were probably composed in the fifteenth century, such as the fairy
ballad of _Tamlane_. The fairies and elves, and other airy and
subterraneous beings, were the surviving members of a numerous progeny
descended from the far-gone past, and they still continued to hold
a place in the popular imagination. Stories and rhymes relating
to these imaginary beings were quite common among the Scots. The
fairies of Scotland were a diminutive race, with a mixed and rather
dubious character. They were extremely capricious in disposition, and
mischievous in their resentment. They inhabited the interior of green
hills, and danced by moonlight on the tops of them. They usually
dressed themselves in green, but occasionally they wore heath brown.
They were great riders, and sometimes their presence was discovered by
the shrill ringing of the bridles of their invisible horses; while they
occasionally indulged in the pleasures of the chase. One form of their
resentment was to seize and carry off the infants of those who had in
any way offended them.
There were romantic tales in the vernacular touching King Arthur and
his knights, but these were common throughout Britain, and popular
in France, and not in any way peculiar to Scotland. Still such tales
had some influence on the productions of Barbour, Wyntoun, and Blind
Henry. The ballad tales touching the adventures and the exploits of
the popular heroes――Robin Hood, and his fellow, Little John――were well
known among the Scots, although they had their origin on the English
side of the border.
A long moral fable called Holland’s _Howlat_, seems to have been
written about the middle of the fifteenth century. It was founded on
the old fable of the jackdaw in borrowed plumage, but it is tedious
and deficient in energy; the construction of the verse was strained
to attain the alliterative form, which was a favourite style of
composition with many of the rhymers of the period. The curious poem
entitled ♦_Cockelbie’s Sow_, belonged to the same period. It is an
unpolished rambling production, though some touches of humour occur
in it, while it contained an enumeration of the names of songs, tunes,
and dances, which were then popular in Scotland.
♦ “Cokelbie’s” replaced with “Cockelbie’s”
In the preceding pages I have briefly indicated the original sources,
some of the elements, and the conditions and circumstances from which
the literature of Scotland was developed; and I will now proceed to
deal with the ascertained and definite literature of the nation.
John Barbour, the writer of the metrical story of Robert Bruce’s
chequered, interesting, and glorious career, was born in 1316, two
years after the battle of Bannockburn; but the exact date of his birth
has not been discovered, and there is little known touching his early
life. He was holding the position of Archdeacon of Aberdeen in 1357,
and that year Edward III. granted a safe conduct to him to visit the
University of Oxford for the purpose of study, with three scholars
accompanying him. In 1364 Edward III. granted a safe conduct to Barbour
with four horsemen in his company, to proceed through England and
study at Oxford or elsewhere as he thought fit. In the following year
he received permission from Edward to pass through England with six
horsemen accompanying him, and to proceed to St. Denis, near Paris, and
to other sacred places. In 1368 Edward III. gave him a safe conduct to
pass through England accompanied by two servants and two horses, and to
proceed to France for the purpose of study.¹
¹ _Rotuli Scotiæ_, Volume I., pages 808, 886, 897, 926.
Barbour was often engaged in the public service. In 1373 he was one of
the Auditors of Exchequer, and soon after he was discharging the duties
of Clerk of the Audit. He acted as one of the Auditors of Exchequer
from 1382 to 1384, and for his public service in the year 1382, he
received six pounds, thirteen shillings, and fourpence.¹
¹ _Exchequer Rolls of Scotland_, Volumes II. and III.
He was then composing the remarkable national work which has handed
down his name and fame to posterity. According to his own statement the
work was more than half written in 1375. In 1377 he received a gratuity
of ten pounds from Robert II. In 1379 he obtained by charter to himself
and his assignees an annuity of twenty shillings from the Crown rents
of Aberdeen; and in 1388 he received a grant of ten pounds yearly from
the customs of Aberdeen under a charter of Robert II., as a reward for
his faithful service. Barbour died at an advanced age about the year
1396. He exercised the power of assignation of his annuity of twenty
shillings in favour of the cathedral of Aberdeen for the celebration
of his anniversary, and the dean and chapter received this sum annually
after his death. In the Exchequer Rolls of 1428 and subsequent years,
it was expressly stated that this annuity had been granted to Barbour
“for the compilation of the book of the deeds of King Robert the Bruce.”
Barbour resolved to write his story of Bruce in the language of the
people of the Lowlands; his chief aim was to produce a plain and
“soothfast story that every man might understand.” As indicated above,
he had sojourned in England and in France in pursuit of knowledge;
and no doubt he could have written his story of Bruce in Latin, if
he had thought fit to follow the fashion of the educated class of his
time. He was gifted with good natural faculties; his imaginative and
reproductive powers were considerable, and he showed practical insight
and good judgment; his feelings and sentiments were keen and warm, and
his opinions were very liberal for the age. His general fairness and
moderation was characteristic, though in a few instances his love of
freedom and his patriotism caused him to use harsh expressions. His
severe imprecation on the person who betrayed the brave Sir Christopher
Seton, “In hell condemned mot he be;” but then it should be observed
that Sir Christopher was one of those who formed the forlorn hope of
Scotland under Bruce. Barbour detested Edward I. and Edward II., and a
few other historic characters, on the ground of their extreme cruelty.
The literary merits of Barbour’s work, taking everything into
account, were great. His language and style were, for the period,
remarkably good. His style possessed the qualities of clearness,
brevity, terseness, and point; his descriptions of scenes and positions,
and delineations of historic characters, were generally vivid and
interesting; while, in short, his poem was pervaded by a dignified
simplicity and a directness of aim admirably calculated to attract and
to sustain attention; its historical value has been long recognised by
Scottish historians.
The work in its original form extended to one hundred and fifty
chapters, which was the arrangement followed in Cosmo Innes’ edition;
but Pinkerton and Jamieson in their editions divided the work into
books. The earliest known edition of Barbour’s _Bruce_ was printed at
Edinburgh in 1571, of which only one copy now exists; the next edition
was printed at Edinburgh in 1616, and it is also very scarce; but since
then many editions have been issued.
Barbour devoted the first part of the work to the early career of
Bruce; and he so far assumed the licence of the poet, as to make Bruce
the competitor――the hero who endured so much privation and recovered
Scotland――when in fact the competitor was only the grandfather of the
real hero. This was, however, merely an introductory device for effect.
The varied fortunes of Bruce, his reverses, privations, and many
exploits, were all narrated with much spirit and energy; then after the
tide turned in favour of Bruce, the progress of the war, the capture
and the demolition of castles. A clear account of the preparations
for the memorable battle of Bannockburn;――and here Barbour exerted his
powers to the utmost, and produced a masterly description. He presented
graphic pictures of the mustering of the English army and its march
to Stirling; and the magnificent appearance of the great host――divided
into ten divisions, with all the accompanying pomp and circumstance
of war,――mounted knights, and burnished armour, shields, banners and
pennons waving and glowing in the sun’s beams, “as if all the land
was in a glare.” On the other hand, his description of the mustering
of the small army of Scots, and Bruce’s homely manner of cheering his
men, were very effectively contrasted with the glittering splendour of
the opposing hosts. After noting a number of striking incidents as a
prelude, and the speech which Bruce addressed to his army on the eve of
the battle, saying to his men:――
“We have three great advantages:
The first is, that we have the right,
And for the right ay God will fight.
* * * * *
The third is, that we for our lives,
And for our children, and for our wives,
And for our freedom, and for our land,
Are constrained to stand fast in battle.”
The great battle then began, the fierce charge of the English cavalry,
the reeling of horses, and the mighty hosts of England broken by the
wall of Scottish spears; the crash of lances and the blows with axes
which cleft both helmets and heads, the thumps of the steel weapons
hewing the mail armour of the enemy; and the intense eagerness of the
Scots in the midst of the fight, the confusion and the slaughter of the
English, the grass red with blood, and the final panic and flight of
the enemy, were all described with graphic power and effect.
The remaining part of the work continued the narrative to the close
of Bruce’s reign, and presented characteristic sketches of Bruce’s
companions in arms――Douglas, Randolph, Edward Bruce, and others.
Barbour also wrote another poem, which gave a genealogical history of
the Kings of Scotland, and was entitled “The Brute,” but it is now lost.
The deeds and achievements of Bruce have been celebrated by several
other Scottish poets, one of which preceded Barbour. A monk of Melrose,
named Peter Finton, was said to have produced a work on Bruce, but
not a fragment of it is known to be extant. Patrick Gordon composed in
heroic verse “The Famous History of the Renowned and Valiant Prince,
Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland.” The first book only was printed
at Dort in 1615, and reprinted at Edinburgh in 1718, and at Glasgow in
1753; this poem came no further down than the Battle of Bannockburn.
Dr. Jamieson mentioned a work in manuscript on Robert Bruce, King of
Scotland, written about the end of the reign of James VI., which was
in the archives of the Society of Antiquaries. A poem by John Harvey
entitled “The Life of Robert Bruce, King of Scots,” was published at
Edinburgh in 1727.
Barbour’s _Bruce_, after a comparatively short interval, was followed
by Wyntoun’s _Metrical Chronicle_. Andrew Wyntoun, the Prior of St.
Serf’s Monastery, wrote his _Original Chronicle of Scotland_ in the
language of the people, but still in the metrical form. Nothing has
been ascertained touching the date of his birth and early life, but
he was Prior of St. Serf’s Monastery in 1395, and lived at least till
1420. Thus it appears that Wyntoun was a contemporary of Barbour,
and he several times mentioned and applauded the Archdeacon. Wyntoun
complained of the scarcity of written materials, though perhaps he
had access to some historic documents now lost. He stated that he had
part of the _Chronicle_ compiled by Peter Comestor, the _Chronicles_ of
Orasius and Friar Martin, and English and Scottish stories; the latter
would include the ballads then current among the Scots. He inserted
about three hundred lines in his own _Chronicle_ from Barbour’s _Bruce_,
and transferred thirty-six chapters from a person not named and adopted
them in his own _Chronicle_. He mentioned the names of a number of
ancient classic writers, and some of the fathers of the Church.
Although Wyntoun called his work _The Original Chronicle of Scotland_,
he commenced it with a general history of the world. He treated at
length of angels, creation, the death of Abel, the generations of
Cain and Seth, the primeval race of giants, the ark of Noah and the
Flood; the situation of Asia, Africa, Egypt, Europe, Britain, Ireland,
and various other countries; the confusion of tongues, the lives of
the patriarchs, the judges of Israel, the siege of Troy, the origin
of poetry, and the arrival of Brutus in Britain. Five of the nine
books into which his work was divided, were mostly occupied with the
heterogeneous topics indicated above, in the sixth book he treated of
the wars between the Picts and the Scots, and gradually limited his
narrative to Scotland.
The language of Wyntoun’s _Chronicle_ is nearly similar to that
of Barbour’s _Bruce_, except that the orthography of a number of
words exhibit variations, but they both followed the same form of
versification. In genius and vigour Wyntoun stood much below Barbour,
while he was more under the influence of superstitious feeling, the
original _Chronicle_ presenting many fabulous legends and stories,
which convey a curious impression of his credulity. Wyntoun was a
zealous churchman, and embraced every opportunity to magnify the
power of the clergy. Still the latter portion of his work possesses
considerable historic value, and contains useful information. A number
of manuscripts of his _Chronicle_ have been preserved, and it seems to
have been popular in the Middle Ages. The part of this book relating
to Scotland was edited by David Macpherson and published in 1795; and
recently a new edition containing the entire work has been issued in
the series entitled _The Historians of Scotland_.
James I. was not only an able ruler and a wise legislator, but, besides
other accomplishments, he also attained distinction as a poet. When a
prisoner in England, he had many opportunities of cultivating his mind,
which he seems to have assiduously embraced. His genius and energy
would have enabled him to attain distinction in any walk of life. It
has been reported that he was an adept in all the manly exercises of
his time; that he was well acquainted with the use of the bow and the
spear; that he handled the sword with all the ease and dexterity of
a master; that he was an excellent horsemen, a great pedestrian, and
a fleet runner. He was a consummate musician, and excelled both in
vocal and in instrumental music; he was especially distinguished as a
performer on the harp, and touched its strings like another Orpheus.
He has been extolled for his proficiency in polite literature, in
philosophy, and in jurisprudence.¹ His habitual energy did not permit
a single hour of his life to be wasted in listlessness, he was always
occupied with his varied business and recreations. It is mainly by such
mental activity, combined with a power of continuous attention, that
eminence in anything of importance has been attained.
¹ _Scotichronicon_, Volume II., pages 504, 505; Buchanan’s
_History of Scotland_, Book X. Chapter 57.
James’s chief work was a poem entitled the _King’s Quair_, which he
composed when a prisoner in England; and its subject was the praise
of the lady who subsequently became his wife. It was divided into six
cantos, and extended to one hundred and ninety-seven stanzas. The poem
showed a keen imagination, much feeling, and some touches of genuine
poetry; and it also manifested a comprehensive and discriminative
appreciation of the beauties of external nature, which indicated that
the author’s capacity for the enjoyment of life was very great. As a
specimen of his style, a few verses slightly modernised may be quoted:――
“Then, as it hapt, mine eyes I cast below,
And there I spied, beneath my prison tower,
Telling her beads, in walking to and fro,
The fairest and the freshest youthful flower
That ever I beheld before that hour:
Entranced I gazed, and with the start
Rushed instant all my blood into my heart.
Awhile I stood, abased and speechless quite,
Nor wonder was; for why?――my senses all
Were o’ercome with pleasure and delight,
Only with letting thus my eyes to fall,
That instantly my heart became her thrall
For ever of free will: for nought was seen
But gentleness in her soft looks serene.
* * * * *
In her beauty, youth, and bounty dwell,
A virgin port, and features feminine,
Far better than my feeble pen can tell,
Did meek-eyed wisdom in her gestures shine,
She seemed, persay, a thing almost divine――
In word, in deed, in shape, in countenance,
That nature could no more her child advance.”
James concluded his poem, by recommending it to his masters, Gower and
Chaucer.
The humourous poem entitled _Christ’s Kirk on the Green_, has sometimes
been attributed to James I., but it seems to belong to a later period.
This piece extended to twenty-three stanzas, and is characteristically
comic and humourous, and brimful of rustic pleasantry. The subject of
the poem was a rural gathering, which was common, where the assembled
multitude danced, and engaged in sports and revels. After the dancing
and other comic incidents of the scene, the bow was introduced and
the poet then ridicules the awkwardness of the men in handling it, and
describes their attempts thus:――
“With that a friend of his cry’d fy!
And up an arrow drew,
He forgit it so furiously
The bow in flinders flew.
So was the will of God, trew I,
For had the tree been trew,
Men said that kend his archery,
That he had slane anew
That day.
An eager man that stude him neist
Lous’d aff a schott with ire,
He ettilt the barn in at the breast,
The bolt flew o’er the bire.
Ane cry’d fy! he had slane a priest
A mile beyond a mire;
Then bow and bag fra him he keist
And fled as fers as fire
Of flint.
Then Lawrie as ane lyon lap
And soon an arrow feathered,
He aimed to pierce him at the pap,
Thereon to win a wager;
He hit him on the wame a wap,
It buft like onie bladder,
But sa his fortune was and hap
His doublet was of leather,
And saved him.”
Another burlesque poem of unascertained authorship, entitled _Peblis
to the Play_, has been supposed to be a description of the annual
gatherings held at Peebles in the month of May. It opens with a
description of the people flocking from all quarters of the country
to hold their holiday.
Henry the Minstrel, familiarly called “Blind Harry,” was a remarkable
character, and composed the well known metrical _Life of Sir William
Wallace_. The few particulars of the life of Blind Henry himself may be
shortly told. John Mair, who wrote in the latter part of the fifteenth
century and the early part of the sixteenth, said that Henry was blind
from his birth, and in the time of my infancy, he composed an entire
book on the deeds of Sir William Wallace, from such stories as were
then current touching his deeds of daring. That by the recitation of
his stories before men of the highest rank, he earned his food and
raiment.¹ Some of those who have carefully studied Henry’s long poem,
have on reasonable grounds doubted the statement that the minstrel was
blind from his birth, as it has been observed that his descriptions
of scenery are comparatively vivid, and he makes no allusion to his
blindness himself. He called himself a rustic man, but it appears from
his book that he had in some way obtained a very good education for the
period. It seems that he was able to translate Latin, he used a number
of words of French origin, and he knew a little about the ancient
history of Greece and Rome, and much more of French romances, and
current tales touching King Arthur.
¹ Mair’s _Gestio Scotorum_, page 169, 1740.
It would appear, from what was stated in a preceding chapter, that
beggars and other idle vagabonds who infested the country, had
sometimes feigned the role and assumed the character of minstrels,
merely to enable them to pursue their unlawful modes of living with
greater success and impunity. This explains the meaning of clauses
which occur in several Acts of Parliament, for it is evident that the
real minstrels were in high repute throughout this period. Robert I.
occasionally gave gratuities to the minstrels; and for their services
in connection with the marriage of David II., the minstrels received
a fee of £66 15s. 4d.; and on the occasion of the coronation of David
II. the minstrels present received a sum of £20 from the King, and £10
from the Queen. Robert II. granted his own minstrel, Thomas Aearsane,
an annuity of five pounds per annum, and he gave payments to Thomas
Fulhope, and other minstrels. In 1392 a payment was made for shields to
the minstrels. The gratuities given by James IV. to the minstrels were
already mentioned. During this period some of the burghs had minstrels,
who were paid from the common fund, for performing public services and
appearing in their official character on great occasions. Blind Henry
was not altogether forgotten by James IV.; in April, 1490, he received
eighteen shillings, in September the same year a similar sum; in April,
1491, eighteen shillings, in September the same year five shillings,
and in January, 1492, nine shillings; and as no more entries of his
name occur in the accounts, it has been supposed that he died shortly
after.¹
¹ _Exchequer Rolls of Scotland_, Volumes I., II., III., IV.;
_Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer_, Volume I.
Blind Henry’s _Acts and Deeds of Sir William Wallace_ was written
in rhyme, and divided into eleven books, and extends in length to
nearly twelve thousand lines. He professed to draw the materials of
his narrative chiefly from a Latin chronicle by John Blair, who was
Wallace’s chaplain, but not a trace or fragment of Blair’s work is now
known to exist; he also mentioned Con’s chronicle, and in the course
of his narrative he frequently speaks of “the book and my author,”
but no Con’s chronicle has ever been discovered. It appears, however,
that there were materials relating to Wallace’s deeds before Henry’s
work appeared, but these, in all probability, were merely ballads
and stories orally learned and repeated among the people. The only
manuscript preserved of Henry’s work of authority and historic value is
the one in the Advocates’ Library, Edinburgh, which is dated 1488, and
purports to have been written in that year by John Ramsay. At that time
Ramsay was a common surname in Scotland. John Ramsay of Bothwell was
one of James III.’s favourites, who escaped execution on account of his
youth, being subsequently employed in various offices under the Crown.
Thus Henry’s book was put into the form, in which it has been preserved,
before his own death, and from the sentiment which he expressed at the
conclusion of his work it seems that he was pretty well satisfied with
his production. What then were the actual sources from which it was
drawn?
From a careful consideration of what is known about Blind Henry and
his mode of life, and the actual historic facts, in so far as they have
been ascertained, touching the national career of Wallace, I arrived
at the ♦conclusion many years ago that the work in question was mainly
derived from the traditions, the tales, and the rhymed ballads, which
had accumulated around the name of Wallace since his execution in 1305,
and were current among the people of Scotland in the second half of
the fifteenth century. The blind minstrel probably commenced his work
between the years 1450 and 1460, or one hundred and fifty years after
the death of Wallace. The floating traditions and stories touching
the deeds and the heroic achievements of Wallace, the idol of the
people, were then ample and varied; all that Henry had to execute was
to use these materials, which were naturally and specially suitable
for his calling and mode of life, and finally to form them into a
rhymed composition around the great national hero. This process of
manufacturing would account for all the peculiar characteristics
and inconsistences presented in the blind minstrel’s work, while it
makes no assumption that the minstrel intended to mislead any one or
misrepresent anything. As he simply embodied the ideas, the sentiments,
the national prejudice, and the traditional notions of the acts and
deeds of Wallace, which the people of Scotland entertained and gloried
to hear repeated in his day, it consequently follows that Henry’s
work was in complete harmony with the feeling and the notions of the
Scots touching their greatest national hero, and they were ready to
receive it with exulting delight. As an embodiment of the notions, the
feelings, and the traditions of the people concerning Wallace, the work
is genuine and invaluable, but considered as a historic narrative of
facts and events relating to Wallace or any one else it is worthless.
No doubt a strata of distorted facts were introduced into the work, but
they were so much mingled with romance, prejudice, hate, and ferocity,
as rendered them utterly valueless. For instance, Henry ascribed a
degree of cruelty to Wallace himself which was quite inconsistent with
all that is known of his character and life.
♦ “couclusion” replaced with “conclusion”
Touching the literary qualities of Henry’s long poem, the style was
vivid and full of spirit. His account of adventures and battles was
not constructed with much art, but the vigour of his mind and the glow
of his patriotism were well fitted to fix the reader’s attention, and
the author moves on from one adventure to another, and encounter after
encounter, with unabated ardour. A few references to the face of nature
occur in the work, and some touches which stand in marked contrast
to the general series of blows and fights. He concluded his work
thus:――“Go noble book, full of good sentences, suppose thou art barren
of eloquence; go worthy book, full of true deeds, but in language thou
hast great need of help. When there were many good poets in Scotland,
it was a great pity that none of them cast their attention on thee,
yet there is a part that can many advance; now bide thy time and be a
remembrance. I bespeak your benevolence, for the book is said as well
as I can.”
The book really did prove to be a great remembrance, as it had for
three centuries an unexampled popularity among the Scots; it had passed
through more editions than any other Scotch book before the period
of Burns and Scott. It appears to have been amongst the first books
printed in Scotland, for fragments of an edition of it printed by
Walter Chapman about the year 1508 were discovered by the late Dr.
David Laing. The earliest complete edition still preserved in the
British Museum was printed at Edinburgh in 1570, and since then
editions have appeared in 1594, 1601, 1611, 1620, 1630, 1648, 1661,
1665, 1673, 1699, 1711, 1713, and a number of more recent ones. An
excellent and valuable edition by Dr. Jamieson, the author of the
_Scottish Dictionary_, was published in 1820. Dr. James Moir edited for
the Scottish Text Society an edition, to which he has contributed an
introduction, a long series of expository notes, and a comprehensive
glossary.
From the evidence indicated in the above paragraph, it seems manifest
that the influence of Blind Henry’s _Wallace_ on the feeling,
the national prejudice, and the patriotism of the Scots, has been
considerable. Burns, in a letter to Dr. Moore, said――“The story of
Wallace poured a tide of Scottish prejudice into my veins which will
boil along there till the flood-gates of life shut in eternal rest.”
Think then how many Scotsmen may have been similarly affected by the
story of Wallace in the three hundred years during which it was the
most popular book in Scotland!
Robert Henryson was a contemporary of the blind minstrel, and one of
the most eminent and estimable of the early Scotch poets. It has been
supposed that he was born about 1425, but little has been ascertained
touching his early life. It appears that he received a liberal
education, for in 1462 he was admitted a member of the newly founded
University of Glasgow as a licentiate in arts and bachelor in degrees.
He seems to have acted for some time as schoolmaster of the Grammar
School of Dunfermline, and he also acted as a notary public. His
writings show that he had an accurate knowledge of the state of
society in his time; he was a keen observer, and feelingly alive to
the suffering and the injustice which prevailed in the nation. He died
at an advanced age about the end of the fifteenth century.
As a poet who wrote in the language of the people, Henryson held a
high place. His style was easy and flowing; and, though he did not
show great inventive genius or passion, he had a fine perception of the
beauties of external nature, and handled the objects around him with
remarkable skill, and often presented vivid and touching descriptions.
The piece entitled _The Testament of Cresseid_, which extended to over
six hundred lines, has been considered his chief work. It was intended
to be a supplement to Chaucer’s _Troilus and Cresseid_; as Henryson
thought the conclusion of that work was unsatisfactory, he composed
this piece to finish it off in proper character. The character,
Cresseid, proved inconstant and false to her devoted lover, and she
was in consequence afflicted at last with leprosy as a punishment, and
though touches of pathos occur, the piece presented a rather sad and
grotesque narrative, mixed with classic mythology. It first appeared in
a printed form in the collected edition of Chaucer’s works, which was
published at London in 1532, and the earliest known Scotch edition of
the piece was printed by Charteris in 1593, of which a copy has been
preserved in the British Museum.¹
¹ Laing’s Edition of Henryson’s Poems, pages 257‒258.
A number of Henryson’s short poems present very good examples of
didactic poetry, such as his “Abbey Walk,” “The Praise of Age,” “Age
and Youth,” and others. They are pervaded by a solemn, moral, and
religious tone of feeling and thought; and though they lack the highest
characteristics of poetry, yet they will compare favourably with
the productions of his contemporaries. His poem entitled “Robene and
Makyne” is a fine specimen of pastoral poetry, written in a natural
and flowing style. He also produced thirteen Moral Fables, which were
characterised by a quiet humour, simplicity, and clearness of style.
His fables contained many allusions to the state of society, the
rapacity of the aristocracy, and the hard treatment of the people. He
showed considerable skill in narrating a story, and always endeavoured
to produce a moral effect.
Sir John Rowll, a priest, produced a remarkable poem about the close
of the fifteenth century, which presented a scathing denunciation
of the persons who had stolen his fowls, and committed other serious
depredations. This piece extended to two hundred and sixty-two verses,
and is a curious specimen of style. The denunciation of the offenders
proceeded thus:――“Black be their hour, black be their part, for five
fat geese of Sir John Rowll’s, with capons, hens, and other fowls....
Now cursed and accursed be their fate while they are living on the
earth; hunger, strife, and tribulation, and never be without vexation;
of vengeance, sorrow, trouble, and care, graceless, thriftless, and
threadbare, and at all times in their legacy fire, sword, water, and
wodie.”¹ There were a number of other writers of rhyme in the fifteenth
century, whose names have been preserved.
¹ Laing’s _Select Remains of the Ancient Popular Poetry of
Scotland_.
John of Fordun produced the first long prose _Chronicle and Annals
of Scotland_, composed in Latin, in the later half of the fourteenth
century. He wrote the first five books, and left some materials
which came down to 1383. Walter Bower, Abbot of St. Colm, wrote a
continuation to the death of James I., and this compilation has long
been known under the title of the _Scotichronicon_; the parts of it
relating to the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries, have
been considered to possess historic value, but the earlier portions of
it are of less value. Latin language and literature in the Middle Ages
had a considerable influence on some of the institutions of Scotland.
Latin was used in the service and public worship of the Church, and
English and Scotch writers enlarged their vernacular vocabulary from
the Latin. “Until the end of the fifteenth century it was only in the
theological and moral departments that Latin had much direct influence
upon English, most of the Latin roots introduced into it up to that
time having been borrowed from the French, but as soon as the profane
literature of Greece and Rome became known to English scholars through
the press a considerable influx of words drawn directly from the
classics took place.”¹ From the later part of the fifteenth century
the Scotch writers drew words very freely from Latin sources. The
close political relations, and the long intercourse between France
and Scotland had the effect of introducing a number of French words
into the Scotch dialect, and in a few instances slightly affected its
grammatical form.
¹ Marsh’s _Lectures on the English Language_, page 434.
The growing importance of the vernacular appeared in various directions.
For a long time the Acts of Parliament were recorded in Latin, but
toward the end of the fourteenth century they were sometimes written
in the Scotch dialect, and after the return of James I. the Acts of
Parliament were henceforth recorded and proclaimed in the language of
the Lowland people. In the latter half of the fifteenth century the
proceedings of the King’s Council and of the Judicial Committee of
Parliament were recorded in the vernacular, and the early laws of David
I., William the Lion, Alexander II., and Robert I., were translated
into Scotch in the same century. The ancient code of burgh laws was
also rendered into Scotch, and the records of the proceedings of the
burghs in the fifteenth century were mostly written in the current
vernacular; even some of the records of the religious houses then
began to be engrossed in the Scotch dialect. Then, as now, there
were two distinct living languages in Scotland――the Gaelic and the
Lowland Scotch――and in each of these two languages, respectively, the
traditions, the legends, the ballads, the poetry, and the tales of the
nation were embodied, and were more or less familiar to the humblest of
the people in the kingdom.
CHAPTER XII.
_Education, Music, and Art of the Period._
IT was indicated in preceding pages that there were schools at an early
period attached to the monasteries, and in some of the royal burghs.
In the fourteenth century there were different classes of schools;
the grammar schools in some of the royal burghs were partly under the
patronage of the magistrates, but most of the schools were under the
control of the Church. Robert I. sometimes gave assistance to persons
carrying on their studies at the schools, and in 1364 David II.
gave four pounds for the maintenance and clothing of a poor scholar,
“consanguinei domini regis.” By a mandate of Robert II. four pounds
was given to assist a poor scholar studying at the school of the
burgh of Haddington in 1384; and in 1382 five pounds six shillings
and eightpence were paid from the Exchequer for the expenses of two
scholars of Bute. It appears that the rectors and masters of the
schools of the period were frequently employed to discharge duties
connected with the customs and the revenue. Master William Tranent,
rector of the schools of Haddington, also acted as clerk of the cocket
of Haddington and North Berwick; and the master of the school of Cupar
sometimes acted as a collector of custom. Gilbert of Hay, son of Thomas
of Hay, who was studying at the schools of St. Andrews in 1384, by
mandate of Robert II., received twenty-six shillings to assist him, and
two years after he received thirty-two shillings for dress; the King’s
natural son, James, at the same time was studying at the schools of St.
Andrews.¹ The grammar schools of Glasgow were founded before the middle
of the fifteenth century, and were under the control of the Chancellor
of the diocese. Of course Latin was taught in the grammar schools of
the chief burghs of the kingdom, and in the schools connected with the
monasteries; but whether the scholars were instructed in the current
Scotch language at any of these schools during this period, has not
been clearly ascertained. From the numerous writings and documents of
various kinds produced in the vernacular in the fifteenth century, it
would seem probable that the Scotch language was taught in some of the
schools of the period.
¹ _Exchequer Rolls of Scotland_, Volumes I., II., III.
The first Educational Act was passed by Parliament in 1496. This
statute enjoined that the barons and freeholders of the kingdom should
send their eldest sons and heirs to the schools till they were well
instructed in Latin; and thereafter to attend the universities for
a term of three years to study arts and law; in order that justice
might reign throughout the kingdom, that the sheriffs and other judges
acting under the authority of the King might know how to administer
equal justice to all the people; so that “the poor people might have no
need to apply to the King for every small injury.” Those who failed to
comply with the provisions of the Act were to be fined twenty pounds to
the King.¹
¹ _Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland_, Volume II. page 238.
The first Scotch university was a very simple institution. It was
originated by a few men, who had some knowledge of literature and
philosophy, and formed an association in St. Andrews under the
patronage of Bishop Wardlaw, with the laudable aim of imparting
instruction to all those who desired to attend their lectures. They
commenced to deliver public lectures in 1410; and the Pope’s Bull,
which sanctioned the establishment of the University, arrived on the
3rd of February, 1413. The following morning the clergy assembled in
the refectory of the monastery, where the Bull was presented to Bishop
Wardlaw, as Chancellor of the Institution, and read aloud; and they
then proceeded to the high altar singing the _Te Deum_. After this
the learned clerks and church dignitaries spent the day in celebrating
the event with a festivity and rejoicing worthy of its significance.
On the 6th of February a grand procession was held, which at once
commemorated the arrival of St. Andrew’s bones and the inauguration of
the privileges of the new University. The teaching staff consisted of
four lecturers on the canon law, and three teachers of philosophy and
logic.
Chiefly through the efforts of Bishop Turnbull, the University of
Glasgow was founded in 1451 on the model of that of Bologna, under
the authority and sanction of the Pope. In 1453 James II. extended his
protection to all the members of the University――the rector, the deans
of faculties, the procurators of nations, the regents, the masters, and
the students; and also the writers, the stationers, parchment makers,
and the sacrists; and he exempted them from all tribute, service, taxes,
watching or warding, and all dues imposed or hereafter to be imposed
in the kingdom of Scotland.¹ The University was poorly endowed. In 1459
Lord Hamilton granted to the University a house in the city and four
acres of land on the Dovehill. In November 1475, John Laing, Bishop of
Glasgow, gave to the University two books for the use of the regents,
one of which contained the text of the Physics, and other treatises
of Aristotle. Shortly after, Duncan Bunch, a former regent, gave seven
volumes to the University, which contained treatises of Aristotle and
his commentators, and also “una Biblia in pergamino in parvo volumine
litera optima complete scripta.” In 1483 John Brown, also formerly
a regent, presented to the University thirteen volumes, embracing
treatises of a similar character to the preceding volumes; but
none of these early manuscript donations to the University have
been preserved.² This University had to struggle long with adverse
circumstances and lack of funds.
¹ _Origines Parochiales Scotiæ_, Volume I., page 9.
² _Glasgow University Library_, by William P. Dickson, LL.D.
William Elphinston had received all the advantages of education
which home and foreign universities could give him, and he made an
excellent use of it. He was appointed Bishop of Aberdeen in 1483. He
had discharged the duties of Chancellor and Privy Seal of Scotland, and
was entrusted with several important embassies. He erected the central
tower of his cathedral; and he built at his own cost a stone bridge
across the river Dee. In 1494 at Elphinston’s earnest solicitation,
James IV. obtained from the Pope a bull for the institution of the
University of Aberdeen, and the King conferred on all its members the
same privileges as those granted by James II. to the University of
Glasgow, and by James I. to St. Andrews. The branches taught in the
newly instituted University were civil and canon law, theology, and
medicine.
The Scottish Universities were instituted as a branch of the system
of Catholic education which had its head and centre in Rome, and
they were incorporated members of one great educational scheme which
embraced Europe in its folds. Thus they were closely associated with
the Universities of the Continent. In fact, the constitution of the
Scotch Universities were formed on the models of those of Paris,
Bologna, and Louvain.
Some knowledge of Latin was a qualification required from all the
entrants to the Universities, but Greek was not taught in Scotland
before the sixteenth century. It appears that Arts was the first
faculty constituted, which seems to have been the fundamental faculty
in the Universities of the Middle Ages. In the latter half of the
fifteenth century Scotsmen had become well known as able and ready
teachers in the Universities of the Continent. Scotland then sent
from her native Universities to those of France and other countries,
as teachers of philosophy, Thomas Otterburne, Henry Leighton, Robert
Fleming, Thomas Mushet, Umfrid Hume, and James Martin. The license to
teach and a ready command of Latin, were the passports of the Scottish
scholars through the Universities of Europe.
The early Scottish music seems to have been interwoven with the
national songs and dances; but a people might have many songs and yet
have little music. So far as has been ascertained, it appears that the
earliest Scotch melodies were very simple, and consisted of one measure;
and these simple tunes no doubt originated at a remote period. But
in Scotland, as in other Catholic countries, the ancient vocal music
was overlaid by that of the Church. “From the very earliest periods of
descant, ecclesiastical musicians had been in the habit of taking the
popular melodies of the time and working them into the services of the
sanctuary.”¹ The Gregorian chant was taught in the Scotch cathedrals
and in the early schools; and organs began to be introduced into the
churches of Scotland in the reign of James I.
¹ Hullah’s _History of Modern Music_, pages 33‒35, 77,
_et seq._
As already indicated, singing and dancing were popular in Scotland
during this period. There were professional singers, both male and
female, and harpers, luters, and fiddlers. James IV. often gave small
sums of money to singers, fiddlers, harpers, and dancers; and some
notable characters occasionally performed before the King, such as the
broken-backed fiddler in St. Andrews, who received nine shillings from
the King, and the crooked vicar of Dumfries, who sang to the King at
Lochmaben. In 1487 there were three public pipers in Edinburgh, who
were supported in the following manner:――“For the honour of the city,
the provost and council enacted that the common pipers of the burgh
should be fed, and that they should go and get their food in turn from
all persons of means; or if the pipers took wages, then they should
live thereon for that day; and all those who did not give them food,
should pay to them ninepence on their day, that is, to each piper
threepence at the least.” There were similar officials in the other
burghs of the kingdom, and they were sometimes called minstrels;
but their functions were well understood, and consisted in playing
favourite pieces of music in their progresses through the town
every morning and evening; and on high occasions they attended the
magistrates in their official character.¹
¹ _Burgh Records of Edinburgh_, Volume I., page 52; _Accounts
of the Lord Treasurer_, Volume I.
Although the human voice is the first and the best of all instruments,
still the development and improvement of musical art greatly depended
on instruments. The performance of a varied piece of music required
many instruments, and skill in making these was an essential condition
of success. To harmonise the sounds of a number of wind and stringed
instruments is an extremely difficult matter; and the tuning of
instruments to play together was long of reaching such a state of
perfection as in any degree satisfied the musical perceptions and
sensibilities of the human mind. The noblest keyed instrument, the
organ, was brought to considerable perfection in the fourteenth century,
and by the end of the succeeding century it might be said to have been
almost perfected. But the Scots at this period were far behind several
other European nations in the art of making musical instruments. Many
musical instruments, however, were then in use amongst the Scots; and
in a rhyme written in the fifteenth century, upwards of twenty musical
instruments were mentioned; while the harp, the lute, the pipes, and
some kind of a fiddle, were quite common. The principle of the stringed
instrument was known from a very early period, but the fiddle or
violin has undergone many modifications. In the Middle Ages there were
instruments somewhat resembling the violin, but the art of making and
perfecting this fine instrument has been the work of comparatively
modern times.
Religion, dramatic representations or plays, and dancing, were all
associated with music. Dramatic exhibitions founded on mystical
passages of the Scriptures, and hence called mysteries, were sometimes
performed in the churches as acts of devotion in the Middle Ages. These
were succeeded by moral plays, which approached somewhat nearer to the
form of the drama, still presenting, however, a curious and grotesque
jumble of characters. While at this period it is sometimes difficult to
distinguish a dramatic actor from the bands of rope-dancers, buffoons,
jesters, fools, singers, and fiddlers, who amused the kings and the
nobles, as several of these callings were at times exercised by the
same person. James IV. retained two or three fools, and frequent
payments to them occur in the accounts.
In the department of painting there is little to record. The names of
painters occur in the records during the reigns of David II. and Robert
II., but there is no evidence that they were artists. Andrew, called
the painter, was engaged in connection with the mint; and John, the
painter, of Aberdeen, was employed to paint the armorial banners of
David II. James I. had a painter called Matthew, who was engaged at the
work in connection with the erection of the Palace of Linlithgow; and
a payment for materials to John, the King’s painter, also occurs in the
records. Payments to painters were made in the reigns of James II. and
James III. James IV. gave his painter, David Pratt, an annual fee of
ten pounds, besides payment for the work which he executed. In 1497
he was engaged in painting the altar in the new chapel at Stirling. He
died in 1503. At the same period John Pratt, the painter, painted and
gilded the vanes of the King’s tents, and emblazoned the King’s coat
armour.¹ As indicated above, however, these men were not artists.
¹ _Exchequer Rolls_; _Accounts of the Lord Treasurer_.
In one of the minor arts, seal engraving on metal, some good work was
executed in Scotland. The seals of the preceding period were briefly
described, and the art of seal-making maintained its excellency in the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The Great and the Privy Seals of
the Scottish Kings present good specimens of this branch of art. The
Privy Seal showed the royal arms only. The Great Seal of Robert I. is a
very fine piece of work; and the Privy Seal of David II. is exceedingly
beautiful both in design and execution. The Great Seal of Robert II.
exhibited a change of costume in the equestrian figure of the King
corresponding with the change in the style of armour, and the lettering
is finely executed. The goldsmith was paid twenty marks for making the
matrix of this seal. Some of the seals of the first Earl of Douglas are
very beautiful. On the seal of the Countess of Mar of date 1405, the
figure of a lady holding a shield in each hand was represented. Figures
of the peacock and the swan were depicted on several of the seals of
the period.
About the beginning of the fifteenth century the design of the
Episcopal seals underwent a change. Instead of the simple figure of
the bishop in pontifical vestments, which had formerly been the usual
form, either a representation of the Trinity, the Virgin, or the patron
saint, within a niche or beneath a canopy, became the prevailing style.
The rich architectural designs of a number of the seals present very
fine illustrations of that art; and a pretty accurate idea of the
characteristics of the church architecture of the period might be
formed from an examination of them.¹
¹ Laing’s _Ancient Scottish Seals_.
In conclusion, the volume opened with an explanation of the aim and
scope of the work. A description of the geographical and physical
features of the country, and the influence of climate, soil, and
food, on the organisation of early society, were presented. The
method of historic interpretation in connection with the early stages
of the human race was then touched on; the interpretation and the
sequent arrangement of the prehistoric phenomena of Scotland, and the
discrimination of historic evidence followed. The ethnological problem
came next, and after a brief statement touching the cradle and the
language of the Aryans, the ethnology of Scotland was concisely treated.
The Stone and the Bronze periods were treated at length, and a summary
of the conclusions reached, touching the social condition, the religion,
and the culture of the prehistoric people, was presented. The Roman
Invasion, new historic conditions, the conflicts of the different
races and tribes, which issued in the foundation of the Monarchy, were
treated. An account of the introduction of Christianity was given,
and its influence on the people pointed out. The narrative of the
progressive extension of the kingdom was then resumed and continued
to the close of the eleventh century; and it was observed that nothing
had occurred to arrest the onward movement and civilisation of the
people. The state of society from the seventh century to the end of
the eleventh was treated at length, the clan organisation, the relation
of the people to the land, and social customs were explained. Early
architecture and the sculptured stones were handled at some length,
in their historic relation to the people; the chief characteristics of
Celtic art were briefly considered, and the Introduction closed with
a notice of the fragments of early and traditional literature.
A critical estimate of the Anglo-Norman colonisation, and the result
of the introduction of Norman Feudalism on the Civilisation of
Scotland was presented. The narrative of the conflict of the nation
was resumed and continued to the death of the Maid of Norway. A very
full account of the social state and the progress of the people in the
twelfth and thirteenth centuries was given, and the organisation and
characteristics of Norman Feudalism explicated. The lamentable position
of the nation arising from the disputed succession to the throne, the
claims and proceedings of Edward I., and the candidates for the Crown,
was narrated. Edward’s invasion of Scotland, the submission of the
nobles, the deposition of Baliol, and the nation under the heel of
the invader, were explained. The appearance of Wallace upon the scene,
the rising led by him, his heroic struggles against the invaders, his
capture and cruel execution, and the influence of his example upon the
nation, were narrated at length. At last the nation seemed completely
subdued, and Edward I. prepared a scheme for the government of Scotland;
but a worthy successor of Wallace immediately appeared and mounted the
throne of Scotland, and commenced to retake the kingdom from the enemy.
Bruce’s followers were few in number, and he had to contend against
fearful odds; but after a desperate and long struggle his heroic
efforts culminated in the decisive and glorious Battle of Bannockburn;
and the subsequent acknowledgment of the independence of the kingdom.
The narrative of the external and internal conflicts of the nation was
continued to the Battle of Flodden. An exhaustive account of the social
condition of the nation in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries was
presented, in which many subjects of the highest historic interest
and national importance were treated and explained. After giving an
account of the literature of the period, the volume concluded with
a concise review of education, music, and art. Finally, this volume
gives a continuous view of the people from the earliest traces of their
occupation of the country onward, and of their condition, culture, and
civilisation.
INDEX.
Abercorn, i., 116;
castle of, 343, 390;
Earl of, iii., 19.
Abercromby, Dr. Patrick, iv., 143.
Aberdeen, i., 148, 151, 234, 238‒9, 264, 284, 288, 306, 325, 366,
370, 386‒7, 390;
ii., 116, 123, 192, 202, 212, 241, 247;
iii., 28, 90, 91, 219, 223, 228;
iv., 370, 375;
University of, i., 415, 467;
ii., 412, 413;
iii., 62, 392‒3;
iv., 60, 139, 317‒320.
Aberdeen, Earl of, iv., 482.
Aberdeenshire, i., 28, 49, 52, 68, 75, 90, 95, 140, 184, 271, 284,
287, 325;
ii., 154;
iii., 244;
iv., 370, 371.
Abernethy, i., 114, 165, 245.
Aboyne, i., 174;
Viscount of, iii., 93.
Ada, daughter of Earl David, i., 204, 256.
Adam,
Dr. Alexander, iv., 153;
William, Robert, James, 402.
Adamson, Archbishop of St. Andrews, ii., 182‒4, 189, 271, 380.
Aed, King, i., 136.
Agricola, General, i., 105, 109.
Agriculture, i., 100, 133, 150, 250‒254, 376‒381;
ii., 266, 289, 290;
iii., 303‒305;
iv., 332‒339.
Aidan, King of Dalriada, i., 117‒8.
Aikman, iv., ♦429.
♦ page number provided by transcriber
Airlie, Earl of, iii., 90;
castle of, 337.
Alan, Lord of Galloway, i., 211.
Albany,
Duke of, i., 319, 321‒2, 324‒6;
Murdoch, 326, 327, 328;
Alexander, 348‒351;
John, Regent, ii., 36‒37.
Ale, i., 251, 399, 400, 401, 402, 404;
ii., 291‒292;
iii., 217‒219;
iv., 395.
Alexander I., reign of, i., 200, 201.
Alexander II., reign of, i., 209‒212, 242.
Alexander, III.,
coronation of, i., 213;
reign of, 213‒217.
Alexander, William, iv., 209‒211.
Alison,
Rev. Archibald, iv., 86;
Sir Archibald, 155‒6;
Dr. William, 312.
Allan,
David, iv., 433;
Sir William, 443.
Alloa, iv., 433.
Alnwick castle, i., 143, 300.
Amberley, Viscount, ii., 43, 44.
Anderson,
Dr. Joseph, i., 52, 55, 57, 61, 65, 66, 168, 180;
William, ii., 68;
James, iv., 143, 144;
Robert, 173.
Angles, i., 113, 118, 119.
Angus,
Pictish King, i., 120;
Angus, Chief, 116, 202;
Angus Duff, 329;
Angus, Lord of the Isles, 218, 285, 292, 293;
Angus, Earl of, 342, 343, 350, 351;
ii., 36, 37, 38, 61, 63, 64, 65, 181, 195, 212.
Annandale, i., 26, 203, 223, 349.
Annandale, Earl of, iii., 179.
Anne, Queen, iii., 204, 205, 209, 211, 220, 222.
Anstruther, ii., 192.
Arbroath,
monastery of, i., 249, 296, 432, 433, 434;
town of, 238, 409;
iii., 93, 301;
iv., 375.
Arbuthnot,
Alexander, ii., 372, 373, 413;
Dr. John, iv., 228‒230.
Architecture, i., 157‒165, 247‒250, 428‒431;
ii., 396, 397;
iii., 396‒7;
iv., 401‒411.
Ardnamurchan, i., 24, 261, 356;
iii., 90.
Ardoch, i., 106.
Argyle,
Earl of, i., 356‒7, 364, 365;
ii., 63, 64, 89, 96, 97, 130, 134, 135, 145, 150, 181, 201,
202, 224, 226, 229;
iii., 90, 91, 92, 99, 104, 121, 123, 159, 167, 192;
Duke of, 206, 223, 241.
Argyleshire, i., 53, 116, ♦117, 121, 127, 210, 261, 369;
iii., 91; iv.
♦ “177” replaced with “117”
Arkinholm, battle of, i., 343.
Armada, ii., 191, 192.
Armstrong,
John, a marauder, ii., 224, 225;
Dr. John, iv., 169.
Arran, island of, i., 23, 95, 216, 286, 379, 380.
Arran,
Earl of, i., 346;
Regent, ii., 63, 65, 67, 70, 74, 78, 86, 87;
Stewart, Earl of Arran, 175, 177, 181, 184, 185, 187.
Arrowheads, i., 49, 50.
Art,
early, i., 52, 75‒79, 166‒174, 176‒180, 241‒243, 470, 471;
ii., 423‒425;
iii., 393‒396;
Progress of, in Scotland, iv., 428.
Aryan race, i., 38‒42;
language of, 43.
Arth, a friar, ii., 51‒53.
Asceticism, i., 131, 156, 157, 244;
ii., 43‒46, 261, 262.
Assembly, General,
ii., 115, 129, 149, 151, 160, 166, 167, 169, 188, 193, 211,
213;
iii., 28, 34, 36, 39, 69‒72, 77, 83, 84, 98, 104, 186;
iv., 465‒485.
Athole,
Earl of, i., 208, 209, 214, 217, 255, 263, 283, 285, 305, 306,
335, 337;
ii., 143, 148;
iii., 110;
Marquis of, 174;
Duke of, 207, 212.
Attwood, iv., 143, 144.
Auldearn, battle of, iii., 94.
Ayr,
Burgh of, i., 240, 356, 359, 386, 387;
ii., 69;
iii., 303;
iv., 369‒372;
Castle of, i., 215, 248, 274, 287.
Ayrshire, i., 29, 114, 286, 287, 379;
ii., 78;
iii., 134, 153;
iv., 341, 342.
Aytoun, William E., iv., 194.
Bacon, Lord, ii., 395;
iii., 434‒435.
Badenoch, i., 211, 276, 356;
iii., 181.
Badenoch, Lord of, i., 217, 256, 271, 274, 275, 277.
Baillie,
General, iii., 93, 94, 95;
Rev. Robert, 75, 76, 87, 88, 357, 358.
Bain, Dr. Alexander, ii., 420;
iv., 139, 140, 141, 155.
Balcanqhall, Walter, ii., 177, 184, 187, 206.
Balfour,
Sir James, ii., 75, 135, 144, 146;
John, of Burley, iii., 151, 153, 343;
Sir Andrew, 369.
Baliol, Bernard de, i., 203.
Baliol,
King John, i., 256, 258, 259, 260‒262, 263, 264, 366;
Edward, 304, 305, 306, 307.
Ballads,
early, i., 184‒5, 441‒450;
ii., 76, 77, 244, 245, 341‒345;
referring to the Civil War and persecution, iii., 237‒346;
Jacobite ballads, 346‒353.
Balmerino, Lord, iii., 18, 60.
Bancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury, iii., 32.
Bane, Donald, King, i., 144.
Banff, i., 148, 248, 307, 385, 390, 391;
iii., 301;
iv., 373.
Bank of Scotland established, iii., 327‒329.
Bannatyne, George, ii., 371, 372.
Bannockburn, battle of, i., 291‒295.
Barbour, John, i., 451‒454.
Barclay,
Robert, iii., 258;
Dr., iv., 308.
Barlow, Bishop, ii., 54, 56.
Barmekyn hill, fort on, i., 90.
Barony, i., 223, 225.
Barton, Captain, i., 359, 363.
Beaton,
James, Archbishop, ii., 38, 58;
David, Cardinal, 58, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70‒72, 79.
Beaumont, Henry, i., 301, 305, 306.
Beck, Bishop of Durham, i., 266, 270.
Bede, i., 116, 122, 126.
Bellhaven, Lord, iii., 197, 211‒12.
Bell Rock, i., 23.
Bell,
Dr. John, iv., 306, 307;
Sir Charles, 307, 308.
Bellenden,
John, ii., 317, 318;
Sir John, 158;
Sir Lewis, 274.
Berkeley, Bishop, iii., 470, 471.
Berwick-North, i., 387, 389.
Berwick, i., 206, 233, 234, 236, 238, 239, 248, 259, 260, 263,
264, 268, 279, 285, 295, 305, 350, 382;
Treaty of, ii., 100, 272.
Bible, translations of, ii., 25‒27, 49, 170.
Bisset, Thomas, i., 271.
Black,
David, ii., 204‒206;
Dr. Joseph iv., 260‒263, 273, 276, 278.
Blackadder, John, iii., 139.
Blackie, John S., iv., 247‒249.
Blakey, Robert, iv., 160.
Blacklock, Dr. Thomas, iv., 171, 172.
Blair,
Robert, iv., 169, 170;
Dr. Hugh, 215.
Blair Athole, iii., 90.
Blair Castle, iii., 181.
Bœce, Hector, ii., 316.
Bondmen, i., 252, 380‒382.
Book of Common Order, ii., 113, 114;
Book of Discipline, the first, 105‒113;
the second, 171‒173.
Book of Canons, iii., 45, 46.
Boot and shoe manufactures, iv., 392, 393.
Borders,
state of, i., 309, 315‒318, 322, 324, 342;
ii., 223‒225;
order established on the Borders, iii., 20‒28.
Borthwick Castle, ii., 143.
Bothwell,
Earl of, i., 353, 426;
ii., 69, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138‒145;
Francis Stewart, Earl of, 198, 272, 273, 274‒276.
Bothwell Bridge, Battle of, iii., 153, 154.
Botriphnie, i., 378;
iv., 197.
Bower, Walter, i., 376, 463.
Boyd,
Robert, of Kilmarnock, i., 283;
Robert, Lord Boyd, 345, 346, 347;
Sir Thomas, created Earl of Arran, 146, 147.
Boyd, Zachary, iii., 358, 359.
Braemar, iii., 222.
Brahmanism, ii., 428, 429, 431, 433.
Braxfield, Lord, iv., 458.
Breadalbane, Earl of, iii., 190, 191.
Brechin, i., 138, 164, 183, 238, 249, 276, 409;
Castle of, 264, 276;
Battle of, 342.
Bridges, Early, i., 250.
Briggs, Henry, ii., 389, 390, 391.
Brigham, treaty of, i., 218.
Britons of Strathclyde, i., 113, 114, 117, 123‒125, 138.
Britons and Scots, early laws of, i., 151‒153.
Brochs, i., 157‒163.
Brodick Castle, i., 286.
Brodie,
Alexander, iii., 255;
William, iv., 454.
Bronze weapons and tools, i., 74‒79.
Brooches, i., 117‒119.
Brown,
Janet, ii., 231;
Dr. Thomas, iv., 87‒97;
John, 216;
Dr. John, 217;
Dr. William L., 218, 219.
Bruce,
Robert, of Annandale, i., 203, 218, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259,
260;
Robert, Earl of Carrick, 266, 267, 271, 276, 278, 281‒283.
Bruce,
Nigel, Thomas, Alexander, i., 285;
Edward, 287, 290, 291, 292;
Robert, ii., 201, 208, 216, 381, 382;
Michael, iv., 177.
Brude, King of the Picts, i., 127.
Bruno, Giordano, writings of, iii., 399‒401.
Brunston, Laird of, ii., 69.
Buchan, Earl of, i., 208, 209, 211, 213, 217, 262, 287, 288, 319,
325, 352, 353, 373.
Buchan, Peter, i., 446.
Buchanan,
George, ii., 58, 145;
writings of, 364‒369, 409;
Thomas, 260;
Dr. Robert, iv., 224.
Buddha, his life and work, ii., 429‒432.
Buddhism, ii., 233, 432.
Burghs,
the origin and organisation of, i., 33, 82, 83, 152, 232‒237;
Custom and trade of, 382‒391;
Social life and characteristics of the burghal communities,
397‒408, 414, 438, 439;
ii., 230‒243, 291‒294;
iii., 245‒248, 274‒278, 283‒289.
Burghs of regality, barony, and church, i., 226, 237, 238, 408,
409.
Burial dues exacted by the Church, ii., 39, 40.
Burnet,
Bishop, his works, iii., 364‒366;
John, iv., 441.
Burns, Robert, iv., 179‒182.
Burntisland, iii., 301.
Burton, Dr. John H., iv., 160.
Caerlaverock Castle, i., 247, 272.
Cairns, burial, chambered, i., 53‒64, 91, 92.
Caithness,
prehistoric structures in, i., 53‒58;
Norseman inroads, 136, 138, 139.
Caithness, Earls of, i., 207, 208;
ii., 227;
iii., 237, 238, 239.
Calderwood, David, iii., 38, 356, 357.
Caledonians, i., 105‒109, 110, 111, 114.
Caledonian Canal, iv., 354.
Calvin, ii., 119, 357‒360.
Cambuskenneth, i., 249, 367.
Cameron of Lochiel, i., 356;
iii., 181.
Cameron, Richard, iii., 155, 156.
Cameronians, iii., 155, 174, 185, 186, 187.
Campbell of Glenlyon, iii., 192.
Campbell,
Sir Colin, iii., 395;
Dr. John, iv., 144;
Dr. George, 85, 86;
Thomas, his writings, 185‒187;
Colin, architect, 402;
Thomas, sculptor, 454.
Candlish, Dr. R. T., iv., 221, 222.
Canterbury, Archbishop of, i., 200, 201, 272.
Cantyre, i., 21, 215, 261, 285, 348.
Canute, i., 139, 192.
Carberry Hill, ii., 144.
Cardross, i., 302, 303.
Cargill, Donald, iii., 155, 156, 157.
Carham, battle of, i., 138.
Carlisle, i., 210, 318;
iii., 227.
Carlyle,
Thomas, iv., 156‒159;
Dr. Alexander, 19, 43, 44.
Carmichael, Lord, iii., 186, 187.
Carmichael,
John, of ♦Meadowflat, iii., 27;
William, 151;
Gershom, iv., 18.
♦ “Meadowflatt” replaced with “Meadowflat”
♦Carmon, Colonel, iii., 183.
♦ Printed out of alphabetic order.
Carrick, Earl of, i., 217, 266, 271, 278, 281, 302, 305, 314,
316.
Carswell, John, ii., 108.
Carstairs, William, iii., 178, 179.
Carved woodwork, i., 430;
ii., 423.
Casket Letters, ii., 141, 142;
iv., 145.
Cassillis, Earl of, i., 365;
ii., 69, 150;
iii., 19, 56, 87, 99, 104.
Castellio, Sebastia, ii., 359.
Castles, i., 247, 248, 428, 430;
ii., 422, 423.
Catechisms, ii., 77, 78, 85, 109, 110;
iii., 89.
Caterthun, hill fort, i., 89, 90.
Cathen, the King’s adviser, i., 125.
Caves, i., 43, 83, 163.
Celestius, ii., 356.
Celibacy, i., 131, 156, 244, 245;
ii., 21, 22, 41‒43, 45, 46, 261, 262.
Celtic tribes, i., 44, 45, 90, 100, 101, 105, 110, 113‒116, 119.
Censorship of the press, ii., 277, 278.
Chalmer, James, ii., 90.
Chalmers,
George, iv., 153;
Dr. Thomas, 219‒221.
Chambered Cairns, i., 53‒65.
Chambers,
Thomas, i., 336, 337;
David, ii., 138;
Dr. Robert, iv., 163.
Charles I.,
reign of, iii., 42‒100;
policy of, 43‒50, 51‒54, 57, 58, 59, 63‒65, 66‒68, 71, 73‒75,
76, 77, 78‒82, 90, 95, 96, 97.
Charles II., reign of, iii., 103, 107, 110, 119‒163.
Charles Stewart, prince, iii., 226‒229.
Charters, i., 148, 201, 223‒225, 227, 232‒234, 373, 387, 422.
Chartularies, i., 247.
Chatelherault, Duke of, ii., 86, 130.
Chemical Science, iv., 260‒266, 273, 286, 296‒298, 397.
Chepman, Walter, ii., 300‒302.
Christian I., King of Denmark, i., 346.
Christianity,
introduced, i., 121‒129;
early form of, 130‒134;
influence of, 134, 135, 168, 181, 186, 232, 245, 248‒250, 288,
289, 466, 467;
ii., 437‒439, 443.
Church,
early, i., 130‒134, 155‒157, 200, 201;
re-organisation of, 212, 213, 243‒245;
property of, 227, 252‒254, 380, 431‒433;
state of, 332, 333, 431, 432;
ii., 40‒43, 51, 76‒78, 79, 102.
Church, the Reformed,
organisation of, ii., 104‒115;
conflict with the Government, 165‒173, 177‒189, 192‒194,
197‒220;
iii., 20‒42, 46‒82, 83‒87, 95‒101, 110, 120‒163, 164‒169;
internal struggles of, iv., 467, _et seq._
Circuit Courts, i., 222, 355, 356, 424;
Lords of Council, Judicial Committee, i., 370, 371;
Court of Session, ii., 216, 223;
iii., 112, 113, 124, 232‒235; iv.;
Church Courts, i., 227, 230, 371.
Cists, i., 55, 93, 95.
Civilisation,
primary causes of, i., 19‒20, 31‒33, 34, 35;
ii., 426, 427;
gradual progress of, i., 53, 70, 71, 98‒102, 119‒121, 135,
149‒151, 161, 164, 169, 170, 181‒188, 232‒241, 245‒55,
330‒332, 366‒371, 382‒397, 408, 418‒422, 465‒472;
ii., 109, 278‒291, 398, 419;
iii., 101, 102, 294‒335;
rapid development of, iii., 215;
iv., 142‒145, 165, 284, 324‒332; _et seq._, 341‒400.
Clackmannan, iv., 343.
Claim of Right,
of the Scotch Parliament, iii., 176, 177;
Claim of Right, of General Assembly of the Church, iv., 480,
_et seq._
Clan, i., 146;
iii., 225.
Clan Canan, i., 150.
Clan Morgan, i., 150.
Clanranald, chief of, i., 356;
ii., 226;
iii., 242, 243.
Cleland, William, iii., 153.
Clunymore, i., 378.
Coal,
early notice of, i., 238, 409;
mining, ii., 286;
iii., 292‒293;
iv., 341‒343.
Cochrane, Robert, i., 348‒350.
Cockburne, of Henderland, ii., 224.
Cockburn, Sir Richard, Sir John, iii., 18.
Coinage, i., 238, 394‒397;
ii., 279‒282;
iii., 320‒327;
paper currency, 327‒329.
Coldingham, i., 209, 246.
Colin, King, i., 137.
Colliers, iii., 291‒292;
iv., 342‒344.
Colville, John, i., 448.
Commerce, i., 239‒240, 391‒394;
ii., 286‒290;
iii., 112, 300‒303, 311;
iv., 352‒357, 359‒363, _et seq._
Compurgators, i., 228‒229.
Comyn, Clan, i., 213‒214.
Comyn,
John, i., 217, 256, 271, 275, 277;
slaughter of, 281.
Confessions of Faith, ii., 34‒35, 102, 204‒205;
iii., 89.
Constantine, Roman general, i., 112.
Constantine I., son of Kenneth M‘Alpin, i., 136.
Constantine II., 136‒137.
Constantine III., 138.
Conventicles, acts against, iii., 130, 131, 133, 138, 140, 146,
148, 149.
Convention of Royal Burgh, i., 234, 235.
Convention of Estates, iii., 173‒177.
Cope, Sir John, iii., 226, 227.
Corrichie, battle of, ii., 123, 124.
Cotterel, Colonel, iii., 110, 111.
Covenant,
National, iii., 59‒62;
Solemn League and Covenant, 83‒86.
Covenanters, iii., 68‒73, 74‒77, 78‒82, 86, 89‒102, 103‒105, 107.
♦Craftsmen, i., 335, 336, 404‒408;
ii., 240, 241, 242, 293, 294;
iii., 287‒289.
♦ “Craftesmen” replaced with “Craftsmen”
Craig,
John, ii., 110, 158, 167, 185;
Sir Thomas, 384;
Andrew, iii., 245.
Craigellachie, iv., 354.
Craigmiller Castle, i., 349.
Craigphadrig, vitrified fort, i., 91.
Crannogs, i., 42, 84‒87.
Cranstoun, Sir William, iii., 21, 24, 25, 27.
Crawar, Paul, i., 332.
Crawford, Earl of, i., 321, 340, 341, 342, 343, 364;
iii., 120, 179, 186.
Crawford, Sir William, i., 388, 389.
Crawford Moor, ii., 282;
iii., 293.
Crichton, Sir William, i., 338, 339, 340.
Crinan, Abbot of Dunkeld, i., 139, 140.
Cromwell, iii., 99, 108, 100, 110, 111, 112‒115.
Culblean, battle of, i., 306.
Cullen, burgh of, i., 385, 386.
Culloden, battle of, iii., 229, 230, 351, 352;
iv., 172, 173.
Cumberland, i., 105, 125, 142.
Cumberland, Duke of, iii., 228, 229.
Cummene, i., 181.
Cunningham, Allan, iv., 192, 193.
Cupar, i., 465;
iii., 157.
Curates, under Charles II., iii., 130, 132, 173.
Dacre, Lord, ii., 62.
Dalkeith, iii., 227;
castle of, i., 316, 342;
ii., 423.
Dalriada, i., 116, 117, 127.
Dalry, iii., 133.
Dalrymple, Sir John, iii., 191‒193, 233, 234.
Dalziel, General, iii., 134, 135, 342.
Dancing, i., 457, 468;
ii., 124, 125, 415;
iv., 416.
Darien Colony, iii., 196‒204.
Darnaway Castle, i., 360;
ii., 124.
Darnley, ii., 128, 129, 130‒136, 137, 138.
Dauney, William, iv., 416.
David I., reign of, i., 201‒204, 221, 223, 224, 225, 227, 228,
230, 232, 234, 235, 243, 244.
David II., reign of, i., 304, 306, 307‒313, 429.
David, Earl of Huntingdon, i., 204, 256.
Davidson,
John, ii., 198, 214, 373, 374;
Thomas, 302, 303;
John, Principal of the University of Glasgow, 352, 408;
Dr. Patrick, iv., 164.
Dean of Lismore’s Book, i., 442, 443.
Defence of the Country, armour, weapons, organisation of the
army, i., 409‒413.
Denmark, marriage treaty, i., 346.
Descartes, method and principles of his system, iii., 403‒418.
Dickson, David, iii., 61, 359.
Dingwall, i., 385, 386.
Divorce, ii., 265, 266.
Donald I., i., 136.
Donald II., i., 136.
Donald Bane, i., 144.
Donald Balloch, i., 329, 330.
Donald, Lord of the Isles, i., 324‒326.
Douglas,
Sir William, i., 266, 267;
Sir James, 283, 286, 287, 290, 292, 300, 303;
Sir Archibald, 305, 306;
Sir William, 307;
Sir John of Dalkeith, 342;
Sir James, 435;
Sir William of Drumlanrig, 389;
Sir James, ii., 225;
George of Parkhead, 284, 285;
Sir Archibald, iii., 18.
Douglas, Earl of, i., 316, 317, 318, 321, 323, 326, 338, 339,
340, 341, 342, 343, 349, 388, 389, 390.
Douglas,
Gavin, ii., 36, 310‒315;
Dr. James, iv., 320.
Drumclog, battle of, iii., 153.
Drummond,
Lord, i., 360;
ii., 228;
Earl of Perth, iii., 171, 172;
Lady Margaret, i., 360.
Drummond,
General, iii., 135;
James, 227;
William, 366, 367.
Dryburgh, Monastery, ii., 66.
Duff,
King, i., 137;
Angus Chief, 329;
♦Dumbarton, i., 114, 121;
castle of, 248, 278;
ii., 149, 154, 155;
burgh of, i., 386, 391;
iii., 302, 303;
iv., 361.
♦ Separate item, not part of Duff.
♦Dumfries,
Castle of, i., 248, 290;
burgh of, 282, 356, 384;
ii., 131, 186;
iii., 24, 27, 134, 212, 228, 342, 386;
iv., 371.
♦ Printed out of alphabetic order.
♦Dumplin, battle of, i., 305.
♦ Printed out of alphabetic order.
Dunaverty Castle, i., 285, 355.
Dunbar,
Castle, i., 263, 383;
ii., 133, 140, 141, 143, 149;
town of, i., 383, 503;
iii., 227, 300, 387;
battle of, 109.
Dunbar, Earl of, i., 212, 214, 217, 218;
iii., 18, 25, 26, 30.
Dunbar, William, ii., 303‒310.
Dunblane,
cathedral, i., 249;
ii., 423;
city of, i., 238, 408.
Duncan I., i., 139, 140.
Duncan II., i., 143, 144.
Duncan, Dr. Andrew, iv., 302‒304.
Dundee, i., 83, 119, 248, 265, 267, 288, 387, 391, 437;
ii., 69, 93, 197, 202, 233, 235, 237, 240, 243, 400;
iii., 93, 223, 301, 303;
iv., 243, 331, 357, 358, 375, 376.
Dundee, Viscount, iii., 174, 175, 181, 182, 183.
Dunfermline,
Abbey of, i., 141, 144, 156, 239, 248, 252, 303, 385;
burgh of, 238, 258, 408;
ii., 400;
iv., 375.
Dunfermline, Earl of, iii., 18, 30.
Dunkeld, i., 119;
church of, 120, 134;
abbot of, 138, 139, 143;
bishopric of, 210, 218, 222, 225.
Dunlop,
John, iv., 155;
Alexander, 480.
Dunnichen, i., 116.
Dunnotter, i., 136.
Duns Law, iii., 74.
Dunsinnane, i., 91, 92, 140.
Dupin, Nicolas, iii., 313, 318, 333.
Durham, i., 203;
battle of, 308;
iii., 97.
Durham, James, iii., 359.
♦Durrisdeer, i., 91.
♦ Printed out of alphabetic order.
Durward, Alan, i., 214, 216.
Dury, John, ii., 167, 178, 179, 182.
Eadmer, i., 200, 201.
Earth-houses, i., 65‒70.
Earthenware, iii., 317;
iv., 365, 366.
Edgar, King, i., 143, 144, 148.
Edinburgh,
annexed, i., 137, 144, 151, 233, 247, 258, 276, 301, 306, 312,
317, 319, 338, 352, 354, 370, 388, 389;
ii., 35, 54, 58, 65, 66, 78, 89, 90, 91, 93, 97, 99, 100,
115, 117, 119, 124, 128, 132, 133, 135, 140, 143, 148,
151, 154, 163, 167, 179, 183, 203, 206, 213, 219, 237;
iii., 37, 41, 42‒44, 48, 49, 54, 55, 56, 67, 81, 99, 110,
120, 129, 134, 135, 147, 153, 163, 168, 171‒173, 174‒176,
180, 182, 186, 203, 206, 213, 219, 227, 236, 241, 274, 285;
iv., 44, 70, 75, 87, 97, 144, 148, 165, 174, 178, 194, 211,
222, 234, 330, 391, 405‒6;
Castle of, i., 248, 264, 274, 307, 322, 339, 349, 350, 358,
429;
ii., 101, 134, 142, 144, 149, 152, 155;
iii., 73, 159, 174, 175, 227;
University of, ii., 414‒419;
iii., 392, 393;
iv., 18, 69, 70, 74, 75, 87, 97, 102, 103, 136, 148, 156,
157, 167, 257, 263, 274, 291‒315.
Edinburgh, treaty of, ii., 100.
Edmund, i., 143.
Education, i., 184, 245, 466;
first Educational Act, 466, 467, 468;
ii., 109, 110, 397‒422;
iii., 375‒393;
iv., 324‒330.
Edward I., policy of, i., 218, 219, 255‒260, 261, 262, 263‒265,
266, 269‒271, 272, 273‒279, 283, 287.
Edward II., i., 287, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 296, 298, 299, 300.
Edward III.,
Invasions of Scotland, i., 305, 306, 307;
policy of, 309, 310, 311, 312.
Edward IV., i., 348, 349, 351.
Edward VI., ii., 75, 86, 87.
Egfrid, defeat of, i., 116.
Eglinton, Earl of, ii., 140, 229;
iii., 56, 75, 99.
Elgin, i., 139, 264, 385, 390;
ii., 251;
iii., 92, 94;
iv., 370;
Elizabeth, wife of Robert I., i., 303.
Elizabeth, Queen, ii., 92, 93, 99, 100, 145, 150, 220;
iv., 147.
Elliot, Robert, iii., 27.
Ellon, iv., 370.
Elphinstone, Bishop, i., 467;
ii., 300, 301.
Elphinstone,
Lord, iii., 19;
master of, 292.
England, policy of toward Scotland, i., 206, 214, 218, 257‒260,
261, 263‒265, 271, 273, 278, 280, 283, 287, 299, 300, 301,
305, 306, 309, 310, 322, 349, 361, 362;
ii., 54‒57, 63‒67, 76, 99‒101, 155;
iii., 179, 183, 184, 190‒193, 198, 201‒204, 206, 217‒221.
English language, i., 441, 443, 464.
English money, i., 396;
ii., 282;
one standard fixed, iii., 216.
Eocha, King, i., 136.
Episcopacy, ii., 108, 109, 157‒160, 164‒171, 177, 182‒185, 188,
210‒218;
iii., 28‒42, 44‒69;
abolished, 70‒72;
reintroduced, 122‒128;
again abolished, 180, 181, 184.
Erc, Chief, i., 116.
Eric II., King of Norway, i., 217, 259.
Errol, Earl of, i., 365, 373;
ii., 195, 196, 199, 201, 212;
iii., 19.
Erskine,
Lord Robert, i., 334;
John, of Dun, ii., 88, 89, 93, 108, 158, 185;
Rev. Ebenezer, iv., 213;
Rev. Ralph, 213;
Dr. John, 213, 214;
Thomas, Lord, 232‒234.
Ethnology, i., 38‒43;
of Scotland, 43‒47, 114, 115, 116, 118.
Etive, Loch, vitrified fort on, i., 91.
Evans, Dr. John, i., 50, 51.
Exchequer, i., 221.
Excise, difficulties connected with, iii., 217‒219;
iv., 395, 396.
Excommunication of Robert I., i., 295, 303;
form of, ii., 255, 257.
Fairfax, iii., 342.
Falasie, i., 192.
Falkirk, battle of, i., 269‒271;
iii., 228.
Falkland Castle, i., 323, 430;
ii., 213, 274.
Fast Castle, i., 324, 353.
Fasting, i., 131;
ii., 257‒260;
iii., 272, 273.
Fergus,
King, i., 120;
Chief, 116, 205.
Ferguson,
David, ii., 352;
Adam, iv., 69‒74, 152.
Fergusson, Robert, iv., 178, 179.
Feudalism, i., 161, 190, 193, 198, 199, 201, 203, 209, 211,
220‒228, 256, 260, 261, 269, 337, 371‒376, 411.
Fife, Earl of, i., 143, 204, 209, 213, 217, 225, 271, 308, 314,
317, 319, 333.
Fifeshire, i., 105, 119, 121, 136, 304;
ii., 66;
iii., 151;
iv., 142, 143, 341, 373.
Finlay, John, i., 446.
Firth of Forth, i., 23, 28, 109, 110, 115, 119.
Fisheries, i., 239, 377, 390, 391, 432;
ii., 40, 54;
iii., 301, 302, 303, 308;
iv., 400.
Flanders, Count of, i., 240, 241, 391, 392.
Fleming,
Robert, i., 283;
Malcolm, 327, 339.
Fleming, Lord, i., 345;
ii., 150.
Fletcher,
Sir John, iii., 120;
Andrew, of Saltoun, 179, 206, 255.
Flint weapons and tools, i., 48‒52.
Flodden, Battle of, i., 363‒365.
Forbes, Lord, i., 353, 354.
Forbes,
Patrick, Bishop, iii., 362;
Dr. John, 362, 363;
Professor, iv., 266, 268.
Fordoun, iii., 94.
Fordun, John, i., 463.
Forest,
free, i., 223;
forest laws, 225, 417.
Forfar,
Castle of, i., 248, 267, 288;
burgh of, 373, 387;
iv., 375.