climate, the nature of the soil in which the plant
grew, the treatment received during its growth, and the course adopted
to prepare the leaf for the market. Dr. Nessler found that good Syrian
tobacco contained no nicotine, Havana tobaccos between 0·6 and 2·0 per
cent., and German tobaccos between 0·7 and 3·3 per cent. Schlösing found
in French tobacco nearly 8·0 per cent. of nicotine. Fine tobaccos
contain generally little or no nicotine. Broughton found that the amount
of nicotine in Indian tobaccos varies very much. The conditions
favourable to the development of nicotine in the plants are:—Soil in a
bad physical state, strong nitrogenous manure, a dry atmosphere, and
probably a low temperature during the growth.
According to Nessler, green and newly-cut tobacco-plants contain no
ammonia; it is developed during the drying and fermentation of the
leaves, especially when they assume a brown colour. Tobacco-leaves,
which have undergone a strong fermentation, contain more ammonia than
those slightly fermented. Fine tobaccos contain generally less ammonia
than coarser ones. In various smoking-tobaccos, Nessler found:—Havana,
0·2 per cent. of ammonia; Cuba, 0·3; Syrian, 0·6; German, 0·9 per cent.
Schlösing found Havana tobacco to contain 0·8 per cent.
Nitric acid, consisting of nitrogen and oxygen, is formed in animal and
plant substances when decomposed under the influence of atmospheric air
and a sufficiently high temperature; whereas ammonia, consisting of
nitrogen and hydrogen, is formed when those substances decompose in the
absence, or nearly so, of atmospheric air. Organic substances
decomposing under the latter condition emit an objectionable pungent
odour, which must partly be attributed to the formation of ammonia.
Tobacco, soon after harvesting, commences, according to the conditions
under which it is placed, one of these decompositions. The extent of the
decomposition the tobacco has gone through may be partly judged from the
colour the leaves have attained. If leaves be dried so rapidly as to
remain green, the decomposition is probably confined to the formation of
carbonic acid. A yellow colour indicates the formation of nitric acid;
and a dark-brown or black colour, that of ammonia. The conditions under
which nitric acid and ammonia are formed being known, it is possible to
control their development. When the tobacco is hung far apart, so that
the air has free access, the formation of nitric acid will take place;
but if the air be excluded more or less, by hanging the tobacco very
close, or pressing it in heaps or pits, the formation of ammonia is
engendered.
Nitric acid generally promotes the combustion of plant substances, by
supplying a portion of the needed oxygen, and has undoubtedly a similar
effect in tobacco; its occurrence in the tobacco is therefore a
desideratum with the cultivator and manufacturer, and to supply any
deficiency, the manufacturer often resorts to impregnating his tobacco
with a solution of saltpetre. From this, however, it must not be
concluded that every tobacco containing a large amount of nitric acid
will necessarily burn well. Schlösing and Nessler have shown that the
well-burning of a tobacco does not always correspond with a great amount
of nitric acid, thus indicating that other substances or other
conditions also affect the combustibility. The effect of the nitric acid
will most probably vary with the base with which it is in combination.
The nitrogen in the forms of nicotine, ammonia, and nitric acid,
constitutes only a small portion of the total amount present in tobacco;
by far the greater portion (⅔–⅞) exists in the form of albuminoids.
Nessler found that the nitrogen under this form varies from 2 to 4 per
cent., which is equal to 13–26 per cent. of albuminoids. Substances rich
in albuminoids generally burn badly, and emit a pungent noxious odour.
On the condition of these albuminoids, and on the presence of other
substances, as nitric acid, alkalies, &c., in the tobacco, mostly depend
the burning qualities of the leaf, and the flavour of a cigar. The
Eastern habit in smoking, from Malaysia, Japan and China, through India,
Persia and Turkey, even to Hungary, is to inhale the smoke into the
lungs, and natives of these countries maintain that a tobacco should be
of full flavour without burning the throat or catching the breath.
Western nations do not admit the smoke further than the mouth, and
therefore require a strong, rank flavour.
Whilst drying and fermenting, the tobacco undergoes great changes. Some
substances are decomposed, others are newly formed. The highly
complicated compounds, the albuminoids, undergo first decomposition, and
in doing so give rise to more simple combinations. Nitric acid, ammonia,
and other substances less known are chiefly, if not entirely, derived
from the products of the decomposition of albuminoids. The substances
that cause the objectionable pungent smell in tobacco are formed from
the broken-up constituents of these high combinations. The conditions
under which these bad-smelling combinations originate are not properly
known; but it is probable that they are developed with, and under the
same conditions that cause the formation of, ammonia, as the
disagreeable pungent flavour is found generally in tobacco that has
undergone fermentation to a great extent. It is believed that the
conditions that favour the development of nicotine are also conducive to
the formation of albuminous substances in the leaf, viz. fresh
nitrogenous manure, bad physical state of the soil, &c.
According to Nessler, the quality of tobacco depends to a great degree
on the amount of cellulose it contains. He found that a good tobacco
invariably contained more than a bad one, Havana yielding as much as 46
per cent. The fact that tobacco burns better after being stored for a
time may be partly due to an increase of cellulose in it.
Every tobacco contains more or less fat, gum, ethereal oil, &c. It is
not properly known in what way fatty matters affect the quality of
tobacco. Many other organic matters exist in tobacco in combination with
substances from which it is most difficult to separate them; they have
not as yet been quantitatively ascertained, and are therefore little
known. Most of them are only developed during the drying and fermenting
of the leaf; their presence, however, considerably affects the quality
of the tobacco.
The amount of ash constituents in the tobacco is considerable, varying
between 16 and 28 per cent. There cannot be said to exist a definite
relation between the total amount of ash in the tobacco and its quality,
as tobaccos yielding much ash are sometimes of good, and at other times
of bad, quality; a good tobacco may yield much or little ash. The
relative proportion in which the ash constituents exist is, however, of
the greatest importance. It has been ascertained that the presence of
some special mineral elements modify to a great extent the quality of
the tobacco. Of all ash constituents, potash (K₂O), more correctly
speaking potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃), affects the quality of tobacco in
the highest degree. Schlösing has pointed out that the good burning
qualities of a tobacco depend on the presence in it of potash in
combination with a vegetable acid; that a soil deficient in potash is
unfit to produce tobacco of good quality. Numerous analyses have tended
not only to corroborate the assertion made by Schlösing, but to
demonstrate also, that it is not the total amount of potash, but the
potash found as a carbonate, which existed in the plant in combination
with a vegetable acid, that is the constituent chiefly affecting the
combustibility of a tobacco. The complete analyses of Nessler have shown
that, although a tobacco may contain a great amount of potash, it does
not necessarily follow that the tobacco burns well. He found that some
German tobaccos contained more potash than Havana, although the latter
burned much better than the former; and that a great amount of potash
did not always indicate a great amount of carbonate of potash. Although
tobaccos yielding a great amount of carbonate of potash in their ash
generally burn well, there may be conditions which neutralize the good
effect of this combination, as a large proportion of albuminoids. It may
therefore be said that the combustibility of a tobacco is improved in
proportion as its ash yields more carbonate of potash, other conditions
being equal.
Among the minor salts, the chlorides deserve most attention. It has been
found that they generally retard the burning of tobacco, and, that as
they increase, carbonate of potash decreases. Lime is invariably found
more or less in the ash, but it has not been ascertained to what extent
its presence affects the quality of the tobacco; good tobacco may
contain much or little, so that its presence is probably not of great
importance. The same may be said of soda, magnesia, and phosphoric acid.
According to Nessler, their proportions may vary thus:—Potash, 1·95–5
per cent.; lime, 6·5–9·2; soda, 0–1·63; magnesia, 0·12–0·99; phosphoric
acid, 0·57–1·39.
In connection with the chemistry of tobacco, and the rational manuring
of the crop, the name of Prof. S. W. Johnson, Chemist to the Connecticut
State Board of Agriculture, must be placed in the foremost rank.
Indebtedness is acknowledged to Prof. Johnson for a copy of his valuable
report, quoted in the Bibliography at the end of this work.
In November, 1884, a paper was read by Dr. John Clark, on the
composition of tobacco, before the Society of Chemical Industry, which
is sufficiently interesting to be quoted at length.
Dr. Clark remarks that the “tobacco plant is very extensively cultivated
in various parts of the world, and after it has reached its maturity it
is cut and dried on poles. When the plant is in proper condition, the
leaves are stripped from the stalk, sorted and cured, by which means
they are converted into the tobacco of commerce. The good leaves are
called ‘wrappers,’ and the infirm or defective ones, which are separated
from the others, are called ‘mediums and fillers.’ The term ‘strips’ is
applied to tobacco leaves, from which 20 to 25 per cent. of the stem or
midrib has been removed to suit the requirements of manufacturers in
this country more especially. Tobacco is largely imported into the
United Kingdom, partly in the manufactured state, but principally in the
unmanufactured or leaf form.
“Through the kindness of a well-known firm of tobacco manufacturers, I
have been furnished with authentic samples of the principal varieties of
leaf tobacco, imported into this country, and the accompanying table
gives the proportions of mineral matter or ash, alkaline salts, and
sand, which these contain. For the sake of comparison the results are
all stated in the dry tobacco, and in order to ensure greater accuracy,
the analysis was, in each case, made with several leaves, which were
separated into laminæ and stem, and the whole of each incinerated. The
difference in the composition of the laminæ and the stem is very marked,
especially as regards alkaline salts, and is of importance more
especially to the snuff manufacturer.
COMPOSITION OF VARIOUS KINDS OF LEAF TOBACCO.
──────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────┬─────────────────
│ Whole Leaf. │ Laminæ. │ Stem.
│Dried at 212° F.,│Dried at 212° F.,│Dried at 212° F.,
│ per cent. │ per cent. │ per cent.
──────────────────┼─────┬─────┬─────┼─────┬─────┬─────┼─────┬─────┬─────
│ Ash.│ Alk.│Sand.│ Ash.│ Alk.│Sand.│ Ash.│ Alk.│Sand.
│ │Salt.│ │ │Salt.│ │ │Salt.│
──────────────────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────
U. S. Kentucky │19·11│ 6·84│ 2·57│18·93│ 5·43│ 3·06│21·69│13·51│ ·68
do. │18·50│ 6·68│ 1·82│15·50│ 2·77│ 2·39│26·07│16·68│ ·38
do. │25·99│ 9·69│ 3·51│24·88│ 6·70│ 4·17│29·36│20·01│ 1·10
do. Strips │15·73│ 4·31│ 2·61│15·57│ 4·07│ 2·71│16·95│ 6·35│ 1·37
U. S. Missouri │20·96│ 5·07│ 4·63│20·46│ 2·62│ 5·27│22·61│12·72│ 1·90
do. │22·01│ 6·32│ 3·51│21·36│ 4·96│ 3·88│23·62│12·37│ 1·53
do. │18·88│ 4·81│ 2·61│17·18│ 2·88│ 3·21│22·17│10·68│ ·92
do. │18·36│ 4·60│ 3·44│17·05│ 2·50│ 4·07│22·39│11·10│ 1·49
U. S. N. Carolina │14·50│ 5·99│ ·63│12·98│ 3·92│ ·74│18·64│11·72│ ·23
Paraguay │30·80│ 8·15│12·32│31·07│ 6·37│14·41│30·37│14·78│ 4·91
Brazil—Carmen │20·54│ 7·81│ ·42│20·42│ 7·24│ ·46│20·86│ 9·37│ ·31
Holland │21·83│11·37│ ·13│20·16│ 8·99│ ·55│25·15│17·20│ ·12
Turkey—Cavallo │13·79│ 5·05│ 3·06│21·86│ 8·28│ ·72│15·44│ 7·73│ ·24
do. Latakia │19·50│ 7·19│ ·55│21·86│ 8·28│ ·72│15·44│ 7·73│ ·24
do. Samsoun │18·39│ 6·98│ ·49│17·59│ 5·32│ ·44│21·72│13·42│ ·60
Japan │15·67│ 6·86│ ·50│14·60│ 5·59│ ·54│19·84│11·55│ ·35
China │18·58│ 2·40│ 6·30│17·94│ 1·66│ 6·94│20·57│ 5·27│ 3·61
Havana │20·99│ 8·19│ 1·02│20·91│ 7·51│ 1·04│21·02│10·33│ ·92
Manilla │21·80│ 6·54│ ·14│21·25│ 5·49│ ·13│22·50│ 9·09│ ·14
German │22·27│ 3·76│ 1·79│22·12│ 2·78│ 1·87│23·13│ 4·63│ 1·39
Sumatra │18·61│ 7·20│ ·13│18·71│ 6·59│ ·09│18·14│ 9·11│ ·28
──────────────────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────
────────────────┬───────────┬───────────┬───────────
│ Average │ Average │ Average
│ of │ of │ of
│Whole Leaf,│ Laminæ, │ Stem,
│ per cent. │ per cent. │ per cent.
Ash or Inorganic│ 20·32 │ 19·21 │ 21·92
Alk. Salts │ 6·47 │ 4·98 │ 11·41
Sand │ 2·48 │ 2·86 │ 1·15
────────────────┴───────────┴───────────┴───────────
“The unmanufactured tobacco which is imported into this country, is
converted into roll or spun tobacco, cut tobacco and cigars, and the
refuse is used for making snuff. Roll tobacco is the staple manufacture
in Scotland and Ireland, and cut tobacco the staple article in England.
“In the manufacture of roll tobacco, the leaves are moistened with
water, spun into various sizes of twist, made up into rolls, and
pressed. The liquid or juice which exudes under pressure is used as a
sheep dip. Cut tobacco is made by moistening the leaves, cutting them
into the desired size, and drying on plates. Sometimes it is made into
cakes in the first instance, and afterwards cut.
“When we compare the composition of roll and cut tobaccos with that of
the leaf from which they are made, we find that the difference lies
almost entirely in the amount of moisture, and as manufacturers are not
allowed to add anything but water and a little oil to tobacco, you will
not err very much in assuming that as a rule the cheapest qualities of
roll and cut tobaccos contain most water. Thus in 15 samples of the
cheapest roll tobacco I found an average of 41·66 per cent. of water.
“The lowest qualities of cut tobacco, such as are largely manufactured
and consumed in England, contain as much water as the cheapest roll
tobacco, whereas the finer qualities of cut tobacco contain as a rule
from 14 to 22 per cent. Cigars, even the cheapest, are comparatively
dry, and contain, as a rule, only from 10 to 12 per cent. of water.
“The difference in cheap cigars is due chiefly to the weight of the
material, but also to the quality of the tobacco and the labour,
machinery being used in the manufacture of the lower qualities, whereas
the higher qualities are nearly all hand made.
“The large quantity of water contained in the cheapest tobacco, and
which frequently amounts to about 50 per cent., is not, in my opinion,
introduced to please the palate of the working man, but simply on
account of the keen competition between rival manufacturers, and the low
price at which tobacco is sold; and in the interest both of the working
classes and of tobacco manufacturers themselves, I think it is very
desirable that some limit should be placed to the amount of water which
may be sold as tobacco.
“Snuff.—I stated that the refuse tobacco was employed in the manufacture
of snuff. This refuse consists of stems, tobacco smalls, and sweepings.
These are moistened with water, subjected to a process of fermentation,
which lasts from about six weeks to two months, then ground, mixed with
alkaline salts to preserve the snuff, and flavoured when desired.
Nothing is allowed to be added to snuff except the carbonates,
chlorides, and sulphates of potash and soda, and carbonate of ammonia.
It is also provided by Act of Parliament that any snuff found to
contain, after being dried at 212° F., more than 26 per cent. of such
salts, including those naturally in the tobacco, will be liable to
forfeiture and a penalty of 50_l._ From my table of analyses you will
observe that not only does the proportion of alkaline salts vary in
different tobaccos, but the stem contains a much larger proportion than
the leaf. On this account it is necessary that the snuff manufacturer
should know the quantity of alkaline salts in his snuff material, in
order to obtain an article of uniform composition. Some manufacturers go
by rule of thumb, and in attempting to work close to the legal limit,
they run a serious risk of unintentionally incurring the penalty. As a
matter of fact, three samples of snuff, in 1883, were condemned by the
Somerset House authorities because they contained an excessive
proportion of alkaline salts, and the manufacturers were prosecuted. The
more intelligent of the snuff manufacturers, however, analyse their
snuff material, and are thus able to keep within the legal limit.
“The principal alkaline salts which are added to snuff are chloride of
sodium or common salt, carbonate of potash, and carbonate of ammonia,
all of which are allowed by Act of Parliament, and therefore no
exception can be taken to their addition, so long as the total quantity
does not exceed 26 per cent. in the dry snuff. In addition to alkaline
salts, snuffs usually contain from 25 to 45 per cent. of water, with the
exception of a kind of snuff called ‘High Toast or Irish Blackguard,’
which is very dry and contains from 5 to 8 per cent. Sometimes they also
contain a considerable quantity of sand. In the several hundred samples
of snuff which I have had occasion to examine for different
manufacturers the average quantity of sand was about 5 per cent. in the
dry snuff, and sometimes fell as low as a half per cent., but in many
samples the quantity exceeded 10 per cent., and in one case I found as
much as 30·94 per cent. of sand in the dry snuff. The greater part of
this sand is probably derived from the sweepings of tobacco, on which
duty has been paid, and I have no doubt the snuff manufacturer considers
himself justified in selling it as snuff. But it appears to me to be
very desirable in the interest of snuffers, that some limit should be
placed on the quantity of sand which may be sold as snuff: more
especially as the particles of sand are frequently very sharp, and have
a tendency to produce inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose,
and it is to this, probably, that we owe the popular notion that snuff
is sometimes mixed with ground glass to give it additional piquancy.
“When from any cause snuff is spoiled, the manufacturer may export it,
and obtain a drawback of 3_s._ 7_d._ per lb. on the real tobacco which
it contains.
“The Government standard for tobacco is as follows:
Per cent.
Organic matter 70·52
Inorganic 15·48
Water 14·00
——————
100·00
“This is equal to 18 per cent. of ash or inorganic matter in the dry
tobacco. This standard is in my opinion too high, as the average
percentage of inorganic or ash in the dry leaf tobaccos which I have
examined is 20·32, and the stem from which snuff is largely made
contains still more. The result is that the tobacco manufacturer not
only loses the value of the tobacco over and above the duty, but also a
part of the duty which he has paid. This matter concerns the tobacco
manufacturer alone, but I would point out that the authorities in
Somerset House in fixing such a high standard for tobacco are benefiting
the public at the expense of the manufacturer, whereas in the case of
milk the low standard which they employ is a loss to the public and gain
to the dishonest dealer.”