MUSEUM AND MISCELLANEOUS WORK
Much of the substance of this chapter has been already alluded to in the
earlier portions of the present volume; but it has been found convenient
to give Sir William’s views on the objects and arrangement of museums
somewhat more fully in this place, while reference is also made to
various items of miscellaneous work which do not fall within the scope of
either of the three previous chapters.
Of Flower’s hereditary interest in the crusade against tight
bearing-reins, and his official connection with the Anti-Bearing-Rein
Association, sufficient mention has been already made in the first
chapter. It will likewise be unnecessary in this place to do more than
mention his _Diagrams of the Nerves of the Human Body_ published in 1861,
to his “Supplement to the Catalogue of the Pathological Series in the
Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons,” issued in 1863, and to certain
articles on surgical subjects contributed by him at an early portion of
his career. All these, coupled with the practical experience he gained
during his Crimean service, indicate, however, that had Sir William
decided to devote his energies and talents to surgery as a permanent
occupation, there is little doubt he would have risen to high eminence in
that profession.
The little work entitled _Fashion in Deformity_, is based on a Friday
Evening lecture at the Royal Institution, delivered on 7th May 1880,
and first published in the _Proceedings_ of the Institution for the
same year. In its separate, and more fully illustrated form, it was
issued in 1881. This is certainly one of Flower’s most original efforts,
touching upon ground much of which has received but little notice from
either earlier or later writers. The subjects discussed include the
origin of fashion; mutilations of domesticated animals by man for the
sake of fashion; fashion in hair and in finger-nails; tattooing; fashion
in noses, ears, lips, teeth, and head, the latter being illustrated by
the curious custom prevalent among certain widely sundered races of
forcibly compressing the cranium in infancy by means of bandages, so as
to permanently modify and alter its contour to a greater or less degree.
Analogous to this compression of the head is the crippling by bandages of
the feet of Chinese female infants, which is described in some detail.
But the author is of opinion that European nations are scarcely less to
blame in the matter of distorting the feet for the sake of fashion; and
pointed-toed and high-heeled boots and shoes come in for his most severe
condemnation. Neither, as mentioned in the first chapter, was he less
scathing in his diatribes against the corset and tight-lacing. That the
last-mentioned article of female attire is likewise charged in certain
instances with being the inducing cause of cancer was however probably
unknown to him.
That these strictures against the prevalent fashions of our own days
had little or no practical result (certainly none in the case of the
female sex), may be taken for granted. The work has, however, a very
considerable amount of interest as illustrating a number of instances of
the manner in which uncivilised nations modify and mutilate various parts
of the body for the sake of what they are pleased to regard as ornament,
or fashion; and is therefore a valuable contribution to ethnology.
The address delivered by Flower at the meeting of the Church Congress,
held at Reading in 1883, on the bearing of recent scientific advances on
the Christian faith, has likewise been alluded to in the first chapter.
It will therefore suffice here to quote a portion of the concluding
paragraph, which demonstrates that nothing among modern discoveries had
served to shake in the very slightest degree the author’s profound belief
in all the essential truths of the faith of his forefathers.
“Science,” he observes, “has thrown some light, little enough at present,
but ever increasing, and for which we should all be thankful, upon the
processes or methods by which the world in which we dwell has been
brought into its present condition. The wonder and mystery of Creation
remain as wonderful and mysterious as before. Of the origin of the whole,
science tells us nothing. It is still as impossible as ever to conceive
that such a world, governed by laws, the operations of which have led to
such mighty results, and are attended by such future promise, could have
originated without the intervention of some power external to itself. If
the succession of small miracles, supposed to regulate the operations of
nature, no longer satisfies us, have we not substituted for them one of
immeasurable greatness and grandeur?”
Although he does not say so in so many words, there is little doubt
(reading between the lines) that Flower regarded the evolution of
animated Nature as part of a preordained divine plan, and that he had
little, if any, faith in such theories as “survival of the fittest,” as
the true explanation of Nature’s riddle.
This address, like most of the other addresses and papers discussed in
this chapter, is reprinted in _Essays on Museums_.
We pass now to the concluding portion of our subject, namely Flower’s
influence and example in modifying and advancing previous conceptions as
to the functions and objects of museums, and the mode and manner in which
their contents should be arranged and distributed: on the one hand for
the purpose of instructing and interesting the public, and on the other
for advancing the study of biological science. In many respects this was
perhaps the most important item in Flower’s life-work; and he may be said
to have created the art of museum development and display.
In regard to the value and importance of his labours in this respect, no
better testimony can be adduced than that given by such a distinguished
adept in this kind of work as Professor E. Ray Lankester, the present
Director of the Natural History Departments of the British Museum.
“The arrangement and exhibition of specimens designed and carried out by
Flower in both instances,” writes Professor Lankester, after alluding to
his predecessor’s labours first at the Royal College of Surgeons, and
afterwards at the British Museum, “was so definite an improvement on
previous methods, that he deserves to be considered as an originator
and inventor in museum work. His methods have not only met with general
approval, and their application with admiration, but they have been
largely adapted and copied by other Curators and Directors of public
museums both at home and abroad.”
Much has been said with regard to Flower’s views on museum arrangement in
the chapter devoted to his official connection with the British Museum.
It may, however, be permissible to repeat that in his epoch-making
address on museum organisation, delivered before the British Association
in 1889, he insisted, in the case of large central public museums, on the
absolute necessity of separating the study from the exhibition series;
and likewise on the limited number and careful selection of the specimens
which should be shown to the public in the latter, and the prime
importance of carefully-written and simply-worded descriptive labels for
each group of specimens, if not, indeed, for each individual specimen.
His idea was, in fact, that the specimens should illustrate the labels
rather than the labels the specimens. A limited number, rather than
an extensive series, of exhibited specimens, and ample room for each,
were also features in his progress of reform. Not less emphatic was Sir
William on the importance of combining the extinct with the living forms
in our museums; but this, as stated elsewhere, he was unable to carry out
in the national collection.
It was, however, by no means only in our great national museums that
Flower took so much interest, and advocated (and to a great extent
succeeded in carrying out) such sweeping and beneficial changes. He
was equally convinced of the supreme importance and value, as educating
media, of school and county museums, if organised and kept up on proper
and rational lines; and he did all that lay in his power to promote the
establishment, extension, or development of institutions of this nature.
At the request of the Head-Master, in 1889, Flower furnished some written
advice as to the best method of arranging a museum at Eton College, and
these were published as an article in _Nature_ for that year, under the
title of “School Museums.” The writer observed that the subjects best
adapted for such a museum are zoology, botany, mineralogy, and geology;
adding that “everything in the museum should have some distinct object,
coming under one or other of the above subjects, and under one or other
of the series defined below, and everything else should be rigorously
excluded. The Curator’s business will be quite as much to keep useless
specimens out of the museum as to acquire those that are useful.” It was
further urged that the “Index Museum,” in the Natural History Museum,
furnished the best guide to the lines on which a school museum should be
furnished and arranged, but that the exhibits should be restricted to a
simpler and less detailed series.
Under the title of “Natural History as a Vocation,” Sir William published
in _Chambers’ Journal_ for April 1897 an article dealing with biology
as a profession, and also discussing the best means of encouraging and
directing the “collecting instinct,” which is so marked a feature in
some boys. This article is reprinted in _Essays on Museums_, under the
title of “Boys’ Museums.” It serves to show that Flower considered the
aforesaid “collecting instinct” worthy, under certain restrictions, of
every encouragement.
Since the appearance of Flower’s article pointing out their value and
importance, natural history museums have been established at many, if not
most, of our public schools besides Eton. Those at Marlborough, Rugby,
and Haileybury may be specially noticed as being, to a great extent,
arranged on the lines advocated by Sir William.
As regards county and other local museums, Flower in the article under
the latter title, published in _Essays on Museums_, advocated that these,
in addition to natural history specimens, should likewise illustrate the
archæology, and indeed the general history of the district; obsolete
implements, such as flint-and-steel and candle-snuffers, if of local
origin, legitimately finding a place within its walls. The natural
history of the locality, needless to say, should be well illustrated, and
so arranged and named that any visitor can easily identify every creature
and plant he may have met with during his rambles in the district.
The subject of administration is next discussed, when after fully
admitting the value of volunteer assistance, the writer lays it down as
imperative that a competent paid Curator must be engaged if the museum is
to be really useful and to properly fulfil its purpose.
Now that so many institutions of this nature are under the control of
the County Councils, and their expenses defrayed out of the rates, the
following passage has a most important bearing on the management of
local museums:—
“The scope of the museum,” observes Sir William, “should be strictly
defined and limited; there must be nothing like the general miscellaneous
collection of ‘curiosities,’ thrown indiscriminately together, which
constituted the old-fashioned country museum. I think we are all agreed
as to the local character predominating. One section should contain
antiquities and illustrations of local manners and customs; another
section, local natural history, zoology, botany, and geology. The
boundaries of the county will afford a good limit for both. Everything
not occurring in a state of nature within that boundary should be
rigorously excluded. In addition to this, it may be desirable to have a
small general collection designed and arranged specially for elementary
instruction in science.”
These words of warning deserve, in the present writer’s opinion, more
attention than they have yet received at the hands of those responsible
for the administration of not a few local museums.
It may be added that Flower was of opinion that ordinary local museums
should not undertake original research work, which should be reserved
for the larger establishments in our chief cities and the metropolis.
With the means at their disposal—often insufficient even for the proper
functions—local museums should have quite enough to do in illustrating
local products.
Not that Sir William Flower was of opinion that, in our larger cities,
museums of a totally different nature from the local museum on the one
hand and from the general museum on the other, may not have a justifiable
_locus standi_. This is amply demonstrated by his remarks (republished
in _Essays on Museums_) on the occasion of the opening of the Booth
Museum at Brighton, in November 1890, which contains one of the finest
and best mounted collection of British birds in the kingdom.
FOOTNOTES
[1] The writer is indebted to the Secretary of the Middlesex Hospital for
these particulars.
[2] At the cost of a gap in the systematic series, a step has been
subsequently made in this direction by the transference of the elephants
and sea-cows to the Geological Department.
[3] An American writer has recently attributed, quite unjustifiably, the
names in question to Flower.
[4] The present writer has the less compunction in making this assertion,
seeing that he himself is responsible for naming no inconsiderable number
of these so-called sub-species of mammals.
[5] _Scottish Review_, April, 1900, p. 5.
[6] From the extract from Professor M’Intosh’s notice of Flower’s work
above cited, it might be inferred that Owen first proposed the terms
Archencephala, Gyrencephala, etc., at the Cambridge Meeting of the
British Association in 1862. This is not so, as these terms were used by
him in a paper read before the Linnæan Society in 1857, and also in his
Reade Lecture “On the Classification and Geographical Distribution of the
Mammalia,” delivered at Cambridge on 10th May, 1859, and published in
London (by J. W. Parker) as a separate volume the same year.
[7] _American Journal of Science_, vol. xi. p. 336 (1901).
APPENDIX A
SOME BIOGRAPHICAL AND OBITUARY NOTICES OF SIR WILLIAM FLOWER.
_The Biograph and Review_, vol. vi. No. 31 (1881).
_Medical News_, 16th December 1881.
_Contemporary Medical Men_, London, 1887.
_The Times_, 3rd July 1899.
_The Spectator_, July 1899.
_Nature_, 13th July 1889. Professor E. R. Lankester.
_Natural Science_, August 1899. R. Lydekker.
_Geological Magazine_, August 1899. Dr. H. Woodward.
_Scottish Review_, April 1900. Professor M’Intosh.
“Year-book” of the Royal Society, 1901. W. C. M.
“Sir William Henry Flower, K.C.B.; A Personal Memoir.” By C. J. Cornish.
London, 1904.
APPENDIX B
LIST OF THE MORE IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF SIR WILLIAM FLOWER.
A. BOOKS AND SEPARATE PAMPHLETS.
1. “Diagrams of the Nerves of the Human Body, Exhibiting their Origin,
Divisions, and Connections.” London, 1861.
2. “A Supplement to the Catalogue of the Pathological Series in the
Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons.” London, 1863.
3. “Introductory Lectures to the Course of Comparative Anatomy, delivered
at the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1870.” London, 1870.
4. “An Introduction to the Osteology of the Mammalia,” being the
substance of the course of lectures delivered at the Royal College of
Surgeons of England in 1870. London, 1870. Second edition, 1876. Third
edition (revised with the assistance of Hans Gadow), 1885.
5. “Catalogue of the Specimens illustrating the Osteology and Dentition
of Vertebrated Animals, Recent and Extinct, contained in the Museum of
the Royal College of Surgeons of England.” London. Part I. Man (1879);
Part II. Mammalia (1884), written in conjunction with Dr. J. G. Garson.
6. “Fashion in Deformity, as Illustrated in the Customs of Barbarous and
Civilised Races.” (_Nature_ series). London, 1881. Also published in the
_Proceedings_ of the Royal Institution for 1880.
7. “Recent Advances in Natural Science, in their Relation to the
Christian Faith.” A paper read before the Church Congress, 1885. London,
1885.
8. “Recent Memoirs on the Cetacea,” by Eschricht, Reinhardt, and
Lilljeborg. A Translation. London (Ray Society), 1866.
9. “List of the Specimens of Cetacea in the Zoological Department of the
British Museum.” London, 1885.
10. “An Introduction to the Study of Mammals Living and Extinct” (written
in collaboration with R. Lydekker). London, 1891.
11. “The Horse: a Study in Natural History.” London, 1891.
12. “Essays on Museums and Other Subjects connected with Natural
History.” London, 1898.
B. ZOOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL MEMOIRS, ARTICLES, AND NOTES PUBLISHED IN
SCIENTIFIC SERIALS, ETC.
_a. In the “Philosophical Transactions” of the Royal Society of London._
13. “Observations on the Posterior Lobes of the Cerebrum of the
Quadrumana, with the Description of the Brain of a Galago,” vol. clii.
pp. 185-201 (1862). Abstract in _Proc. Roy. Soc._, vol. xi. pp. 376-381
(1860).
14. “On the Commissures of the Cerebral Hemispheres of the Marsupialia
and Monotremata, as compared with those of the Placental Mammals,” vol.
clv. pp. 633-651 (1865). Abstract in _Proc. Roy. Soc._, vol. xiv. pp.
71-74 (1865.)
15. “On the Development and Succession of the Teeth in the Marsupialia,”
vol. clvii. pp. 631-642 (1867). Abstract in _Proc. Roy. Soc._, vol. xv.
pp. 464-468 (1867), and in _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._, vol. xx. pp. 129-133
(1867.)
16. “On a Newly-discovered Extinct Mammal from Patagonia
(_Homalodontotherium cunninghami_),” vol. clxiv. pp. 173-182 (1874).
Abstract in _Proc. Roy. Soc._, vol. xxi. p. 383 (1873).
17. “Seals and Cetaceans from Kerguelen Island (_Transit of Venus
Expeditions_, 1874 and 1875),” vol. clxviii. pp. 95-100 (1876).
_b. In the “Proceedings” of the Royal Society of London._
18. Reply to Professor Owen’s paper: “On Zoological Names of
Characteristic Parts and Homological Interpretations and Beginnings,
especially in reference to Connecting Fibres of the Brain,” vol. xiv. pp.
134-139 (1865).
_c. In the “Transactions” of the Zoological Society of London._
19. “On the Brain of the Javan Loris (_Stenops javanicus_, Illig.),” vol.
v. pp. 103-111 (1866).
20. “Description of the Skeleton of _Inia geoffroyensis_, and of the
Skull of _Pontoporia blainvillei_,” vol. vi. pp. 87-116 (1869).
21. “On the Osteology of the Sperm-Whale or Cachalot (_Physeter
macrocephalus_),” vol. vi. pp. 309-372 (1869).
22. “Description of the Skeleton of the Chinese White Dolphin (_Delphinus
sinensis_),” vol. vii. pp. 151-160 (1872).
23. “On Risso’s Dolphin (_Grampus griseus_),” vol. viii. pp. 1-21 (1873).
24. “On the Recent Ziphioid Whales, with a Description of the Skeleton
of _Berardius arnuxi_,” vol. viii. pp. 203-234 (1873).
25. “A Further Contribution to the Knowledge of the Existing Ziphioid
Whales; Genus _Mesoplodon_,” vol. x. pp. 415-437 (1878).
_d. In the “Proceedings” of the Zoological Society of London._
26. “Notes on the Dissection of a Species of Galago,” 1852, pp. 73-75.
27. “On the Structure of the Gizzard of the Nicobar Pigeon and
Granivorous Birds,” 1860, pp. 330-334.
28. “Notes on the Anatomy of _Pithecia monachus_, Geoffr.,” 1862, pp.
326-333.
29. “On the Optic Lobes of the Brain of the _Echidna_,” 1864, pp. 18-20.
30. “On a Lesser Fin-Whale (_Balænoptera rostrata_, Fabr.) recently
stranded on the Norfolk Coast,” 1864, pp. 252-258.
31. “On the Brain of the Red Howling Monkey (_Mycetes seniculus_,
Linn.),” 1864, pp. 335-338.
32. “Notes on the Skeletons of Whales in the Principal Museums of Holland
and Belgium, with Descriptions of Two Species, apparently new to Science
(_Sibbaldius schlegeli_ and _Physalus latirostris_),” 1864, pp. 384-420.
33. “On a New Species of Grampus (_Orca meridionalis_), from Tasmania,”
1864, pp. 420-426.
34. “Note on _Pseudorca meridionalis_,” 1865, pp. 470-471.
35. “On _Physalus sibbaldii_, Gray,” 1865, pp. 472-474.
36. “Observations upon a Fin-Whale (_Physalus antiquorum_, Gray) recently
stranded in Pevensey Bay,” 1865, pp. 699-705.
37. “On the Gular Pouch of the Great Bustard (_Otis tarda_, Linn.),”
1865, pp. 747-748.
38. “Note on the Visceral Anatomy of _Hyomoschus aquaticus_,” 1867, pp.
954-960.
39. “On the Probable Identity of the Fin-Whales described as _Balænoptera
carolinæ_, Malm., and _Physalus sibbaldii_, Gray,” 1868, pp. 187-189.
40. “On the Development and Succession of the Teeth in the Armadillos,”
1868, pp. 378-380.
41. “On the Value of the Characters of the Base of the Cranium in the
Classification of the Order Carnivora, and on the Systematic Position of
_Bassaris_ and Other Disputed Forms,” 1869, pp. 4-37.
42. “Note on a Substance Ejected from the Stomach of a Hornbill,” 1869,
p. 150.
43. “On the Anatomy of the _Proteles cristatus_, Sparmann,” 1869, pp.
474-496.
44. “Additional Note on a Specimen of the Common Fin-Whale (_Physalus
antiquorum_, Gray, _Balænoptera musculus_, Auct.) Stranded in Langston
Harbour, November 1869,” 1870, pp. 330 and 331.
45. “On the Anatomy of _Ælurus fulgens_, Fr. Cuv.,” 1870, pp. 752-769.
46. “On the Skeleton of the Australian Cassowary,” 1871, pp. 32-35.
47. “On the Occurrence of the Ringed or Marbled Seal (_Phoca hispida_) on
the Coast of Norfolk, with Remarks on the Synonymy of the Species,” 1861,
pp. 506-512.
48. “Remarks on a Rare Australian Whale of the Genus _Ziphius_,” 1871, p.
631.
49. “Note on the Anatomy of the Two-Spotted Paradoxure (_Nandinia
binotata_),” 1872, pp. 683 and 684.
50. “On the Structure and Affinities of the Musk-deer, (_Moschus
moschiferus_, Linn.),” 1875, pp. 159-190.
51. “Description of the Skull of a Species of _Xiphodon_, Cuvier,” 1876,
pp. 3-7.
52. “On some Cranial and Dental Characters of the Existing Species of
Rhinoceros,” 1876, pp. 443-457.
53. “Remarks upon _Ziphius novæ-zealandiæ_ and _Mesoplodon floweri_,”
1876, pp. 477 and 478.
54. “On the Skull of a Rhinoceros (_R. lasiotis_, Scl.) from India,”
1878, pp. 634-636.
55. “On the Common Dolphin (_Delphinus delphis_, Linn.),” 1879, pp.
382-384.
56. “Remarks upon a Drawing of _Delphinus tursio_,” 1879, p. 386.
57. “Remarks upon the Skull of a Female Otaria (_Otaria gillespii_),”
1879, p. 551.
58. “Remarks upon the Skull of a Beluga, or White Whale (_Delphinapterus
leucas_),” 1879, pp. 667-669.
59. “On the Cæcum of the Red Wolf (_Canis jubatus_, Desm.),” 1879, pp.
766 and 767.
60. “On the Bush-Dog (_Icticyon venaticus_, Lund),” 1880, pp. 70-76.
61. “On the Elephant-Seal (_Macrorhinus leoninus_, Linn.),” 1881, pp.
145-162.
62. “Notes on the Habits of the Manatee,” 1881, pp. 453-456.
63. “On the Mutual Affinities of the Animals composing the Order
Edentata,” 1882, pp. 358-367.
64. “On the Cranium of a New Species of _Hyperöodon_, from the Australian
Seas,” 1882, pp. 392-396.
65. “On the Skull of a Young Chimpanzee,” 1882, pp. 634-636.
66. “On the Whales of the Genus _Hyperöodon_,” 1882, pp. 722-734.
67. “On the Arrangement of the Orders and Families of existing Mammalia,”
1883, pp. 178-186.
68. “On the Characters and Divisions of the Family _Delphinidæ_,” 1883,
pp. 466-513.
69. “On a Specimen of Rudolphi’s Rorqual (_Balænoptera borealis_, Lesson)
lately taken on the Essex Coast,” 1883, pp. 513-517.
70. “Remarks on the Burmese Elephant lately deposited in the Society’s
Gardens,” 1884, p. 44.
71. “Remarks upon Four Skulls of the Common Bottle-nose Whale
(_Hyperöodon rostratus_), showing the Development, with Age, of the
Maxillary Crests,” 1884, p. 206.
72. “Exhibition of a Mass of pure Spermaceti, obtained from the
‘head-matter’ of _Hyperöodon_,” 1884, p. 206.
73. “Note on the Dentition of a young Capybara (_Hydrochærus capybara_),”
1884, pp. 252 and 253.
74. “Note on the Names of Two Genera of _Delphinidæ_,” 1884, p. 417.
75. “Remarks upon a Specimen of Rudolphi’s Rorqual (_Balænoptera
borealis_) taken in the Thames, 1887,” p. 564.
76. “On the Pygmy Hippopotamus of Liberia (_Hippopotamus liberiensis_,
Morton), and its Claims to Distinct Generic Rank,” 1887, pp. 612-614.
77. “Remarks upon a Specimen of a Japanese Cock, with Elongated Upper
Tail-coverts,” 1888, p. 248.
78. “Remarks upon the Skin of the Face of a Male African Rhinoceros with
a Third Horn,” 1889, p. 448.
79. “Remarks upon a Photograph of the Nest of a Hornbill (_Tocus
melanoleucus_), in which the Female was shown ‘walled in,’” 1890, p. 401.
80. “Remarks on the Rules of Zoological Nomenclature,” 1896, pp. 319-320.
_e. In the “Natural History Review.”_
81. “On the Brain of the Siamang (_Hylobates syndactylus_, Raffles),”
1863, pp. 279-287.
82. “Note on the Number of Cervical Vertebræ in the Sirenia,” 1864, pp.
259-264.
_f. In the “Journal of Anatomy and Physiology.”_
83. “On the Homologies and Notation of the Teeth of the Mammalia,” vol.
iii. pp. 262-278 (1869); Abstract in _Rep. Brit. Assoc._, vol. xxxviii.
(Trans. of Sections), pp. 262-288 (1868).
84. “On the Composition of the Carpus of the Dog,” series 2, vol. vi. pp.
62-64 (1870).
85. “On the Correspondence between the Parts Composing the Shoulder and
the Pelvic Girdle of the Mammalia,” vol. vi. pp. 239-249 (1870).
86. “Note on the Carpus of the Sloths,” vol. vii. pp. 255 and 256 (1873).
_g. In the “Quarterly Journal” of the Geological Society of London._
87. “On the Affinities and Probable Habits of the Extinct Australian
Marsupial, _Thylacoleo carnifex_, Owen,” vol. xxiv. pp. 307-319 (1868).
88. “Description of the Skull of a Species of _Halitherium_ (_H.
canhami_) from the Red Crag of Suffolk,” vol. xxx. pp. 1-7 (1874).
89. “Note on the Occurrence of Remains of _Hyænarctus_ in the Red Crag of
Suffolk,” vol. xxxiii. pp. 534-536 (1877).
_h. In the “Proceedings” of the Royal Institution._
90. “On Palæontological Evidence of Gradual Modification of Animal
Forms,” vol. vii. pp. 94-104 (1873).
91. “The Extinct Animals of North America,” vol. viii. pp. 103-105
(1876), and _Popular Science Review_, vol. xv. pp. 267-298 (1876).
92. “On Whales, Past and Present, and their Probable Origin,” vol. x. pp.
360-376 (1883).
_i. In the “Report” of the British Association for the Advancement of
Science._
93. “On the Connexion of the Hyoid Arch with the Cranium,” vol. xl.
(Trans. of Sections), pp. 136 and 137 (1870).
94. “A Century’s Progress in Zoological Knowledge,” vol. xlviii., pp.
549-558 (1878), and _Nature_, vol. xviii. pp. 419-423 (1878).
_j. In the Annals and Magazine of Natural History._
95. “On a Sub-Fossil Whale (_Eschrichtius robustus_) Discovered in
Cornwall,” ser. 4, vol. ix. pp. 440-442 (1872).
96. “Extinct Lemurina,” ser. 4, vol. xvii. pp. 323-328 (1876).
_k. In the “Journal” of the Royal Colonial Institute._
97. “Whales and Whale Fisheries”: a Lecture delivered at the Royal
Colonial Institute on 8th January 1885 (1885).
_l. In Nature._
98. “On the Arrangement and Nomenclature of the Lobes of the Liver in
Mammalia,” vol. vi. pp. 346-365 (1872); and also _Rep. Brit. Assoc._,
vol. xlii. (Trans. of Sections), pp. 150 and 151 (1872).
99. “On the Ziphioid Whales,” vol. v. pp. 103-106 (1872).
100. “Museum Specimens for Teaching Purposes,” vol. xv. pp. 144-146,
184-186, and 204-206 (1876).
_m. In the “Transactions” of the Geological Society of Cornwall._
101. “On the Bones of a Whale found at Petuan,” 1872, 8 pp.
_n. In the “Bulletin” of the Brussels Academy._
102. “Sur le basin et le fémur d’une Balénoptère,” vol. xxi. pp. 131 and
132 (1866).
_o. In the “Medical Times” and “Gazette.”_
103. “Comparative Anatomy,” a Lecture, 1870.
104. “Lectures on the Comparative Anatomy of the Organs of Digestion of
the Mammalia,” delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons of England, in
February and March 1872.
_p. In the “Transactions” of the Odontological Society of London._
105. “On the First or Milk Dentition of the Mammalia,” vol. iii. pp.
211-232 (1871).
106. “Note on the Specimens of Abnormal Dentition in the Museum of the
Royal College of Surgeons,” vol. xii. pp. 32-47 (1880).
_q. In the “British Medical Journal.”_
107. “Dentition of the Mammalia,” 1871.
108. “History of Extinct Mammals, and their Relation to Existing Forms,”
1874.
109. “The Anatomy of the Cetacea and Edentata,” 1881 and 1882.
_r. In the “Encyclopædia Britannica,” 9th Ed._
110. “The Horse,” vol. xii. pp. 172-181 (1881).
111. “Mammalia” (_Insectivora_, _Chiroptera_ and _Rodentia_, by G. E.
Dobson), vol. xv. pp. 347-446 (1883).
112. “Whale,” vol. xxiv. pp. 523-529 (1888).
And other articles.
_s. In the “Report” of the Council of the Zoological Society._
113. “On the Progress of Zoology”: Address to the General Meeting held at
the Society’s Gardens, 16th June 1887. Appendix, 1887, pp. 37-67.
_t. In the “Transactions” of the Middlesex Natural History Society._
114. “Horns and Antlers,” 1887, pp. 1-10.
C. ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS.
_a. In the “Journal” of the Anthropological Institute._
115. “Illustrations of the Modes of Preserving the Dead in Darnley Island
and in South Australia,” vol. viii. pp. 389-394 (1879).
116. “On the Osteology and Affinities of the Natives of the Andaman
Islands,” vol. ix. pp. 108-135 (1879).
117. “On the Cranial Characters of the Natives of the Fiji Islands,” vol.
x. pp. 153-173 (1880).
118. “On a Collection of Monumental Heads and Artificially deformed
Crania from the Island of Mallicollo, in the New Hebrides,” vol. xi. pp.
75-81 (1881).
119. “On the Aims and Prospects of the Study of Anthropology,” vol. xiii.
pp. 488-501 (1884).
120. “Additional Observations on the Osteology of the Natives of the
Andaman Islands,” vol. xiv. pp. 115-120 (1884).
121. “On the size of the Teeth as a Character of Race,” vol. xiv. pp.
183-186 (1884).
122. “On the Classification of the Varieties of the Human Species,” vol.
xiv. pp. 378-395 (1885).
122A. “On a Nicobarese Skull,” vol. xvi. pp. 147-149 (1886).
123. “Description of two Skeletons of Akkas, a Pygmy Race from Central
Africa,” vol. xviii. pp. 3-19 (1888).
124. “On two Skulls from a Cave in Jamaica,” vol. xx. pp. 110-112 (1890).
_b. In the “Report” of the British Association._
125. “Methods and Results of Measurements of the Capacity of Human
Crania,” 1878, pp. 581, 582; and _Nature_, vol. xviii. pp. 480, 481
(1878).
126. “The Study and Progress of Anthropology” (Address to Anthrop. Dept.
of Zoological Section), 1881, pp. 682-689; and _Nature_, vol. xxiv. pp.
436-439 (1881).
_c. In “Nature.”_
127. “The Comparative Anatomy of Man” (Abstract of Lectures), vol. xx.
pp. 222-225, 244-246 (1879), and 267-269; vol. xxii. pp. 59-61, 78-80,
97-100 (1880).
_d. In the “British Medical Journal.”_
128. “The Anatomical Characters of the Races of Man,” 1879 and 1880.
_e. In the “Journal of Anatomy and Physiology.”_
129. “On the Scapular Index as a Race-Character in Man,” vol. xiv., pp.
13-17 (1880), written in co-operation with Dr. J. G. Garson.
_f. In the Manchester Science Lectures for the People._
130. “The Aborigines of Tasmania, an Extinct Race.” A Lecture delivered
in Hulme Town Hall, Manchester, 30th November 1878, ser. x. pp. 41-53.
_g. In “Report” of Glasgow Science Lectures Association._
131. “The Races of Man,” 53 pp. Glasgow (1878).
_h. In the “Proceedings” of the Royal Institution._
132. “The Native Races of the Pacific Ocean,” vol. viii. pp. 602-652
(1878).
133. “The Pygmy Races of Men,” vol. xii. pp. 266-283 (1888).
D. ON MUSEUMS AND MUSEUM ARRANGEMENTS.
134. “The Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.”
Presidential Address to the Anatomical Section of the International
Medical Congress, held in London, 4th August 1881. [Reprinted in _Essays
on Museums_, as are the other papers and addresses quoted under this
heading.]
135. “Museum Organisation.” Presidential Address to the British
Association for the Advancement of Science, at the Newcastle-on-Tyne
Meeting, 11th September 1889. _Rep. Brit. Assoc._, 1889.
136. “School Museums: Suggestions for the Formation and Arrangement of
Natural History in connection with a Public School.” _Nature_, 26th
December 1889.
137. “The Booth Museum.” Address at the Opening of the Booth Museum,
Brighton, 3rd November 1890. _Zoologist_, December 1890.
138. “Local Museums.” From a letter in support of the establishment of a
County Museum for Buckinghamshire (24th November 1891), and an Address at
the Opening of the Perth Museum (29th November 1895).
139. “Modern Museums.” Presidential Address to the Museums’ Association,
at the Meeting held in London, 3rd July 1893. _Museums’ Association
Journal_, 1893.
140. “Natural History as a Vocation (Boys’ Museums).” _Chambers’s
Edinburgh Journal_, April 1897.
E. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES BY SIR WILLIAM FLOWER
_Mostly Republished in “Essays on Museums.”_
141. “Biographical Notice of Professor Rolleston.” _Proc. Roy. Soc._,
1882.
142. Obituary Notice of George Busk. _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, vol. xvi.,
p. 403 (1886).
143. “Biographical Notice of Sir Richard Owen.” _Proc. Roy. Soc._, 1894.
144. “Reminiscences of Professor Huxley.” _The North American Review_,
September 1895.
145. “Eulogium on Charles Darwin.” Centenary Meeting of the Linnean
Society, 24th May 1888.
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