In the studies of science and literature it is the aim to secure, if

possible, even more thorough work than ever before. The superintendent

of instruction and his counselors, whilst adhering to the design to

give to the student the widest and best “outlook,” have kept steadily

in mind the quality as well as the quantity of the work, and it is

their purpose not to sacrifice the former for the sake of the latter.

In each of these departments will be found names of authors of

established reputation, who, either as writers of special text-books,

or of articles for THE CHAUTAUQUAN, are to be teachers in the school of

the C. L. S. C. for the year to come.

The department of distinctively religious readings still holds the

large place that ever has and ever will be assigned it in the C. L.

S. C. course. It has never been disguised that the culture at which

this organization aims is Christian culture. It is the inspiration and

reward of him whose brain and heart have toiled unceasingly in its

behalf, that such an aim is being now realized in thousands of homes.

It will be gratifying to those who have perused the Sunday Readings in

THE CHAUTAUQUAN this year to know that they are to go on through the

next year, and that the same taste and discrimination will characterize

their selection.

There is also to be a department of readings described as general. This

includes works about the arts and artists, and descriptions of their

master-pieces. It will also contain articles on commercial law, and

various questions of political economy. Taken all in all, here is a

plan for a year’s study which is self-commending. It is clear that the

C. L. S. C. has long since passed beyond the domain of experiment, and

is become an established fact. The coming year, like each successive

year in its history, will witness a widening of its sphere of influence

and good.

THE ENGLISH-IRISH TROUBLES.

For many months the hostile attitude assumed by the leaders of the

Irish people toward the British government has been the most exciting

topic of the current news. It has been the most important as well as

the most perplexing problem with which the present British ministry

have had to deal. The serious nature of the disturbances which have

arisen is evident from the fact that they seem to increase rather than

diminish with the lapse of time.

The attitude of the Irish toward England betokens the most intense

hatred and the bitterest rancor. It is indicative of an uncompromising

determination to accomplish their purposes, even by the most foul and

unscrupulous methods. Assassination, boycotting, deeds of violence

of every sort, are the deliberately chosen weapons. The ultimate

design of the Irish leaders is not only to obtain redress for present

grievances, but also to deliver Ireland from English rule, and to

establish its independence. But it is by no means necessary to

perpetrate revolting crimes in order to secure a country’s liberty.

When the American colonies determined to free themselves from what they

considered the oppressive tyranny of Great Britain, there was no resort

to assassination in all its horrid forms; there were no Guy Fawkes

plots, no boycotting, no bloody deeds of violence, but the simple and

determined uprising of an united people in might and majesty. The

assassin’s dagger, infernal machines and dynamite explosives are poor

arguments with which to convince the world that the Irish people are

deserving of being freed from English rule, or are fitted for taking

a place among the nations of the earth. The spirit which has been

manifested by the representatives of the Irish people in carrying out

their plans is not only hostile to England, but also to the welfare

of society in general, and to government of all kinds. England has

sought with patient forbearance and wise legislation to modify or

eradicate the evils of which its Irish subjects justly complain. All

its overtures have been met of late with threats of violence, or vandal

attempts to destroy the public buildings of the realm.

The sympathy which has been manifested toward the Irish people since

the outbreak of the present troubles by many of those familiar with

the story of their ancient wrongs is steadily decreasing, because of

the violent measures adopted by the would-be champions of the Irish

cause. The barbarous methods which have been employed to carry out

their designs have not only alienated the sympathies of the civilized

world, but have also demonstrated that the Irish, at present at least,

are utterly unfit for self-government. If, by any combination of

circumstances, they should be able to secure national independence, the

result would doubtless be productive of a state of anarchy, or even of

a return to barbarism. Only the utmost cruelty and tyranny exercised

by a government toward its subjects can justify violence in order to

secure what they think to be their rightful liberties.

The facts are, that not liberty, but license and lawlessness are the

necessary outcome of the methods employed by the unprincipled and

unscrupulous men who now are in the ascendant in Irish affairs. If

the Irish people would meet the overtures of the English government

with a like conciliatory spirit, and heartily second the efforts of

the present administration to secure a speedy and thorough redress

of all grievances; would cast the mantle of oblivion over the past,

and devote their energies to developing the varied resources of their

beautiful island, in a very brief time peace and harmony would be

restored to their distracted country; Ireland would enter upon a career

of prosperity that would rival, if not excel, anything ever recorded in

its previous history.

PROHIBITION IN POLITICS.

The political parties are beset with moral reforms—prominent among

these is the temperance cause. The friends of prohibition propose to

introduce their principles into the dominant political party; or, if

they fail, to grow a party of their own. This has been the policy of

a certain class of temperance people in some sections of the country

for several years. As an independent party they have never polled a

very large vote for a National or State ticket, nor do we think that

they expect ever to do so. But they have, in many elections, held the

balance of power, particularly where the great parties were evenly

balanced. On account of this the prohibitionists have compelled the

Republican party to legislate in the interest of temperance. The

radical temperance people, who have bolted the Republican ticket

where prohibition has been denied them, or when men unfriendly to

the cause have been set up as candidates for office, have done more

for temperance by what they failed to do, than the independent

temperance organization has done. It is this policy which has caused

the Republican party to become the prohibition party in Maine, New

Hampshire, Vermont, Iowa, and Kansas, and other states. We have no

reason to believe that this party would have enacted temperance laws

but for the proposed action of temperance voters. Its fundamental

doctrines as a party were on another line of reform: both the leaders

and the rank and file had to learn the prohibition lesson. This the

temperance people have been teaching them, and with marked success. But

what of the future? Will this policy win, or will temperance people

be obliged to adopt a new plan of campaign, a new method of work?

The cause of prohibition is just. The traffic in spirituous liquors

must be struck at the root; but how? How to get prohibition into law,

and keep it there, is the problem that no politician, statesman, or

philanthropist has yet solved. However just the cause may be, it is

hard to deal with old party leaders, trained, as they have been, in the

political schools of the past twenty years, and entrenched in strong

organizations. A good cause deserves wise management, especially so

when it is beset with tacticians who are backed by the power of money

and of great organizations. Temperance leaders must consider carefully

before going much farther; for the sake of the cause they must be

cautious. All signs in the political world point to the breaking up

of the old political organizations—certainly, neither one of them is

cemented by a grand moral question. The party of the future must have

some law of right in its creed before it can depend upon the support of

the masses. Is prohibition a broad enough platform for a great national

party to stand on, is a question that will be settled in the near

future.

EDITOR’S NOTE-BOOK.

The price of THE CHAUTAUQUA ASSEMBLY DAILY HERALD, for August 1883,

and THE CHAUTAUQUAN for the coming year, will be $2.25, provided the

subscription is sent in before August 1. After that date the price

for both periodicals for one year to one address will be $2.50. The

ASSEMBLY HERALD is a 48 column daily published every morning (Sundays

excepted) during the Chautauqua Assembly. The first number will be

issued on Saturday, August 4. Price of the ASSEMBLY HERALD for the

season, $1.00. In clubs of five or more at one time, 90 cents each.

The HERALD will contain full reports of all the Chautauqua meetings.

Six stenographers and six editors, besides several reporters, are

employed every day to mirror the proceedings at Chautauqua in the

ASSEMBLY HERALD. It will contain a complete report of the C. L. S. C.

Commencement exercises. Please send in your subscriptions early, before

the busy season at Chautauqua opens.

* * * * *

An exchange says: “American colleges derive two-fifths of their income

from students, while English universities only get one-tenth from

that source.” The great reduction in the valuation of property since

the war, and a corresponding reduction in rates of interest, have cut

down the income, from their endowments, of American institutions of

learning, hence the students are obliged to pay a higher price for

their privileges in order that the professors may be supported and that

the colleges may live. It is still an open question, however, whether a

great endowment is the best method of supporting a faculty in a college

or university. Where the professors depend largely on the students for

support, there will be more enterprise and progress and adaptation of

education to the needs of the times.

* * * * *

On the last night in June the Rev. Dr. Vincent spoke for an hour

and a half in McKendree Church, Nashville, Tenn., on the Chautauqua

movement, the C. L. S. C. and the “Southern Chautauqua” at Monteagle,

Tenn. A correspondent writes: “The C. L. S. C. is taking root in the

South and Dr. Vincent’s grand sermons and lectures in Nashville have

given us a regular Chautauqua boom. The State librarian, at Nashville,

Mrs. Hatton, is a member of the C. L. S. C. class of ’85, and up in

her reading. Dr. Dake, of the same city, an eminent physician, is

enlisting heartily in the C. L. S. C. work. Col. Pepper, with whom many

Chautauquans are acquainted, has rendered effective service for the

cause in this State.”

* * * * *

There is grim justice in the brief story told in the following:

“Voltaire’s house is now used by the Geneva Bible Society as a

repository for Bibles. The British Bible Society’s house in Earl

street, Blackfriars, stands where, in 1378, the Council forbid Wycliffe

circulating portions of Holy Scriptures, and where he uttered the

words, ‘The truth shall prevail,’ and the Religious Tract Society’s

premises are where Bibles were publicly burned.”

* * * * *

Governor Butler, of Massachusetts, is the sensational Governor of these

times. He turned his attention from the duties of his office long

enough, recently, to remark that, “For thirty years both political

parties have looked for their presidential candidates to four pivotal

states—New York, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and Ohio.” He thinks this

explains Mr. Blaine’s failure to receive the nomination—he was from

Maine; Mr. Hendricks is from Indiana. And then he goes on to give

this as a reason why some men who aspire to the place will not reach

it. As with a judge, Governor Butler’s conclusion may be right, but

his reasons are not satisfactory. Our whole political system needs

reconstructing, if his theory about electing presidents be true.

* * * * *

Many years ago a quaint old divine named Dr. Richards preached in

Hanover, N. H. At a conference of ministers once held in that town

each clergyman was called upon to give some of his more remarkable

experiences. When Dr. Richards’s turn came he said that he had no

experiences to give. “But,” said one, “you must have had a difficult

congregation to preach to, composed as it is of the villagers, the

faculty of Dartmouth College, and the students.” “Well,” said the

doctor, “the fact is the villagers don’t know enough to make me afraid

of them; as for the faculty, I know more than all of them; and in

regard to the students, I don’t care a copper for any of them.”

* * * * *

One life, fertile in resources, consecrated to a good cause, may be

a giant in the earth. Read this: “The Rev. William Taylor says, ‘I

have sent to India, from America, within about six and a half years,

fifty missionaries—thirty-six men and fourteen women. Besides these

missionary workers, we have fifty-seven local preachers, of Indian

birth, who support themselves, and preach almost daily in the churches

and in the bazars. All these are backed up by over 2,040 lay members,

who are workers also, and who pay the running expenses of the whole

movement.’”

* * * * *

We complete the “Required Readings” for the C. L. S. C. for 1882-’83 in

this number of THE CHAUTAUQUAN.

* * * * *

At the recent celebration of the one hundred and fifteenth anniversary

of the Chamber of Commerce in New York, Rev. Dr. J. P. Newman replied

to the toast “Commerce.” He referred to the present commercial

relations between the United States and Mexico as a step toward the

brotherhood of the races and the unification of the nations of the

earth. He hailed the chamber of commerce as the new John the Baptist,

inaugurating a wise commercial era and a higher morality. He hoped

there would be more Christian merchants like Peter Cooper and Governor

Morgan, and William E. Dodge. He said that American petroleum now

lights up the Garden of Eden, the Acropolis, Jerusalem, and the

Bosphorus, and that America is the light of the world.

* * * * *

Members of the C. L. S. C. class of 1883, _read up—read up_—fill out

your blanks and send them in to Miss Kimball in good season, that your

diplomas may be made out and ready on the 18th day of August, which

will be C. L. S. C. Commencement Day at Chautauqua.

* * * * *

We are to lose two more old buildings. In Philadelphia, the house

where Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence must make room

for a new and finer building. In London, “The Cock,” a tavern famous

since the times of James I., among _litterateurs_, is to be destroyed.

Our shining, expensive monuments, are fine things for the parks, no

doubt; but it does seem that those places made dear to us by the lives

and works of the great should be preserved before we strain to build

superfine marble statues. These grand memorials, when built at the

expense of places which should be sacred to us, are little more than

monuments of our worship of finery and show.

* * * * *

May festivals are becoming as common as May flowers. The Handel and

Haydn Society, of Boston, closed their sixth triennial festival on

the 6th of May. Pittsburgh had hers. Cincinnati showed that she had

an eye to business in her immense dramatic festival. However this

festival may be criticised, the friends of the legitimate drama have

reason to rejoice over the real merit that was displayed. A collection

of first-class talent will always raise the standard, and there is a

wonderful need of the dramatic standard being raised.

* * * * *

Prof. Lalande writes us that he will be pleased to give any information

concerning the French department to any one writing him. After the 15th

of June his address will be Indiana Cottage, Chautauqua, N. Y.

* * * * *

A new American Art Union has recently been formed in New York City.

It includes men of various schools—the design being to favor no style

or method, but to form a union out of the best men of all schools. A

feature will be the “rotary” exhibitions, the first of which takes

place in Buffalo in June. Besides, there will be a permanent New York

gallery established, and an art journal.

* * * * *

The employment so dear to every boy, sooner or later, stamp-collecting,

has become a science. Like all new things in America it has received a

big name. He who used to be a stamp-collector is now a “philatelist.” A

national society has been formed, and like all good societies too, it

has its organ in a neat little monthly magazine, called _The National

Philatelist_.

* * * * *

There is always something new in local circle work. We learn this month

that the energetic circle of Danville, Ill., is looking forward to a

C.L.S.C. hall. We earnestly hope they will succeed; but of all the

unique places for holding the meetings perhaps the missionary packet is

the foremost. The “Floating Circle” that writes us from Honolulu must

certainly be a blessing to all who come within its reach. We heartily

wish it God speed.

* * * * *

An excellent commemoration of the fourth centenary of Luther’s birthday

is under way in England. Translations have been issued of three of

his chief works, “Christian Liberty,” “The Babylonian Captivity of

the Church,” and the “Address to the Nobility of the German Nation.”

The latter was published in 1520, and in a short time reached a

circulation, wonderful for that time, of 4,000 copies.

* * * * *

Robert Browning has recently published in England his twenty-second

volume of verse. “Jocoseria” he calls it, and, as the title indicates,

it contains poems both grave and gay. Mr. Browning is now seventy-one

years old, and it is twenty-two years since his wife, Elizabeth Barrett

Browning, died. Age and sorrow have neither killed nor embittered the

poet. Something of his popularity may be inferred from the fact that

within three days after “Jocoseria” was published, eleven hundred

copies were sold.

* * * * *

Santa Fé will strengthen its claim to be called the oldest city in the

United States by celebrating its 333d birthday. The Tertio-Millenium

celebration begins on the 2d of July and continues thirty-three days.

It is the intention to represent not alone the mining and industrial

prosperity of that section, but the three civilizations that have

successively occupied New Mexico and the regions adjacent.

* * * * *

It is comforting to those who must serve, to know that they have titled

company. It is said that out of the 872 baronets of Great Britain, some

are so poor that they gladly accept clerkships; so, in the bank of

England and the Oriental Bank, there are baronet clerks; another is in

the Irish police service.

* * * * *

Testimony comes to us from Micronesia that the mail reaches there but

once a year. Surely friends of the Missionaries should see that the

mail be a rousing one.

* * * * *

Out of a population of 43,000,000, Germany sends 22,500 students to her

various universities; while England, with a population of 25,000,000,

has 5,000 students—less than half as many in proportion to population.

* * * * *

This year is the centennial of the evacuation of Savannah, Charlestown

and New York, of the signing of the treaty of peace between the United

States and England, and of the final evacuation by the British.

Celebrations will be of every-day occurrence. The 26th of November,

Evacuation Day, will be the last.

* * * * *

Superintendent Ellis, of Sandusky, takes strong ground against

introducing industrial education into the public schools. He believes

that the evils prevalent in society, attributed by some to the public

schools, are due to other sources, notably to the greed for gain.

What is needed for the workingmen in all departments of labor, he

says, is the kind of training given by the public schools. Industry

is cultivated in the schools, and the same quality that sends a boy

to the head of his class will push him to the front in whatever

business or work he may engage when he leaves school. The object-lesson

craze and the natural-science craze in the public schools exhausted

themselves without any serious detriment to the schools or any

increased expenditure of public money, but if there is to be an annex

of industrial training it will involve a large expenditure of money

in addition to what some people now consider the highest limit for

educational purposes.

* * * * *

Of all feats of engineering skill the most remarkable is the Brooklyn

bridge, now completed and open to the public. The bridge roadway from

the New York terminus to Sands street, Brooklyn, is a little over a

mile long. The whole structure is upheld by four cables containing

21,000 wires. A cross section shows two railroads, two carriage ways,

and a foot bridge, giving a width of 80 feet. The company was organized

to build the bridge in 1867, and work was begun early in 1870. Though

the cost was originally estimated at but $7,000,000, exclusive of the

land, it has overrun that sum by $5,000,000. The total cost will be

about $15,500,000 including the land. Two men deserve especial mention

in connection with the enterprise; the engineer, John A. Roebling,

and his son. The former lost his life while directing the work, and

the latter has contracted the terrible “caisson disease.” To their

intellect, oversight and faithfulness much honor is due.

* * * * *

The idea of fostering art by a thirty per cent. duty put on foreign

pictures is ludicrous in the extreme. American artists will become

superior by study, not by the pictures of foreigners being excluded.

People of taste will not buy a poor work, which they do not like,

because it is cheap. They will go without or buy the foreign picture,

in spite of the duty. Painting is not manufacturing, even if the

average American rates it so, and sees in a work of art only so many

dollars and cents.

* * * * *

The name of Chautauqua Lake Sunday School Assembly has been abridged

by the Legislature to the more general name of Chautauqua Assembly, by

which corporate title it will be hereafter known.

* * * * *

The July number of THE CHAUTAUQUAN will be the last number in the

present volume. The next volume will begin with the October number.

EDITOR’S TABLE.

Q. Name the present sovereigns of European countries.

A. Great Britain, Victoria; Austria-Hungary, Franz Josef I.; Belgium,

Leopold II.; Denmark, Christian IX.; Germany, Wilhelm I.; Prussia,

Wilhelm I.; Bavaria, Ludwig II.; Italy, Umberto I.; Netherlands, Willem

III.; Portugal, Luis I.; Norway and Sweden, Oscar II.; Spain, Alfonso

XII.; Russia, Alexander III.; Turkey, Abdul Hamid II.

Q. Is it not probable that those comets which are supposed never to

reappear will do so after an indefinite period?

A. It can not now be said that any comet revolves in a hyperbolic

orbit, and thus it is possible that ultimately all will return to our

system.

Q. Who discovered the revolution of the earth about the sun?

A. Copernicus revived the theory, but made the orbit a circle; Kepler

showed it to be an ellipse.

Q. How can this theory be proved?

A. It does not admit of ocular demonstration, but can be shown to fit

all cases, and can be proved to be the necessary consequence of the law

of gravitation.

Q. How do you pronounce “Tucson,” the name of a city of Arizona?

A. “Took-sōn´;” locally, often “too´sun.”

Q. Who are the first novelists of the times?

A. William Black, W. D. Howells, Frances Hodgson Burnett, Henry James,

Jr., Wilkie Collins.

Q. If a tree were to fall on an island where there were no human beings

would there be any sound?

A. No. Sound is the sensation excited in the ear when the air or other

medium is set in motion.

Q. What are the governments of the different European states?

A. There are four empires: Russia, Turkey, Germany, and Austria; two

Republics: France and Switzerland; ten limited monarchies: Norway,

Sweden, Great Britain and Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece,

Denmark, Belgium, and the Netherlands.

Q. What is the distinction between talent and genius?

A. Genius is the particular bent of the intellect which is born with

a man; talent is a particular mode of intellect which qualifies its

possessor to do something better than others.—_Crabbe._

Q. What is the origin of the word mosaic?

A. It is derived from a Greek word signifying belonging to the muses,

or polished, highly-finished, elegant.

Q. What is the tasimeter?

A. An instrument for measuring minute extensions or movements of solid

bodies; also used for measuring minute changes of temperature.

Q. Is the “White Seal Course” to be read the first year, or during the

four years?

A. Information concerning C. L. S. C. studies can be obtained more

directly, and exactly, from Dr. Vincent or Miss Kimball.

Q. In what year was Mrs. Browning born?

A. 1809.

Q. Where can we find an account of the late religious movement in the

east under Chunder Sen?

A. The Rev. Joseph Cook in his late course of lectures in Boston, gives

an account of Chunder Sen and his work. The lecture may be found in

_The Christian Advocate_, or _The Independent_.

Q. Why is it said that such and such planets are the ruling ones for

the year, as we see it in the almanac?

A. Those which in their revolution come nearest to the earth and

in consequence appear most brilliant, as well as exert a greater

attraction, are said to be the ruling planets.

Q. Who was the “Arthur,” of Tennyson’s “In Memoriam.”

A. Arthur Hallim, a very dear friend of Tennyson’s, who died when 22

years old. He is said to have shown a superior literary ability in the

few works which he left.

Q. Who first adopted the year of 365¼ days?

A. Julius Cæsar.

Q. Is the constellation “The Southern Cross,” visible at Honolulu?

A. It is not.

Q. What is the origin of the story which Longfellow puts into the mouth

of the Notary Public?

A. It is an old Florentine story. Rossini in his opera, _La Gazza

Ladra_, has used it in a modified form as his plot.

Q. How are we to reconcile the statement made in Packard’s Geology,

that the earliest race of man existed 50,000 to 100,000 years ago, with

the Bible chronology which places Adam’s creation at 6,000 B. C.?

A. The controversy concerning the age of man is fully treated in

Draper’s “Conflict Between Religion and Science,” published by

Appleton; and by Dawson, in his “Origin of the World,” Harper &

Brothers.

Q. Mention a good short work on Rhetoric.

A. Kellogg’s “Text-Book on Rhetoric;” published by Clark & Maynard, 5

Barclay street, New York.

Q. Is the word Kimon or Cimon, pronounced with hard or soft _C_?

A. Soft _C_.

C. L. S. C. NOTES ON REQUIRED READINGS FOR JUNE.

HISTORY AND LITERATURE OF SCANDINAVIA.

P. 487, c. 1—“Voltaire.” See notes on Scandinavia in THE CHAUTAUQUAN

for May.

P. 487, c. 1—“U´krane.” A former south-east province of Poland lying

on both sides of the Dnieper. Now it is identical with Little Russia,

having, since 1793, belonged to the Russian government. It was to this

country that Charles XII. turned after his disastrous march toward

Moscow in 1707-8. Within its borders his army was reduced by cold,

hunger and fatigue, until at last, in the battle of Poltava, Charles

was wounded, and his army defeated and scattered.

P. 487, c. 1—“Five years in Turkey.” The long delay of Charles in

Turkey was justified by his hopes of arousing the Turkish government to

the danger of allowing the Russians to consolidate their rising power,

as well as by his plans for obtaining a powerful Turkish army which he

himself should lead.

P. 487, c. 1—“Ul´ri-ka.”

P. 487, c. 2—“Vasa line.” See page 245 of THE CHAUTAUQUAN for February,

1883.

P. 487, c. 2—“Frederick of Hesse.” Frederick belonged to Hesse-Cassel,

the elder branch of the Hesse dynasty. This electorate was incorporated

with Prussia in 1866, and in 1868 became part of the province of

Hesse-Nassau.

P. 487, c. 2—“Hol´stein.” A former duchy of Denmark, but now a part of

Schleswig-Holstein, a province of Prussia.

P. 487, c. 2—“1771.” This year is famous as the time when Louis XIV.

exiled the parliament of Paris, and for the seizure of the Crimea by

the Russians. It is interesting to note, also, that the first edition

of the _Encyclopædia Britannica_ was published in 1771.

P. 487, c. 2—“Catherine II.” The wife of Peter III. Her husband

being very unpopular, she assisted in a conspiracy against him and

became empress. Her reign was filled with conquests and schemes for

improvement. Although she enlarged the kingdom, her reforms, undertaken

for show, were transient. She died in 1796.

P. 487, c. 2—“Bourbon Family.” A French ducal and royal family.

Different branches have held the thrones of France, Spain and Naples,

and have been dukes of Parma. It derives its origin from the lords of

Bourbon in Berry. In France the Bourbons succeeded the house of Valois.

The first king was Henry IV., who was acknowledged in 1594. The family

is now divided in two branches represented by the Count de Chambord, a

descendant of Charles X., who was assassinated in 1820, and the Count

de Paris, a descendant of Louis Phillipe, who lost his crown in 1848.

P. 487, c. 2—“Sodermanland.” sö´der-män-länd. A south-east laen or

province of Sweden; fertile, level, and abounding in lakes. Its capital

is Myköping.

P. 488, c. 1—“Triple Coalition.” England, Russia, and Sweden.

P. 488, c. 1—“Bernadotte,” bër-na dŏtte´. (1764-1844.) He was educated

for the law, but enlisted, and when the revolution broke out advanced

rapidly. He became a marshal of France, had control of the army at

Hanover, and in 1806 was created Prince of Ponte-Corvo, a district of

Naples. In both military and diplomatic affairs he showed independence,

moderation, and ability.

P. 488, c. 1—“Austerlitz,” öus´ter-lĭtz. A small town of Moravia, in

the north of Austria, famous for a battle won here by Napoleon over

the combined Austrian and Russian armies—the most glorious victory,

perhaps, of his career.

P. 488, c. 1—“Tilsit,” tĭl´sit. A town of Prussia, on the Niemen

River. After the battle of Frieland, in 1807, Napoleon met the Emperor

Alexander on a raft in the middle of the Niemen, and the Tilsit treaty

was made, by which Prussia lost half of her territory.

P. 488, c. 1—“Pŏm-e-rā´ni-a.” A province of Prussia lying on the Baltic

Sea. It came into the possession of Sweden during the thirty years’ war.

P. 488, c. 1—“Gottorp,” got´-torp.

P. 488, c. 1—“St. Gall.” The capital of a Swiss canton of the same

name. It grew up around an abbey built there by St. Gall, in the

eleventh century.

P. 488, c. 1—“Holstein-Sonderburg.” Reference is made to the family of

Holstein-Sonderburg, which designates that branch of the Oldenburg line

which received part of the Sleswick possessions. _Sonderburg_ is the

name of the line, and _Holstein_ is prefixed to the territory which it

controlled.

P. 488, c. 1—“Hĕls´ing-borg.” A town in the south of Sweden opposite

Elsinore in Denmark. It lies on the narrowest part of the sound.

P. 488, c. 1—“Mörner,” Merner.

P. 488, c. 2—“Leuchtenburg,” löĭk´ten-burg. A principality of Bavaria,

ceded in 1817 to Eugène de Beauharnais, the son of the Empress.

Josephine, here referred to, was the daughter of Eugène.

P. 488, c. 2—“Riksdag,” Rix´däg.

P. 488, c. 2—“Landsthing,” lands´ting (th like t). The upper house in

the Rigsdag, or Danish parliament. The lower house, corresponding to

our House of Representatives, is called Folkething.

HISTORY OF RUSSIA.

P. 489, c. 1—“Troitsk´aia-Serg-iéva.”

P. 489, c. 1—“Alexander Nevski.” See THE CHAUTAUQUAN for May.

P. 489, c. 1—“Sŏl=´=ov-ĕts-ki´.” On the White Sea; the ordinary name

for the “Frozen Sea.”

P. 489, c. 1—“Pĕ-chĕr´skī.” See THE CHAUTAUQUAN for April, page 367.

P. 489, c. 1—“Ser´gi-ŭs.”

P. 489, c. 1—“Benedict.” Saint. (480-543). A native of Italy. While a

student at Rome he became so disgusted with its vices that he fled to

the desert of Subiaco. Finally, being unable to remain concealed, he

built a monastery and formed the Benedictine order.

P. 489, c. 1—“Glebes.” The farms and lands belonging to a monastery, or

any ecclesiastical organization, are called Glebes.

P. 489, c. 1—“Ivan the Fourth.” (1533-84). Called the Terrible from the

horrible energy which he showed in restoring to order his rebellious

subjects. He did more for improving the material interests of his

kingdom than any of his predecessors, enlarging the army and advancing

commerce. Especially important was his treaty with Queen Elizabeth

after the discovery by the English of a sea-passage to Archangel. In

1570 he put to death 60,000 citizens of Novgorod, which he hated on

account of its independent spirit. Almost as cruel were his massacres

in Tver and Moscow.

P. 489, c. 1—“Peter the Great.” He was born in 1672; began to reign,

jointly with his brother Ivan, in 1682, his sister being regent.

Peter, however, soon obtained complete control. At once his energy

began to display itself. The army was reorganized, the czar going

through every grade of service, and requiring his nobles to do the

same. Shipwrights from other countries were employed to build a navy,

and as he had no sea-ports but those on the White Sea, he declared war

against Turkey and took Azof. He visited many countries of Europe to

study their civilization; sent his young nobles with their wives, to

the European courts to polish their manners; introduced men of learning

and established much needed schools. Indeed, every conceivable reform

was carried on. His wars were principally with Charles XII, of Sweden,

(short accounts of which have already been given), with Turkey, and

with Persia. He died in 1725.

P. 489, c. 1—“Catherine the Second.” See note on Scandinavian History,

present number.

P. 489, c. 2—“Ar-chi-măn´drīte.” Literally, the chief monk. The title

in the Greek church corresponds to abbot in the Catholic church.

P. 489, c. 2—“Bells.” The bells of Russia are the most famous of the

world. Before the great fire there were in Moscow alone, 1,706. Of

these the Tsar Kolokol is the largest. This “king of bells” was cast in

1733 from the fragments of what had been the giant bell of Moscow, but

had fallen from its support and been broken. The Tsar bell is said to

weigh 443,772 pounds, and to be worth $300,000. It is not now hanging,

and it is not known whether it has ever been. It stands on a granite

pedestal, and has been consecrated as a chapel.

P. 489, c. 2—“Krŏt´kī.”

P. 489, c. 2—“Debonair,” dĕb-o-nar´. Anglicized from the French

expression _de bon air_—of fine bearing or appearance,—so in its

present use, as an adjective, it means courteous or gentle.

P. 489, c. 2—“Dmĭt´rī.”

P. 489, c. 2—“Monomakh,” mo´no-makh. See THE CHAUTAUQUAN for January,

1883, page 179.

P. 489, c. 2—“Bol-ga´ry.” See map.

P. 489, c. 2—“Mamaï,” mă-mā´ï.

P, 489, c. 2—“Kŏl-om-na.” See map.

P. 489, c. 2—“Ser´pŭk-hof.”

P. 490, c. 1—“Ku-lĭ-kō´vă.”

P. 491, c. 1—“Dŏn-skoï´.”

P. 491, c. 1—“Kăl´ka.”

P. 491, c. 1—“Black Death.” The plague which ravished Europe in the

fourteenth century. It appeared first in Italy in 1340. In London

alone, in 1348, two hundred persons were buried daily. In 1362 in

England, fifty-seven thousand three hundred and seventy-six persons

perished. Germany, Ireland, France, and all Europe were alike

afflicted, as many as thirteen millions dying in a year.

P. 491, c. 1—“Tī´mur Lĕnk.”

P. 491, c. 1—“Tăm´er-lāne.”

P. 491, c. 1—“Tŏk-tăm´uish.”

P. 491, c. 1—“Kŏs-trō´mä.” See map.

P. 491, c. 1—“Ka-răm´sin.” (1765-1826.) A Russian historian. He

spent his early life in studying, traveling, and writing. In 1801 he

published his once popular “Letters of a Russian Traveler:” these led

to his being appointed historiographer of Russia. He began soon after

his “History of Russia,” in twelve volumes. It met with wonderful

success and was translated into several languages.

P. 491, c. 2—“Perm´i-a or Perm.” See map. The government of Perm still

exists. It lies partly in Asia and partly in Europe, being intersected

by the Ural Mountains. The population is something over 2,000,000.

P. 491, c. 2—“Genoese,” gĕn´o-ēse. In 1299 the Genoese obtained from

Venice, by treaty, the exclusive dominion of commerce on the Black

Sea. They made the most of the opportunity, and forts, factories and

colonies soon lined the coast. They were favored by the Byzantines, and

so carried on commerce with India. This power was wrested from them by

Mohammed II., in 1453.

P. 491, c. 2—“Kaf´fa.” The ancient Theodosia, or Feodosia. A fortified

town and seaport of Southern Russia. It rose to great power under the

Genoese.

P. 491, c. 2—“Az´of.” The port of the River Don by the Sea of Azof.

P. 491, c. 2—“Parks of artillery.” All the cannon of an army with its

carriages, ammunition wagons and stores.

P. 491, c. 2—“Personel.” Personal appearance.

P. 491, c. 2—“Assumption.” A taking up into heaven, especially used in

reference to the Virgin Mary, whose assumption is celebrated on the

15th of August, and in honor of which the cathedral was named.

P. 491, c. 2—“Eu-dox´ia.”

P. 492, c. 1—“Am´ă-ranth.” Immortal amaranth. The flower which, poets

say, never fades.

P. 492, c. 1—“Olaf.” See THE CHAUTAUQUAN for February, page 245.

P. 492, c. 2—“Harried.” Plundered, pillaged.

P. 492, c. 2—“E-lēts´.” Still in existence; contains about thirty

thousand inhabitants.

P. 492, c. 2—“Căt-a-la´nia.” The northeastern province of Spain.

P. 492, c. 2—“Bis-cāy´an.” Of Biscay, a little province in the north of

Spain, on the Bay of Biscay; it is famous for its iron mines.

P. 492, c. 2—“Vī´-tovt.”

P. 492, c. 2—“Vŏrsk´lä.”

P. 492, c. 2—“Ed´i-ger.”

P. 492, c. 2—“Tĕm-ïr´ Kŭt´lū.”

P. 493, c. 1—“Ol´gerd.”

P. 493, c. 1—“Dim-it=´=rie´vitch.” Son of Dmitri.

P. 493, c. 1—“Vi-ăt´kä.” See map. The province still exists under the

same name.

P. 493, c. 1—“Entente cordiale.” Good terms. A perfect understanding.

P. 493, c. 1—“Pä-læ-ŏl´o-gŭs.” The name of a prominent Byzantine

family, which attained to imperial honors in 1260.

P. 493, c. 1—“Sig´is-mund.” (1366-1437.) Emperor of Germany. He was

defeated by the Turks in the battle of Nicopolis, in 1396, while

trying to relieve the Byzantine empire. Through his influence the Pope

called the Council of Constance to put an end to the Hussite doctrines

and other heresies. Although he protested against violating the safe

conduct which was given Huss, he consented to his murder. In 1419 he

defeated the Turks at Nissa.

P. 493, c. 1—“Trō´ki.”

P. 493, c. 1—“Vil´na.” See map.

P. 493, c. 2—“Photius,” phō´she-us.

P. 493, c. 2—“Ia-gel´lo.”

P. 493, c. 2—“Hŏs´po-där.” The lieutenant, or governor, of Wallachia,

or Moldavia. By the treaty between Russia and Turkey this officer holds

his appointment for life and pays annual tribute.

P. 493, c. 2—“Landmeister.” Governor.

P. 493, c. 2—“Mĭnd´vog.”

P. 493, c. 2—“Gĕd´i-min.”

P. 493, c. 2—“Pŏ-dō´lĭ-ä.”

P. 493, c. 2—“Ruthen´ian.” The Ruthenians are important as a nation

only in Galicia, and there an effort has been made to develop a

Ruthenian literature. The language spoken by these people is between

Polish and Russian, and is said to be more melodious than either.

P. 493, c. 2—“Galicia,” gă-lĭ´ci-a.

PICTURES FROM ENGLISH HISTORY.

P. 494, c. 1—“Royal Parents.” They were René, of Anjou, and Isabella,

of Lorraine. René held titles to the thrones of Naples and Sicily,

and through Isabella, claimed Lorraine. His whole life was spent in a

useless struggle to win these provinces.

P. 494, c. 1—“King of France,” Charles VII.

P. 494, c. 1—“Grandson.” It will be remembered that Henry V. married

the Princess Catherine, daughter of the insane Charles VI. after the

peace between those made kings in 1419. Henry VI. was their son.

P. 494, c. 1—“Anjou,” ăn´jôu. A north-west province of France. During

the days of feudalism and chivalry the counts of Anjou were famous in

European history. Many were bold crusaders. Foulques V. became king

of Jerusalem. The house of Plantagenet has its origin in Geoffrey of

Anjou, the father of Henry II. of England. In 1483 the province was

permanently annexed to France, and since has given titles to Bourbon

princes.

P. 494, c. 1—“Jack Cade.” Born in Ireland; died in 1450. Assuming the

name of Mortimer, and calling himself a cousin of the Duke of York,

he raised a band of 20,000 insurgents to force from the king certain

concessions. He defeated an army sent against him, forced his way into

London, beheaded several chief officers and pillaged parts of the city.

Finally truce was declared, and the insurgents who would retire, were

pardoned. Cade fled, but was overtaken and killed.

P. 494, c. 2—“Nathless.” Nevertheless.

P. 494, c. 2—“St. Albans.” In Hertfordshire. The town is named after

St. Albans, the first British martyr, said to have been beheaded during

the persecution by Diocletian, 286 A. D.

P. 494, c. 2—“St. Paul.” The finest of London cathedrals. It is said to

have been first built in the fourth century on the site of a temple of

Diana. The present cathedral was finished in 1710, at a cost of about

$7,500,000. The interior decoration, as planned by the architect, Wren,

has been going on several years. The length is five hundred and ten

feet; breadth, two hundred and eighty-two feet.

P. 494, c. 2—“Te Deum.” The first words of a hymn of thanksgiving. The

Latin, _Te deum laudamus_, (We praise thee, O God), is still used in

the Roman Catholic churches.

P. 494, c. 2—“Bloreheath.” Famous only for this battle. A cross

commemorates the struggle. It is in Staffordshire, in the western

central part of England.

P. 494, c. 2—“Northampton.” It is on the Nen River, about equally

distant from Edge Hill and Naseby, places famous for battles of the

civil war. It has been through many trials: was burned by the Danes in

1010, ravaged by the plague in 1637, destroyed by fire in 1675 and, in

1874, was the scene of riots.

P. 495, c. 1—“Menai,” mĕn´i. Between the Welsh coast and the Isle

of Anglesey. The highway from London to Dublin has long led across

the Menai Straits and through the Isle of Anglesey. To perfect this

route a suspension bridge was built there in 1818-1825. And in 1850

was finished the well-known Britannia tubular bridge, then the most

wonderful piece of engineering skill in the world.

P. 495, c. 1—“Roxburgh.” In Roxburgshire, a south-east county of

Scotland, bordering on England.

P. 495, c. 1—“King James.” The Second James of Scotland; born in 1437,

and crowned in his sixth year. The greater part of his reign was spent

in trying to suppress his ambitious nobles. He was but twenty-nine

years old when he was killed.

P. 495, c. 1—“Wakefield.” An ancient town in the north central portion

of England.

P. 495, c. 1—“Jeanne d’Arc´.” The French for Joan of Arc.

P. 495, c. 1—“King-Maker.” Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick; so called

from the prominent part he played in placing Edward IV. upon the

throne, and afterward reinstating Henry VI.

P. 495, c. 1—“Tou´ton,” or “Tow´ton.” In Yorkshire.

P. 495, c. 1—“Northumberland.” The northernmost county of England.

P. 495, c. 2—“Ber´wick.” On the Tweed, lying in Scotland but belonging

to England; it is not legally included in any country. It has always

been prominent in border wars.

P. 495, c. 2—“En route.” On the way.

P. 495, c. 2—“Flanders.” Formerly a large, prosperous country, almost

independent, though ruled by counts. It embraced the present provinces

of Belgium bearing that name, the southern portion of Zealand in

Holland, and certain of the north-east departments of France.

P. 495, c. 2—“Last of the Barons.” This title for Warwick was first

used by Hume in his “History of England.” He says of him: “No less than

thirty thousand persons are said to have daily lived at his board in

the different manors and castles which he possessed in England; the

military men allured by his munificence and hospitality, as well as

by his bravery, were zealously attached to his interests; the people

in general bore him an unlimited affection, and he was the greatest,

as well as the last, of those mighty barons who formerly overawed the

crown and rendered the people incapable of any regular system of civil

government.” Bulwer Lytton has used this expression as the title for

his historical romance on Warwick.

P. 495, c. 2—“Debris,” dā-brē´. Ruins, rubbish.

P. 495, c. 2—“Barnet.” In Hertfordshire, not far from St. Albans. A

column commemorates the battle.

P. 495, c. 2—“Duke of Clarence.” The brother of Edward IV.

P. 496, c. 1—“Miss Strickland.” An English authoress. (Born 1796,

died 1874.) She wrote extensively. Her works comprise poems, several

romances and novels, and valuable histories of the queens of England

and Scotland, of the “Bachelor Kings of England,” the Tudor princesses,

etc.

P. 496, c. 1—“Breviary,” brēv´ya-re. A book containing the daily

service of the Catholic Church.

NOTES ON SUNDAY READINGS.

P. 496, c. 1—“John Caird.” A Scottish clergyman, born in 1823. His

principal parishes have been Edinburgh and Glasgow. The sermon,

“Religion in Common Life,” was delivered before the royal family in

1858. He has also published a volume of sermons.

P. 501, c. 1—“Abel Stevens.” The chief historian of Methodism. For

several years he served as a pastor; but in 1840 became editor of

_Zion’s Herald_. After leaving this paper he edited in turn the

_National Magazine_, the _Christian Advocate and Journal_, and _The

Methodist_, retiring from the latter in 1874. Dr. Stevens has published

several works principally in reference to the origin and progress

of Methodism. Mrs. Mary L. Robinson, the author of the “History of

Russia,” is his daughter.

P. 501, c. 1—“Stanley.” An English clergyman born in Alderly in 1815.

After his graduation he remained in the university at Oxford for twelve

years. In 1864 he was made dean of Westminster, and in 1874 rector of

the University of St. Andrews. He is a leader of the “Broad Church”

party. Has published several volumes of essays and lectures, besides a

very popular work, “The Life and Correspondence of Thomas Arnold.”

P. 501, c. 1—“Usher.” (1580-1656.) An Irish prelate connected with

the Irish Church and Trinity College in Dublin until 1641. During the

revolt of the Irish, in that year, his property was destroyed; after

that he remained in England. The system of chronology used on the

margin of the English Bible was arranged by him. His complete works

comprise seventeen volumes; principally commentaries and antiquities.

P. 501, c. 1—“Rutherford.” (1600-1661.) An eminent Presbyterian divine.

Principal of St. Andrew’s College.

P. 501, c. 1—“Incognito.” Unknown.

P. 501, c. 2—“Căt-e-chĕt´i-cal.” Consisting of questions and answers.

P. 501, c. 2—“Hannah More.” (1745-1833.) Born at Stapleton, England,

and educated at a seminary kept by her sisters. At sixteen she began

to write, producing a drama called “The Search After Happiness.”

Others followed, one of which was brought out by Garrick in 1777. Her

deep religious impressions soon caused her to change the character of

her writings to the moral and religious. Advanced ideas on woman’s

education led her to write and work for much-needed reforms, and as

well to her being invited to prepare a course of study for the princess

Charlotte of Wales. About £30,000 were accumulated by her from her

writings, at least one-third of which she bequeathed to charitable

purposes.

P. 502, c. 1—“Mō-räle´.” Morals.

P. 502, c. 1—“Pascal.” (1623-1662.) A French author. Among his most

important works are those giving to his experiments and theories

concerning atmospheric pressure, the weight and elasticity of the air,

and the laws of equilibrium. Pascal’s philosophical researches did

not prevent his taking interest in public affairs. The Jesuits, then

strong in France, were brought into disrepute principally through his

“Provincial Letters.” Under the title of “Thoughts on Religion,” his

ideas of Christianity were published.

P. 502, c. 1—“Cicero.” (106 B. C.-43 B. C.) A Roman of noble family

and fine education. He held many important public positions, but

attained his greatest triumphs by his orations. His political labors

were interspersed with philosophical studies, and several works on such

subjects were written by him. He fell by the proscription under the

triumvirate, after Cæsar’s death.

P. 502, c. 2—“Bon´ar.” A sacred lyric poet, born in Edinburgh in 1808.

Published in 1856 “Hymns of Faith and Hope.”

NOTES ON CHINESE LITERATURE.

P. 503, c. 1—“Confucius,” kon-fū´she-ŭs. The Socrates of China. He was

born in 551 B. C., in Shantung, a north-east province of China. His

father died when Confucius was but three years old and his education

was left to his mother. At the age of twenty-four he left the public

service in which he had engaged, to mourn for three years the death of

his mother. During this time he studied the ancient writings, until he

became imbued with the idea of restoring the doctrines and usages of

the former sages. At the age of thirty he was ready to begin teaching.

His fame was wide; he taught and preached until called to the service

of his native country. Here he became prime minister, but was finally

removed through the intrigues of a neighboring prince. The rest of his

life was spent in spreading his ideas. His death occurred in 479 B. C.

For his doctrines, see Text-Book 34, pages 25 and 26.

P. 503, c. 1—“Tsăng Tsăn.”

P. 503, c. 1—“Book of Odes.” The Shi´king, or the third of the Five

Classics, one of the oldest collection of odes in existence. They are

arranged in four sections: national airs, lesser and greater eulogies,

and songs of praises. Nothing corresponding to the epics and narrative

poetry of other nations is contained in them. They are rather sonnets.

Their chief claim is their antiquity. Chinese writers are said to be

very fond of quoting stanzas from the odes. Having gone through the

hands of Confucius they are supposed to have peculiar authority.

P. 503, c. 1—“Hi´ăn King.” This memoir belongs to what are called the

secondary classics. It contains eighteen chapters of the apothegms of

Confucius, and professes to be a conversation between Confucius and his

pupil. Its authenticity is doubted by many. Some thirty commentaries

have been written upon it.

P. 503, c. 1—“Ta Hi´oh.” Next to the Five Classics in authority come

what are called the Four Books, the first of which is “Ta Hioh.”

Obedience and virtue are the subjects of them all. They are supposed to

contain the teachings of Confucius, although he did not write them.

P. 503, c. 2—“Lun Yu.” The third of the Four Books. The words and

actions of Confucius are recorded by his disciples in the work. It

shows his method of teaching, his shrewdness and insight. In this work

the negative form of the golden rule is found: Do not unto others what

you would not have them do to you.

P. 503, c. 2—“Chinse´ to kuhyü.” From daylight until nightfall.

P. 503, c. 2—“Sun´glo.” The name of certain hills in Kiangsu, a western

province of China, where the green tea grows. The name is applied by

the natives to the tea gathered there.

P. 503, c. 2—“Rain.” The weather affects the quality and quantity of a

tea crop. An excess of rain mildews, a lack of it withers the leaves.

P. 503, c. 2—“Măl´lards.” The wild duck. Sometimes called green-head

from its beautiful iridescent feathers.

P. 504, c. 1—“Bowing shoes.” The shoes worn by Chinese laborers are

made of silk or cotton, with thick felt soles. The toes are turned up

at the end for ease in walking, it is said.

P. 504, c. 1—“Umbrella-hat.” A flat bamboo hat, resembling a Japanese

parasol without the handle.

P. 504, c. 1—“Aglaia,” ag-la´ya. A fragrant shrub of the same family as

the orange. Its flowers are used to scent the finer kinds of tea, and

it is not improbable that the leaves are sometimes mixed with the tea.

P. 504, c. 1—“Third gathering.” Three crops of tea are gathered in a

season. The first is of the leaf buds; as soon as they begin to open

and show a white down they are picked. In May the full-grown leaf is

picked, and in July the last crop. The first produces the finest tea.

P. 504, c. 1—“Sparrow’s tongue,” “dragon’s pellet.” Translations of

common names used by the natives for the Souchong or Peccho tea.

P. 504, c. 1—“Firing pan.” The quality of tea depends almost as much

upon the drying and rolling as upon the age and condition of the leaf.

The leaves are carefully assorted after gathering. Hot pans being ready

they are thrown upon them, and kept in constant motion to prevent

burning. As soon as the oil is forced from the leaves and they begin to

crack they are put upon the table for rolling. The tables are made of

split bamboo, with the rounded side up. The workman takes a handful of

the hot leaves in his hand kneading them until the green oil is forced

out. This is followed by drying in the sun, the leaves being spread

thinly on trays. They must be cured as gently as possible that they may

not lose their brittleness nor become crisp in the sun. Of course this

process is varied with different varieties of tea. With the finer kinds

not more than a handful is used in the firing pan at once.

P. 504, c. 1—“Flag.” The name given to the leaflets when they first

begin to unroll.

P. 504, c. 1—“Awl.” By this term they designate the leaves which are

still rolled up and somewhat sharp.

P. 504, c. 1—“_Dramatis personæ._” Characters of the drama.

P. 504, c. 2—“Mace.” The Chinese arrange their monetary system on the

principle of weight. The names for the chief divisions are “tael,”

“mace,” “candareen,” and “cash.” The table runs: ten cash make one

candareen, ten candareen one mace, ten mace one tael. The cash is the

only native coin now in circulation.

P. 504, c. 2—“Dragon’s head tuft.” One of the most common objects in

the decorative art of the Chinese is the dragon. It has been taken as

the imperial coat of arms, and is reverenced by every devout Chinaman.

The throne of the emperor is the dragon’s throne, his face the dragon’s

face. Styles of dress and the arrangement of the hair are, of course,

named after the dragon. This “tuft” is very simple: the hair is twisted

in a large puff, high on the head, and a little to the right, and

fastened by two large pins; a tube inserted under the coil receives the

stems of flowers—an ornament almost universal with Chinese ladies.

P. 505, c. 1—“Phœnix,” fē-niks. Not the phœnix of the Arabian story,

but one of the four fabulous animals of the Chinese, the emperor of

birds. It is of wonderful beauty, appears only when the kingdom is

ruled by a man of perfect justice, or in the time of some sage; has not

been seen since the days of Confucius.

P. 505, c. 1—“Golden-lilies.” See Text-Book 34, page 36.

NOTES ON JAPANESE LITERATURE.

P. 505, c. 2—“Izana´gi.” For sound of vowels see foot-note, page 64,

Text-Book 34.

P. 505, c. 2—“Izana´mi.”

P. 505, c. 2—“Awa´jí.”

P. 505, c. 2—“So-sa´noö.”

P. 505, c. 2—“U-zu´mé.”

P. 505, c. 2—“Futoda´ma.”

P. 506, c. 1—“Amatera´sŭ.”

P. 506, C. 2—“Rai´kō.”

P. 506, c. 2—“O´ni.” A demon.

P. 506, c. 2—“Gen´ji and Hei´ki.” Names of the rival families Minamoto

and Taira. (See page 70 of Text-Book 34.) The emblems of these houses

were red and white flags. Some one calls the war “The Japanese War of

the Roses.”

P. 506, c. 2—“Watana´bé Tsu´na.” A dependent, or servant.

P. 506, c. 2—“Shu´ten dō´ji.”

P. 506, c. 2—“Sa´ké.” Rice-beer, an exhilarating drink, popular among

the Japanese.

P. 506, c. 2—“Kan´da Mi´ō Jin.” Illustrious deity of Kanda. The title

given to the first ruler, or mikado, of the Taira family, a wicked,

tyrannical man who, even after death, haunted the people until they

erected a temple and worshiped him as a deity. In 1868 his image was

torn from the temple and hacked to pieces by the mikado’s troops.

P. 507, c. 1—“Ku´gé.” A court noble.

P. 508, c. 1—“Nirvâna.” One of the teachings of Buddhism is that

the soul must return again and again to the body, that it must be

born, suffer and die innumerable times. If the life be pure, and the

doctrine right, each life will be higher than the last; gradually,

through self-denial and struggle, the soul becomes purified and reaches

Nirvâna, or perfect rest; but if the truth be rejected, the soul sinks

deeper in every life before another opportunity is given to raise.

Life, not death, is the terror of a Buddhist. For a clear and beautiful

description of Nirvâna see “The Light of Asia,” by Matthew Arnold.

NOTES ON TEXT-BOOK 34.

P. 8—“Ho-ang Ho´.”

P. 8—“Yang=´=tse-ke-ang´.”

P. 8—“Su-chow´.”

P. 8—“Ti-en-tsin´.”

P. 8—“Sīn-găn´.” The metropolis during the Tang dynasty. The city

has been celebrated for the monument of the Nestorian missionaries

(Text-Book, page 33) found there.

P. 8—“Shen-si´.” A northern province of about 70,000 square miles.

P. 8—“Pe-kĭng´, Năn-kĭn´, Fu-chow´, Shăng-hāi´, Căn-tŏn´, Hong Kong´,

A´moy, Nĭng-Pō´, Kāi Fung´.” All large and important cities of Western

China.

P. 8—“Grand Canal.” By means of this canal an almost entire water

connection between Canton and Peking is made, and through the two great

rivers which it crosses goods can be carried inland. The canal is

nearly twice as long as the Erie.

P. 8—“Kan-su´,” “Shen-se´,” “Shan-se´,” “Chi-li´,” “Shan-tung´,”

“Ho-nan´,” “Kwang-tung´,” “Yun-nan´,” “Sze-chuen´.”

P. 8—“A-moor´,” “U-su-ri´.”

P. 8—“An-nam´.” The country south of China. Tonquin, its largest

province, borders on China, and is the seat of the present

Franco-Chinese trouble.

P. 10—“A-moor´ia.” The Amoor country lying on the left bank of the

river bearing that name.

P. 10—“Sa-ga-lē´en.” An island off the west coast of Asia. The Russians

have made their colony a penal settlement.

P. 11—“Pe-chi-li´.”

P. 11—“Debouched,” de-bosh´ed. Opened, flowed; in this connection.

P. 12—“Embouchure,” äng-bo-shur´. The mouth of a river.

P. 12—“Man-chu´ria.”

P. 12—“Sun´ga-ri.”

P. 12—“Kuldja,” kool´ja.

P. 13—“Gobi,” go´be.

P. 14—“Manchi´u.”

P. 15—“Ya´o.”

P. 16—“Indo-Germanic.” The German or Teuton races which are supposed to

have entered Europe from Asia. The Germans, Dutch, English, Danes and

Swedes, are the principal ones.

P. 16—“Fuh-hi´.”

P. 17—“Accadian.” From Accad. One of the four cities in the land of

Shinar.

P. 17—“Arrow-headed.” The wedge shaped characters found among the ruins

of Babylon.

P. 18—“Sē´rēs.”

P. 18—“Jade.” A very hard mineral—valued by the Chinese chiefly because

of its sonorousness and color.

P. 18—“Kask-gar´.” A province of East Turkestan.

P. 18—“Thian-shan,” te-ahn´shan.

P. 19—“Buddhists,” bô´dists. Believers in Buddha.

P. 19—“Nestorians.” Followers of Nestorius, a priest at Antioch, made

patriarch at Constantinople in 428. Soon after he was deposed by the

council of Ephesus on account of his opinions. His followers were

received in Persia and became well known. A remnant still exists in

Kurdistan, and in India, under the name of Syrian Christians.

P. 19—“Franciscans.” A religious order of the Roman Catholic Church,

founded by Saint Francis. They have founded schools and convents in

every part of the world.

P. 19—“Sam-ar-cand´.” One of the chief cities of Russian Turkestan.

P. 23—“In-tĕr-nē´cine.” Deadly.

P. 24—“La´o Tsze” (ze); “Kŭng Fū´ Tszē,” “Mĭng´ kō.”

P. 24—“Mencius,” mĕn´she-us.

P. 24—“Bräh´mins.” The followers of Brahma, the god of the Hindus. A

spirit to be worshiped by contemplation, and of which the soul is a

portion. Mortals can only be released from transmigration by getting a

correct notion of the spirit.

P. 24—“Tâo-ism.” Taoism is the name both of a religion and a

philosophy. It does not take the name from its author, for tâo is

not the name of a person, but of an idea. The religion is a gross

polytheism, full of superstition. As a philosophy it is the teachings

of the book _Tâo Teh King_. There it is taught that “Man has for his

law the earth; earth has heaven for its law; heaven has tâo for its

law; and the law of tâo is its own spontaneity.”

P. 25—“Ge´om-a-cy.” Divinations by points or figures made on the earth,

or by casting figures.

P. 25—“Dr. Legge.” Professor of Chinese in Oxford University.

P. 26—“Hereditary nobles.” The city which contains his remains is

chiefly inhabited by his descendants. Four-fifths of the families bear

his name.

P. 27—“Cos.” An island in the Ægean Sea near the coast of Asia Minor.

P. 27—“Cy´rus; Dari´us Hys-tăs´pēs.”

P. 29—“Literati.” Literary men.

P. 29—“Ho-măn´.” “Ning-pō´.”

P. 30—“Stylus.” An iron instrument sharpened at one end and formerly

used for writing.

P. 32—“Cabul,” ca-bool´. The name of a city, province, and river of

Afghanistan.

P. 32—“Roman embassy.” The emperor Marcus Antonius sent an embassy by

sea to the country producing the rich silks prized in Rome. It appears

to have been a failure, neither trading, or advancing commerce.

P. 33—“Theo-do´si-us.” Roman emperor, (346-395).

P. 33—“Jus-tin´ian.” Roman emperor, (482-565).

P. 33—“At´ti-la.”

P. 34—“Ol´o-pen.”

P. 35—“Mā´gi-an-ism.” The teachings of the ancient wise men, or magi of

the east.

P. 36—“Khalifs,” or Caliphs. A title given to the successors of Mahomet

among the Saracens.

P. 36—“Mussulman.” A follower of Mahomet, signifying resigned to God.

P. 37—“Baikal,” bi´kal.

P. 38—“Yo-shi´tsuné.” See page 71.

P. 38—“Matteo;” “Nicolo Polo.” Venetian noblemen and brothers. In the

thirteenth century while on a mercantile voyage they reached China,

were favorably received, and promised to return. They did so, with

letters from Gregory X., and, accompanied by young Marco Polo remained

twenty-four years. Marco held an official position during three

years—the only European who ever held a high office under the emperor

of China. From the accounts which he wrote on his return, he has been

called the Herodotus of the middle ages.

P. 39—“Căt´ă-pŭlts.” Military engines used for throwing.

P. 39—“Carpini;” kar-pee´nee.

P. 39—“Mon-te Co-ri´no.”

P. 39—“Avignon,” ah-veen-yong´. A city of Southern France. The popes

from Clement V. to Gregory XI. (1309-1377) lived here. The last

restored the papal see to Rome.

P. 40—“Porcelain tower.” It is an octagonal tower, nine stories high.

The outer face is covered with slabs of glazed porcelain of green, red,

yellow, white, etc. The body of the building is brick.

P. 41—“Ricci,” rēt´che.

P. 42—“Schall.” A Jesuit missionary sent to China in 1820. By his

skill and learning he gained the favor of the people, and received one

hundred thousand proselytes into the church. But the favor turned, and

he was thrown into prison, where he died.

P. 43—“Ginseng,” jĭn´sĕng. A root found in America and Siberia, and

used in China as a panacea for every ill.

P. 47—“Coolie.” A porter, a laborer.

P. 52—“Kō-ra´i.”

P. 53—“Ki-shi´.”

P. 54—“Shin´ra; Hi-ak´sai.”

P. 58—“Han-yang´.”

P. 60—“Ku-ro-da,” ku-ro´da.

P. 61—“Fu´san; Gen´san.”

P. 63—“Name.” Griffis, in “The Mikado’s Empire,” gives sixteen

different names for Japan, which he has gathered from the Japanese

literature or heard in colloquial use.

P. 64—“For-mo´sa.”

P. 66—“Sat-su´ma.”

P. 75—“Men´dez Pin´tō.” An adventurer of the sixteenth century. He

wrote a book of travels, which is included in the classics of Portugal.

P. 75—“Xavier,” zăv´e-ur. A Roman Catholic missionary, and one of the

holiest and most useful of any time. He was one of the founders of the

Jesuit society.

P. 79—“Ty-coon´.”

P. 79—“Domin´icans.” An order of preaching friars, founded in 1215 by

Dominic.

P. 80—“Shim-a-ba´ra.”

P. 81—“Syl´la-ba-ry.” Table of syllables.

P. 81—“Shintō.” The ancient religion of Japan. “It teaches the divinity

of the mikado, and the duty of all Japanese to obey him implicitly.

Strike out these doctrines and there is nothing left but Chinese

cosmogony, local myth and Confucian morals.”

P. 84—“Etas.” The local outcasts of Japan, including tanners,

leather-dressers, grave-diggers, or those who in any way handled raw

hide or buried animals. They were totally cut off from the rest of the

people.

Errata, in “Notes on Required Readings” for May.

P. 482, c. 1—Lip´ets_k_.

P. 482, c. 2—Pol-tï´_n_as.

P. 483, c. 1—“Homerus.” The work here referred to was in the original,

that is in Greek, with a _Latin_ title.

LECTURE BY ARTEMUS WARD.

You are entirely welcome, ladies and gentlemen, to my little

picture-shop.

I couldn’t give you a very clear idea of the Mormons—and Utah—and the

Plains—and the Rocky Mountains—without opening a picture-shop—and

therefore I open one.

I don’t expect to do great things here—but I have thought that if I

could make money enough to buy me a passage to New Zealand I should

feel that I had not lived in vain.

~I don’t want to live in vain.~——~I’d rather live in Margate~—~or

here~. But I wish when the Egyptians built this hall they had given it

a little more ventilation.

I really don’t care for money. I only travel round to see the world and

exhibit my clothes. ~These clothes I have on were a great success in

America.~

How often do fortunes ruin young men? ~I should like to be ruined~, but

I can get on very well as I am.

I am not an artist. I don’t paint myself——though, perhaps, if I were a

middle-aged single lady I should——yet I have a passion for pictures——I

have had a great many pictures—photographs—taken of myself. Some of

them are very pretty—~or rather sweet to look at for a short time~—and,

as I said before, I like them. I’ve always loved pictures.

I could draw on wood at a very tender age. When a mere child ~I once

drew a small cartload of raw turnips over a wooden bridge~.——The people

of the village noticed me. ~I drew their attention.~

They said I had a future before me. Up to that time I had an idea it

was behind me.

Time passed on. It always does, by the way. ~You may possibly have

noticed that Time passes on.~——It is a kind of a way Time has.

I became a man. I haven’t distinguished myself at all as an artist—but

I have always been more or less mixed up with art. I have an uncle who

takes photographs—~and I have a servant who~——takes anything he can get

his hands on.

When I was in Rome——Rome in New York State, I mean——a distinguished

sculptist wanted to sculp me. But I said “No.” I saw through the

designing man. My model once in his hands—he would have flooded the

market with my busts——and I couldn’t stand it to see everybody going

round with a bust of me. Everybody would want one of course—and

wherever I should go I should meet the educated classes with my bust,

taking it home to their families. ~This would be more than my modesty

could stand~——~and I should have to return to America~——where my

creditors are.

I like art. I admire dramatic art—although I failed as an actor.

It was in my school days that I failed as an actor.——The play was the

“Ruins of Pompeii.”——~I played the Ruins.~ It was not a very successful

performance—but it was better than the “Burning Mountain.” ~He was not

good.~ He was a bad Vesuvius.

The remembrance often makes me ask—“where are the boys of my youth?”——I

assure you this is not a conundrum.——Some are amongst you here——Some in

America——~some are in jail~.——

Hence arises a most touching question—“Where are the girls of my

youth?” Some are married——~some would like to be~.

Oh my Maria! Alas! She married another. They frequently do. I hope she

is happy—~because I am~.——Some people are not happy. I have noticed

that.

A gentleman friend of mine came to me one day with tears in his eyes.

I said “Why these weeps?” He said he had a mortgage on his farm—and

wanted to borrow £200. I lent him the money—and he went away. Sometime

after he returned with more tears. He said he must leave me forever. I

ventured to remind him of the £200 he had borrowed. He was much cut up.

I thought I would not be hard upon him—so I told him I would throw off

one hundred pounds. He brightened—shook my hand—and said—“Old friend—I

won’t allow you to outdo me in liberality—~I’ll throw off the other

hundred~.”

As a manager I was always rather more successful than as an actor.

Some years ago I engaged a celebrated Living American Skeleton for

a tour through Australia. He was the thinnest man I ever saw. He

was a splendid skeleton. He didn’t weigh anything scarcely——and

I said to myself—the people of Australia will flock to see this

tremendous curiosity. It is a long voyage—as you know—from New York

to Melbourne—and to my utter surprise the skeleton had no sooner got

out to sea than he commenced eating in the most horrible manner.

He had never been on the ocean before—and he said it agreed with

him.—~I thought so!~——I never saw a man eat so much in my life.

Beef—mutton—pork——he swallowed them all like a shark——and between

meals he was often discovered behind barrels eating hard-boiled eggs.

The result was that when we reached Melbourne this infamous skeleton

weighed sixty-four pounds more than I did.

I thought I was ruined——but I wasn’t. I took him on to

California——another very long sea voyage——and when I got him to San

Francisco I exhibited him as Fat Man.

This story hasn’t anything to do with my entertainment, I know——but one

of the principal features of my entertainment is that it contains so

many things that don’t have anything to do with it.

I like music.——I can’t sing. As a singist I am not a success. ~I am

saddest when I sing.~ So are those who hear me. They are sadder even

than I am.

The other night some silver-voiced young men came under my window, and

sang—“Come where my love lies dreaming.”——I didn’t go. I didn’t think

it would be correct.

I found music very soothing when I lay ill with fever in Utah——and

I was very ill——I was fearfully wasted.——My face was hewn down to

nothing—and my nose was so sharp I didn’t dare stick into other

people’s business—~for fear it would stay there~—and I should never get

it again. And on those dismal days a Mormon lady—she was married—~tho’

not so much so as her husband~—he had fifteen other wives—she used to

sing a ballad commencing “Sweet bird—do not fly away!”——and I told her

I wouldn’t.——She played the accordion divinely—accordionly I praised

her.

I met a man in Oregon who hadn’t any teeth—not a tooth in his

head——~yet that man could play on the bass drum better than any man

I ever met~.——He kept a hotel. They have queer hotels in Oregon. I

remember one where they gave me a bag of oats for a pillow——~I had

night-mares of course~. In the morning the landlord said—How do you

feel—old hoss—hay?—I told him I felt my oats.

CHAUTAUQUA PERIODICALS

FOR 1883-1884.

Special Announcement—Let Everybody Read It!

The Chautauqua Assembly Daily Herald

Is published every morning (Sundays excepted) during the three weeks’

Assembly at Chautauqua. It is an eight-page, forty-eight column paper,

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is needed by every preacher, Sunday-school superintendent and teacher.

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A monthly magazine, 76 pages, ten numbers in the volume, beginning with

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1883.

THE CHAUTAUQUAN

is the official organ of the C. L. S. C., adopted by the Rev. J. H.

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* * * * *

FOOTNOTES:

[A] It is of silver and weighs nearly a thousand pounds.

[B] _Vid._ THE CHAUTAUQUAN for April, 1883, p. 365, col. 2.

[C] Timur, following the rôle of his ancestor, Genghiz, united numbers

of the Asiatic Tatar tribes, and set forth upon long journeys of

devastating conquest. At thirty-five he could call all the desirable

Asiatic world, including India, Turkey, and Egypt, his own. He held

royal, orientally gorgeous state at Samarkand, his capital, the most

magnificent city of Central Asia. Its inhabitants numbered a hundred

and fifty thousand, many of whom were educated in its forty colleges,

seats of Mohammedan learning. In one of its colleges were bred

continually a thousand students. Timur’s title was, “The Commander of

the World.” He restored, though but transiently, the empire of Genghiz.

His disregard of human life and his cruelty may be inferred from his

slaughter of a hundred thousand captives on his march to Delhi, and

from the ninety thousand corpses piled in the market-places of Bagdad,

after his entrance into that city.

[D] See THE CHAUTAUQUAN for April, p. 366, col. 2.

[E] This word is derived from an old Russian one, meaning firestone: a

name happily conveying the ideas of the hearth and of a fortress. The

elevation crowned by the Kreml, or Kremlin, is composed of a flinty

rock. The term signifies an enclosure, enclosed in stone; though the

first enclosures were of wood.

[F] On the crest of one of its peaks is a stone marked on the one side

Europe, on the other, Asia.

[G] See THE CHAUTAUQUAN for March, 1883, p. 303, col. 2.

[H] See THE CHAUTAUQUAN for April, p. 365, c. 2.

[I] See THE CHAUTAUQUAN for May, p. 428, col. 2.

[J] Russia contains two rivers of this name; one flowing into the

Gulf of Dwina, or Archangel, and one, more properly the Duna, between

Livonia and Courland, flowing into the Gulf of Riga. The cities bearing

the names of the gulfs are the ports, respectively, of each river.

[K] “Not slothful in business; fervent in spirit, serving the

Lord.”—ROMANS, xii: 11.

[L] The sale of his sermon on “Religion in Common Life” has been

immense in Great Britain, yielding its author, it is said, between five

and six thousand dollars, which are to be applied to the endowment of

a Female’s Industrial School in Errol. This prodigious circulation of

the discourse is doubtless attributable, in part, to the circumstances

under which it was preached; but of itself it possesses rare merit;

and it speaks well for the good judgment of the amiable queen that she

directed it to be printed. It is no secret that the queen and prince,

after hearing it, read it in manuscript, and expressed themselves no

less impressed by the soundness of its views, than they had been in

listening to it by its extraordinary eloquence. The subject is a most

important one, and it is discussed with fidelity, thoroughness, and an

evangelical spirit, and with an unusual force and beauty of diction.

The remark is true that Mr. Caird has far more honor from the able,

manly, and faithful manner in which he discharged his duty, than from

the accident of having had such a duty to discharge.

[M] General Secretary of the Chautauqua School of Theology, and Dean of

the Department of Greek and the New Testament.

* * * * *

Transcriber’s Notes:

Obvious punctuation errors repaired. The more moderd “worshipped” is

spelled as “worshiped” in this issue.

Page 489, “DIMITRIEVITCH” changed to “DIMITRIÉVITCH” (VASILI

DIMITRIÉVITCH)

Page 491, “Europeans” changed to “European” (the European Mongols to)

Page 492, “Lithunian” changed to “Lithuanian” (Lithuanian prince

desirable)

Page 506, “he” changed to “she” (she came to the august)

Page 511, “tenace” changed to “terrace” (terrace of white marble)

Page 513, “surrrounding” changed to “surrounding” (seen surrounding

dead)

Page 543, “Millenium” was retained as printed as an archaic spelling

(Tertio-Millenium celebration)

Page 545, note “Riksdag” is the Swedish government and the “Rigsdag” is

the Danish.

Page 546, “zealousy” changed to “zealously” (were zealously attached)

Page 547, “beomes” changed to “becomes” (soul becomes purified)

Page 550, “Octoer” changed to “October” (beginning with October)