MALES
----------------+---------+----------+-------+-------+---------
| | | Type | |
People |Specimens|Indefinite| 1 or |Type 3 |Type 4[75]
| | | near 1| |
----------------+---------+----------+-------+-------+---------
| | Per ct. |Per ct.|Per ct.| Per ct.
Munsee | (8) | — | 12 | — | 38
Peruvian Indians| (57) | 10.5 | 21 | 3.5 | 5
United States | | | | |
whites | | | | |
(miscellaneous) | (168) | 4.8 | 28 | 9.5 | 9.5
United States | | | | |
negroes | (40) | — | 22.5 | 5 | 17.5
----------------+---------+----------+-------+-------+--------
FEMALES
----------------+---------+----------+-------+-------+---------
Munsee | (11) | — | 27 | — | 27
Peruvian Indians| (38) | — | 29 | 5 | 5
United States | | | | |
whites | | | | |
(miscellaneous) | (118) | 1.7 | 32.2 | 13.6 | 15.2
United States | | | | |
negroes | (16) | — | — | 25 | 19
----------------+---------+----------+-------+-------+---------
MALES
----------------+---------+---------+---------+---------
| | | |
People | Type 5 | near 5 | Type 6 | near 6
| | | |
----------------+---------+---------+---------+---------
|_Per ct._|_Per ct._|_Per ct._|_Per ct._
Munsee | 50 | — | — | —
Peruvian Indians| 5 | — | 37 | 17.5
United States | | | |
whites | | | |
(miscellaneous) | 17.9| 7.7 | 14.3 | 8.3
United States | | | |
negroes | 32 | 2.5 | 15 | 5
----------------+---------+---------+---------+---------
FEMALES
----------------+-------+-------+-------+---------
Munsee | 27 | 18 | — | —
Peruvian Indians| 39 | 11 | 8 | 3
United States | | | |
whites | | | |
(miscellaneous) | 16.1 | 8.5 | 8.5| 4.2
United States | | | |
negroes | 37.5 | 6 | — | 12.5
----------------+-------+-------+-------+---------
[75] The fourth, or _teres major_, border is present also, of course,
in all instances of type 5, and in most specimens of type 4. It is
particularly common in the Peruvian scapulæ.
_Superior border._—The form of the superior border of the scapula can
be divided for purposes of description into (1) horizontal or slightly
rising and forming a right or nearly right angle with a vertical line
passing upward from the base of the coracoid; (2) moderately rising or
oblique and straight or but slightly curved, forming with the coracoid
vertical an angle of between 85 and 55°; (3) markedly oblique, forming
with the coracoid vertical an angle of less than 55°; (4) angular or
deep saddle-shaped, which is of special importance anthropologically;
and (5) markedly concave or semilunar (see pl. 25). In rare instances
a form (6) occurs, in which the border is low and moderately convex,
and another (7) in which it is markedly concavo-convex; and, finally,
there occurs now and then an indeterminate form (I), which can not be
classified.
[Illustration: BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 62 PLATE 25
_a_ THE SEVENTH CERVICAL VERTEBRA OF FEMALE MUNSEE SKELETON NO.
285,311, U.S.N.M., WITH A CERVICAL RIB
_b_ SCAPULA OF FEMALE MUNSEE SKELETON NO. 285,328, U.S.N.M., SHOWING
SEMILUNAR SHAPE OF THE SUPERIOR BORDER]
LXI. FORM OF THE SUPERIOR BORDER OF THE SCAPULA IN THE MUNSEE AND
IN OTHER RACIAL GROUPS
----------------+-------+---------------------------------------
| | Types[76]
| +----+----+----+------+------+----+-----
Group | Speci-| 1 | 2 | 3 |4 and |5 and | 6 | 7
| mens | | | |near 4|near 5| |
----------------+-------+----+----+----+------+------+----+------
| | % | % | % | % | % | % | %
Munsee | (16)| — | — |31.2| 25 | 43.8 | — | —
Northwest Coast | | | | | | | |
Indians | (82)| 6.7|27.5|35.4| 25.6 | 4.9 | — | —
Southern Utah | | | | | | | |
cliff-dwellers| (53)|16.9|54.7|20.7| 7.6 | — | — | —
Mexican Indians | (41)|37.8|39.1|15.8| 4.8 | 2.4 | — | —
Peruvian Indians| (95)| — |37.9|15.8| 17.9 | 26.3 | — | [77]
United States | | | | | | | |
whites | | | | | | | |
(miscellaneous)|(1,032)|15 |48.5| 11 | 8.2 | 16.7 |0.3 | 0.5
----------------+-------+----+----+----+------+------+----+-----
[76] Type 1=horizontal or but slightly inclined; 2=moderate to medium
obliquity; 3=pronounced obliquity; 4=deep saddle-shaped; 5=semilunar;
6=convex; 7=markedly concavo-convex.
[77] In two specimens (2 per cent) the form of the border was
unclassifiable.
The data obtained in this particular on the Munsee and other Indian
groups, as well as on a large series of whites, are given in the
next table. It is very evident that racial and tribal differences of
some importance exist in the shape of the border. Among the whites
its most common form is type 2, or moderate to medium oblique,
pronounced obliquity being infrequent; types 4 and 5 occur but rarely.
In the Munsee there is a curious but doubtless local prevalence of
the semilunar type 5, the next most frequent form being that of
pronounced obliquity; and one-fourth of the cases show the saddle
form or an approach to it. Among other Indians the conditions differ.
The cliff-dwellers of southern Utah come, on the whole, near to the
whites; among the Mexican Indians low borders prevail, while among the
Northwest Coast tribes we find the opposite condition—high borders,
with a relative frequency of the angular or saddle-shaped type (4 or
near 4). It is an interesting fact that the last named form (4) is
frequent and often highly developed in the Eskimo.
The question occurs as to how the form of the superior border differs
in the two sexes and on the two sides, and the next table throws some
light on these problems. It will be observed that among the Indians the
differences between the males and the females are not striking, though
there is a tendency toward greater obliquity of the border in the
males. Among the whites, types 1 and 4 are more common in the females
than in the males; type 2 occurs about the same number of times in the
two sexes, while types 3 and 5 are more frequent in the males.
LXII. FORM OF THE SUPERIOR BORDER IN MUNSEE AND OTHER INDIAN SCAPULÆ
ACCORDING TO SEX AND SIDE
--------------------+------+----------------------------------------
| | Types
Sex and side |Speci-+----+-----+------+-----+-----+-----+----
| mens | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2-4 | 3-4 | 5
--------------------+------+----+-----+------+-----+-----+-----+----
| | % | % | % | % | % | % | %
Males (both sides) | (84) |11.9| 34.5| 33.3 | 5.9 | 3.6 | 3.6 |71
Females (both sides)|(110) |20 | 35.5| 21.8 | 5.5 | 4.5 | 7.3 | 5.5
+------+----+-----+------+-----+-----+-----+----
Right (both sexes) |(104) |18.3| 33.6| 22.1 | 8.7 | 5.8 | 6.7 | 4.8
Left (both sexes) | (90) |14.4| 37.8| 31.1 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 4.5 | 7.8
--------------------+------+----+-----+------+-----+-----+-----+----
As to the two sides, we find that a slightly lesser tendency to marked
obliquity of the border exists in the left than in the right scapula;
while the bone of the right side shows greater frequency of the angular
or deep saddle-shaped (type 4 or near 4).
_Scapular notch._—The notch in the scapular border, at the base of the
coracoid, which, as is well known, transmits the suprascapular nerve,
may be absent, shallow, medium deep, or converted into a complete
foramen. Among the 21 scapulæ of the Munsee and 431 of whites, the
conditions in this respect, with reference to sex and side, are as
follows: