The Strand in 1353--St Mary Rounceval--Northampton House--Earl
of Surrey, the Poet--Suffolk House--Suckling's _Ballade upon a
Wedding_--Algernon Percy, Earl of Northumberland--The Restoration
planned at Northumberland House--Lady Elizabeth Percy--Her Romantic
Marriages--Murder of "Tom of Ten Thousand"--The "Proud" Duke
of Somerset--_Edwin and Angelina_--Goldsmith at Northumberland
House--Fire Here--Dr Percy's Library saved--the Famous
Lion--Demolition of the House--The Duke's Lament--Northumberland
Avenue--Craven Street--Benjamin Franklin--Sir Joshua
Reynolds--Heinrich Heine--The Author of _Rejected Addresses_--J.S.
Clarke.
THE last of the great mansions of the Strand, Northumberland House,
which was swept away so recently as 1874, was a landmark of great
antiquity. For it terminated the palaces of the nobles which existed
for centuries on the north bank of the Thames from Blackfriars to
Charing Cross. It may be observed that in 1353 the Strand was an
open highway, with here and there a great man's house where gardens
stretched to the water's edge. It was then so impassable that Edward
III. directed the levying of a tax upon wool, leather, wine, and "all
goods" carried to Westminster from Temple Bar to the Abbey, for the
repair of the road; and he further ordered that all owners of houses
adjacent to the highway should repair as much as lay before their
doors. "There was no continued street here," says Pennant, "till about
1533: before that time it entirely cut off Westminster from London, and
nothing intervened except a few scattered houses, and a village which
afterwards gave name to the whole. St Martin's stood literally in the
fields. But about the year 1560 a street was formed, loosely built;
for all the houses on the south side had great gardens to the river,
were called by their owners' names, and in aftertimes gave name to
the several streets that succeeded them, pointing down to the Thames;
each of them had stairs for the conveniency of taking boat.... The
north side was a mere line of houses from Charing Cross to Temple Bar;
all beyond was country. The gardens which occupied part of the site
of Covent Garden were bounded by fields, and St Giles's was a distant
country village."
The site of Northumberland House was that which had been previously
occupied by the "hospital" or chapel of St Mary Rounceval. "Then," says
Stow, "there was an hospital of St Marie Rouncivall by Charing Cross (a
cell to the priory and convent of Roncesvalles in Navarre, in Pamplona
diocese), where a fraternity was founded in the 15th year of Edward
IV., but now the same is suppressed and turned into tenements." On the
other hand, Pennant gives it a still greater antiquity, for he states
that the chapel was founded, by William, Earl of Pembroke, in the
reign of Henry III., repressed by Henry V. among the alien priories,
and rebuilt by Edward IV., "who fixed a fraternity in it." Dissolved
by Henry VIII., the property was granted by Edward VI. to Sir Thomas
Cawarden, a private individual who did not attain to fame. From him it
passed to Sir Robert Brett, and thence, by purchase, to Henry Howard,
Earl of Northampton, who, in the reign of James I., built the immediate
predecessor of Northumberland House. This Henry Howard, the first Earl
of Northampton (1540-1614) was the second son of Henry Howard, Earl of
Surrey, the poet. He was the most learned nobleman of his day. He may
have had some religious sentiment in purchasing the original site of
the chapel of St Mary, for he lived and died a Roman Catholic.
In the building of his "sumptuous palace," which he called Northampton
House, he had for his architects Bernard Jansen, who was more a
stonemason than an architect, and another maker of funeral monuments,
Gerrard Christmas (Garret Christmas). The latter carved for himself
the initials C. Æ. (Christmas Ædificavit), in large capitals over
the old stone gateway, which was replaced by a new front towards the
Strand in the reign of George II. At that time the house consisted of
three sides of a quadrangle, the centre facing the Strand, and, of
course, with gardens down to the river. The Earl of Northampton died
here in 1614, and by his will bequeathed the house and garden to his
nephew, Thomas Howard, first Earl of Suffolk, the second son of Thomas
Howard the third, fourth Duke of Norfolk. As Lord Thomas Howard he
distinguished himself against the Armada in 1588. He completed the
quadrangle of Northampton House by building the front towards the
Thames, and he changed the name to Suffolk House. The Earl of Suffolk
died here in 1626, and his son, Theophilus, inherited the property.
On his death, in 1640, James, the third Earl of Suffolk (1619-1688),
inherited it. His sister, the Lady Elizabeth Howard, was married, in
1642, to Algernon Percy, Earl of Northumberland. By an indenture dated
a few days before the marriage, the property was conveyed by the Earl
of Suffolk to the Earl of Northumberland, a change which led also to
the nomenclature of the house, which has had such a long career, and
the destruction of which many Londoners still lament.
Before coming to the history of Northumberland House as it appeared
from the middle of the seventeenth century--when great changes were
made in its structure--until its demolition in 1874, it is interesting
to note that one of the quaintest, and, in some respects, most charming
of the old English poems had its origin in the marriage of Roger Boyle,
Lord Broghill, the first Earl of Orrery, to Lady Margaret Howard,
daughter of the first Earl of Suffolk, the builder of Northampton
House. This is the event which called forth, in 1637, Sir John
Suckling's _Ballade upon a Wedding_, in which one of the prettiest
conceits in the English language occurs. The verses are too long to
quote _in extenso_, but some extracts may be given, as they are germane
to the matter of this particular history. The wedding is supposed to be
described by a rustic, writing to his friend in the country:--
"I tell thee, Dick, where I have been,
Where I the rarest things have seen.
* * * * *
At Charing-Crosse, hard by the way
Where we (thou know'st) do sell our hay,
There is a house with stairs;
And there did I see comming down
Such folk as are not in our town,
Vorty, at least, in pairs.
* * * * *
Her finger was so small, the ring
Would not stay on which they did bring,
It was too wide a peck.
And to say truth, for out it must,
It looked like the great collar, just,
About our young colt's neck.
Her feet beneath her petticoat,
Like little mice stole in and out,
As if they feared the light.
But oh! she dances such a way,
No sun upon an Easter day
Is half so fine a sight.
* * * * *
Her cheeks so rare a white was on,
No daisy makes comparison,
Who sees them is undone;
For streaks of red were mingled there,
Such as are on a Katherine pear,
The side that's next the sun.
Her lips were red, and one was thin;
Compared to that was next her chin,
Some bee had stung it newly;
But Dick, her eyes so guard her face,
I durst no more upon them gaze,
Than on the sun in July.
Her mouth so small when she does speak,
Thoud'st swear her teeth her words did break,
That they might passage get;
But she so handled still the matter,
They came as good as ours or better,
And are not spent a whit."
Algernon Percy, the tenth Earl of Northumberland, who was called
by Lord Clarendon "the proudest man alive," became guardian of the
two youngest children of Charles I. in 1645, and was one of the
commissioners appointed to negotiate with the King at Newport in
1648. He took no part in public affairs during the Commonwealth and
Protectorate. In the spring of 1660, George Monk--afterwards the
Duke of Albemarle, and the husband of "Nan" Clarges--was invited,
with the Earl of Manchester, Sir William Waller, and others to
Northumberland House, and here, "in secret confidence with them," says
Clarendon, "some of those measures were concerted which led to the
speedy restoration of the Monarchy." Algernon Percy, who was a privy
councillor after the Restoration, died in 1668. His son and successor,
Josceline Percy, dying in 1670, without male issue, the property passed
to his daughter, the Lady Elizabeth Percy (1667-1722). This lady had
a strange matrimonial career. At the age of twelve she was "married"
to Henry Cavendish, Earl of Ogle (son and heir of Henry, Duke of
Newcastle), but he died in his youth. Two years later--that is to say,
in 1681--she espoused Thomas Thynne, of Longleat, Wilts.
Thynne, who was nicknamed "Tom of Ten Thousand," in consequence of
his great wealth, was the Issachar of _Absalom and Achitophel_. Lady
Elizabeth, soon after the death of Lord Ogle, had been given in
marriage by her grandmother to Thynne, who, however, had agreed, on
account of the youth of his bride, that the marriage should not be
consummated until a year had elapsed. The lady, however, took such a
dislike to Thynne that she fled for protection to Lady Temple at the
Hague. "In the meantime, the famous Count Königsmark--noted for his
beauty and intrigues in most of the Courts of Europe--had accidentally
met Lady Ogle in public, and had either fallen in love with her
person, or with the vast fortune of which she was the mistress. That
the feeling was reciprocal there is not the least reason to suppose.
Königsmark, however, equally daring and unprincipled, determined by
foul, if not by fair means, to make her his wife, and, as the first
step, projected the assassination of the unfortunate Thynne. The
persons whom he hired to commit the crime were three foreigners--one
Captain Vratz, a German; a Lieutenant Stern, a Swede; and one George
Borotski, a Pole. The two former seem to have been as daring and
reckless adventurers as any age could produce. Borotski, on the other
hand, was a quiet, uneducated man, who appears to have acted entirely
from a feeling of retainership, without any thought of the gold which
had induced his accomplices to undertake to commit the crime. The
night of Sunday, the 12th of February 1682, was fixed upon for the
perpetration of the foul deed. Accordingly, having had their several
parts assigned to them, between seven and eight o'clock the three
assassins, mounted on horseback, posted themselves in a part of Pall
Mall, nearly opposite to the present Opera Colonnade, through which
they had ascertained the equipage of Thynne was likely to pass. As
soon as the coach appeared in sight, they all three rode up to the
window, and, by their imposing attitude, compelled the coachman to
halt. One shot only was fired, which was from a musketoon, carried by
Borotski. So true, however, was the aim, that as many as five bullets
entered the body of his victim. Thynne was forthwith carried to his
own residence, where he lingered till about six o'clock the following
morning, when he expired."[64] Königsmark attempted to escape, but he
was arrested at Gravesend at the very moment that he was about to set
foot on a foreign vessel. He was immediately brought to trial, and,
after some delay, acquitted. His accomplices were condemned to death,
and, on March 10, executed in Pall Mall, on the spot where they had
committed the atrocious crime. Thynne was buried in Westminster Abbey,
and a monument in white marble, representing the tragedy in bas-relief,
was erected to his memory.
Thus, in the language of Lawrence Echard, the historian, Lady Elizabeth
Percy had been a "virgin widow" twice ere, on May 30, 1682--at the age
of fifteen--she became a wife. Her third husband was Charles Seymour
(1662-1748), the sixth Duke of Somerset, commonly called "the proud
duke." By an arrangement made before the marriage, he assumed the
surname and arms of Percy, "but from that stipulation he was released
when her grace attained her majority." The duke and duchess lived "in
great state and magnificence" at Northumberland House. The duchess
died in 1722, and the duke, dying in 1748, was succeeded by his eldest
son, Algernon, Earl of Hertford and seventh Duke of Somerset, who, in
1749, was created Baron Warkworth of Warkworth Castle, Northumberland,
and Earl of Northumberland, with remainder, in default of male issue,
to Sir Hugh Smithson, Bart., a country gentleman of Stanwick, in
Yorkshire, who had married his only daughter, the Lady Elizabeth
Seymour. Sir Hugh Smithson was raised to the dukedom of Northumberland
in 1766, and the title remains with his descendants at the present day.
Algernon Seymour greatly improved the Strand front of Northumberland
House, and built the gallery, or great room, which formed the western
wing of the south side. In the cornice, or balustrading, on the top
of the south front he had inserted the letters and date: A.S.P.N.
(Algernon Seymour Princeps Northumbriæ), A.D. 1749.
[Illustration: CHARING CROSS, BEFORE THE BUILDING OF NORTHUMBERLAND
AVENUE.]
Goldsmith is connected with Northumberland House through his poem,
_Edwin and Angelina_. It was suggested in the course of discussions
on ballads with Dr Percy (1729-1811), editor of the famous _Reliques
of Ancient English Poetry_, first published in 1765. Percy, who had
rooms in Northumberland House, was visited here by Goldsmith,
and one result of this acquaintanceship was the poem in question,
which was privately "Printed for the amusement of the Countess of
Northumberland." Copies of this edition are extremely rare, and, apart
from their scarcity, they possess an independent value inasmuch as they
show Goldsmith's painstaking care in the preparation of his verse. By
comparing this edition with subsequent issues, "we perceive that even
the gentle opening line has been an after-thought; that four stanzas
have been re-written; and that the two which originally stood last have
been removed altogether. These, for their simple beauty of expression,
it is worth while here to preserve. The action of the poem having
closed without them, they were, on better consideration, rejected; and
young writers should study and make profit of such lessons. Posterity
has always too much upon its hands to attend to what is irrelevant or
needless; and no one so well as Goldsmith seems to have known that the
writer who would hope to live must live by the perfection of his style,
and by the cherished and careful beauty of unsuperfluous writing.[65]
"'Here amidst sylvan bowers we'll rove,
From lawn to woodland stray;
Blest as the songsters of the grove,
And innocent as they.
To all that want, and all that wail,
Our pity shall be given;
And when this life of love shall fail,
We'll love again in heaven.'"
Goldsmith's own account of the blunder which he made on the occasion
of one of his visits to this old mansion is as follows:--"I dressed
myself in the best manner I could, and, after studying some compliments
I thought necessary on such an occasion, proceeded to Northumberland
House, and acquainted the servants that I had particular business with
the duke. They showed me into an antechamber, where, after waiting some
time, a gentleman, very elegantly dressed, made his appearance. Taking
him for the duke, I delivered all the fine things I had composed,
in order to compliment him on the honour he had done me; when to my
fear and astonishment, he told me I had mistaken him for his master,
who would see me immediately. At that instant the duke came into the
apartment, and I was so confounded on the occasion that I wanted words
barely sufficient to express the sense I entertained of the duke's
politeness, and went away exceedingly chagrined at the blunder I had
committed."
To Sir John Hawkins, the Middlesex magistrate, who drew up Johnson's
will, and, in 1787-89, published Johnson's _Life and Works_, we are
indebted for a description of another meeting with the Duke of
Northumberland. "Having one day," he says, "a call to wait on the late
Duke, then Earl of Northumberland, I found Goldsmith waiting for an
audience in an outer room; I asked him what had brought him there: he
told me, an invitation from his lordship. I made my business as short
as I could, and, as a reason, mentioned that Dr Goldsmith was waiting
without. The earl asked me if I was acquainted with him. I told him
I was, adding what I thought likely to recommend him. I retired, and
staid in the outer room to take him home. Upon his coming out, I asked
him the result of his conversation. 'His lordship,' says he, 'told me
he had red (_sic_) my poem,' meaning the _Traveller_, and was much
delighted with it; that he was going lord-lieutenant of Ireland, and
that, hearing that I was a native of that country, he should be glad
to do me any kindness.' 'And what did you answer, asked I, to this
gracious offer?' 'Why,' said he, 'I could say nothing but that I had a
brother there, a clergyman, that stood in need of help: as for myself'"
(this was added for the benefit of Hawkins), "'I have no dependence on
the promises of great men: I look to the book-sellers for support; they
are my best friends, and I am not inclined to forsake them for others.'
Thus, adds the teller of the anecdote, did this idiot in the affairs
of the world trifle with his fortunes, and put back the hand that was
held out to assist him! Other offers of a like kind he either rejected
or failed to improve, contenting himself with the patronage of one
nobleman, whose mansion afforded him the delights of a splendid table,
and a retreat for a few days from the metropolis."
The incident thus related, says Forster, "may excuse the comment
attached to it. Indeed, the charge of idiotcy in the affairs of the
Hawkins-world may even add to the pleasure with which we contemplate
that older-world picture beside it, of frank simplicity and brotherly
affection. This poor poet, who, incomprehensibly to the Middlesex
magistrate, would thus gently have turned aside to the assistance of
his poorer brother the hand held out to assist himself, had only a few
days before been obliged to borrow fifteen shillings and six-pence 'in
Fleet Street,' of one of those 'best friends' with whose support he is
now fain to be contented." The duke of these anecdotes was Sir Hugh
Smithson (1715-1786), the first Duke of Northumberland of the third
creation. He married, in 1774, Elizabeth Seymour, the heiress of the
Percy property.
The front of Northumberland House was 162 feet in length, the court
being 81 feet square. The coping along the Strand front "was a border
of capital letters," and, at the funeral of Queen Anne of Denmark, in
May 1619, a young man in the crowd was killed by the letter "S," which
had been pushed off by the too eager spectators on the roof. There
were many famous pictures at Northumberland House. On June 9, 1658,
Evelyn records: "I went to see the Earl of Northumberland's pictures,
whereof that of the Venetian Senators was one of the best of Titian's,
and another of Andrea del Sarto, viz., a Madona, Christ, St John, and
an Old Woman, etc., a St Catherine of Da Vinci, with divers portraits
of Van Dyke; a Nativity of Georgioni; the last of our blessed Kings
(Charles I.) and the Duke of York, by Lely; a roserie by the famous
Jesuits of Bruxelles, and severall more. This was in Suffolk House: the
new front towards the gardens is tollerable, were it not drown'd by
a too massie and clomsie pair of stayres of stone, without any neate
invention."
Fire threatened to destroy the house on more than one occasion. In
March, 1780, an outbreak occurred about five o'clock in the morning,
"and raged till eight, in which time it burnt from the east end, where
it began, to the west. Among the apartments consumed are those of Dr
Percy, Bishop of Carlisle. We are happy to inform our readers that
the greatest part of the doctor's invaluable library is fortunately
preserved." The famous lion which delighted Londoners for a century
and a quarter was placed in his proud position in 1752. It was cast
in lead, from a model by Carter, and was twelve feet in length. There
is a pleasant fiction to the effect that the noble brute, when first
placed upon his pedestal, had his head towards Carlton House and St
James's Palace, but afterwards upon some rebuff experienced by one
of the dukes of Northumberland turned his face towards the city of
London. The lion was subsequently removed to Syon House, Isleworth,
the Middlesex seat of the Northumberlands. "The vestibule of the
interior was eighty-two feet long, and more than twelve feet in
breadth, ornamented with Doric columns. Each end communicated with a
staircase, leading to the principal apartments facing the garden and
the Thames. They consisted of several spacious rooms fitted up in the
most elegant manner, embellished with paintings, among which might be
found the well-known 'Cornaro Family,' by Titian, a work well worthy
of its reputation, and for which Algernon, Earl of Northumberland,
is stated to have given Vandyck 1000 guineas, and a wonderful vase,
which now has a story of its own; 'St Sebastian Bound,' by Guercino;
'The Adoration of the Shepherds,' by Bassano; and others by well-known
masters. The great feature of the house was the ball-room, or grand
gallery, upwards of 100 feet in length, in which were placed large and
very fine copies by Mengs, after Raphael's 'School of Athens,' in the
Vatican, of the size of the originals; also the 'Assembly of the Gods,'
and the 'Marriage of Cupid and Psyche,' in the Farnesina; the 'Triumph
of Bacchus and Ariadne,' from Caracci's picture in the Farnese Palace;
and 'Apollo driving the Chariot of the Sun,' from Reni's fresco in the
Villa Rospigliosi, at Rome. These celebrated works, and the decoration
of the noble apartment, constituted it one of the landmarks of high art
in the metropolis. The grand staircase consisted of a centre flight of
thirteen moulded vein marble steps, and two flights of sixteen steps,
with centre landing twenty-two feet by six feet, two circular plinths,
and a handsome and richly-gilt ormolu scroll balustrade, with moulded
Spanish mahogany hand-rail. The mansion contained nearly 150 rooms for
the private use of the family."[66]
The destruction of Northumberland House was due to the necessity of a
direct thoroughfare from Charing Cross to the Embankment. As early as
1866, the Metropolitan Board of Works--the predecessor of the London
County Council--had perceived the need, and had suggested a new street
through the site of Northumberland House and its grounds. "The Duke of
Northumberland of that day, however, set his face determinedly against
any interference with his ancestral mansion, and his opposition
received much support from members of both Houses of Parliament, and
from those who looked with disfavour on a proposal to destroy the last
of the palaces of the English nobles which three centuries ago stood
on the south side of the Strand now occupied by the streets leading
from it to the river. The Metropolitan Board was forced to yield to
the resistance which then and for several years after was offered to
every attempt to get power to take Northumberland House. Eventually
the necessities of the case were so strongly pressed that further
resistance was abandoned, and the Board having, in 1872, learned that
the present Duke of Northumberland was willing to sell his property, an
agreement was in the year 1873 concluded and ratified by Parliament,
under which the Board acquired his Grace's property upon payment of
£500,000, the Board at the same time obtaining power to make the new
street."[67] The opposition of the owner of Northumberland House to
the destruction of this historical property was natural enough, and
many otherwise uninterested persons lamented the proposed demolition.
The Duke of Northumberland--the sixth duke of his creation--writing
in 1866, said: "The Duke of Northumberland is naturally desirous that
this great historical house, commenced by a Howard, continued by a
Percy, and completed by a Seymour, which has been the residence of
his ancestors for two centuries and a half, should continue to be the
residence of his descendants; but the Metropolitan Board of Works
are desirous that this house, which, with its garden, is one of the
landmarks of London, and is probably the oldest residential house in
the metropolis, should be destroyed."
The sale was concluded in June, 1874, and, in September and October
of that year, "the fine old mansion underwent its final stage of
degradation." Its materials were sold by auction. The lots consisted
of 3,000,000 bricks, the grand marble staircase, the elaborate
ornamentation of the various apartments and corridors, and lead to
the weight of 400 tons. The sale realised but £6500, and of this
sum the great staircase--subsequently removed to No. 49 Prince's
Gate--brought £360. Some of the pictures had been removed to Alnwick
Castle, Northumberland, others to the ducal town residence, No. 2
Grosvenor Place. "The progress of wealth and luxury," said a writer
in the _Standard_ at the time of the projected demolition, "has long
since dimmed the splendours of what was once the proudest of the
London houses of the English nobility. The march of fashion westward
had left it isolated amidst an uncongenial neighbourhood of small
shops. Commerce had overtaken and overwhelmed it, so that it stood
somewhat abruptly in the full stream of London life, making it too
violent a contrast with the surrounding houses, and destroying whatever
of felicity there might have been in the situation. In the days when
the Strand was but a road between London and Westminster, lined with
private houses of the great and noble on either side, and with gardens
going down to the river, it might have been an abode fit even for the
proud Earls of Northumberland, to whom it descended. But with the
Thames Embankment on one side, and Trafalgar Square on the other, with
omnibuses perpetually passing its front door, Northumberland House was
a standing anachronism, if not an impediment, which was destined to
succumb to the influence of time and the Metropolitan Board of Works."
It may be added that during the Great Exhibition of 1851, the public
were admitted by ticket to view the house at the rate of ten thousand a
week.
Northumberland Avenue was opened in March, 1876. It is 950 feet long
and 84 feet wide, the width between the pavements being 60 feet.
The Strand portion of the house is marked by the Grand Hotel, the
opening of which, in 1880, was considered of so much importance
that its initiation was attended by the Lord Mayor of the City of
London, who was accompanied by the sheriffs. Two other of the Gordon
hotels in this Avenue, the Métropole and Victoria, opened in 1885
and 1887 respectively, indicate the site of the extensive gardens of
Northumberland House. The handsome building of the Constitutional Club,
the offices of the Royal Colonial Institute, and the headquarters
of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, are also in
Northumberland Avenue.
Craven Street, which still retains much of its old-world air, is
chiefly notable for the fact that Benjamin Franklin lived here, at No.
7, at the house of Mrs Margaret Stevenson, during the entire period of
his visits to London as agent for the House of Assembly, Philadelphia,
and "other provinces." Leigh Hunt, speaking of this circumstance, says:
"What a change along the shores of the Thames in a few years (for two
centuries are less than two years in the lapse of time), from the
residence of a set of haughty nobles, who never dreamt that a tradesman
could be anything but a tradesman, to that of a yeoman's son, and a
printer, who was one of the founders of a great state!" He was visited
here in February, 1755, by William Pitt (the first Earl of Chatham,
1708-1788), and, wrote Franklin, "He stayed with me near two hours, his
equipage waiting at the door." The house, which is marked by a tablet,
is now a private hotel.
Mark Akenside, the poet and physician, was visited in this street, on
January 22, 1761--at which time he was physician to Queen Charlotte--by
Sir Joshua Reynolds. Heinrich Heine, during his stay in England, April
23 to August 8, 1827, lodged at No. 32 Craven Street. A notorious
resident of this street was James Hackman (1752-1779), incumbent of
Wiveton, Norfolk. He fell in love with Martha Ray, who was the mother
of nine children, of whom Lord Sandwich was the father. His passion was
so great that, as the lady would not marry him, he shot her dead on
the night of April 7, 1779, in the piazza of Covent Garden Theatre. He
turned the pistol upon himself, but without fatal effect. He was hanged
at Tyburn twelve days later.
A more interesting resident was James Smith, one of the authors of
the _Rejected Addresses_, who lived for many years at No. 27, where
he died on December 24, 1839. This remarkable literary character,
the son of a solicitor to the Ordnance, was born in 1775. At the
age of twenty-seven he had made his mark in Fleet Street, and,
from 1807 to 1817, the articles to the _Monthly Mirror_ entitled
"Horace in London" were written by him. In 1812, with his younger
brother, Horatio, he published the _Rejected Addresses_, in which
Wordsworth, Southey, Coleridge, Lord Byron, Sir Walter Scott, and other
writers were parodied with admirable felicity. He wrote many of the
"Entertainments" for Charles Mathews the Elder, including _Country
Cousins_ in 1820, and the _Trip to France_ and the _Trip to America_
in the two succeeding years. For the last two sketches he received a
thousand pounds. "A thousand pounds!" he used to exclaim, with a shrug
of the shoulders, "and all for nonsense."[68] He was lucky enough to
obtain a legacy of £300 for a complimentary epigram on Mr Strachan, the
King's printer. Being patted on the head when a boy by Chief-Justice
Mansfield, in Highgate churchyard, and once seeing Horace Walpole on
his lawn at Twickenham, were the two chief historical events of Mr
Smith's quiet life. The four reasons that kept so clever a man employed
on mere amateur trifling were these--an indolent disinclination to
sustained work, a fear of failure, a dislike to risk a well-earned
fame, and a foreboding that literary success might injure his practice
as a lawyer. His favourite visits were to Lord Mulgrave's, Mr Croker's,
Lord Abinger's, Lady Blessington's, and Lord Harrington's. Pretty Lady
Blessington used to say of him, that "James Smith, if he had not been
a _witty_ man, must have been a _great_ man. He died in his house in
Craven Street, with the calmness of a philosopher, on the 24th of
December, 1839, in the sixty-fifth year of his age."[69] It was on his
own street that he wrote the well-known epigram:
"In Craven Street, Strand, ten attorneys find place,
And ten dark coal-barges are moor'd at its base;
Fly, Honesty, fly! seek some safer retreat,
For there's _craft_ in the river, and _craft_ in the street."[70]
This satire led to a retort by Sir George Rose, the judge and
well-known legal writer, in extemporaneous lines written at a dinner:
"Why should Honesty fly to some safer retreat,
From attorneys and barges?--'od rot 'em!--
For the lawyers are _just_ at the top of the street,
And the barges are _just_ at the bottom."
[Illustration: THE LION, NORTHUMBERLAND HOUSE.]
Lawyers still have their offices in Craven Street, but the coal-barges
vanished in 1876. A few doors from James Smith's, in the house on
the left-hand side from the Strand, there lodged, in 1885, the
celebrated American comedian, John Sleeper Clarke (1834-1899). His
rooms overlooked the back of what was then the Avenue Theatre. This
house, opened on March 11, 1882, was rebuilt by Mr Cyril Maude, and, on
the eve of its re-opening, December 5, 1905, it was destroyed by the
fall of the roof of Charing Cross Station. Again rebuilt by Mr Maude,
it was opened, on January 28, 1907, as the Playhouse. The theatrical
associations of this part of London are, indeed, like Mr Weller's
knowledge of London, "extensive and peculiar."
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 64: _The Court of England under the Stuarts_, Jesse, vol.
iii., pp. 356-7.]
[Footnote 65: Forster's _Goldsmith_.]
[Footnote 66: _Old and New London_, vol. iii., p. 140.]
[Footnote 67: _London in the Reign of Victoria_, G. Laurence Gomme, pp.
156-7.]
[Footnote 68: _Memoirs of James Smith_, vol. i., p. 32.]
[Footnote 69: _Haunted London_, pp. 140-141.]
[Footnote 70: _Gothic Miscellanies_, James Smith, vol. ii., p. 186.]
Appendix
SAMUEL PEPYS AND THE ADELPHI
_January 31, 1668._--Up, and by coach, with W. Griffin with me, and our
Contract-books, to Durham Yard to the Commissioners for Accounts. [See
page 37.]
_May 10, 1668._--From church home with my Lady Pen; and after being
there an hour or so talking, I took her ... and old Mrs Whistler, her
mother-in-law, by water ... as far as Chelsy, and so back to Spring
Garden ... and so to water again, and set down the old woman at home at
Durham Yard.
_April 26, 1669._--I am told by Betty, who was all undressed, of a
great fire happened in Durham Yard last night, burning the house of one
Lady Hungerford. [See page 38.]
* * * * *
_February 11, 1660._--My wife and I ... went out again to show her the
fires, and after walking as far as the Exchange, we returned and to bed.
_March 12, 1660._--My wife and I to the Exchange, where we bought a
great many things.
_July 7, 1660._--Thence to the 'Change, where I bought two fine prints
of Ragotti from Rubens.
_July 18, 1660._--After a little stay we all went by water to
Westminster as far as the New Exchange.
_September 3, 1660._--Up and to Mr ----, the goldsmith, near the New
Exchange.
_September 22, 1660._--From thence by coach home (by the way, at the
new Exchange I bought a pair of short black stockings to wear over a
pair of silk ones for mourning ...).
_November 12, 1660._--Mr Comptroller and I sat a while at the office to
do business, ... and from thence by coach (setting down his sister at
the New Exchange) to Westminster Hall.
_April 20, 1661._--With Mr Creed to the Exchange and bought some
things, as gloves and bandstrings, etc.
_September 2, 1661._--My wife ... met at the 'Change with my young
ladies of the Wardrobe, and there helped them to buy things.
_March 24, 1662._--Thence by water to the New Exchange.... Thence at
the New Exchange and so home.
_April 15, 1662._--With my wife, by coach, to the New Exchange, to buy
her some things; where we saw some new-fashion pettycoats of Sarcenett,
with a black broad lace printed round the bottom and before, very
handsome, and my wife had a mind to one of them, but we did not then
buy one.
_October 7, 1662._--So towards the New Exchange, and there while my
wife was buying things I walked up and down.
_January 12, 1663._--After dinner to the 'Change to buy some linen for
my wife.
_February 26, 1663._--From the New Exchange home to the Tower.
_April 10, 1663._--Then to my Lord's lodgings, met my wife and walked
to the New Exchange. There laid out 10s. upon pendents and painted
leather gloves, very pretty and all the mode.
_May 4, 1663._--She and I to Mr Creed to the Exchange, where she bought
something.
_May 7, 1663._--Up ... with my wife, leaving her at the New Exchange.
_May 30, 1663._--Creed and I ... walked to the New Exchange, and there
drank our morning draught of whey, the first I have done this year.
_June 12, 1663._--So to the Exchange, to buy things with my wife; among
others a vizard for herself.
_August 24, 1663._--Walked to the New Exchange, and there drank some
whey.
_August 29, 1663._--Thence to my wife, and calling at both the
Exchanges, buying stockings for her and myself.
_October 5, 1663._--So to the New Exchange, and there met Creed.
_October 12, 1663._--To the Old Exchange, and there cheapened some
laces for my wife.... I was resolved to buy one worth wearing with
credit, and so to the New Exchange, and there put it to making.
_October 14, 1663._--So to fetch my wife, and so to the New Exchange
about her things.
_October 16, 1663._--Then to the Exchange and to several places.
_October 19, 1663._--Took up my wife at Mrs Harper's ... and so called
at the New Exchange for some things for her.
_October 21, 1663._--I to the Exchange.... From my brother's with my
wife to the Exchange, to buy things for her and myself, I being in the
humour of laying out money, but not prodigally, but only in clothes,
which I every day see that I suffer for want of.
_October 30, 1663._--Then by coach with my wife to the New Exchange,
and there bought and paid for several things.
_November 4, 1663._--I to the New Exchange and several places to buy
and bring home things.
_November 19, 1663._--Thence with Sir G. Carteret by coach, and he set
me down at the New Exchange.
_January 9, 1664._--I took coach and called my wife and her mayd, and
so to the New Exchange, where we bought several things of our pretty
Mrs Dorothy Stacy, a pretty woman, and has the modestest look that ever
I saw in my life.
_February 1, 1664._--I hear how two men last night, justling for the
wall about the New Exchange, did kill one another, each thrusting the
other through; one of them of the King's Chappel, one Cave, and the
other a retayner of my Lord Generall Middleton's.
_February 13, 1664._--Walked to the New Exchange, and after a turn or
two and talked, I took coach and home.
_April 1, 1664._--Setting my wife down at the New Exchange, I to White
Hall.... So with Creed to the 'Change, and there took up my wife and
left him.
_April 6, 1664._--Bought a pretty silke for a petticoate for my wife,
and thence set her down at the New Exchange.... To the 'Change for my
wife.
_April 9, 1664._--With my wife by coach to her Tailor's and the New
Exchange.
_April 26, 1664._--So walked to the New Exchange, and there had a most
delicate dish of curds and creame, and discourse with the good woman of
the house.... Thence up, and after a turn or two in the 'Change, home
to the Old Exchange.
_May 9, 1664._--After dinner, in Sir W. Pen's coach; he set my wife and
I down at the New Exchange, and after buying some things, we walked to
my Lady Sandwich's.
_May 21, 1664._--So abroad with my wife by coach to the New Exchange,
and there laid out almost 40s. upon her.
_June 21, 1664._--So to the New Exchange, meeting Mr Moore, and he with
us.
_June 22, 1664._--At noon to the 'Change and coffee-house.
_July 7, 1664._--Thence to the New Exchange to drink some creame, but
missed it.
_August 11, 1664._--However, abroad, carried my wife to buy things at
the New Exchange.
_September 12, 1664._--So I to Mr Creed's lodgings, and with him walked
up and down in the New Exchange, talking mightily of the convenience
and necessity of a man's wearing good clothes, and so after eating a
messe of creame, I took leave of him.
_January 16, 1665._--Povy and I walked together as far as the New
Exchange, and so parted.
_January 20, 1665._--Abroad with my wife about several businesses, and
met at the New Exchange, and there to our trouble found our pretty Doll
is gone away.
_March 9, 1665._--Abroad with my wife, left her at the New Exchange.
_May 12, 1665._--Thence called my wife at Unthanke's to the New
Exchange and elsewhere to buy a lace band for me, but we did not buy.
_June 7, 1665._--We to the New Exchange, and there drank whey, with
much entreaty getting it for our money, and (they) would not be
entreated to let us have one glasse more.
_July 11, 1665._--Had Mary meet me at the New Exchange.
_March 10, 1666._--To the New Exchange, and there I did give my
valentine, Mrs Pierce, a dozen payre of gloves, and a payre of silke
stockings.
_April 18, 1666._--Thence to the Exchange, that is, the New Exchange,
and looked over some play books, and intend to get all the late new
plays.
_April 20, 1666._--To the New Exchange, there to get a list of all
the modern plays, which I intend to collect and to have them bound up
together.
_May 4, 1666._--To the New Exchange about play books.
_May 14, 1666._--I left my wife at the New Exchange.... At the New
Exchange took up my wife again.
_May 23, 1666._--After dinner Creed and I and wife and Mercer out by
coach, leaving them at the New Exchange.
_May 29, 1666._--Set Mrs Pierce in at the New Exchange.
_June 6, 1666._--Away go I by coach to the New Exchange.
_June 17, 1666._--Wanting a coach to carry us home I walked out as
far as the New Exchange to find one, but could not. So downe to the
Milke-house, and drank three glasses of whey, and then up into the
Strand again.
_July 17, 1666._--I did take my wife out to the New Exchange to buy
things.
_August 8, 1666._--I met with Mrs Burroughs by appointment, and did
agree ... for her to meet me at the New Exchange, while I by coach to
my Lord Treasurer's, and then called at the New Exchange, and thence
carried her by water to Parliament stayres.
_August 21, 1666._--Dined at home and sister Balty with us. My wife
snappish because I denied her money to lay out this afternoon; however,
good friends again, and by coach set them down at the New Exchange.
_September 7, 1666._--So to Creed's lodging, near the New Exchange, and
there find him laid down upon a bed; the house all unfurnished, there
being fears of the fire's coming to them. [See page 39.][71]
_September 11, 1666._--So with Sir W. Batten to the New Exchange by
water.
_October 27, 1666._--I took them out to the New Exchange, and there my
wife bought things, and I did give each of them a pair of jessimy plain
gloves and another of white.
_November 12, 1666._--So great a stop there was at the New Exchange,
that we could not pass in half an houre, and therefore 'light and
bought a little matter at the Exchange, and then home.
_November 26, 1666._--Among others with Mrs Burroughs, whom I appointed
to meet me at the New Exchange in the afternoon.... I took coach to the
New Exchange.... Having staid as long as I thought fit for meeting of
Burroughs, I away and to the 'Change again, and there I do not find her
now.
_December 31, 1666._--I did take money and walk forth to several places
in the towne as far as the New Exchange, to pay all my debts.... Thence
to the New Exchange to clear my wife's score.
_January 23, 1667._--To the New Exchange, there to take up my wife and
Mercer.
_January 25, 1667._--I away by coach with my wife, and left her at the
New Exchange.
_February 5, 1667._--Thence by coach to the New Exchange, and there
laid out money, and I did give Betty Michell two pair of gloves and a
dressing-box.
_February 11, 1667._--My Lord carried me and set me down at the New
Exchange, where I stayed at Pottle's shop till Betty Michell come.
_February 14, 1667._--Thence away by coach to Sir H. Cholmly and
Fitzgerald and Creed, setting down the two latter at the New Exchange.
_March 9, 1667._--Carried Mrs Pierce and wife to the New Exchange, and
there did give her and myself a pair of gloves.
_March 13, 1667._--Sent my wife to the New Exchange.
_March 20, 1667._--So to the New Exchange, where I find my wife.
_April 5, 1667._--So by coach to the New Exchange and Mercer's.
_April 17, 1667._--My wife being sent for by me to the New Exchange, I
took her up, and there to the King's playhouse.
_April 25, 1667._--Thence by coach to my Lord Treasurer's, and there
being come too soon to the New Exchange, but did nothing.
_May 13, 1667._--I away to the New Exchange, and there staid a little.
_July 5, 1667._--To the New Exchange to buy gloves and other little
errands.
_July 13, 1667._--After dinner my wife and I to the New Exchange, to
pretty maid Mrs Smith's shop, where I left my wife.... I home by coach,
taking up my wife at the Exchange.
_July 17, 1667._--Then by coach, set my wife down at the New Exchange.
_July 26, 1667._--I then abroad with my wife and left her at the New
Exchange.
_August 10, 1667._--To the New Exchange, to the bookseller's there,
where I hear of several new books coming out.
_August 12, 1667._--Then walked to the New Exchange, and there to my
bookseller's, and did buy Scott's _Discourse of Witches_.... Thence I
to the printseller's over against the Exchange towards Covent Garden,
and there bought a few more prints of cittys.
_August 16, 1667._--Thence to the New Exchange with my wife, where at
my bookseller's I saw _The History of the Royall Society_, which, I
believe, is a fine book, and have bespoke one in quires.
_August 20, 1667._--Thence, with my Lord Brouncker to the Duke's
Playhouse (telling my wife so at the 'Change, where I left her).
_August 21, 1667._--My wife and I mighty pleasant abroad, she to the
New Exchange, and I to the Commissioners of the Treasury.
_August 27, 1667._--My wife and I, with Sir W. Pen, to the New
Exchange, set her down.... Having done here, I to the Exchange, and
there find my wife gone with Sir W. Pen.
_September 16, 1667._--So parted at the New Exchange, where I staid
reading Mrs Phillips' poems till my wife and Mercer called me.
_October 2, 1667._--Then by coach to the New Exchange, and there met my
wife and girl.
_October 28, 1667._--Calling at the New Exchange, and there buying _The
Indian Emperour_, newly printed.
_January 2, 1668._--I took my wife and her girl out to the New
Exchange, and there my wife bought herself a lace for a handkercher,
which I do give her, of about £3, for a new year's gift, and I did buy
also a lace for a band for myself.
_January 17, 1668._--So home, and there alone with my wife and Deb. to
dinner, and after dinner comes Betty Turner, and I carried them to the
New Exchange.
_February 21, 1668._--Thence with Lord Brouncker and T. Harvey as far
as the New Exchange.
_February 25, 1668._--Thence set my wife at the New Exchange, and I to
Mr Clerke, my solicitor ... so I by water with him to the New Exchange
and there we parted, and I took my wife and Deb. up, and to the
nursery.... Thence to the New Exchange, to take some things home that
my wife hath bought, a dressing-box and other things for her chamber
and table, that cost me above £4.
_April 9, 1668._--I to the New Exchange, there to meet Mrs Burroughs,
and did take her in a carosse and carry her towards the Park, kissing
her.
_April 28, 1668._--Thence to the New Exchange to pay a debt of my
wife's there, and so home.
_April 30, 1668._--Thence to the New Exchange, and then home.
_May 1, 1668._--I back again to the New Exchange a little.
_May 6, 1668._--Thence by water to the New Exchange, where bought a
pair of shoe-strings.
_May 9, 1668._--I towards the New Exchange and there bought a pair of
black silk stockings at the hosier's that hath the very pretty woman to
his wife, about ten doors on this side of the 'Change.
_May 20, 1668._--Down to the New Exchange, and there cheapened ribbands
for my wife, and so down to the Whey house and drank some and eat some
curds, which did by and by make my belly ake mightily.
_May 27, 1668._--So homeward toward the New Exchange, and meeting Mr
Creed he and I to drink some whey at the whey-house, and so into the
'Change and took a walk or two.
_May 28, 1668._--By coach to the New Exchange, and there by agreement
at my bookseller's shop met Mercer and Gayet.
_May 30, 1668._--Thence to the New Exchange, and there met Harris and
Rolt, and one Richards, a tailor and great company-keeper.... Thence
set Rolt and some of (them) at the New Exchange.
_May 31, 1668._--I by water to the New Exchange.
_June 20, 1668._--Took my wife up, and calling at the New Exchange at
Smith's shop, and kissed her pretty hand.
_July 29, 1668._--So to the New Exchange.
_July 30, 1668._--Out with my wife to the New Exchange.
_July 31, 1668._--My wife and Deb. and I, with Sir J. Minnes, to White
Hall, she going hence to the New Exchange.
_August 31, 1668._--So to the New Exchange and paid for some things.
_September 21, 1668._--This day I met Mr Moore in the New Exchange, and
had much talk of my Lord's concernments.
_October 20, 1668._--So to my tailor's and the New Exchange, and so by
coach home, and there, having this day bought _The Queene of Arragon_
play, I did get my wife and W. Batelier to read it.
_October 21, 1668._--So I away to the New Exchange, and there staid for
my wife.
_November 23, 1668._--So to the looking-glass man's by the New Exchange.
_January 1, 1669._--Up, and with W. Hewer, to the New Exchange, and
then he and I to the cabinet-shops, to look out, and did agree, for a
cabinet to give my wife for a New Year's gift, and I did buy one cost
me £11.
_January 11, 1669._--Calling at the New Exchange for a book or two to
send to Mr Shepley and thence home.... Thence to the New Exchange,
to buy some things; and among others my wife did give me my pair of
gloves, which, by contract, she is to give me in her £30 a year.
_February 4, 1669._--So to the New Exchange, and thence home to my
letters.
_February 15, 1669._--Thence to my cozen Turner's, where, having ...
been told by her that she had drawn me for her Valentine, I did this
day call at the New Exchange, and bought her a pair of green silk
stockings and garters and shoe-strings, and two pair of jessimy gloves,
all coming to about 28s.
_March 3, 1669._--After the play we to the New Exchange.
_March 8, 1669._--I had walked to the New Exchange and there met Mr
Moore.
_April 7, 1669._--I to the New Exchange to talk with Betty, my little
sempstress.
HANNAH MORE AND GARRICK'S FUNERAL
Adelphi, _Feb. 2, 1779_.
We (Miss Cadogan and myself) went to Charing Cross to see the
melancholy procession. Just as we got there, we received a ticket from
the Bishop of Rochester, to admit us into the Abbey. No admittance
could be obtained but under his hand. We hurried away in a hackney
coach, dreading to be too late. The bell of St Martin's and the
Abbey gave a sound that smote upon my very soul. When we got to the
cloisters, we found multitudes striving for admittance. We gave our
ticket, and were let in, but unluckily we ought to have kept it. We
followed the man, who unlocked a door of iron, and directly closed it
upon us and two or three others, and we found ourselves in a tower,
with a dark winding staircase, consisting of half a hundred stone
steps. When we got to the top there was no way out; we ran down again,
called, and beat the door till the whole pile resounded with our cries.
Here we staid half an hour in perfect agony; we were sure it would be
all over: nay, we might never be let out; we might starve; we might
perish. At length our clamours brought an honest man--a guardian angel,
I then thought him. We implored him to take care of us, and get us into
a part of the Abbey whence we might see the grave. He asked for the
Bishop's ticket, we had given it away to the wrong person, and he was
not obliged to believe we ever had one: yet he saw so much truth in
our grief, that though we were most shabby, and a hundred fine people
were soliciting the same favour, he took us under each arm--carried
us safely through the crowd, and put us in a little gallery directly
over the grave, where we could see and hear everything as distinctly
as if the Abbey had been a parlour. Little things sometimes affect the
mind strongly! We were no sooner recovered from the fresh burst of
grief than I cast my eyes, the first thing, on Handel's monument and
read the scroll in his hand, "I know that my Redeemer liveth." Just at
three the great doors burst open with a noise that shook the roof; the
organ struck up, and the whole choir advanced to the grave, in hoods
and surplices, singing all the way: then Sheridan, as chief mourner;
then the body (alas! whose body), with ten noblemen and gentlemen,
pall-bearers; hardly a dry eye--the very players, bred to the trade of
counterfeiting, shed genuine tears.
As soon as the body was let down, the bishop began the service, which
he read in a low, but solemn and devout manner. Such an awful stillness
reigned, that every word was audible. How I felt it! Judge if my heart
did not assent to the wish that the soul of our dear brother now
departed was in peace. And this is all of Garrick! Yet a very little
while, and he shall say to the worm, "Thou art my brother"; and to
corruption, "Thou art my mother and my sister." So passes away the
fashion of this world. The very night he was buried, the playhouses
were as full, and the Pantheon was as crowded, as if no such thing had
happened: nay, the very mourners of the day partook of the revelries of
the night--the same night too!
As soon as the crowd was dispersed, our friend came to us with an
invitation from the bishop's lady, to whom he had related our disaster,
to come into the deanery. We were carried into her dressing-room,
but being incapable of speech, she very kindly said she would not
interrupt such sorrow, and left us; but sent up wine, cakes, and all
manner of good things, which was really well-timed. I caught no cold,
notwithstanding all I went through.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 71: This was the Great Fire which destroyed nearly every
building of importance in the City, including one hundred and seven
churches and the Royal Exchange. The second Royal Exchange was opened
on September 28, 1669. The recorded visits of Pepys to the New Exchange
ended in April, 1669. Pepys was then busy with state affairs, and his
eyesight was failing. On the latter account he brought the Diary to a
close on May 31 of that year. Of course, he may have visited the New
Exchange after the last entry recorded in his Diary. Indeed, it is
probable that he did so. When we consider what enjoyment he derived
from his various meetings here, from his purchases of play-books and
silk stockings, and from his drinking of whey, the last words in his
Diary become doubly pathetic: "And thus ends all that I doubt I shall
ever be able to do with my own eyes in the keeping of my Journall, I
being not able to do it any longer, having done now so long as to undo
my eyes almost every time that I take a pen in my hand; and therefore,
whatever comes of it, I must forbear: and therefore resolve, from this
time forward, to have it kept by my people in long-hand, and must be
contented to set down no more than is fit for them and all the world to
know; or if there be anything, I must endeavour to keep a margin in my
book open, to add here and there a note in short-hand with my own hand,
and so I betake myself to that course, which is almost as much as to
see myself go into my grave: for which, and all the discomforts that
will accompany my being blind, the good God prepare me!"]
Index
_Absalom and Achitophel_, 227, 255.
Adam, the brothers, call themselves "Adelphi," 3;
obtain a lease of the Durham House property, 75-76;
they effect a marvellous transformation, 76-79;
opposed by the City, they obtain an Act of Parliament for embanking
the river, 79;
interesting letter on the subject, 79-84;
Granville Sharp's strictures, 84;
the brothers in financial difficulties, 85;
they obtain another Act of Parliament, 85;
the Adelphi Lottery, 86-90;
history of the brothers, 90-98;
Robert Adam, 90-97;
James Adam, 97-98;
John Adam, 98;
William Adam, 98.
Adam, the brothers, call themselves "Adelphi," 3.
Adam, James, 90, 92, 97.
Adam, John, 98.
Adam, Robert, 90-97.
Adam, William, 98.
Adam, William (father of the brothers), 91.
Addison, Joseph, 30.
Adelphi, origin of the name, 3;
the brothers Adam obtain the lease of the property, 75-76;
transformation of the property, 76-79;
fruitless opposition of the City, 79-84;
the Adelphi Lottery, 86-90;
Scots workmen succeeded by Irish, 98.
Adelphi Chapel, the, 211-212.
Adelphi Hotel (Osborn's), 180-181, 183-185.
Adelphi Arches, 187-191.
Aggas' Map of London, 8.
Aickin (actor), 148.
Akenside, Mark, 269.
Albans, Duchess of (Harriot Mellon), 200, 202-204, 213-214.
Albans, Duke of, 75-76, 202.
Albemarle, Duchess of ("Nan" Clarges), 63-71.
Albemarle, Duke of, 255.
Albert, Prince Consort, 118.
Aldborough, Lord, 103.
Alexandra, Queen, 212.
Armstrong, Dr, 210, 212.
Arts, Society of, in the Adelphi, 100-122;
description of the paintings in, 108-118.
Ashburton, Baron, 147.
_Atheist, the, or the Soldier's Fortune_, 29.
Aubrey, the antiquary, 17, 220.
Avenue Theatre, 272.
Bacon, Francis, 219-221.
Baddeley, Robert, 148.
_Ballade upon a Wedding_, 253-254.
Bannister, John, 174.
Baron-Wilson, Mrs, 208.
Barré, Isaac, 147.
Barrington, Lord, 181.
Barry, James, 101-118.
Bassompiere, François de, 223-224.
Bathurst, Lady, 159.
Batteville, Baron de, 229.
Beaconsfield, Earl of, 181.
Beauclerk, Lady Diana, 153, 155.
Beauclerk, Topham, 150-153, 158.
Becket, Andrew, 169-171.
_Beggar's Opera, The_, 247.
Bek, Anthony, Bishop of Durham, 3-4.
Bek, Anthony, the second, 3-4.
Bek, Walter, Bishop of Lincoln, 4.
Belty, G.F., 167.
Bensley, W., 148.
Blanchard, E.L., 216-217.
Blanchard, William, 216.
Boleyn, Anne, 11-12.
Boleyn, Thomas, Earl of Wiltshire, 11.
Boscawen, Mrs, 154-155.
Boswell, James, 103, 121, 152-160.
Boyle, Roger, 253.
Brackley, Viscount, 19.
Brandon, Charles, 219.
Brereton, Owen S., 111.
Brereton, William, 148.
Brett, Sir Robert, 251.
Brisden, John, 41.
Britain's Burse (the New Exchange, which see).
Broghill, Lord, 253.
Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, supplied with water from the Adelphi, 240.
Buccleuch, Duke of, 97.
Buckingham, Duke of, the first ("Steenie"), 222-226.
Buckingham, Duke of, the second (Dryden's "Zimri"), 226-229.
Buckingham Street, 241-247.
Burdett, Sir Francis, 201.
Burdett-Coutts, the Baroness, 201, 202, 214.
Burghley, Lord, 221.
Burke, Edmund, 147.
Burney, Dr, 154.
Bury, Richard de, author of _Philobiblon_, 9.
Bute, Lord, 212.
Cademan, Will, 29.
Caledonian Hotel, 214.
Camden, Lord, 147.
Campbell, John, 193-194.
Campbell, Lord Frederick, 97.
Campbell & Coutts, 197.
Carew, Sir George, 12.
Carmarthen, Lord, 243.
Carter, Mrs Elizabeth, 154, 156, 162.
Cavendish, Henry, 255.
Cawarden, Sir Thomas, 251.
Chamberlayne, 157.
Charles the First, 223-224.
Charles II., 38.
Chastillon, de, French Ambassador, 14.
Chinese wall-paper in the Strand, 210-211.
Christmas, Gerrard, 251.
Cibber, Mrs, 248.
Clarendon, Lord, 254-255.
Clarges, "Nan," Duchess of Albemarle, 63-71.
Clarke, John S., 272.
Clemens, Samuel L., 215.
Clinton, Lord, 12.
Clouston, R.S., 92-94.
Coal Meter's Office, 38.
Colman, George, the elder, 147, 174.
Commissioners of Accounts, office of, 36.
_Conscious Lovers, The_, 247.
Constable, John, 242.
Constitutional Club, 269.
Cosmo, the Grand Duke, 27.
_Country Wife, The_, 30.
Coutts, the house of, 192-214.
Coutts, James, 196-197.
Coutts, John, 195-196.
Coutts, Patrick, 195-196.
Coutts, Thomas, 196-213.
Coutts, William, 195.
Covent Garden Theatre, 57, 126, 137, 159, 270.
Coventry, Earl of, 97.
Coventry, Lord Keeper, 36.
Cows in the Adelphi, 189.
Crabbe, George, 181.
Cranmer, Thomas, 11-12.
Craven Street, 269-272.
Creed, John, 39.
_Cricket, The_, 187.
Crofts, Dean of Norwich, 39.
Cromwell, Oliver, 48, 228-229.
Cromwell, Lord, 12.
Cromwell, Richard, 12.
Cunningham, Peter, 76.
_Daily Telegraph, The_, 217.
Danes, St Clement, 162.
_David Copperfield_, scenes from, in the Adelphi, 184, 246-247.
Davies, Thomas, 41.
Delany, Mrs, 166.
Devonshire, Duke of, 147.
Dickens, Charles, frequents the Adelphi when a boy, 182-183;
scenes from _David Copperfield_, 184, 246-247;
from _Pickwick_, 184-185;
banks with Coutts & Co., 212.
Disraeli, Benjamin, 181.
D'Israeli, Isaac, 181, 224.
Dodd, James, 147.
Dowgate, 234.
Drury Lane Theatre, 124-126, 164, 247.
Drury Lane Fund, 124.
Dryden, John, 29, 30, 40, 227.
Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, 14-15.
Dudley, Lady Catherine, 15.
Dudley, Lord Guildford, 15.
Dudley, Sir John, 12.
Duffet, Thomas, 27.
Dundonald, Earl of, 200-201.
Durham House, its origin in the thirteenth century, 3-4;
Otho, the papal legate, the Oxford clergy and scholars make
"solemn submission" to him here, 4-5;
Henry III. shelters here, 6;
Prince (Henry V.) stays here, 6;
Richard de Bury, author of _Philobiblon_, lives here, 8;
Hatfield, Thomas, Bishop of Durham, 7, 9;
Henry VIII. appropriates the house, 10;
grants it to Thomas Boleyn, 11;
Anne Boleyn and Princess Elizabeth, 11;
Cranmer resides here, 11;
great festivities attended by Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn, the Court,
the Mayor of London, etc., 12-13;
Chastillon, the French Ambassador to Edward VI., lodges here, 14;
Edward VI. grants the house to the Princess Elizabeth, 14;
a mint here, 14;
Lady Jane Grey married here, 15;
Queen Elizabeth acquires the house, 14;
grants it to Walter Raleigh, 15;
Raleigh's residence here, 16-20;
Philip Sidney, 16;
Raleigh dispossessed, 18;
his letter of remonstrance, 18;
the case of Glanville _v._ Courtney, 19;
a fire here, 19;
tobacco at Durham House, 20;
falls into decay, 36.
Durham House Street, 8, 21, 72.
Durham Rents, 72.
Durham Yard, 36-37, 71-73, 75.
Durham Yard, fire in, 38-41.
Dyce, William, 242.
Edgecombe, Lady, 159.
Edward III. at Durham House, 9.
Edward IV., 251.
Edward VI., 14, 251.
Edward VII. King, 212, 215.
_Edwin and Angelina_, 258.
Egerton, Lord Chancellor, 221.
Egerton, Thomas (Baron Ellesmere), 19.
Elizabeth, Princess (Queen), 11, 14, 15-16, 17, 221.
Elliston, William, 164.
Embankment, Victoria, the, 191.
Essex, Earl of, 221.
Etherege, Sir George, 29.
Etty, William, 242-243.
Evelyn, 229, 232-233, 247, 263.
Exchange, the New, the laying of the foundation stone, 21;
the Earl of Salisbury proprietor, 21;
opposition of the City, 22;
its interior, 22;
opened by James I. as "Britain's Burse," 22;
Stow's description, 23-24;
the Venetian Ambassador writes about it to the Doge and State of
Venice, 24;
the Earl of Salisbury, 25-26;
Tobie Matthew, 26;
its most flourishing period, 27;
various allusions to it by the dramatists of Charles II. period,
and others, 27-30;
the first edition of _Othello_ published here, 28;
Henry Herringman, the publisher, 29;
Dryden, Otway, Etherege, 29;
Samuel Pepys, 29, 37, 38, 39, [see also Appendix];
Addison, 30;
Rules for the New Exchange, 30-35;
murder here, 44-48;
the "White Milliner," 49-63;
Douglas Jerrold's play on the subject, 57-63;
"Nan" Clarges, Duchess of Albemarle, 63-71;
Gay's _Trivia_, 71;
quack doctors, 71;
overcrowding of the Exchange, 73;
order of the Inner Star Chamber, 74.
Fairfax, General, 226-229.
_Fair Penitent, The_, 141, 247.
Farren, William, 58.
_Fatal Falsehood, The_, 159.
Fergusson, James, 95-96.
Fire at Northumberland House, 263.
FitzHerbert, Mrs, 212.
Flaxman, John, 242.
Foote, Samuel, 41.
Forbes, William, 154.
Fox, C.J., 147, 212.
"Fox-under-the-Hill," the, 186-187.
Franklin, Benjamin, 269.
Fuller, Thomas, 5.
Fuseli, Henry, 242.
Garrick, David, wine merchant in the Adelphi, 40;
purchases No. 5 Adelphi (then Royal) Terrace, 123;
his London home, 1773, until his death in 1779, 123-141;
his last appearance on the stage, 125;
helps in the production of _Percy_, 126;
his friendship for Hannah More, 126, 128, 129;
eulogised by Edmund Burke and Fox, 127;
Hannah More writes to Garrick, 129-131;
his answer, 131;
her thanks, 132;
Garrick presents her with his "Felix Buckles," 133;
he writes to her again and encourages her in regard to her
tragedy, 134-135;
"Mr Garrick's study, Adelphi, ten at night," 136;
the "sour crout party," 138;
Garrick carries Hannah More's dinner from the Adelphi to the
Turk's Head, 138;
his illness and death, 139-141;
his burial in Westminster Abbey, 141, 145-148;
his funeral, 145-148, Appendix;
Johnson's praise of him, 148-152;
Johnson's lament--"two such friends," 158;
Shakespeare's gloves presented to him, 167-169;
he solicits the brothers Adam on behalf of Andrew Becket, the
bookseller, 171;
a doubtful anecdote, 171;
"Anthony Pasquin's" misstatement, 248.
Garrick, Mrs, 128-132, 138-144;
her famous dinner party, 153-158;
her life in Adelphi Terrace, 158-161;
her consideration for Hannah More, 161;
"a great dinner" at her house, 162;
her last letter to Hannah More, 163;
her death and burial in the Abbey, 164;
memoir of, 165-166;
bequeath's Shakespeare's gloves to Mrs Siddons, 166.
Gay, John, 71.
George III., 125, 212.
George IV., 212.
George Court, 21, 72.
Gerbier, Sir Balthazar, 222, 224.
Gibbon, Edward, 181.
_Gilbert Gurney_, 182.
Glanville _v._ Courtney, 19.
Goldsmith, Oliver, 121, 122;
his pathetic letters to Garrick, 167-169, 258-262.
Goodman, Bishop, 16.
Goodman, Godfrey, 225.
Gordon, Lord George, 212.
Graham, James ("Dr"), 172-181.
Grand Hotel, 268.
Great Exhibition of 1851, 268.
Grenville, Lord, 212.
Grey, Lady Jane, 15.
Guns in the Adelphi, 188.
Hackman, James, 270.
Hamilton, Lady (Emma Lyon), 176-178.
Hamilton, Mrs, 162.
Hanway, Jonas, 103.
Hardy, Thomas, 216.
Harley, Robert, 244.
Hastings, Lord, 15.
Hatfield, Thomas, Bishop of Durham, 7, 9.
Hawkins, Sir John, 260.
Haydon, Benjamin, 102.
Haymarket Theatre, 174.
Hazlitt, William, 183.
Heath, Archbishop of York, 8, 219.
Hebden, Sir John, 233.
Heine, Heinrich, 270.
Henderson, John, 245.
Henry III. shelters at Durham House, 5, 251.
Henry V. at Durham House, 6, 251.
Henry VIII. appropriates Durham House, 9-10;
instals Cranmer here, 11;
feasts at Durham House, 12, 251.
Herbert, J.R., 242.
Herbert, Lord, 15.
Herbert, Philip, Earl of Pembroke, 36.
Herringman, Henry, 29.
Hewson, Hugh, 245.
Hill, Aaron, 247.
Hill, Sir Rowland, 120.
Hill, Thomas ("Paul Pry"), 182.
Hilton, William, 242.
Holland, James, 242.
Hood, Thomas, 183.
Hook, Theodore, 182.
Horace's _Art of Poetry_, 29.
Hôtel Métropole, 269.
Hotel Victoria, 269.
Howard, Henry, 251.
Howard, Lady Elizabeth, 252.
Howard, Lord William, 12.
Howard, Thomas, 252.
Howson, John, Bishop of Durham, 36.
Hume, David, 244-245.
Hunt, Leigh, 7, 42, 226, 269.
Irving, Henry, 141, 212.
Ivy Lane, 186-187.
James I., 18, 22, 26, 225, 251.
James, William, Bishop of Durham, 26, 36.
_Jane Shore_, 247.
Jansen, Bernard, 253.
Jerrold, Douglas, 57-63.
Jesse, J.H., 229.
Johnson, Samuel, 103, 121-123, 138, 141, 147, 148;
his praise of Garrick, 152;
he attends Mrs Garrick's famous dinner party, 153-158;
his first meeting with Mrs Garrick after her husband's death, 160;
he pays a morning visit to her house and gives advice to
Hannah More, 161;
banks with Coutts, 212.
Jonathan's Coffee House, 88.
Jones, Inigo, 236.
Jonson, Ben, 220.
Kean, Edmund, 200.
Keeley, Robert, 58.
Killaloe, Bishop of, 157.
King, Tom, 147.
Kingston, Anthony, 12.
Kippis, Andrew, 121, 122.
Kitchener, Lord, 215.
Kneller, Godfrey, 40.
Königsmark, Count, 255-257.
Lamb, Charles, 183.
Lancaster, Duchy of, its Adelphi boundary, 186.
Laud, Archbishop, 222.
Lauderdale, Earl of, 97.
Lawrence, Sir Thomas, 212.
Leicester, Earl of, 6.
Lennox, Duke of, 220.
Lewes, Lee, 148.
Lewis, "Gentleman," 148.
Linton, Sir James D., 215.
Liston, John, 182.
Livingstone, David, 212.
London, the city of, opposes the New Exchange, 22;
opposes the embankment of the Adelphi, 79.
London, the Mayor of, the aldermen and their wives entertained at
Durham House in 1540, 13.
Londonderry, Lord, 212.
Lyon, Emma (Lady Hamilton), 176-178.
Macartney, Lord, 210, 212.
Maclise, Daniel, 242.
Malton, Thomas, 76.
Manchester, Earl of, 255.
_Man of Mode, The_, 29.
Maria, Queen Henrietta, 223-224.
Mary, Queen, 10, 219.
Mathew, Archbishop, 222.
Mathew, Tobias, Bishop of Durham, 18.
Mathew, Tobie, 26.
Mathews, Charles, the Elder, 271.
Mathews, Charles J., 58.
Maude, Cyril, 272.
Mellon, Harriot (Duchess of St Albans), 200, 202-204, 213-214.
Middleton, George, 193-194.
Miller, Thomas, 188.
Monk, Colonel George (Duke of Albemarle), 64-71, 255.
Montague, Mrs, 159.
Moody, John, 148.
More, Hannah, Mr and Mrs Garrick's friendship for her, 126, 128-138;
begs Garrick to write her the prologue to _Percy_, 131;
his gracious reply, 132;
presented by Garrick with his "Felix Buckles," 133;
visits Hampton with the Garricks, and meets many celebrities at
their house, 133;
Garrick writes to her, 134-135;
production of _Percy_, 136;
dines with Garrick's "sour crout party" in the Adelphi, 138;
Garrick carries her dinner to her, 138;
meets many celebrities in company with Garrick, 139;
her first visit to Mrs Garrick after the death of the great
actor, 141-144;
her description of a famous dinner party, 153-154;
her life with Mrs Garrick, 158-163;
Johnson's advice to her, 161;
attends St Clement Dane's, 162;
her "complete holiday" in the Adelphi, 163;
Mrs Garrick's letter to her, 163;
her gratitude to Mr and Mrs Garrick, 164.
_Morning Advertiser_, the (1771), 79.
_Morning Chronicle_, the, 183.
Munday, Anthony, 22.
Munro, Dr Thomas, 181.
Naval Architects, Institution of, 215.
Nelson, Lord, 211, 212.
Northampton House, 251-253.
Northumberland Avenue, 265-269.
Northumberland House, 250-268.
Norwich, Bishop of, 8.
Ogle, Earl of, 255.
Oldys, William, 19.
Osborn's Hotel, 180-181, 183-185.
Ossory, Earl of, 147.
_Othello_, the first edition published in the New Exchange, 28.
Otho, the papal legate, 4.
Otway, Thomas, 29.
Pall Mall, murder in, 256.
Palmer, John, 148.
Palmerston, Viscount, 147.
Parsons, Wm., 147.
"Pasquin, Anthony," 248.
_Paul Pry_, 182.
Peacock, Edwin E., 215.
Pembroke, Earl of, 251.
Pennant, Thomas, his account
of London referred to, 7, 8, 14, 15, 48, 250.
Pepys, Samuel, 29, 37, 38, 39, 52, 67, 229-233, 241.
Percy, Algernon, 252, 254.
Percy, Dr, 157, 259, 263.
_Percy_, Hannah More's tragedy, 126, 131, 133, 135-138.
Percy, Josceline, 255.
Percy, Lady Elizabeth, 255, 257-258.
Peter the Great, 243-244.
Phillips, John, 245.
_Pickwick_, scene in the Adelphi, 183-185.
Pictures at Northumberland House, 263-265.
Pictures at York House, 223.
Pinkerton, John, 198.
Pitt, William, 212, 269.
Playhouse, the, 272.
Ponings, Sir Thomas, 12.
Poole, John, 182.
Pope, Alexander, 212.
Portugal, King of, 212.
Power, Moore's publisher, 245.
Puckering, Sir John, 221.
Pulteney, Richard, 97.
Quacks, 71, 120, 172-181.
Quick, John, 148.
Quincey, De, Thomas, 183.
Rackett, Thomas, 167.
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 16-20, 73.
Ratford, Thomas, 64.
Read, Sir William, 71-72.
_Rehearsal, The_, 227.
Reid, Whitelaw, 215.
_Rejected Addresses_, the, 270.
Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 102, 138, 150, 154-157, 210, 270.
Rigby, Richard, 147.
Roberts, Earl, 215.
Romney, Lord, 101, 103, 110.
Rose, Sir George, 272.
Rounceval, St Mary, 250-251.
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 244-245.
Rowlandson, Thomas, 181.
Sa, don Pantaleon de, 44-48.
Sackville, Charles, 244.
Salisbury, Robert (Lord), 21, 23, 25, 26.
Sandwich Islands, King and Queen of, 180-181.
Savage Club, 215, 217.
Scott, Sir Walter, 212.
Scott, Sir William, 122.
Seymour, Algernon, 258.
Seymour, Charles, 257-258.
Seymour, Sir Thomas, 12, 14-15.
Sharp, Granville, 84.
Sharrington, Sir William, 14.
Sheffield, Lord, 181.
_She Would if She Could_, 29.
Shipley, William, 100.
Siddons, Mrs, Shakespeare's gloves bequeathed to her by Garrick, 166.
Sidney, Philip, 16.
Sidney, Sir Henry, 16.
_Sir Martin Marrall_, 40.
Smith, Horatio ("Horace"), 270.
Smith, J.T., 242.
Smith, James, 270, 272.
Smith, "Strata," 245.
Smith, W.F.D., 212.
Smithson, Sir Hugh, 258, 262.
Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 269.
Somerset, Earl of, 221.
Spain, Queen of, 212.
_Spectator_, the (Addison's), 30.
Spencer, Earl, 147.
Spencer, Lady, 159.
Spencer, Lord Charles, 147.
_Standard, The_, 267.
Stanfield, Clarkson, 242.
Starkie, Susan, 200.
State Papers, the, 21, 30, 44.
Steele, Richard, 247.
Stephen, Thomas, 196.
Stone, Nicholas, 236.
Stormont, Viscount, 97.
Stothard, Thomas, 242.
Stow, John, his Survey referred to, 6, 12, 22, 186, 218, 250.
Stowell, Baron, 122.
Strand, the, its ancient state, 249-250.
Strype, John, 36, 187, 219.
Stuart, John, 245.
Suckling, Sir John, 253.
Suffolk, Earl of, 252.
Suffolk House, 252.
Surrey, Earl of, 12.
Syon House, 94, 264.
_Tatler, The_ (1709), 40.
Tennyson, Alfred, 212.
"Three Crowns in the Strand," the, 194, 208.
Three Graces, the, 201.
Thynne, Thomas, 255-257.
Timbs, John, 187.
Toole, John Lawrence, 182.
Trayleman, John, 227.
_Trivia_, Gay's, 71.
Tunstall, Cuthbert, Bishop of Durham, 10, 15.
Turk's Head, the, 138.
Turner, J.H., 242.
Twain, Mark, 215.
Tyrconnel, Duchess of (the "White Milliner"), 49-63.
Venetian Ambassador, the, 24.
Vernon (actor), 147.
Vesey, Mrs, 159.
Vestris, Madame, 57, 58.
Victoria, Queen, 120, 212.
Villiers Street, 247-248.
Vining, James, 58.
Voltaire, 41-43, 248.
Wales, Prince of (1874), 103.
Walkley, Thomas, the first publisher of _Othello_, 28.
Waller, Sir William, 255.
Walpole, Horace, 49, 51, 79, 92, 98, 162, 174.
Ward, Joshua, 120.
Wellington, the Duke of, 212.
Wellwood, James, 244.
Westminster, city of, its Adelphi boundary, 186.
West, Benjamin, 212.
Wheatley, Henry B., _The Adelphi and its Site_, 89, 245.
"White Milliner," the (Frances Jennings, Duchess of Tyrconnel), 49-63.
_White Milliner, The_, Douglas Jerrold's play, 57-63.
William IV., 212.
Wilson, Thomas, 26, 35, 72-73.
Wine licenses granted in the Adelphi in 1675, 38.
Wood, Anthony, 40.
Worcester House, 8.
Wycherley, William, 30.
Yates, Richard, 147.
York, Archbishop of, 8.
York House, 8, 219-234.
York Water-Gate, 235-239.
York Water-Works, 239-241.
_Zara_, 247-248.
Zucchi, Antonio, 215.