AND THE END IS NOT YET.
The principle of co-operation draws the whole community together. It
breaks down barriers. It unites the State. It gives hope to the
humblest toiler. And it strengthens the great moral ideal of duty,
without which no State can endure.--_Earl Grey_.
What is to be the final outcome of the Western farmers' revolt and its
spread to rural communities in Eastern provinces? Is there to be greater
harmony among opposing interests or is Canada on the threshold of
internal strife which will plow deep furrows of dissension between class
and class to an extent hitherto unknown in this country? If there is to
be a pitched fight between capitalistic groups and the people at large,
led by the farmers, what are the chances of victory for the latter? If
they win, what will be the national effect?
These were a few of the questions which first turned the writer's serious
attention to the Grain Growers. It seems scarcely credible that this
great economic movement has attained present momentum practically
unheralded; yet such is the case. The writer had watched its early
struggles to success from Government windows and as preparation for a
brief historical sketch it seemed desirable to get out among the farmers
themselves and study the situation from their angle.
Frankly, the task was not approached without some skepticism as to the
motives which might be uncovered. Almost the only occasions on which the
Grain Growers revealed themselves to the public were when they waited
upon politicians for this, that or the other. So often did this happen
and so insistent were they that there seemed some grounds for the belief
that to satisfy a Grain Grower was humanly impossible. From Legislative
casements it even looked at times as if they were a new species of
Indian, collecting political scalps! All manner of people accused them
of all manner of things. In the East they were called "blacksmith-shop
politicians, nail-keg economists, grousers and soreheads"; in the West
they were dubbed "corner-grocer statesmen and political football players."
When the caravans of the Eastern political chieftains, Liberal and
Conservative, came West they knew they were going to be held up by the
outlaws. Long before these respective expeditions started across the
plains infested with wild and dangerous Grain Growers, their scouts--the
Western M.P.'s--were ranging far and wide in preparation.
And when those Grain Growers in turn rode East to take possession of
Ottawa there was a popular expectation that they were about to whoop in
and shoot up the town in the real old wild and woolly way. They were
referred to cleverly as "Sod-Busters." It was rather startling to find
them merely a new type of Business Farmer, trained to think on his feet,
a student of economics.
To gather and verify the facts here recorded has required two years.
During that time the writer has listened to earnest farmers in prairie
shacks, pioneers and newcomers, leaders and followers, and has watched
these farmers at work in their "Farmers' Parliaments" where they assemble
annually by the thousands. It is impossible thus to meet and know these
men while examining the facts of their accomplishments without being
impressed by the tremendous potentialities that underlie their efforts.
Almost the first discovery is that the organized farmers have ideals
beyond material advantage and that these ideals are national in scope,
therefore involving responsibilities. Undeterred by these, the farmers
are eager to push on to further achievements. Their hope for these
ideals lies in the success of their business undertakings and it is
because that success is the spinal column of the whole movement that it
occupies such a prominent place in this historical outline.
Not all the Grain Growers are men of vision, it must be admitted. Many
have joined the movement for what they can get out of it. In all great
aggregations of human beings it is quite possible to discover the full
gamut of human failings. But loose threads sticking to a piece of cloth
are no part of its warp and woof. It is the thinking Grain Grower who
must be reckoned with and he is in the majority; the others are being
educated.
If there is doubt as to the sincerity of the organized farmers, why did
their pioneer business agency spend its substance in educational
directions instead of solely along the straight commercial lines of the
concerns with which it was in competition? The very mould into which it
poured its energies shaped special difficulties, generated special
antagonisms and every possible obstruction to its progress. Its cash
grants to the Associations in the West, to the official organ of the
movement, even to the Ontario farmers, run over the
hundred-thousand-dollar mark.
Or, take the case of the Grain Growers at Virden, Manitoba, who proposed
to bring into the district a large shipment of binder twine to supply
their members. When the local merchant who had been handling this
necessity learned of the plan he raised his voice, thus:
"If you fellows are going to do that then I go out of binder twine this
season. I won't handle a pound of it."
"Not even to supply the farmers who don't belong to our Association?"
"That's what I said. You're going to make a convenience of me when you
rob me of all my cash business. The only business I could do would be
with farmers who wanted credit."
Did the Grain Growers say: "That's their lookout, then. Let them join us
or go twineless"? No. They decided to bring in their co-operative
shipment as planned, but to allow the merchant to handle it on commission
in order to prevent any injustice to the other farmers.
Incidents like that can be recorded from all over the country. It does
not take very many of them to compel the honest conviction that equity of
citizenship for all the people in every walk of life means more to these
farmers than a high-sounding shibboleth. That being so, it becomes
difficult to accept the slur of utter selfishness--the idea that the
farmers are auto-intoxicated, a pig-headed lot who cause trouble for
nothing. It is very hard to believe that Everybody Else is good and kind
and sincere and true, affectionate one to another with brotherly love,
not slothful in business; for one knows that the best of us need the
prayers of our mothers!
When these Grain Growers started out they did not know very much about
what was going on. They had their suspicions; but that was all. To-day
they know. Their business activities have taught them many things while
providing the resources for the fight that is shaping unless the whole
monopolistic system lets go its stranglehold.
Yes, the farmers do talk about freedom in buying and selling; also about
tariff reform. They point out that there are criminal laws to jail
bankers who dared to charge from twenty-five per cent. to forty-two per
cent. for the use of money; that food and clothing and the necessaries of
life are the same as money and that high tariff protection which fosters
combines and monopolies is official discrimination against the many in
favor of the few; that there are other and more just forms of taxation
and that all old systems of patronage and campaign funds have got to go
if the grave problems of these grave times are to be met successfully.
It is no old-time "Hayseed" who is discussing these things. It is a New
Farmer altogether. The Farmers' Movement is no fancy of the moment
either, but the product of Time itself. It is a condition which has
developed in our rural life as the corolla of increased opportunities for
education. The Farmer to-day is a different man to what he was ten years
ago--indeed, five years ago.
It has taken fifteen years of bitter struggle for the Western farmers to
win to their present position and now that they are far enough along
their Trail to Better Things to command respect they are going to say
what they think without fear or favor. They believe the principles for
which they stand to be fundamental to national progress.
If there is to be any attempt to cram the old order of things down the
people's throats; if, under cloak of all this present talk of winning the
war, of new eras and of patriotism, profiteers should scheme and plan
fresh campaigns--then will there be such a wrathful rising of the people
as will sweep everything before it. In the forefront of that battle will
stand the rugged legions of the organized farmers.
Make no miscalculation of their ability to fight. This year, 1918, will
see them sawing their own lumber in their own saw-mills in British
Columbia. If necessary, they can grind their own flour in their own
flour mills, dig their own coal from their own mines, run their own
packing-plants, provide their own fidelity and fire-insurance, finance
their own undertakings. They grow the grain. They produce the new
wealth from the soil. They are the men who create our greatest asset,
everything else revolving upon the axis of Agriculture in Canada.
If, then, the farming population has learned to co-operate and stand
solid; if in addition they have acquired the necessary capital to educate
the masses and are prepared to spend it in advancing their ideals; if the
working classes of the cities and the soldier citizens of Coming Days
join their ranks--what chance will Special Privilege have against the
public desire for Equal Rights?
Is it to be co-operation in all sincerity or class warfare? If the other
great interests in our national life will meet the Farmer in a fair
spirit, approaching our national problems in an honest attempt to
co-operate in their solution for the common good, they will find the
Farmer meeting them eagerly. They will find that these farmer leaders
are reasonable men, broad-minded, square-principled and just--no less so
because the class they represent is organized to stand up for its rights.
The situation is not hopeless. Most of these pages we have been turning
are Back Pages. Old conditions and much of the bitterness which they
generated have passed. The story of those old conditions has been told
from the viewpoint of the Farmer in order that his attitude may be
understood. But it must be remembered that the grain trade to-day is a
very different proposition to what it was and that many of the men who
have devoted their lives to it in the cities have played a big and honest
part in its development. The Winnipeg Grain Exchange as an Exchange has
done a great deal for Western Canada, a point that undoubtedly has been
overlooked by many farmers. Gradually, however, the Farmer has learned
that all is not evil in "Babylon"; for out of revolution has come
evolution.[1]
The key to that better future which is desired so earnestly and wisely is
Education. The problems of the day are commanding the mental focus of
the nation. The Banks, the Railways, the Manufacturers are considering
them. The Joint Committee of Commerce and Agriculture has great
opportunities for removing much old-time hostility on both sides. And
now that true co-operation of all classes has become a national duty,
surely out of the testing must come better understanding and a greater
future.
Just now, of course, there is only the War. It has brought the Canadian
people to their feet. For the angry glare of the gun flashes has thrown
in silhouette many fallacies, many foibles and rubbish heaps, and these
must be swept out in preparation for the new nationhood which Canada is
called upon to assume. With a third of the entire British Empire
entrusted to her management and the hopeful gaze of homemakers the world
over turning upon her Canada's responsibilities are great. But she will
rise to her opportunities.
Just now there is only the War. The history of mankind has no previous
record of such chaos, such a solemn time. Thrones toppling, maps
changing, whole peoples dying of starvation and misery while the fate of
Democracy is balanced on the issue. Men are slaying each other on land,
in the air, on the water and below it while the forces of Destruction are
gnawing holes in the World's resources with the rapacity of swarming
rats. It is costing Great Britain alone over thirty-five million dollars
every day--a million and a half every hour!
As for Canada--much figuring is being done by experts and others in
attempts to estimate the total debt which the Canadian people will have
to carry after the war. But the people themselves are too far immersed
in war efforts to pause for futile reckonings. There will be time enough
for that when the war is won, and won it shall be, no matter what the
cost. It requires no great perspicacity to realize that our total
national debt will be a sum which rolls so easily on its ciphers that it
eludes the grasp of the average mind. It is going to cost a lot even to
keep the wheels greased at five and one-half per cent. from year to year.
Everybody knows it. _Win the War!_
When the lamp went out and the old world we had known blew up--away back
in 1914--we spagged about anxiously, calling to each other: "Business as
Usual!" Since then factory production has gone up fifty per cent.;
export trade a hundred; profits on capital all the way up to the
billion-and-a-quarter mark. We have got so used to things in four years
that there is danger of forgetting that War has driven a sap beneath
these ironical gifts of Mars and it is full time Business looked around
for a place to light and got ready to dig itself in.
Mobilization, co-operation of every interest, the full grapple of every
individual--national effort, in short--these the State demands. The
coverlet has been thrown back upon the realization that the State has
claims upon each citizen which transcend his individual fortunes--that
individual prosperity, in fact, is entirely dependent upon the prosperity
of the national whole.
Not all by himself can the Man Behind The Gun win a war like this. At
his heels must stand the munition workers, the Man Back of The Desk, the
people themselves, each guarding against waste and each contributing his
or her part, great or small, for that national economy which alone can
hope to sustain the terrific pace that victory demands. Finally, out in
the great open spaces, faithful and unassuming and backing his country to
the limit, must plod the Man Behind The Plow, working silently and
steadily from dawn till dark to enlist and re-enlist the horizoned acres.
Canada has reason for pride in her farmers. No class is more loyal to
British traditions. No class is more determined to win this war.
Thousands of their sons are at the front. Many a lonely mother has stood
on a prairie knoll, straining her eyes for the last glimpse of the buggy
and bravely waving "God-speed." In many a windswept prairie farm home
reigns the sad pride of sacrifice.
Out of the sanctifying fires is arising a national tendency to new
viewpoints. The hope of Canada lies in a more active participation in
affairs by the Average Citizen. In opposition to an awakened national
interest what chance is there going to be for the silent partnerships of
"invisible government"? 'Twill be a sorry partizan who allows his
thoughts at this crisis to patter away at that old practice line, so full
of past mistakes: "Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of
the Party."
Win-the-War unity is the leaven at work in Canada to-day and regeneration
is coming.
What does it matter except that our country's leaders shall rise to their
opportunities for true statesmanship with a deep sense of their
responsibilities to the millions who turn to them for guidance in this
time of national stress? What does it matter except that the people
shall grant to their leaders their sympathy and co-operation in the cares
of crisis?
As this book goes to the publisher Union Government in Canada has become
a fact. Not since Confederation has such a thing happened in this
country. The vampire methods with which our political system has been
cursed have been thrown under foot and thinking Canadians everywhere have
drawn a breath of relief. The energies which have been wasted in
jockeying for party position are now concentrating upon effective unity
of action. Let us hope so indeed. There must be no want of confidence
in the cheers which echo from Canadian trenches.
For over there where Canada's first line of defence runs from the North
Sea through Belgium into France your boy, Mr. Business Man, and your boy,
Mr. Farmer, stand shoulder to shoulder. Think you that in the crucible
which bares the very souls of men those boys have any thought of class
criticism or of selfish grabbings? In those trenches you will find more
practical Christianity, more unselfishness, more true brotherhood than
can be realized at this distance. The spirit of sacrifice, the
help-one-another idea, the equal share and charity of thought--these
revitalizing principles will be brought back by our khaki citizens when
they march home from victory. It is past belief that there should be
anything but complete unity of purpose as they look back for their
country's supports.
A coat of arms on the red field of a British flag, a maple leaf on khaki
cap or collar-band, a single name on every shoulder-strap--CANADA. All
the nations of the earth salute that name. For it is emblazoned on the
shell-churned fields of Ypres where, sweltering and bleeding, Canada
"saved the day" for all humanity. It is inscribed for all time to come
on the Somme--on Vimy Ridge--on the difficult slopes of Passchendaele.
Just now, only the War.
But when in the Years To Be we find ourselves in some far land or in some
international circle which Chance, mayhap, has thrown together; when the
talk turns upon the Great War and the wonderful victory of Civilization;
when we are questioned as to who and what we are and we reply simply:
"Gentlemen, I am a Canadian"----
Then may the light of pride in our eyes be undimmed by any sense of shame
for duty shunned. May it be that out of it all has arisen a higher
conception of individual and national life. So that in place of deep
furrows of dissension there will be the level seed-bed of greater unity
and justice among men.
THE END.
[1] Abnormal conditions in the grain trade at present, due to the war,
have led to government control of the crop by means of a Board of Grain
Supervisors, aside altogether from the permanent Board of Grain
Commissioners. This government commission has very wide powers,
superseding the Grain Act for the time being, and can fix the price at
which grain stored in any elevator may be purchased, ascertain available
supplies, fix conditions of removal from storage and determine the
destination of grain, receive purchase offers and fix sale prices, take
possession of grain in elevators and sell it, provide transportation, etc.
The Board of Grain Supervisors consists of two representatives of the
organized farmers--Hon. T. A. Crerar, Minister of Agriculture, and H. W.
Wood, President of United Farmers of Alberta; one representative of
unorganised farmers--S. K. Rathwell; three representatives of the
Winnipeg Grain Exchange--J. C. Gage, W. E. Bawlf and Dr. Magill
(Chairman); a representative of the British Food Commission--Jas.
Stewart; two representatives of Labor--Controller Ainey (Montreal) and W.
B. Best, of Locomotive Firemen; W. A. Matheson, of Lake of the Woods
Milling Company, and Lionel H. Clarke, head of the Canada Malting Company
and a member of the Toronto Harbor Commission. Dr. Robert Magill, the
Chairman, is Secretary of the Winnipeg Grain Exchange and was formerly
Chief Commissioner of the permanent Board of Grain Commissioners.
APPENDIX
FIRST OFFICERS, DIRECTORS, COMMITTEES, ETC., OF THE FARMERS'
MOVEMENT IN WESTERN CANADA, ETC.
1. _Territorial_ (Saskatchewan) _Grain Growers' Association--1902_.
President, W. R. Motherwell (Abernethy); Secretary, John Millar (Indian
Head). Among those who acted on the first Board of Directors were:
Messrs. Walter Govan and M. M. Warden (Indian Head); John Gillespie,
Elmer Shaw and Peter Dayman (Abernethy); Matthew Snow (Wolseley).
2. _Virden_ (Manitoba) _Grain Growers' Association--1903_.
President, J. W. Scallion; Vice-president, George Carefoot;
Secretary-Treasurer, H. W. Dayton; Directors: J. A. Blakeman, Isaac
Bennett, Peter McDonald and C. E. Ivens.
3. _Manitoba Grain Growers' Association--1903_.
President, J. W. Scallion (Virden); Vice-President, R. C. Henders
(Culross); Secretary-Treasurer, R. McKenzie (Brandon); Directors:
Donald McEwan, Brandon; William Ryan (Boissevain), W. A. Robinson
(Elva), D. W. McCuaig (Portage la Prairie), John Wilson (Lenore), and
H. A. Fraser, Hamiota.
4. _Committee to Investigate Possibilities of Farmers Trading in
Grain--1905_.
The first step towards co-operative trading in grain by the farmers of
Western Canada was a scheme, fathered by E. A. Partridge, of Sintaluta,
Sask., the first official action being taken by the Manitoba Grain
Growers' Association at their annual convention in 1905, when the
following committee was ordered to investigate and report:
Chairman, E. A. Partridge (Sintaluta, Sask.); J. A. Taylor (Cartwright,
Man.); A. S. Barton (Boissevain, Man.).
5. _Local Committee to Organise Meeting of Sintaluta Farmers--1906_.
The following committee of Sintaluta farmers made arrangements for a
meeting of the farmers in the Sintaluta district to discuss
co-operative trading in grain and to pledge support of the trading
company proposed by E. A. Partridge:
E. A. Partridge, Al Quigley, Dave Railton, W. J. Bonner, T. McLeod,
James Ewart.
6. _Preliminary Organisation Committee of Sintaluta Farmers--1906_.
E. A. Partridge (Chairman), A. J. Quigley (Secretary), William Hall
(Treasurer), James Halford, James Ewart, D. Railton, Sr., J. O.
Partridge, William J. Bonner, Thomas S. McLeod, W. Malhiot, H. O.
Partridge, G. K. Grass, Harold Bird, H. T. Smith, George Hill--all of
Sintaluta, Sask.
Subsequently this committee was enlarged to include a number of
Manitoba canvassers.
7. _Provisional Officers of Grain Growers' Grain Company--1906_.
Provisional organization of the Western farmers' pioneer trading
company finally took place at Winnipeg, July 26th, 1906, when the
following officers were chosen:
President, E. A. Partridge; Vice-President, John Kennedy;
Secretary-Treasurer, John Spencer; Directors: W. A. Robinson (Elva,
Man.), and Francis Graham (Melita, Man.).
At a general meeting of the shareholders these same officers were
elected subsequently and the directorate increased by two--Robert
Cruise (Dauphin) and T. W. Knowles (Emerson).
8. _Sintaluta_ (Sask.) _Farmers Who Pledged Personal Securities--1906_.
Finding themselves $1,500 short of the necessary $2,500 for the
purchase of a seat on the Winnipeg Grain Exchange, the young trading
company of farmers had recourse to personal securities in order to
finance their start in business. The friends to whom E. A. Partridge
appealed and who immediately gave the bank their personal notes were
the following Sintaluta men:
Dave Railton, Al Quigley, Tom McLeod, Jim Ewart, William E. Hall.
9. _Inter-Provincial Council of Grain Growers' and Farmers'
Associations--1907_.
It was under this name that the executive officers of the various
farmers' organizations in the three Prairie Provinces first came
together to discuss problems affecting the Movement as a whole. The
first officers of the Inter-Provincial Council were:
President, E. N. Hopkins (Moose Jaw, Sask.); Secretary, M. D. Geddes
(Calgary, Alberta).
10. _United Farmers of Alberta--1909_.
Until January 14th, 1909, the farmers of Alberta had two provincial
organizations--the "Canadian Society of Equity" and the "Alberta
Farmers' Association." On this date amalgamation took place at
Edmonton under the name, "United Farmers of Alberta" with officers and
directors as follows:
President, James Bower (Red Deer); Vice-President, Rice Sheppard
(Strathcona); Secretary, Edward J. Fream (Calgary); Directors: G. A.
Dixon (Fishburn), A. Von Mielecki (Calgary), George McDonald (Olds),
George Long (Edmonton), Thomas Balaam (Vegreville), L. H. Jelliffe
(Spring Coulee), E. Carswell (Penhold), H. Jamieson (Red Deer).
11. _Canadian Council of Agriculture--1910_.
The name of the Inter-Provincial Council (Par. 9) was changed to the
"Canadian Council of Agriculture" in 1909 when relations were
established with The Grange, the early organization of Ontario farmers.
The first officers of the new inter-provincial body were:
President, D. W. McCuaig (Portage la Prairie, Man.); Vice-president,
James Bower (Red Deer, Alberta); Secretary, E. C. Drury (Barrie, Ont.).
12. _Saskatchewan Co-Operative Elevator Company--1911_.
_Provisional Officers_: President, J. A. Maharg (Moose Jaw);
Vice-president, F. W. Green (Moose Jaw); Secretary-Treasurer, Charles
A. Dunning (Beaverdale); Directors: A. G. Hawkes (Percival), James
Robinson (Walpole), Dr. T. Hill (Kinley).
Upon early withdrawal of F. W. Green for personal reasons, George
Langley (Maymont) was called by the Board in an advisory capacity.
_First Election_: President, J. A. Maharg (Moose Jaw); Vice-President,
George Langley (Maymont); Secretary-Treasurer, Charles A. Dunning
(Beaverdale); Directors: James Robinson (Walpole), W. C. Sutherland
(Saskatoon), N. E. Baumunk (Dundurn), A. G. Hawkes (Percival), J. E.
Paynter (Tantallon), Dr. E. J. Barrick.
13. _Alberta Farmers' Co-Operative Elevator Company--1913_.
_Provisional Officers_: President, W. J. Tregillus (Calgary);
Vice-President, E. Carswell (Red Deer); Secretary-Treasurer, E. J.
Fream (Calgary); Directors: Joseph Quinsey (Noble), William S. Henry
(Bow Island), Rice Sheppard (Edmonton), P. P. Woodbridge (Calgary).
_First Election_: President, W. J. Tregillus; Vice-president, J.
Quinsey (Noble); Secretary-Treasurer, E. J. Fream (Calgary); Directors:
E. Carswell (Red Deer), Rice Sheppard (Edmonton), P. S. Austin
(Ranfurly), J. G. McKay (Provost), R. A. Parker (Winnifred), C.
Rice-Jones (Veteran).
14. _United Farmers of Ontario--1914_.
_Organisation Committee--1913_: E. C. Drury (Barrie), J. J. Morrison
(Arthur), Henry Glendinning (Manilla), Elmer Lick (Oshawa), H. B. Cowan
(Peterboro), W. C. Good (Paris), Col. J. Z. Frazer (Burford).
_First Election of Officers--1914_: President, E. C. Drury (Barrie);
Secretary-Treasurer, J. J. Morrison (Arthur).
15. _United Farmers' Co-Operative Company, Limited--1914_.
President, W. C. Good (Paris); Secretary-Treasurer, J. J. Morrison
(Arthur); Executive: Anson Groh (Preston), C. W. Gurney (Paris), Col.
J. Z. Fraser (Burford), E. C. Drury (Barrie).
16. _United Farmers of British Columbia--1917_.
_Provisional Committee_ (Vancouver Island Farmers' Union)--_1916_:
Chairman, R. M. Palmer (Cowichan Bay); Secretary-Treasurer, W. Paterson
(Duncan); H. G. Helgesen (Metchosin), G. A. Cheeke (Shawnigan Lake), A.
E. Brooke Wilkinson (Cobble Hill), E. H. Forrest (Hillbank), F. J.
Bishop (Cowichan Station), G. H. Hadwen (Comiaken), C. G. Palmer,
C.I.E. (Quamichan), F. Maris Hale (Deerholme), A. A. Mutter (Somenos),
L. F. Solly (Westholme), R. U. Hurford (Courtenay), A. C. Aiken
(Duncan).
_First Election_ (United Farmers of British Columbia)--_1917_:
President, C. G. Palmer (Quamichan); Vice-Presidents: J. W. Berry
(Langley), R. A. Copeland (Kelowna), P. H. Moore (Saanich); Secretary,
H. J. Ruscombe Poole (Duncan); Directors: J. Johnson (Nelson), R. U.
Hurford (Comox), L. Dilworth (Kelowna), R. H. Helmer (Summerland), W.
E. Smith (Revelstoke), W. Paterson (Koksiloh).
17. _United Grain Growers, Limited--1917_.
By Act of Dominion Parliament, June, 1917, the necessary changes in the
charter of the Grain Growers' Grain Company, Limited, were granted to
enable amalgamation with the Alberta Farmers' Co-Operative Elevator
Company under the name, "United Grain Growers, Limited"; authorized
capital, $5,000,000. The first election of officers was as follows:
President, T. A. Crerar; 1st Vice-president, C. Rice-Jones (Veteran,
Alta.); 2nd Vice-president, John Kennedy; Secretary, E. J. Fream
(Calgary, Alta.); Directors: C. F. Brown (Calgary), R. A. Parker
(Winnifred, Alta.), J. J. McLellan (Purple Springs, Alta.), P. S.
Austin (Banfurly, Alta.), H. C. Wingate (Cayley, Alta.), Roderick
McKenzie (Brandon, Man.), F. J. Collyer (Welwyn, Sask.), John Morrison
(Yellow Grass, Sask.), J. F. Reid (Orcadia, Sask.).
18. At the meeting of the Canadian Council of Agriculture in Winnipeg
on July 5th, 1918, Norman P. Lambert was appointed Secretary-Treasurer
to succeed Roderick McKenzie, who now occupies the position of
Vice-president.
19. R. A. Bonnar, K.C. (Bonnar, Trueman, Hollands & Robinson), has
been solicitor and counsel for the Grain Growers since 1906 and has
been identified closely with them on many dramatic occasions.