[1] No man can serve as governor for more than four years in any
period of eight years.
INDIANAPOLIS, the capital and largest city of Indiana, U.S.A., situated
on the W. fork of the White river, in Marion county, of which it is the
county-seat, and at almost the exact geographical centre of the state.
It is 824 m. W. of New York by rail, and 183 m. S.E. of Chicago, and is
about 710 ft. above sea-level, and about 138 ft. above Lake Erie. Its
area is 30.77 sq. m., of which 29.95 sq. m. is land. Pop. (1880) 75,074;
(1890) 105,436; (1900) 169,164, of whom 17,122 were foreign-born (8362
being by birth German, 3765 Irish, and 1154 English) and 15,931 were
negroes; (1910 census) 233,650. Indianapolis is near the centre of
population of the United States. From 1847, when the first railway
entered the city, Indianapolis has steadily grown in importance as a
railway centre. It is served by the Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville,
the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton, the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago &
St Louis (New York Central System), the Lake Erie & Western (New York
Central System), the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St Louis
(Pennsylvania System) and the Vandalia (Pennsylvania System) railways.
At the Union Station more than 150 trains enter and depart daily,
carrying more than 30,000 passengers. Outside the city there is a "belt
line," 15½ m. long, connecting the several railways and carrying more
than 1,000,000 freight cars annually; and an extensive electric street
railway system, with more than 150 m. of track and with interurban
connexions, serves every part of the city and its suburbs. The city has
a large traction terminal station, and is the principal centre for the
interurban electric lines of Indiana, which handle freight as well as
passengers; in 1908 twenty-five interurban electric lines entered the
city and operated about 400 cars every 24 hours.
Physically Indianapolis is one of the most attractive inland cities in
America. It is built on a level plain surrounded by low, gently sloping
and beautifully wooded hills. Four principal avenues radiate from points
near a central circle to the four corners of the city. The other streets
run at right angles to one another. Streets and avenues are 90 ft. wide,
except Washington Street, which has a width of 120 ft. An excellent
system of parks--8 within the city with an aggregate area of 1311 acres,
and 3 with an aggregate area of 310 acres just outside the city
limits--adds to the beauty of the city, among the most attractive being
the Riverside, the St Clair, the University, the Military, the Fair
View, the Garfield and the Brookside. The city is lighted by gas and
electricity,--it was one of the first cities in the United States to
adopt electric lighting,--and has a good water-supply system, owned by a
private corporation, with a 4½ acre filter plant of 18,000,000 gallons
_per diem_ capacity and an additional supply of water pumped from deep
wells outside the city. The public buildings and business blocks are
built mostly of Indiana building stone. The state capitol stands in a
square 8 acres in extent, and has a central tower and dome 240 ft. high.
It covers 2 acres of ground and cost $2,000,000. The Marion county
court-house cost $1,750,000. Other noteworthy buildings are the Federal
building (containing post-office, custom-house and Federal court-rooms;
erected at a cost of $3,000,000); Tomlinson Hall, capable of seating
3000 persons, given to the city by Daniel Tomlinson; the Propylaeum, a
club-house for women; the Commercial club; Das Deutsche Haus, belonging
to a German social club; the Maennerchor club-house; the Union railway
station; the traction terminal building; the city hall, and the public
library. Near the city is the important United States army post, Fort
Benjamin Harrison, named in honour of President Benjamin Harrison, whose
home was in Indianapolis. In or near the city are the Central Indiana
Hospital for the Insane, the Indiana Institution for the Education of
the Blind, the Indiana Institution for the Education of the Deaf, the
Indiana Girls' School (included with the Women's prison until 1899, and
under the same management as the prison from 1899 to 1903, when it
became a separate institution,--it was removed to Clermont, 10 m. from
Indianapolis, in 1907), and a Women's prison (opened in 1873, the first
in the United States), which is under female management. The public
library, founded in 1871, contains more than 100,000 volumes. There are
ten other libraries, the most important of which are the state law
library (about 40,000 volumes) and the state library (about 46,000
volumes).
The city is an educational centre of considerable importance. The
university of Indianapolis (1896) is a loose association of three really
independent institutions--the Indiana Law School (1894), the Indiana
Dental College (1879), and Butler University (chartered in 1849 and
opened in 1855 as the North-western Christian University, and named
Butler University in 1877 in honour of Ovid Butler, a benefactor). Other
educational institutions are the Indianapolis College of Law (1897), the
Indiana Medical College (the School of Medicine of Purdue University,
formed in 1905 by the consolidation of the Medical College of Indiana,
the Central College of Physicians and Surgeons and the Fort Wayne
College of Medicine), the State College of Physicians and Surgeons (the
medical school of Indiana University), the Indiana Veterinary College
(1892), the Indianapolis Normal School, the Indiana Kindergarten and
Primary Normal Training School (private), and the Winona Technical
Institute. The last named was opened in 1904, and is controlled by the
Winona Lake corporation, having official connexion with several national
trade unions. It has departments of pharmacy, chemistry, electrical
wiring, lithography, house-painting, printing, carpentry, moulding,
tile-setting, bricklaying, machinery and applied science. The art
association of Indianapolis was founded in 1883; and under its auspices
is conducted an art school (1902) in accordance with the bequest of John
Herron (1817-1895), the school and museum of the association being
housed in the John Herron Art Institute, dedicated in 1906.
The city has several fine monuments, among which are statues of Oliver
P. Morton, George Rogers Clark, William Henry Harrison, Benjamin
Harrison, Thomas A. Hendricks and Major-General Henry W. Lawton. The
Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, erected by the state, stands in the
circle in the centre of the city, rises to a height of 284.5 ft. above
the street level, and is surmounted by a statue of Victory 38 ft. high.
On the east and west faces of the base are two great stone groups of
Peace and War respectively. The monument was erected after designs by
Bruno Schmidt of Berlin, with fountains at the base said to be among the
largest in the world, their capacity being 20,000 gallons per minute.
The city's central geographical position, its extensive railway
connexions, and its proximity to important coal-fields have combined to
make it one of the principal industrial centres of the Middle West. The
value of its "factory" products was 17.6% of the state's total in 1900
and 20.9% of the total in 1905. The increase in the value of the
"factory" product between 1900 and 1905 was from $59,322,234 to
$82,227,950, or 38.6%. Indianapolis is the principal live stock centre
of the Ohio Valley, and has extensive stock-yards covering more than 100
acres. Slaughtering and meat-packing is the most important industry, the
value of the product amounting to $24,458,810 in 1905; this industry
dates from about 1835. Among other important manufactures are foundry
and machine shop products ($6,944,392 in 1905); flour and grist-mill
products ($4,428,664); cars and shop construction and repairs by steam
railways ($2,502,789); saws; waggons and carriages ($2,049,207);
printing and publishing (book and job, $1,572,688; and newspapers and
periodicals, $2,715,666); starch; cotton and woollen goods; furniture
($2,528,238); canned goods ($1,693,818); lumber and timber ($1,556,466);
structural iron work ($1,541,732); beer ($1,300,764); and planing-mill
products, sash, doors and blinds ($1,111,264).
Indianapolis is governed under a form of government adopted originally
in a special charter of 1891 and in 1905 incorporated in the new state
municipal code, which was based upon it, It provides for a mayor
elected every four years, a single legislative chamber, a common
council, and various administrative departments--of public safety,
public health, &c. The guiding principle of the charter, which is
generally accepted as a model of its kind, is that of the complete
separation of powers and the absolute placing of responsibility.
On the admission of Indiana as a state, Congress gave to it four
sections of public land as a site on which to establish a state capital.
This was located in 1820 in almost the exact geographical centre of the
state, where a small settlement had recently been made, and the town of
Indianapolis was laid out in the following year. It was then in the
midst of dense forests and was wholly unconnected by roads with other
parts of the state. Upon its final acceptance as the capital, there was
some activity in land speculation, but Indianapolis had only 600
inhabitants and a single street when the seat of government was removed
thither in 1824. The legislature met here for the first time in 1825.
Some impetus was given to the city's growth by the completion of the
National Road, and later by the opening of railways, but until after the
Civil War its advancement was slow. It was incorporated as a town in
1832, its population then being 1000. The first state capitol was
completed in 1836. Indianapolis suffered severely from the business
panic of 1837, and ten years later, when it received its first city
charter, it had only about 6000 inhabitants; in the same year a free
public school system was inaugurated.
AUTHORITIES.--B. R. Sulgrove, _History of Indianapolis and Marion
County_ (Philadelphia, 1884); M. R. Hyman, _Handbook of Indianapolis_
(Indianapolis, 1907); Nathaniel Bolton, "Early History of Indianapolis
and Central Indiana" (Indiana Historical Society's _Publications_, No.
5, 1897); W. R. Holloway, _Indianapolis, a Historical and Statistical
Sketch_ (Indianapolis, 1870); the Indianapolis Board of Trade's
_Report on the Industries of Indianapolis_ (1889); _Civic Studies of
Indianapolis_ (Indianapolis, 1907 seq.), edited by Arthur W. Dunne;
and P. S. Heath's sketch of Indianapolis in L. P. Powell's _Historic
Towns of the Western States_ (New York, 1901).
INDIAN ARCHITECTURE. The development of architectural art in India is of
the highest interest for the history of the subject; and whatever may be
our estimate of its aesthetic qualities, we can hardly fail to realize
that Indian builders attained with marked success the aims they had
before them, though they employed arrangements and adopted forms and
details very different from those of western builders in ancient and
medieval times. These forms and adaptations, of course, require study
properly to understand them, and to recognize the adjustment of the
designs to their purposes. But besides the scientific advantages of such
a study, it has been well remarked by Fergusson, to whose genius the
history of Indian architecture is so specially due as its creator, that
"it will undoubtedly be conceded by those who are familiar with the
subject that, for certain qualities, the Indian buildings are
unrivalled. They display an exuberance of fancy, a lavishness of labour,
and an elaboration of detail to be found nowhere else." Besides, if
anywhere the history of a country is imprinted in its architecture, it
is in India that it throws the most continuous, distinct and varied
light on that history.
In the early architecture of India, as in that of Burma, China and Japan
till the present day, wood was solely or almost solely employed; and it
was only about the 3rd century B.C. that stone became largely used as
the material for important structures; if brick or stone were in use
previously, it was only for foundations and engineering purposes. Even
at the end of the 4th century B.C. Megasthenes states that Pataliputra,
the capital of Chandragupta--the Sandrokottos of Greek writers--was
"surrounded by a wooden wall pierced with loop-holes for the discharge
of arrows." And if the capital were defended by such palisading, we may
fairly infer that the architecture of the time was wholly wooden. On the
Sanchi gateways, brick walls are indeed represented, but apparently only
as fences or limits with serrated copings, but not in architectural
structures. And at whatever date stone came to be introduced, the Hindus
continued and repeated the forms they had employed in the earlier
material, and preserved their own style, so that it bore witness to the
general antecedent use of wood. Hence we are able to trace its
conversion into lithic forms until finally its origin disappears in its
absorption in later styles.
India possesses no historical work to afford us a landmark previous to
the invasion of Alexander the Great in the 4th century B.C., nor do we
know of an architectural monument of earlier date. For later periods
there are fortunately a few examples dated by inscriptions, and for
others by applying the scientific principles developed by Thomas Rickman
for the discrimination of other styles and the relative ages of
architectural works, we are enabled to arrange the monuments of India
approximately in chronological sequence or order of succession.
The invasion of Alexander and the westward spread of Buddhism brought
India into contact with Persia, where the Achaemenian kings had hewn out
mausolea in the rocks, and built palaces with stone basements, doorways
and pillars, filling in the walls with bricks. These works would attract
the attention of Indian visitors--ambassadors, missionaries and
merchants; and the report of such magnificent works would lead to their
imitation.
About the middle of the 3rd century B.C. we find the great Asoka, the
grandson of Chandragupta, in communication with the contemporary kings
of Syria, Egypt, Macedonia, Epirus and Cyrene; and to his reign belong
the great stone pillars, with capitals of Persian type, that are
engraved with his religious edicts. A convert to Buddhism, Asoka is
credited with the construction all over the country of vast numbers of
stupas--monumental structures enshrining relics of Sakyamuni Buddha or
other Buddhist saints; and with them were erected monasteries and
chapels for the monks.
On the monumental pillars, known as lats, set up by this emperor,
besides the Persepolitan form of capital, we find the honeysuckle with
the bead and reel and the cable ornaments that were employed in earlier
Persian carvings; and though not continued later in India proper, these
prevailed in use in Afghanistan for some centuries after the Christian
era. This seems to indicate that these forms first came from Persia
along with the ideas that led to the change of wooden architecture for
that of stone.
The stupas were structures that may be regarded as conventional
architectural substitutes for funeral tumuli, and were constructed to
enshrine relics of Buddha or of his more notable disciples, or even to
mark the scene of notable events in the tradition of his life. How
relic-worship originated and came to hold so large a place in the
Buddhist cult we can hardly conjecture: the sentiment could not have
arisen for the first time on the death of Gotama Buddha, when, we are
told, eight stupas were built over his corporeal relics, a ninth over
the vessel with which they were divided, and a tenth over the charcoal
of the funeral pile.
These stupas, known as dagabas in Ceylon, and chaityas in Nepal, are
called _topes_ in the ordinary patois of upper India. They consisted of
a low circular drum supporting a hemispherical dome of less diameter and
leaving a ramp or berme round it of a few feet in width. Round the drum
was an open passage for circumambulation, and the whole was enclosed by
a massive stone railing with lofty gates on four sides. These railings
and gateways are their principal architectural features; the rails are
constructed as closely as possible after wooden patterns, and examples
are still found at Sanchi and Buddh-Gaya[1]; what remained of the
Bharahat stupa was transferred to the Calcutta Museum, and portions of
the Amravati rail are now in the British and Madras museums. The
uprights and cross bars of the rails were in many cases covered with
elaborate carvings of scenes of the most varied kinds, and are
illustrative of manners and customs as well as of the art of sculpture.
[Illustration: PLATE I.