Villas in the Environs of Naples.--Castle of St Elmo.--Views
from a Convent.--Villa of Cardinal Ruffo.--Beautiful View of the
Bay of Naples and the surrounding Country.--Erroneous notions of
Travellers.--Tasso’s House.--Sorrento.--The Campo Santo.--Mode of
Interment.--The Lazzaroni.--Neapolitan Fruits.--Naples and New
York.--Neapolitan Labourers.
Having determined to pass the remainder of the season in the vicinity
of Naples, we have been employed, for the last week, in looking for a
house. Our aim has been the vicinity of the town; so far from it, as
to escape its confusion and noise, and yet so near as to possess its
conveniences.--The occupation has enabled us to see more of the modes
of ordinary life, than a traveller usually gets in a hurried visit.
At the same time we have given glances at the different objects of
curiosity as they presented themselves.
The Bay of Naples, which is truly “_un pezzo di cielo caduto in
terra_,”[9] is surrounded by country houses, of which a large number
are to be let. We may have been in fifty of them, and we find them
possessing very generally a common character; large edifices, with
spacious, sometimes vast apartments, terraces that overlooked the sea,
and furniture that is rich though commonly decayed. Some of the chairs
and tables that we have found in these places, appear to be more than a
century old, being carved, gilded, and heavy. We entered houses, that
are palaces in extent, in the size and in the number of the rooms,
that were utterly destitute of conveniences on the score of furniture,
but which were not without a certain air of comfortless magnificence.
The views were almost always fine, though perhaps a majority of the
situations had objections on account of their vicinity to roads,
hamlets, or dusty thoroughfares of some sort or other. Others, again,
were more modern, were freshly and even elegantly furnished, but they
were too dear. The rents were generally high, for this is the very
season when the villas are frequented; the Italians of condition,
like the French, seldom visiting their country houses, except for a
short time in midsummer, or near the vintage. The latter is their
_villagiatura_. These residences around Naples, however, are not, of
course, the old baronial hotels on the estates, but merely temporary
retreats. The gardens are seldom of much extent, or very well kept,
though there are exceptions.
One of the places that we visited in the course of our inquiries,
was so remarkable as to merit a particular notice. It was the villa
of Cardinal Ruffo; not the prelate who was so celebrated in the
revolutionary movements of the last century, for he I believe, perished
at the time, but one of the same dignity, name, and family.
Naples, I have told you, in part occupies broken ground. A volcanic
rock tops the city; and here is placed the well known castle of St.
Elmo; a citadel, or fortress, that can almost send its shot down the
chimneys of the place, as well as possessing a formidable range for
its fire, in the way of marine defence. The view from this castle is
singularly beautiful, and, owing to the proximity of the town, and
the formation of the land, one can vary it in fifty ways, by slight
changes of position. I know no other capital that possesses such a
look-out, as it were, in its bosom; that of Montmartre, though fine
and even extraordinary, from its extreme contrasts between town and
country, wanting altogether the softened sublimity which reigns all
through this region. Immediately below the citadel stands a convent,
which is now converted into an hospital, I believe, on the extremest
verge of the cliffs; for the part of the town that lies nearest the
sea, or the south-western quarter, is placed on terraces, which are
separated by perpendicular walls of tufa. From the balconies of this
convent there is a terrific bird’s-eye view of the more level quarter
of the town;--terrific, after all, is not precisely the word I ought
to use, for, as I have so often intimated, there is a softness thrown
around every natural object here, that lessens all the harsher features
of the landscapes. From this convent I looked into the streets, which
resembled narrow ravines, and even the sounds of a town proverbially
noisy, ascended to our ears. It required no great stretch of the
imagination to fancy the venerable fathers seated at their windows, now
contemplating the mites beneath them, engaged in the boisterous and
selfish pursuits of their lives, now turning their looks upwards at
the serene calm of the blue vacuum, through which, as habit has taught
us to imagine, lies the path to heaven. This is the poetical side of
the picture, for, were the truth known, I dare say the sight was as
often gloating on the baskets of green figs, and luscious grapes, and
other delicious objects, that are always to be seen in the streets, as
on any thing else. Before proceeding to the villa, I shall add, that
we went through this convent, which amply repaid the examination, by
its scented and carved sacristy, its picture by Spagnoletto, and its
“incense-breathing” chapels. Some of its passages and apartments were
the very quintessence of pious architecture, being cool, fragrant,
rich, quaint, and clerkly. Really, one occasionally finds in Italy
religious retreats, that are so suited to the climate, the dreamy
existence of the country, and the priestly tastes, that there are
moments when a monkish feeling comes over me, and even a monkish life
has its attractions. I believe, however, that I was not created for
vigils and fasts.
The villa of Cardinal Ruffo lies on a terrace a little lower than this
convent, facing more to seaward. I do not know the precise elevation of
these rocks, but I think St. Elmo cannot be much less than four hundred
feet above the bay, if it be any less, and the villa is about two
hundred and fifty to three hundred. The garden is pretty, extensive,
and is well shaded with trees and shrubs, though the motive appears
to be, principally, to exclude the objects in the rear. The house is
extensive, though low, standing also on the verge of the cliffs. It
was in good order, neat, and reasonably well furnished, having just
been occupied by an Englishman of rank. But no language can do justice
to the scene which presented itself, when we reached its balconies. I
shall attempt to describe it, however; for having heard so much of the
beauty of this spot, you will feel some desire to get more distinct
ideas than can be gained by general eulogiums.
You know the position and magnitude of the bay, and the exquisite
beauty of its water. No American who has never been off soundings can
appreciate the latter beauty, I repeat, for I know of no blue water in
all America. Our most limpid lakes are nearer the colour of amber than
any other, and the entire coast is a sea-green. The Mediterranean, on
the other hand, is unusually blue, and its bays and gulphs appear to
have as deep a tint as the open sea.[10] The house commands a view
of all that part of the bay which lies in the direction of Capri, the
opposite coast, with the open sea, and in the distance. The foreground
was the lower terraces, and the portions of the town that were not hid
by the cliffs, on the side of the Chiaja.
The bay itself was asleep, with its bosom dotted with a thousand boats,
and crafts of different sizes. The deathlike calm that pervaded every
thing was in exquisite accordance with the character of the entire
view. The mountains were dreamy, the air was filled with a drowsy
repose, while the different objects of historical interest over which
the eye rather lingered than glanced, gave the whole the semblance of
a physical representation of things past, adorned and relieved by a
glorious grouping of so much that is exquisite in the usages of the
present.
Of fishing-boats alone, I feel certain of being within bounds when I
say they were out in hundreds. A long line of them stretched away from
near the town, in the direction of Capri, not one of which appeared to
have motion. Clusters of them lay scattered about in every direction,
and the sails were drooping on board of vessels of nearly every sort of
rig known in this picturesque sea. These elements of beauty might have
been assembled elsewhere, though scarcely in such numbers and in so
much perfection; but you will remember that, besides the peculiarities
of the vessels, their varieties, the boats, the union of sublime land
and glorious water, there was also a coast teeming with places over
which history, from remote antiquity, had thrown its recollections and
its charms. That bewitching and almost indescribable softness of which
I have so often spoken, a blending of all the parts in one harmonious
whole, a mellowing of every tint and trait, with the total absence
of everything unseemly or out of keeping, threw around the picture a
seductive ideal, that, blended with the known reality in a way, I have
never before witnessed, nor ever expect to witness again.
Travellers often come to this place on a hasty visit, and, encountering
bad weather, or an unpropitious state of the atmosphere, they go
away with false notions of the comparative excellence of things. We
have now been ten months in Italy, and, certainly, had we gone away
without visiting this portion of the country, we should have formed
no accurate opinion of Italian nature. Had we come here during the bad
weather, it is equally probable that, by transferring to a time of the
year when no nature is seen to advantage the descriptions that refer to
the more genial months, we might have felt disposed to accuse those who
made them of exaggeration and fraud. Even now, the atmosphere is not of
extraordinary purity. It has a sleepy haziness about it, that I find
in admirable harmony with the season and the region; but experience
has taught me to distinguish between months, and to look for its most
peculiar and its greatest charm at a still later season of the year.
It is not an easy thing to find a residence for a family that has
no material objection. The price was the great obstacle to taking
the villa of Cardinal Ruffo, and we reluctantly turned our eyes in
another direction. We had now been three weeks in taverns, and one
must experience it to feel the relief that is afforded by getting out
of these public places into a private dwelling with a family. Our inn,
notwithstanding, offered fewer objections and more attractions than any
I was ever in. It was nearly empty at this season--a great advantage in
itself, was well kept, had noble rooms, and overlooked the bay.
The choice was finally made at Sorrento, a town of a few thousand
inhabitants, directly opposite Naples, and at the distance of eighteen
miles. The house we took has a reputation from having been the one in
which Tasso was born, or, at least, _is said_ to have been born; and
although it is not the villa of Cardinal Ruffo, it is little inferior
to it in scenery. The greater part of the plain on which Sorrento
stands is surrounded, in a half circle, by mountains, the segment
facing the bay. The whole formation is volcanic, large fissures of
the tufa appearing, in the shape of deep ravines, in various places.
Advantage was taken of the accidental position of these ravines, so as
to form a deep natural ditch around most of the place, which stands on
the immediate margin of the plain. This plain is six or seven miles in
length, is a continued village, very fertile, and extremely populous.
Its elevation above the bay varies from one to two hundred feet, the
verge being a perpendicular cliff of tufa nearly the whole distance.
Sorrento lies near the south-western extremity, the heights overlooking
it. The house we have taken is on the cliffs, within the walls, and in
plain sight of every object of interest on the bay, from Ischia to the
promontory of Vico, Castel-a-mare and a short reach of the coast in its
vicinity excepted.
Having settled the material point of a residence for the remainder of
the warm months, we passed a few more days in looking at sights. I
shall say nothing of the Museum, and of similar things, for you can
read of them at any time, but confine myself to what has struck me as
peculiarities. The first of these shall be the Campo Santo, or the
place of interment. A large proportion of the people of Naples die in
the hospitals; and even of those who do not, perhaps half are unable to
leave means for their interment. A place has accordingly been provided
for those who are interred at the public expense and this is the spot
to which we will now go.
The Campo Santo is a short distance from the city, enclosed by high
walls. There is a chapel near the entrance, with a few rooms for the
use of the officials. As I understand the arrangement, the earth was
removed from the entire area, when the cavity was walled up into three
hundred and sixty-five separate vaults. As there is, however, so much
of that soft material in this vicinity, I am not certain that the
desired number of vaults has not been cut in the tufa, the effect being
the same in the two cases. Each vault has a large hole in the centre,
that is covered by a stone fitting closely. This stone has a ring and
a moveable lever, with its fulcrum, all of which are on wheels, is in
readiness to remove it. Each night the lever is applied to a new ring,
and a stone is removed. At an appointed hour the dead arrive in covered
carts. Our guide affirmed that, after the religious service, they were
then _dumped_, to use a New York term, from the cart into the hole;
and judging by what I witnessed, I think this probable. The bodies are
next sprinkled with quick lime, and the stone is replaced and closed
with cement. At the end of the year, little is found besides bones,
which are removed to a bone-house, or vault, kept for that purpose.
The hole, however, is not closed for twenty-four hours, the fees paid
by the curious being an inducement to keep it in readiness to be opened
during that time.
When W---- and I presented ourselves, we were received by a
cadaverous-looking priest and sexton, on whose appearance this constant
communication with the remains of mortality had produced anything
but an aspect of devotion. Our wishes being known, after examining
the place generally, we were desired to look into an open vault: it
was quite empty, and indeed clean. The lever was then applied to the
ring of the covering of the vault last filled, and a more revolting
and hideous spectacle has been seldom witnessed than the one we saw.
Seventeen dead bodies were lying naked beneath the hole, in a way that
I can only compare to the manner in which Jack-straws fall! If they had
not actually been dropped from the cart, no care had been taken even to
lay them side by side, but they were placed just as chance had ordered
it. A few rags served as apologies to decency, and even these were not
always used. Whether they were actually brought from the hospitals in
this state, I cannot tell you; the guide affirmed that they were; but
one cannot confide in the information of guides.
While the poor meet with the fate of the “unhonoured dead,” the taste
of the Neapolitans of means is for gorgeous funerals. I have met
several in the streets, in which there was more of pageantry than
about any private ceremonies of the sort I have ever witnessed. Led
horses are one of the standing honours of a gentleman,--I presume, from
some connexion with a chivalrous origin. We observe the same usage,
even to this day, in all our own military funerals of field-officers.
The body, I find, is often exposed here, as in other parts of Italy,
though I have not yet seen it on any of the great occasions just named.
Naples has a corso in the Toledo; but at this season the carriage
promenade appears to be by the Chiaja and along a road that leads to
the south-western point of the bay. This is one of the most delightful
drives in the world. The road follows the strand for two miles, having
houses and villas on one hand, and the water on the other. It passes
the Villa Reale, one of the prettiest gardens imaginable, and the
celebrated gallery of Pozzuoli, or the grotto, as it is usually called.
This passage, which is of great antiquity, is of immense convenience,
though of no great cost or labour, the rock through which it is cut
being soft. The effect on looking through it is singular, for it is
never empty, during the day at least; and as a proof of its utility,
it smells like a stable. The reputed tomb of Virgil is on the side of
the hill, immediately over the entrance of this grotto. The best reason
for believing it to have been erected in honour of the Great Mantuan,
is, that if it be not his tomb, no one can say whose tomb it is. After
all, Virgil had a tomb, he died here, and this is an ancient work. It
may be the tomb of Virgil.
The mole of Naples, and the entire strand from the Castle Nuovo,
near it, to the eastern extremity of the town, offer extraordinary
exhibitions. This was the region of the Lazzaroni; and finer-looking or
merrier vagabonds than those who are now found in it, it is not easy
to meet. The streets that they frequent, and in which they may be said
to live, lie in this quarter, and are altogether unique. Brawling,
laughing, cooking, flirting, eating, drinking, sleeping, together with
most of the other concerns of life, are all transacted here beneath
the canopy of heaven. The throng resembles the quays of Paris in the
neighbourhood of the Pont Neuf during a fête, with this difference,
that as _everybody_ of a certain class appears to be out in the French
capital on such occasions, the streets of Naples also include every
_thing_. The serenity, and, what is of more influence, the security of
the weather, converts the streets into dwellings; and if these people
have lodgings at all, they must be far less agreeable than the open air.
The veritable Lazzaroni, however,--the houseless fellows who look
to Abraham’s bosom as their first regular lodgings,--have greatly
diminished of late years, if they exist at all. Murat made soldiers of
them, and otherwise gave them something to do, and they are now less
averse to regular employment than formerly. I saw many at work, quite
as near a state of nature as our Indians in a war dress, the paint
and feathers being so much the more in favour of the latter. The only
garment was a pair of very unsophisticated breeches, that did not cover
a fourth of the thighs. The colour, as may be imagined from exposure
under such a sun, was not essentially different.
The day we arrived, while the felucca was hauling into her berth, I
observed a pair of feet, soles uppermost, just out of water, not far
from the shore. Watching them for some time, they gradually sunk, when
a swarthy face came up in their place. This was one of the Lazzaroni
getting his dinner from the smaller shell-fish. A long resident here
tells me that these people can exist in summer on incredibly small
sums; such as three or four _grani_ a day. Coarse bread, grapes, and
most fruits are cheap; “and recollect,” added my friend “when you give
a Neapolitan beggar a _grano_ (which is less than a cent) you give him
a meal.” The figs are delicious, and I make it a point to eat one of
the luscious little green fellows, with a blood-red interior, every day
immediately after the soup. This has got to be a matter of conscience
with me. The water-melons are much like our own, and about the same
price; but musk melons are greatly inferior to those of New York. The
peaches seem to be merely tolerable. Notwithstanding this, fruits are
abundant, and, so far as the markets are concerned, better than ours;
though he who judges of the fruits of New York from the public-houses
and the markets, knows nothing about them. We have tried the ices in
the Toledo, and, notwithstanding their reputation, think them greatly
inferior to those of other towns we know. Contois need not hide his
head in comparison with anything, in the way of simple creams that are
to be found in Europe. But I have found good coffee in one cafè here,
and it is the first I have found in Italy. The house is kept by a
Frenchman.
Naples and New York lie within a few miles of the same latitude. There
are marked differences between the climates, certainly; and yet there
are also, at this season in particular marked points of resemblance.
Our proximity to the West Indies gives us some advantages as regards
the markets, as does the mixed character of our temperature. I believe
America to be almost the only country in which the peach and apple come
to perfection in the same field without resorting to forcing.
The streets of Naples at night are like our own, or rather like one or
two in America, when there is a bright moon, and there has been a warm
day. The absence of side-walks here, and the greater throngs, make the
difference. But I know no place that offers a scene like this towards
the setting of the sun. Imagine the effect in a street, or perhaps
on the side of a hill, where the houses are six or seven stories in
height, the windows all opening on hinges, and having balconies, and
these balconies filled with people enjoying the cool air. I have
literally seen streets with scarcely a balcony unoccupied. Fancy
also the pleasure of sitting in such a spot, at such an hour, and
overlooking a town like Naples, and such a bay! Most of the houses that
face in the right direction, and which stand on the hill-sides, possess
this advantage.
The common public vehicle for single passengers is a sort of sulky,
which is driven by the passenger, the keeper standing behind him and
using the whip. It goes with great velocity; and what struck me as
daring in streets so crowded and with chance drivers, the horses have
no bits, being entirely controlled by a noseband, like a halter, to
which the reins are attached.
The population of Naples is generally short, and both sexes, as a rule,
incline early to obesity. This applies particularly to the class of
the _bourgeoisie_. But I have never seen so fine a display of muscle
any where else, as among the labourers of this place. The habit of
ascending and descending the precipices of the coast, gives to all the
porters on the bay an extraordinary development of the muscles of the
legs. Those of Genoa have a reputation in this respect; but I think
them, though of larger proportions in general, inferior to those of
Naples, or rather to those of the Bay of Naples.