[559] See before, p. 8.
[560] The mandrake was a very popular object of superstition in the
Middle Ages. The fullest information on the subject will be found in the
editor's Archæological Album, p. 178.
[561] Gen. xxxiii. 19.
[562] Josh. xxiv. 32.
[563] John iv. 5.
[564] Gen. xlviii. 22.
[565] Gen. xxviii.
[566] Josh. xviii. 13.
[567] Judges, ix. 21.
[568] 1 Sam. xiv.
[569] Luke, ii. 24.
[570] 2 Sam. 24.
[571] De Bell. Jud., lib. v. c. 4.
[572] Matt. xxvii. 51.
[573] John, xix. 39.
[574] Jer. xxxviii.
[575] 2 Kings, ii. 19.
[576] Josh. iii. 15.
[577] Jerem. xlix. 19, and l. 44. See before, p. 21.
[578] Gen. xiv. 10.
[579] Tacit. Hist., lib. v.; Joseph. Bell. Jud., lib. v. cap. 5.
[580] Ant., lib. iv. cap. 10.
[581] 2 Sam. v. 23.
[582] Eccl. ii. 5, 6.
[583] Cant. iv. 12.
[584] 2 Sam. xxiii. 15.
[585] Acts, viii. 28.
[586] Matt. iii. 4.
[587] See, before, the account of the honey trees, given by Arculf, p. 8.
It is curious to compare these traditions of mistaken interpretations,
which lasted long, and influenced many good writers.
[588] 1 Sam. xvii.
[589] Luke i. 46.
[590] Ibid. i. 6.
[591] See before, p. 27.
[592] 1 Kings, xviii.
[593] Acts, xii.
[594] Matt, xxviii. 9.
[595] Acts, xii. 2.
[596] John, xviii. 22.
[597] Matt. xxvii. 60.
[598] Ant. Jud. lib. xv. cap. ult.
[599] 2 Mac. i. 19.
[600] Matt. xxvii. 5. Acts, i. 18, 19.
[601] Matt. xxiv. 2.
[602] Luke, xi. 1, 2.
[603] Acts, i. 10, 11.
[604] Luke, xix. 41.
[605] Bell. Jud., lib. vii. cap. 15, and other places.
[606] John, v.
[607] Luke, vii. 38.
[608] Judg. iii. 31.
[609] Luke, i. 28.
[610] Luke, ii. 51.
[611] Luke, iv.
[612] Peter, i. 18.
[613] Matt. xvii.; Mark, ix.
[614] Luke, vii. 14.
[615] Matt. viii. 32.
[616] Matt. v. 14.
[617] Ibid. vi. 16.
[618] Ibid. v. 28.
[619] Matt. xiv. 16, &c.
[620] Ibid. xv. 32.
[621] Luke, iv.
[622] See the account by Sir John de Maundeville, p. 185, and the note.
[623] John, ii. 11.
[624] Half per Frank, quarter per servant.
[625] A quarter per head.
[626] This account may be compared with De la Brocquière's description
of the Mecca caravan, p. 301 of the present volume.
[627] Acts, ix. 17.
[628] Acts, ix. 8.
[629] Acts, ix. 25.
[630] Acts, ix. 11.
[631] Psalms, cxxix. 6.
[632] Numbers, xxv. 13.
AN
ACCOUNT OF THE AUTHOR'S JOURNEY
FROM
ALEPPO TO THE RIVER EUPHRATES, THE CITY BEER, AND TO MESOPOTAMIA.
We set out from Aleppo, April 17th, 1699, and steering east-north-east,
somewhat less, we came in three hours and a half to Surbass.
_April 18._—We came in three hours and a half to Bezay, passing by Bab,
where is a good aqueduct, Dyn il Daab[633], to which you descend by
about thirty steps; and Lediff, a pleasant village. Our course thus far
was east and by north. In the afternoon we advanced three hours
further, course north-east, to an old ruined place, formerly of some
consideration, called Acamy. It is situated in the wilderness, on a hill
encompassed by a valley; it was large, and had the footsteps of some
symmetry, good walls and buildings.
_April 19._—We went east and by north, and in four hours arrived at
Bambych. This place has no remnants of its ancient greatness[634] but
its walls, which may be traced all round, and cannot be less than three
miles in compass. Several fragments of them remain on the east side,
especially at the east gate; and another piece of eighty yards long,
with towers of large square stone extremely well built. On the north
side I found a stone with the busts of a man and woman, large as the
life; and, under, two eagles carved on it. Not far from it, on the side
of a large well, was fixed a stone with three figures carved on it, in
basso relievo. They were two syrens, which, twining their fishy tails
together, made a seat, on which was placed, sitting, a naked woman, her
arms and the syrens' on each side mutually entwined.
On the west side is a deep pit of about one hundred yards diameter. It
was low, and had no water in it, and seemed to have had great buildings
all round it, with the pillars and ruins of which it is now in part
filled up, but not so much but that there was still water in it. Here
are a multitude of subterraneous aqueducts brought to this city, the
people attested no fewer than fifty. You can ride nowhere about the city
without seeing them. We pitched by one about a quarter of a mile east
of the city, which yields a fine stream, and, emptying itself into a
valley, waters it, and makes it extremely fruitful. Here perhaps were
the pastures of the beasts designed for sacrifices. Here are now only a
few poor inhabitants, though anciently all the north side was well
inhabited by Saracens, as may be seen by the remains of a noble mosque
and a bagnio, a little without the walls. We were here visited by a
company of Begdelies, who were encamped some hours further towards
Euphrates, having about a thousand horse there.
_April 20._—For avoiding the Begdelies we hired a guide, who conducted
us a by-way. We travelled north-north-east, over a desert ground, and
came in three hours to a small rivulet called Sejour (Sajur), which
falls into the Euphrates about three hours below Jerabolus. In about two
hours more we came to a fine fruitful plain, covered with extraordinary
corn, lying between the hills and the river Euphrates. In about an hour
and a half's travelling through this plain on the banks of the river, we
came to Jerabolus. This place is of a semicircular figure. Its flat side
lying on the banks of Euphrates, on that side it has a high long mount,
close by the water, very steep. It was anciently built upon (and at one
end of it I saw fragments of) very large pillars, a yard and a half
diameter, and capitals and cornices well carved. At the foot of the
mount was carved on a large stone a beast resembling a lion, with a
bridle in his mouth, and I believe anciently a person sitting on it, but
the stone is in that part now broke away; the tail of the beast was
couped[635].
Round about this place are high banks cast up, and there is the traces
of walls on them. The gates seem to have been well built. The whole was
two thousand two hundred and fifty paces, that is, yards, in
circumference. The river is here as large as the Thames in London; a
long bullet-gun could not shoot a ball over it, but it dropped into the
water. Here is found a large serpent, which has legs and claws, called
Woralla[636]. I was told by a Turk that a little below this place, when
the river is low, may be seen the ruins of a stone bridge over the
river; for my own part I saw it not, nor do I much rely on the Turk's
veracity. The river seemed to be lately fallen very suddenly, for the
banks were freshly wet two yards and more above the water. It was here
north and south.
_April 21._—We kept close on the banks of the Euphrates, and in two
hours and a half crossed a fine rivulet called Towzad; and in two hours
more arrived over against Beer (Bir, or Birijik), and pitched on a
flat, close by the river side. Observing the latitude of the place by my
quadrant, I found the angle between the sun and the zenith to be
twenty-two degrees; and the declination this day being fifteen degrees
ten minutes, the whole is thirty-seven degrees ten minutes.
_April 22._—We continued at our station, not daring to cross the river
for fear of falling into the hands of the Kaiyah of the Pasha of Urfa,
who was then at Beer, ordering many boats of corn down to Bagdal. We
were supplied in the same time with provisions by Sheikh Assyne, to whom
we made returns.
_Sunday, April 23._—The Kaiyah being now departed, Sheikh Assyne
invited us over to Beer; we crossed in a boat of the country, of which
they have a great many, this being the great pass into Mesopotamia. The
boats are of a miserable fabric, flat and open in the fore part for
horses to enter; they are large enough to carry about four horses each.
Their way to cross is by drawing up the boat as high as they know to be
necessary; and then with wretched oars striking over, she falls a good
way down by the force of the stream before they arrive at the further
side.
Having saluted Assyne, we were conducted to see the castle, which is a
large old building on the top of a great long rock, separated by a great
gulf, or natural bottom, from the land. At first coming within the
gates, which are of iron, we saw several large globes of stone, about
twenty inches diameter; and great axles of iron, with wheels, which were
entire blocks of wood two feet thick in the nave, and cut somewhat to an
edge toward the periphery; and screws to bend bows or engines; as also
several brass field pieces.
Ascending up the sides of the rock by a way cut obliquely, you come to
the castle. At first entrance, you find a way cut under ground down to
the river. In the castle, the principal things we saw were, first, a
large room full of old arms; I saw there glass bottles to be shot at the
end of arrows; one of them was stuck at the end of an arrow, with four
pieces of tin by its sides, to keep it firm. Vast large cross-bows and
beams, seemingly designed for battering-rams; and Roman saddles and
head-pieces of a large size, some of which were painted; and some large
thongs for bow-strings, and bags for slinging stones. But the jealousy
of the Turks would not permit us to stay so long as would have been
requisite for a perfect examination of these antiquities.
From the castle we returned to Assyne, and were civilly treated. In the
evening we went up into the country of Mesopotamia. The hills are chalky
and steep, and come close to the water side without a plain intervening,
as it is upon the side of Syria; so that Beer stands on the side of a
hill. However, it has a couple of fine streams that run over the top of
the hill, one of which drives two mills, and so runs down to the city,
which is well walled. In the side of the hill there is a khan under
ground cut into the rock, with fifteen large pillars left to support its
roof.
_April 24._—We left Beer, and, travelling west, came in three hours to
Nizib, a place well situated at the head of the Towzad. Here is an old
small church, very strong and entire, only the cupola in the middle of
the cross is broken down, and its space covered with leaves, to fit the
place of a mosque. I believe the Turks made the places to which they
turn in prayers empty niches, to show that they worshipped one invisible
God, not to be represented by images. In two hours we came from Nizib to
a Christian village called Uwur; and in an hour and a half more to a
well in the desert.
_April 25._—We travelled west near two hours, and came through a fine
country diversified into small hills and valleys, to a village called
Adjia, having left Silam and two other villages on the right hand. At
Adjia rises the river of Aleppo, from a large fountain, at once; and
just above it runs the Sejour, which might be let into it by a short cut
of ten yards. From Adjia our course was west-north-west. The banks of
the Sejour are well planted with trees and villages. In two little hours
we came to Antab (Aïn-tab), having crossed the Sejour at a bridge about
three quarters of an hour before. Leaving the city on the right hand, we
passed under its walls, and pitched about three quarters of an hour from
it, on a plain field on the banks of the Sejour.
Antab stands mostly on a hill, having a castle on a round mount at its
north side, exactly resembling that of Aleppo, though much less. It has
a very deep ditch round it; and at the foot of the mount, within the
ditch, is a gallery cut through the rock all round the castle, with
portals for shot; and it is faced with stone walls where the rock was
not strong enough. The houses have generally no upper rooms; the bazaars
are large. I saw here a fine stone, very much resembling porphyry, being
of a red ground, with yellow specks and veins, very glossy. It is dug
just by Antab.
Antab is doubtless Antiochia penes Taurum, in the skirts of which it
stands; and is not far distant from the highest ridge. It is about two
thirds as big as Aleppo.
_April 26._—We passed through a fruitful, mountainous country, and came
in seven hours and a quarter to Rowant Castle. It stands on the top of a
round, steep hill, and has been strong for the times it was built in. It
is probably a Saracen fabric, and is now in ruins. At the foot of the
hill, westward, runs the river Ephreen: its course is south-south-west.
Our course from Antab to Rowant was north-west and by north.
_April 27._—We continued travelling through the mountains, which were
now somewhat more uneven and precipitous, but watered every where with
fine springs and rivulets. In about six hours we came to Corus. Our
course was south-west, having crossed the Ephreen about two-thirds of
an hour before. Just by Corus is the river Sabon, that is Chor or Char,
which encompasses most part of the city.
Corus stands on a hill, consisting of the city and castle. The city
stands northerly; and from its north end, ascending, you come at last to
a higher hill to the southward, on which stands the castle. The whole is
now in ruins, which seems to have been very large, walled very strongly
with huge square stones. Within are observable the ruins, pillars, &c.,
of many noble buildings. On the west side there is a square inclosure of
great capacity, compassed with good walls and five gates, which admitted
into it, as one may discern by the ruins of them. I conjectured they
might be the cathedral. Over the castle gate were written three
inscriptions, the middle inscription being over the middle of the
portal, the other two on the top of the pilasters on the right and
left-hand.
Below the castle hill, to the southward, stands a noble old monument. It
is six square, and opens at six windows above, and is covered with a
pyramidical cupola. In each angle within is a pillar of the Corinthian
order, of one stone; and there is a fine architrave all round just under
the cupola, having had heads of oxen carved on it. And it ends a top
with a large capital of the Corinthian order. Near this are several
sepulchral altars, of which only one has a legible inscription.
_April 28._—We left Corus; and without the town, about half a mile
south-east, we descended through a way cut obliquely on the side of a
precipice, which leads to a bridge of seven arches, of a very old
structure, over the river Sabon; and about a quarter of a mile further
we came to another bridge of three very large arches, over the river
Ephreen. These bridges are very ancient, and well built of square stone.
Three pillars have an acute angle on the side against the stream, and a
round buttress on the other side; and on both sides are niches for
statues. They were well paved on the top with large stones; and are
doubtless, as well as that on the other side of the town, the work of
the excellent and magnificent Theodorit[637].
From this bridge, in about three hours, with a course south-south-east,
or south-east and by south, we arrived at Fan-Bolads. From Fan-Bolads to
Chillis is one hour and two-thirds, course north-north-east. Chillis is
a large, populous town, and has fifteen mosques that may be counted
without the town; and it has large bazaars. Many medals are found here,
which seem to argue it to be ancient; but under what name I know not.
Aleppo bears from Fan-Bolads south and by east; Seck-Berukel
south-south-west. An hour from Fan-Bolads is Azass; and two hours
further we lodged in the plain, which, about Chillis and Azass, is very
wide and no less fruitful. This country is always given to the Validea,
or Grand Signor's mother.
_April 28._—We arrived, by God's blessing, safe in Aleppo, having
travelled about five hours with a course south and by east. Δόξα
Θεῷ.
OF THE VALLEY OF SALT,
WHICH IS ABOUT FOUR HOURS FROM ALEPPO.
This valley is of two or three hours extent. We were three quarters of
an hour in crossing one corner of it. It is of an exact level, and
appears at a distance like a lake of water. There is a kind of dry crust
of salt all over the top of it, which sounds, when the horses go upon
it, like frozen snow when it is walked upon. There are three or four
small rivulets which empty themselves into this place, and wash it all
over, about autumn, or when the rains fall.
In the heat of the summer the water is dried off; and, when the sun has
scorched the ground, there is found remaining the crust of salt
aforesaid, which they gather and separate into several heaps, according
to the degrees of fineness, some being exquisitely white, others alloyed
with dirt. It being soft in some places, our horses' hoofs struck in
deep; and there I found, in one part, a soft, brown clay; in another a
very black one; which to the taste was very salt, though deep in the
earth. Along, on one side of the valley, viz. that towards Gibul, there
is a small precipice, about two men's lengths, occasioned by the
continual taking away the salt; and in this you may see how the veins of
it lie. I broke a piece of it, of which that part of it that was exposed
to the rain, sun, and air, though it had the sparks and particles of
salt, yet it had perfectly lost its savour, as in St. Matthew, chap. v.
The inner part, which was connected to the rock, retained its savour, as
I found by proof.
In several places of the valley we found that the thin crust of salt
upon the surface bulged up, as if some insect working under it had
raised it; and, taking off the part, we found under it efflorescences of
pure salt, shot out according to its proper figure.
At the neighbouring village of Gibul are kept the magazines of salt,
where you find great mountains, as I may say, of that mineral ready for
sale. The valley is farmed of the Grand Signor at twelve hundred dollars
per annum.
FOOTNOTES:
[633] The district of Daab. So the note in the original edition, but
query if not Aïn-el-Dab, that is, the fountain of Dab.
[634] It was the ancient Hierapolis.
[635] This figure was found on the same spot, but in a more mutilated
condition, by the Euphrates Expedition.
[636] The Monitor; the same animal mentioned by La Brocquière. See p.
290.
[637] Few European travellers, either before or since Maundrell's time,
have visited the ruins of Cyrrhus in Cyrrhestica, above described; a
circumstance which gives especial interest to Maundrell's account of
them.
INDEX.
Abchaz, 257.
Abydos, 73.
Abyssinia, 120, 123.
Abzor, 258.
Acamy, 507.
Accaron, 46.
Achanay, 328.
Achelous, 71.
Achsaray, 328.
Acre, 56, 80, 142, 193, 298, 426.
Aden, 117.
Adena, 317.
Adjia, 510.
Adrianople, 130, 343.
Adriatic Sea, 34, 155.
Ægean Sea, 34.
Africa, 123, 149.
Ager Damascenus, 490.
Agios Georgios, 50.
Ailah, 123.
Ain-il-Hadede, 500.
Ain-il-Hawra, 495.
Ain Japhata, 102.
Ajalon, 82.
Akbara, 94.
Al-Boutidg, 121.
Al-Kotsonaath, 102.
Al-Zahara, 118.
Alamo, 258.
Albane, 192.
Albania, 201.
Albans, St., 129.
Aldama, 179.
Aleppo, 92, 144, 275, 384.
Alexandria, 11, 24, 64, 122, 150, 257.
Algarve (Portugal), 64, 123.
Alkassi, 53.
Alma, 89.
Alothe, 150.
Alsodo, 126.
Amalfi, 69, 123.
Amana, 90.
Amaria, 106.
Amazonia, 129, 201.
Amiens, 182.
Amorgo, 33.
Anatolica, 71.
Ancho, 33.
Andalusia, 123.
Andernach, 125.
Andros, 32.
Anjou, 123.
Antab (Aïn-tab), 510.
Antioch, 78, 313.
Antioch, Little, 49, 192.
Appennines, 284.
Apulia, 56, 70, 123, 155.
Arab, 431.
Arabia, 45, 96, 123, 145, 201, 275.
Araclie (Eregli), 320.
Ararat, 93, 99, 203.
Arbil, 94.
Archæ, 14.
Argyte, 275.
Arles, 66.
Armenia, 77, 99, 188, 257.
Armiro, 72.
Arnon, 90.
Arragon, 123.
Arteyse, 192.
Arthadoe, 192.
Artyroun (Erzeroun), 203.
Asacs, 314.
Ascalon, 87, 143, 165.
Asers, 320.
Ashmum, 121.
Assuan, 117.
Astrausburg, 125.
Athens, 156.
Athos, 134.
Auxonne, 381.
Axinarri, 24.
Aygnes, 182.
Ayn Tentloe, 484.
Ayta, 484.
Azass, 511.
Baalbec, 91.
Bab, 507.
Babylon, 74, 100, 144, 191.
Bactria, 201.
Bagdad, 74, 95.
Balanea, 397.
Balbeck, 307, 496.
Baldak, 149.
Bales, 92.
Bamberg, 125.
Bambych, 507.
Baneas, 397.
Barcelona, 63.
Bardin, 125.
Bari, 23, 31.
Barlo (Barletta?), 31.
Barrady, 484.
Barseba, 432.
Baruth, 48, 293.
Bashan, 187.
Basil, 380.
Bassora, 104.
Bavaria, 61.
Bavento, 70.
Beaucaire, 65.
Be-da-me, 387.
Beer, 436, 508.
Beirout, 414.
Beith Nubi, 87.
Beit Jaberim, 87.
Belethe, 144.
Belgrade, 360.
Belgrave, 130.
Belinas, 89.
Bellulca, 389.
Bell-Maez, 386.
Belou, 143.
Beneventum, 13, 23.
Beruthe, 142, 191.
Besack, 398.
Besançon, 381.
Bethany, 6, 28, 44, 177, 449.
Bethe, 205.
Bethlehem, 6, 19, 29, 44, 85, 162, 455.
Bethphage, 44, 177.
Bethsaida, 16, 46.
Beurquerel, 370.
Beyrut, 79.
Bezay, 507.
Beziers, 64.
Bingeu, 125.
Bir Ibrahim-al-Khalil, 88.
Bissina, 72.
Bocat, 483.
Bohemia, 126.
Bologna la Grassa, 284.
Botron, 149.
Bourchaze, 379.
Bourges, 130.
Boycurra, 257.
Bragman, 273.
Brandia, 32.
Brindisi, 70, 155.
Brique, 259.
Brut, 374.
Bucharia, 260.
Buda, 370.
Budia, 74.
Bulgaria, 61, 130, 357.
Burgundy, 123, 155, 284.
Bursa, 331.
Cæsarea, 5, 46.
Caffolos, 226.
Cairo, 149.
Cajeta, 13.
Calabria, 13, 22, 70, 124, 142, 155.
Calamy, 215.
Calcas, 134.
Caldillie, 260.
Calimno, 33.
Callemone, 409.
Callipolis, 50.
Calliste, 134.
Calonak, 224.
Calvary, 440.
Camaaleche, 247.
Cambre, 192.
Campania, 155.
Cana, 47, 184, 481.
Canobine, 500.
Cansay, 230.
Capernaum, 9, 16, 43, 183.
Caphar Milki, 483.
Caphon, 257.
Cappadocia, 192, 259.
Capua, 68.
Caranus, 397.
Carassar, 329.
Carea, 33.
Cariyatin, 92.
Carmel, 142.
Carpate, 134.
Carthage, 149.
Caspia, 260.
Caspian Sea, 201, 256.
Cassak, 205.
Cassauburgh, 125.
Castile, 63.
Castravan, 412.
Catalonia, 123.
Catania, 13, 22, 124.
Cathay, 233.
Caumissiu, 344.
Caydon, 233.
Caypha, 430.
Cayphas, 46.
Cedron, 41, 471.
Cenis, 284.
Cephalonia, 32.
Cetige, 134.
Ceuta, 66.
Chabocas, 101.
Chaibar, 104.
Chaldea, 129, 149, 201, 258.
Chalnah, 118.
Champagne, 284.
Chana, 211.
Chapton, 106.
Chardabago, 205.
Chartres, 169.
Chienetout, 137.
Chilenfo, 231.
Chillis, 511.
Chio, 77.
Chiosa, 285.
Chorazin, 16, 183.
Chotaz, 256.
Christopoli, 73.
Cilicia, 11, 188.
Cinga, 436.
Citte Galle, 389.
Climax, 412.
Coblence, 126.
Colos, 138.
Comania, 130, 256.
Combar, 213.
Constance, 380.
Constantinople, 11, 59, 74, 131, 336.
Corfu, 32, 70, 286.
Corinth, 32, 71.
Cornaa, 205.
Cornagne, 134.
Corozaim, 46.
Corsebech, 357.
Corus, 511.
Corycus, 77
Cotthay, 329.
Couhongue, 327.
Cracow, 193.
Crete, 33, 122, 137.
Crissa, 71.
Crusia, 388.
Cublech, 319.
Curco, 319.
Cuth, 110.
Cynople, 192.
Cypron, 130.
Cyprus, 14, 34, 58, 77, 122, 140, 191.
Cyropolis, 184.
Dabaristan, 109.
Daberah, 479.
Dalay, 231.
Damas, 193.
Damascus, 10, 16, 90, 142, 187, 190, 293, 485.
Damer, 414.
Damietta, 25, 121.
Damiette, New, 151.
Damira, 121.
Danube, 130, 370.
Darestan, 193.
Dark, 191.
Daterina, 13.
Dead Sea, 453.
Deemeseer, 151.
Deluze, 181.
Demass, 484.
Dengadda, 179.
Denmark, 123.
Demetica, 343.
Dhuchia, 77.
Diarbekh, 99.
Didymi, 22.
Dijou, 381.
Dondum, 228.
Dothan, 181, 480.
Douk, 192.
Drama, 73.
Duidisburg, 125.
Duras, 156.
Dymodique, 343.
Dyn il Daab, 507.
Ebal, 81, 432.
Ebro, 63.
Eden, 501.
Edessa, 215.
Egypt, 13, 64, 74, 120, 145, 150.
El-Jubar, 103.
El-Katif, 114.
El-Khabur, 93.
Elah, 460.
Elephantina, 11.
Eleutherus, 403.
Elim, 156.
Emessa, 14, 20.
Emmaus, 175.
Ems, 379.
Endor, 479.
England, 51, 64, 123.
Eno, 344.
Ens, 379.
Enydra, 397.
Ephesus, 13, 33, 138.
Ephraim, 81, 181.
Ephreen, 511.
Erfurt, 379.
Ernax, 192.
Escalache, 358.
Esdraelon, 430, 476.
Essoyn (Es-aïn), 385.
Ethille, 256.
Ethiopia, 129, 150, 201, 259.
Etna, 13, 155.
Euphrates, 92, 149, 201, 259, 277, 508.
Evresperch, 379.
Famagosta, 191.
Fan-Bolads, 511.
Faramea, 26.
Fayulun, 118.
Ferne, 192.
Fiascone, 284.
Figila, 13.
Finica, 34.
Fladrine, 213.
Flanders, 123.
Flaxon, 134.
Florence, 284.
Formentara, 54.
France, 64, 123, 155.
Franche Comptè, 381.
Fynepasse, 130.
Gabala, 399.
Galgala, 17.
Galgalis, 7.
Galicia, 51.
Galilee, 43, 177, 183.
Galilee, Sea of, 8, 43, 46, 186.
Gallipoli, 76.
Ganali, 118.
Gardiki, 72.
Gargaus, 23.
Gascony, 123.
Gasserie, 326.
Gaydo, 247.
Gaza, 19, 26, 143, 289.
Geeb, 436.
Gemethe, 259.
Gennesareth, Sea of, 9, 187.
Genoa, 64, 123, 155, 201.
Georgia, 189, 258.
Gerizim, 81, 181, 432.
Germany, 123, 193.
Gerona, 64.
Gerrasentz, 187
Gethsemane, 28, 41, 176, 471.
Ghent, 284.
Gibel, 48.
Gibeon, 181.
Gibyle, 410.
Gihiagin, 100.
Gilboa, 48, 82, 180, 479.
Gingalah, 117.
Gish, 89.
Golbache, 263.
Gomorrah, 179.
Goshen, 121, 150.
Gosre, 205.
Gozan, 110.
Gran David, 82.
Greece, 64, 130.
Gryffle, 191.
Gymnosophe, 274.
Har Gáash, 64.
Habor, 110.
Hadjar-il-Sultan, 388.
Hainault, 123.
Halah, 110.
Hamadan, 109.
Hamah, 78, 92.
Hamos, 308.
Haran, 93, 149.
Hardah, 94.
Hay, 180.
Hebron, 6, 45, 86, 160.
Heidaby, 61.
Heliopolis, 151.
Hellespont, 134.
Harbanoose ('Arbanūs), 386.
Hendon, 184.
Hermes, 210, 263.
Hermon, 80, 90, 186, 430, 479.
Hillah, 100.
Hinnom, 468.
Hircania, 201.
Holwan, 106.
Honey-khan, 384.
Hosta, 32.
Howar, 436.
Hozano, 385.
Hungary, 61, 74, 130.
Ibelin, 87.
Iberia, 201.
Ibrahim Pasha, 411.
Idumea, 149.
India, 99, 123, 129, 190, 207, 257.
Ispahan, 109.
Ivitsa (Ivica), 55.
Jabbok, 180.
Jacob's Well, 435.
Jabustrisa, 72.
Jaffa, 87, 142, 165, 191, 286.
Jamchy, 232.
Janiz, 374.
Java, 223.
Jebail, 79.
Jebilee, 78, 393.
Jehon, 316.
Jehoshaphat, 4, 18, 28, 41, 84, 175, 448.
Jelaad, 91.
Jerabolus, 508.
Jericho, 7, 17, 45, 165, 177, 450.
Jerusalem, 1, 10, 26, 36, 57, 83, 164, 275, 287, 439.
Jezireh, Ben Omar, 93.
Jezireh, Omar Ben al-Khatab, 94.
Jib Jeneen, 484.
Jobar, 397.
Jong, 247.
Joppa, 10, 34, 45, 47.
Jordan, 7, 16, 45, 47, 88, 178, 451.
Juba, 94.
Jubelet, 48.
Jutland, 62.
Kadmus, 78.
Kaffre, 385.
Kaiffa, 81.
Kakun, 81.
Kala Jiaber, 92.
Kales (Kilia), 77.
Karemen, 258.
Karkisia, 94.
Karna, 179.
Kartania, 125.
Kaub, 125.
Kedar, 183.
Kedron, 84.
Kefteen, 385.
Khandy, 115.
Khan Leban, 436, 475.
Khaziru, 110.
Khephar Thanchum, 81.
Khorassan, 98.
Khulan, 117.
Khuristan, 105, 113.
Kiev, 126.
Kish, 113.
Kishon, 81, 184, 430, 479.
Kizil, Ozein, 93, 109, 110.
Kufa, 102.
Kush, 118.
Kuts, 118.
Lamary, 218.
Lamatoun, 191.
Lamdiu, 92.
Lango, 138.
Lanteryne, 232.
Larande, 321.
Latoryn, 229.
Latuche, 192.
Lauffembourg, 380.
Layays (Lajazzo), 202.
Laye, 192.
Lebanon, 78, 501.
Lediff, 507.
Lega, 78.
Lega, River, 102.
Legene, 385.
Legune, 430.
Lemne, 134.
Lenguo, 334.
Lepanto, 71.
Lero, 33.
Letane, 483.
Letto (Lithuania), 193.
Léve, 320.
Libanus, 8, 20, 47, 180, 483, 500.
Lice, 48.
Lido, 33.
Limone, 499.
Lintz, 379.
Lisbon, 52.
Lomb, 213.
Lombardy, 64, 74, 123, 130, 155.
Lucca, 66, 125.
Lunel, 64.
Lybia, 129, 201, 259.
Lyson, 259.
Maatum, 117.
Mabaron, 215.
Macedonia, 49, 135.
Machpelah, 86.
Maday, 495.
Magdalum, 16.
Mageddo, 184.
Mahaleh, 121.
Makloub, 78.
Malla, 25.
Mallebrynez, 192.
Malmistras, 77.
Mamre, Plain of, 7.
Mamre, Valley of, 180.
Mantern, 125.
Marago, 259.
Marathus, 397.
Mareotis, 10.
Maritaine, 165.
Mariza, 343.
Marou, 180.
Marrok, River, 130.
Marrok, 149.
Marseilles, 66.
Martof, 380.
Maryoche, 192.
Masara, 124.
Mathe, 145.
Maubeke, 193.
Maure Sea, 256.
Maurienne, 125.
Mauritania, 150, 207, 259.
Mecca, 302.
Mechon (Mecca), 148.
Media, 74, 93, 96, 106, 145, 201, 257.
Mediana, 123.
Medina, 302.
Mediterranean Sea, 66, 201.
Melfi, 70.
Melitena, 14.
Melo, 134.
Memingen, 380.
Menke, 232.
Merakia, 398.
Merchah, 397.
Meroon, 89.
Mersbourg, 380.
Meshgarah, 483.
Mesopotamia, 74, 93, 98, 149, 201.
Messabor, 257.
Messina, 124.
Meteline, 33, 49, 77.
Miconi, 33.
Milsterak, 266.
Mindelheim, 380.
Minorca, 55.
Misse, 316.
Misterio, 343.
Mistorak, 268.
Mistrau, 125.
Mitrizzi, 73.
Mizraim, 118, 121, 123.
Modeyn, 192.
Modon, 286.
Molke, 378.
Monopoli, 31, 34.
Montbeliart, 381.
Morava, 357.
Moriah, 472.
Moroche, 191.
Moselle (Mosul), 94, 259.
Moselle, River, 125.
Mouldrof, 379.
Mukattua, 81.
Mulehet, 106.
Munich, 380.
Murano, 285.
Mynea, 134.
Myra, 33, 137.
Myrock, 156.
Nablous, 81.
Nacumera, 226.
Nahr Hussain, 398.
Nahr-Aborsh, 403.
Nahr-Acchar, 403.
Nahr-el-Kibber, 403.
Nahr-il-Melech, 396.
Nain, 183, 479.
Napacha, 101.
Naples, 22, 69, 155.
Naplosa, 432, 475.
Narbonne, 64.
Navarre, 63, 123.
Naxia, 33.
Nazareth, 9, 43, 46, 181, 184, 298, 477.
Neapolis (Sichem), 46.
Neaseborough, 130.
Nebo, 84.
Nebule, 13.
Negropont, 71.
Nice, 22, 137, 192.
Nicodem, 360.
Nigropont, 32.
Nikpha, 117.
Nile, 24, 117, 149, 201.
Nineveh, 94, 206, 259.
Nisapour, 110.
Nishapur, 106.
Nisibin, 93.
Nissa, 357.
Nissave, 356.
Nizib, 510.
Nogres, 65.
Norfa Sound, 53.
Normandy, 123.
Norway, 50.
Nubia, 123, 150, 259.
Nyflan, 130, 193.
Nyse, 262.
Occaby (Akabi), 389.
Octaror, 256.
Olivet, Mount, 4, 19, 28, 42, 84, 176, 448, 470.
Olympus, 135.
Oo-rem (Ur-im), 385.
Orille, 275.
Orkney Isles, 51.
Orontes, 387.
Orthosia, 403.
Otranto, 31, 70.
Oxidrate, 274.
Oxus, 99, 110.
Paffus (Baffo), 34.
Palermo, 124.
Palestine, 64, 74, 165, 201, 275.
Palmis, 87.
Paltus, 397.
Paniados, 50.
Pannonia, 61.
Pantaleone, 124.
Papho, 14.
Paris, 126, 169.
Parnassus, 71.
Parpar, 90.
Patera, 33, 137.
Pathan, 223.
Pathmos, 33.
Patmos, 137.
Patras, 32.
Patrone, 410.
Patzinakia, 74.
Pensey, 370.
Pentexoire, 262.
Pera, 335.
Peritoq, 344.
Persia, 74, 94, 96, 129, 190, 201, 257.
Pesipua, 87.
Pest, 371.
Petalion, 32.
Pharan, 180.
Pharsipee, 202.
Phemius, St., 40.
Pheune, 192.
Philopopoli, 355.
Phœnicia, 180, 201.
Piacenza, 284.
Picardy, 284.
Piedmont, 284.
Pisa, 64, 66, 515.
Pisingas, 125.
Pison, 257, 268.
Pithom, 118.
Po, 284.
Poictiers, 169.
Poitou, 123.
Pola, 286.
Prague, 126.
Preune, 379.
Provence, 65, 123.
Prussia, 193, 256.
Ptolemais, 20.
Pulciano, Monte, 284.
Pulveralle, 192.
Puzzuola, 68.
Pyncemartz, 130.
Pyneyward, 134.
Pytan, 259.
Quesiton, 259.
Quhongue, 322.
Raamses, 121.
Rabenica, 72.
Racca, 93.
Raclea, 50.
Rahatah, 94.
Rai, 111.
Rakuvia, 123.
Ramah, 181.
Ramatha, 165, 192.
Rameses, 150.
Ramla, 191.
Ramlé, 291.
Ramleh, 89.
Ramoth, 191.
Ramula, 26.
Raphane, 191.
Rasel-ayn, 424.
Rashid, 121.
Ravensburg, 380.
Red Sea, 123, 151, 201.
Regensburg, 125.
Regia, 22.
Reiha, 93.
Rephaim, 455.
Rephidim, 123.
Resithe, 151.
Rhegia, 13.
Rhine, 125, 380.
Rhinfeld, 380.
Rhodes, 33, 49, 77, 140, 286.
Rhone, 65, 284.
Riet, 379.
Rimini, 285.
Rodosto, 74.
Roianz, 259.
Romania, 49, 192.
Rome, 66, 125, 155, 284.
Rooge, 386.
Rothostoca, 50.
Roussilon, 123.
Ruad, 399.
Rudbar, 106.
Russia, 74, 126, 130, 193, 256.
Sabatorye, 191.
Sabissocolle, 203.
Sabou, 511.
Sadouy, 204.
Saduz, 247.
Saet, 58.
Saffre, 143.
Sahythe, 151.
Salerno, 69.
Salkhat, 91.
Salt, Valley of, 512.
Salubria, 343.
Salunki, 73.
Samaria, 8, 182, 300.
Samarkand, 106, 110.
Samarra, 105.
Samos, 33, 49, 77.
Samethe, 50.
Saragossa, 63.
Sarak, 256.
Sarache, 213.
Sardenare, 142.
Sardinia, 155.
Sarmassane, 257.
Sarphen, 142.
Sarras, 258.
Sathala, 259.
Saure, 259.
Savila, 123.
Savoy, 284.
Sawee, 436.
Saxony, 123.
Schechem, 181.
Scio, 33, 49.
Sclavonia, 126, 130, 357.
Scutari, 334.
Scythia, 201.
Seba, 98.
Sebaste, 81.
Sebe, 476.
Sebenico, 286.
Sebid, 117.
Seboym, 179.
Seck-Berukel, 511.
Sefita, 121.
Segor, 179.
Seine, 126.
Sejour, 508.
Selwid, 436.
Seorergant, 257.
Sepharia, 481.
Sephira, 481.
Sephor, 185.
Serain, 87.
Serkland, 54.
Servia, 357.
Seyde, 292.
Shaffhousen, 380.
Shafjathib, 103.
Shat-el-Arab, 106.
Sheba, 103, 117.
Sherack, 432.
Shiloh, 87, 181.
Shiraz, 110.
Shittim, 84.
Shoggle (Jir Shogher), 386.
Sholfatia, 390.
Shushan, 105.
Sichar, 181.
Sicily, 12, 22, 55, 64, 123, 142, 155.
Sidon, 20, 79, 142, 408, 421, 481.
Sikbia, 99.
Silam, 510.
Silha, 227.
Siloah, 42, 175.
Siloe, 469.
Sinai, 45, 123, 156, 191.
Sinie, 495.
Sintre, 51.
Sion, 4, 43, 84.
Siponte, 31.
Sitinulh, 25.
Sleswick, 61.
Smyrna, 33, 49.
Sodom, 179, 181.
Sophia, 356.
Spain, 64, 74, 123.
Spoleto, 284.
St. George, 81, 88.
St. Nicholas de Bari, 70.
Stagyra, 134.
Stein, 380.
Strobole, 14.
Stromlo, 49.
Suabia, 61.
Sufwrich, 18.
Sugarmago, 233.
Sumbor, 222.
Sunbat, 123.
Sur, New, 80, 297.
Sura, 102.
Surbass, 507.
Surgawich, 495.
Sydonaüa, 493.
Sylo, 137.
Symar, 259.
Syra, 32.
Syracuse, 22, 124.
Syria, 123, 145, 180, 201, 259, 275.
Tabor, 9, 16, 43, 46, 186, 298, 430, 479.
Tadmor, 91.
Taing, 379.
Tamnis, 25.
Taprobane, 275.
Taranto, 70.
Tarentum, 24.
Tarmegyte, 207.
Tarragona, 68.
Tartary, 129, 193, 275.
Tartusa, 48.
Taurizo, 257.
Tebnim, 89.
Telmas, 104.
Te-ne-ree, 386.
Tenit, 49.
Tennis, 123.
Tesbria, 134.
Thainy, 201.
Thalamartha, 21.
Thanæjno, 104
Thorratas, 14.
Tharse, 255.
Thauriso (Tabreez), 204.
Thebes, 32, 71.
Theis, 370.
Thema, 103.
Theuca, 19.
Thiat, 374.
Thiras, 343.
Thrace, 130.
Thuro, 318.
Tiberias, Sea of, 8, 46, 180, 187, 300, 479.
Tiberias, 9, 16, 43, 46, 88, 187.
Tibet, 96, 106.
Tigris, 93, 113, 149, 201, 259, 277.
Tinos, 32.
Toron de los Caballeros, 87.
Tortosa, 63, 192, 398.
Towzad, 508.
Tracoda, 226.
Traconitis, 187.
Trajanopoly, 345.
Trani, 31, 70.
Trapani, 124.
Trebizond, 201.
Tripolis, 48, 145, 193, 399, 404, 500.
Troy, 49, 134.
Tudela, 63.
Turcopole, 134.
Turin, 284.
Turkestan, 255.
Turkey, 275.
Tuscany, 123.
Tyre, 10, 20, 142, 191, 423.
Ulber, 260.
Uwur, 510.
Ur, 206.
Urbino, 285.
Uzzi, 484.
Valentia, 123.
Valland, 51.
Valone, 156.
Valse, 379.
Venice, 142, 155, 201, 285.
Venice, Gulf of, 155.
Verchet, 370.
Veschut, 321.
Vienna, 375.
Viralo, 104.
Vyra, 346.
Waldshuts, 380.
Wallachia, 72, 357.
Walporch, 380.
Worms, 125.
Ximyra, 397.
Xindacopo, 33.
Yamgsbatsar, 344.
Yemen, 104, 123.
Ypsala, 343.
Ysvouriere, 356.
Zamby, 343.
Zara, 286.
Zavila, 118.
Zebulon, 481.
Zegedin, 370.
Zib, 427.
Zinglantz, 213.
Zor, 125.
G. Woodfall and Son, Printers, Angel Court, Skinner Street, London.
* * * * *
Transcriber's Notes
An illustration caption has been moved from the frontispiece to before
the section which refers to it.
Superscript text is represented by a caret symbol (^) preceding the
superscripted text.
Many variant and alternative spellings have been preserved, except where
obviously misspelled in the original or where one spelling was more
common in the main text. Obvious punctuation errors have also been
corrected.
Corrections made include:
Page xxx, "184" changed to "1841".
Page 172, footnote marker added (called the Beautiful Gate[332])
Page 198, "And he answered me, "That" changed to "And he answered me,
that"
End of Project Gutenberg's Early Travels in Palestine, by Arculf et al.