MALES
------------------------------------------------------
Right
-------------------+------------+------------+--------
Number of | Height, | |Breadth-
specimens |maximum[112]|Breadth[113]| height
| | | index
-------------------+------------+------------+--------
Average: | _cm._ | _cm._ |
Pairs (8) | 3.2 | 2.27 | 70.8
All (9) | 3.17 | 2.24 | 70.7
Minimum (all) (9) | 2.9 | 2.05 | 66.7
Maximum (all) (9) | 3.35 | 2.4 | 77.4
-------------------+------------+------------+--------
Left
-------------------+------------+------------+---------
Average: | | |
Pairs (8) | 3.2 | 2.29 | 71.6
All (12) | 3.17 | 2.3 | 72.7
Minimum (all) (12) | 3 | 2.15 | 65.2
Maximum (all) (12) | 3.35 | 2.55 | 79.7
-------------------+------------+------------+---------
FEMALES
--------------------------------------------------
Right
------------------+----------+----------+--------
Average: (11) | 2.86 | 2.11 | 73.8
| 2.86 | 2.11 | 73.8
+----------+----------+--------
Minimum (11) | 2.6 | 1.95 | 68.9
Maximum (11) | 3.05 | 2.4 | 80
------------------+----------+----------+--------
Left
------------------+----------+----------+---------
Average: (11) | 2.84 | 2.06 | 72.6
(13) | 2.86 | 2.08 | 73
+----------+----------+--------
Minimum (13) | 2.6 | 1.9 | 70
Maximum (13) | 3 | 2.3 | 78.6
------------------+----------+----------+---------
[112] Lower (proximal) branch of the calipers applied to the most
prominent parts of the inferior surface of the bone.
[113] Breadth minimum, in middle of bone, upper branch of calipers
resting on both lips of the scaphoid facet: the only practicable
breadth in all specimens.
A comparison of the internal cuneiform in the Munsee and in the United
States whites shows the bone in both sexes of the latter to be greater
in height as well as in breadth. But, as indicated by the indexes, this
bone in the whites is in general also relatively higher than in the
Indians, as the result of which we have a lower index in the whites
in both sexes. This reveals another interesting difference in the
osteology of the two groups, which may prove to be of definite racial
significance.
The relatively greater narrowness of the internal cuneiform in the
female than in the male is equally well pronounced in the whites and in
the Munsee, and is probably a universal characteristic.
XC. THE INTERNAL CUNEIFORM IN THE MUNSEE
AND IN UNITED STATES WHITES
-------------------------------------------------------
Males
---------------------+---------+------+-------+--------
|Specimens|Height|Breadth|Breadth-
| | | |height
| | | |index
---------------------+---------+------+-------+--------
| | _cm._| _cm._ |
Munsee | (21) | 3.17 | 2.28 | 71.8
United States whites | (50) | 3.48 | 2.43 | 69.9
---------------------+---------+------+-------+--------
| Females
---------------------+---------+------+-------+--------
| | _cm._| _cm._ |
Munsee | (24) | 2.86 | 2.10 | 73.4
United States whites | (37) | 3.16 | 2.24 | 71.1
---------------------+---------+------+-------+--------
In descriptive features the internal cuneiform of the Munsee offers
only minor differences from that of the whites. There seems to be
present in the Indians, however, a somewhat greater tendency toward
the occurrence of a double anterior or metatarsal facet. Two distinct
facets are present in five of the 45 Munsee bones (11 per cent), as
against only one in the 87 bones of the whites (1.1 per cent). On the
other hand, an approach to two facets (hour-glass shape, or a division
of the one facet by a ridge) occurs in the Munsee in a little more than
13 per cent of the specimens, and in the whites in a little more than
10 per cent.
_External and Middle Cuneiform_
The external and middle cuneiform bones in the Munsee resemble closely
those of the whites, but average slightly smaller in size.
Among 35 external cuneiforms, 10, or approximately 30 per cent, show
absence of the facet for the fourth metatarsal, and one an absence of
both facets for the second metatarsal.
As to the middle cuneiform, the central ligamentous depression on its
medial surface, and especially the canal running downward from this,
are characteristic features of the Indian bone and are more pronounced
in both sexes than is the average in whites.
SUMMARY OF MEASUREMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS ON PARTS OF THE MUNSEE
SKELETON OTHER THAN THE SKULL.
The bones of the Munsee skeleton agree closely, in a general way, with
those of other Eastern Indians. Contrasted with those of whites they
present many close resemblances, but also certain marked differences,
one of which being that they are less stout.
_Humerus._—The mean length of the humerus is in no way exceptional. In
the female this bone is relatively long. The right and left humeri are
of the same length in males, but the left is slightly shorter than the
right in females. The shaft is flatter than in whites, in consequence
of which the shaft index is lower. The breadth or antero-posterior
diameter of the shaft of the right bone is greater than that of the
left, while the thickness is practically the same. The shape of the
shaft is frequently plano-convex (juvenile). Perforation of the septum
exists in 22 per cent of the males and in 59 per cent of the females.
Of the supracondyloid process there are only slight traces.
_Radius._—The radius is decidedly long in the Munsee in relation to
the humerus in both sexes, the result of which is a high radio-humeral
index. The right and left radii are of equal length in males, but, as
with the humerus, the left radius averages slightly shorter in the
females.
_Ulna._—The ulna presents nothing exceptional; it is shorter on the
right in females, as in the case of the radius.
_Femur._—The form of the femur is generally ordinary. The length
corresponds to the average stature of 167 cm. in males and 156 cm. in
females.
The excess of maximum over bicondylar length is greater than in whites,
indicating greater obliquity of axis. The relation in length of the
female femur to that of the male is very nearly the same as in whites;
and the same applies to the relation of the femoral to humeral length.
At the middle of its shaft the femur is slightly broader on the right
side than on the left, in consequence of which the shaft index is
higher on the left. This index is decidedly smaller in both sexes of
the Munsee than in whites, owing to the lesser breadth of the shaft in
the Indian.
The subtrochanteric flattening is quite pronounced, giving a platymeric
index considerably below that of the whites, but agreeing with that in
other Indians. The index is lower on the left side than on the right,
and slightly higher in females than in males.
The shape of the shaft is most frequently the ordinary prismatic. The
elliptic type is rare. Cylindrical and four-surface types are absent.
The third trochanter in some form and degree exists in more than
two-thirds of the bones, but is rarely pronounced.
_Tibia._—The female Munsee tibia is not only absolutely but also
relatively shorter than that of males; nevertheless, in both sexes the
bone is relatively longer than in whites, in consequence of which the
tibio-femoral index is high.
Platycnemy is infrequent; in the females the shaft is stout in many
instances. In the shape of the shaft there is a frequency of the
four-surface type.
_Fibula._—The shape of the fibula is most frequently lateral prismatic
or fluted.
_Clavicles._—The clavicle in the female is relatively short. The right
clavicle is slightly longer than the left in the males, shorter in the
females.
_Sternum._—The manubrium is generally detached; the bone is of moderate
dimensions; frequent minor asymmetries; rib facets irregular in number.
Curvature and measurements moderate; sternum of female relatively
shorter.
_Scapula._—The scapula is smaller than that of ordinary whites,
especially in height. Scapular index high, showing the bone to be
relatively broad, particularly in the females. Infra-spinous index also
high, even by comparison with that in other Indians.
The shape of the body is mostly quadrilateral or pentagonal. The
superior border is frequently semilunar. The scapular notch in the
males is often deep or converted into a foramen.
_Ribs._—The ribs show remarkable freedom from fractures. Cervical rib
present in one instance, 22 ribs only in another. In three-fourths of
the cases the first ribs are semilunar in form.
_Spine._—The spine is of moderate regular development. There are
several numerical and structural anomalies.
_Sacrum._—The dimensions of the sacrum are close to those of white
males, but the female Munsee sacrum is shorter. The sacral index is not
far from that in whites.
The sacrum shows the presence of six segments in one-fifth of the
cases. The curvature is moderate to medium, and begins rather
frequently below the first segment.
_Pelvis._—Innominate bones absolutely smaller but relatively broader
in females than in males. Breadth-height index lower than in whites.
The pelvis as a rule is free from deformation. Male pelvis larger
and relatively higher than the female, giving higher height-breadth
index. Pelvic cavity in no case abnormal, but differs considerably in
measurements; in general it is relatively deep at the brim, as a result
of which it gives a high brim index.
_Short and other bones: Patellæ._—The patella averages somewhat smaller
in size than in whites. Male bone larger than female, but no difference
in either sex on the two sides. The male Munsee patella is relatively
somewhat shorter than that of the whites. Frequency of vastus notch.
_Bones of hand._—Very free from anomalies. Moderate dimensions
throughout. Metacarpo-humeral index lower than in whites, indicating
relatively small hand.
_Bones of feet._—First metatarsal shorter, both absolutely and
relatively to the femoral length, than in whites, indicating relatively
smaller feet.
_Os calcis._—Bones of the two sides almost equal in size; very slight
excess on right. Male bone relatively stouter than female, giving
higher breadth-length and breadth-height indexes. The bone is smaller
in all dimensions than that in ordinary whites of similar stature. The
female os calcis is shorter and lower, but as slender as that of the
whites.
The numerical variation of the facets for the astragalus is much the
same as in whites, but in the latter the anterior and middle facets are
much more frequently wide apart.
_Astragalus._—Smaller in all dimensions than in whites. Equal on the
two sides in males, but slightly higher on the left than on the right
in the females. This bone is not only absolutely but relatively shorter
and lower than that among the whites.
The facets for the os calcis do not harmonize fully with those on
the os calcis itself, being less differentiated and more frequently
connected or fused.
_Scaphoid._—The scaphoid is smaller than in whites, also relatively
less stout and frequently relatively less high than in the whites. The
right scaphoid is larger than the left.
Cuboid facets are less common than among whites, and the facet for the
astragalus differs markedly in shape from that of the white scaphoid.
There are likewise differences in tuberosity and in processus plantaris.
_Cuboid._—The cuboid is smaller than in whites; differences in the
relative proportions are irregular. The right and the left bone are
about equal.
Racial differences exist in cuneiforms and talus facets.
_Internal cuneiform._—Smaller than in whites, also relatively lower.
The female bone is relatively narrower than the male; there are some
differences as to side.
Relative frequency of double metatarsal facet.
_Middle cuneiform._—The depression in the medial surface and also the
canal running from this are more pronounced in both sexes than in
whites.