OBLIQUE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
Oblique views from the airplane are of very great value. While vertical
views are more searching in many respects, they do nevertheless present
an aspect of the earth with which ordinary human experience is
unfamiliar. Consequently they are difficult to interpret without special
training. They suffer, too, from the military standpoint, from the
limitation that it is with vertical extension just as much as with
horizontal that an army has to contend in its progress. Elevations and
depressions of land show on an oblique view where they would be entirely
missed in a vertical one. For illustration, study the picture of part of
the outskirts of Arras (Fig. 144), presenting moat, walls and
embankments, all of which would be serious obstacles, but would hardly
be noticed on a vertical view. Pictures taken from directly overhead are
eminently suited to artillery use, but oblique views of the territory to
be attacked, taken from low altitudes, formed an essential part of the
equipment of the infantry in the later stages of the war.
Pictorially, oblique views are undoubtedly the most satisfactory. The
most revealing aspect of any object is not one side or face alone, but
the view taken at an angle, showing portions of two or three sides. Best
of all is that taken to show portions of front, side and top—the
well-known but heretofore fictitious “bird's-eye view” (Fig. 145). This
possibility is ordinarily denied the surface-of-the-earth photographer,
but the proper vantage point is attained in the airplane.
Aerial obliques may be taken at any angle, although a distinction is
sometimes made between obliques of high angle and panoramic or low angle
views (Fig. 146). In addition to ordinary obliques, a very beautiful
development is the stereo oblique. Both kinds of oblique photography
call for special instrumental equipment and technique.
[Illustration:
FIG. 144.—The outskirts of Arras. Low oblique showing contours.]
=Methods and Apparatus for Oblique Photography.=—The simplest method of
taking oblique pictures from a plane is to use a hand camera pointed at
the desired angle. Its limitations are in the size and scale of the
picture obtainable, and in the inherent limitations to the method of
camera support. A step in advance of this is to mount the camera above
the fuselage, on the machine gun ring or turret, in place of the gun.
Considerably greater rigidity is thus obtained, and heavier cameras can
be utilized, although the wind resistance is a serious factor. Excellent
obliques have been made in this way, even with 50-centimeter cameras,
but the scheme is impractical in military planes, because of the removal
of machine gun protection.
[Illustration:
FIG. 145.—Oblique view of Capitol and Congressional Library,
Washington.]
[Illustration:
FIG. 146.—Fort Alvenslegen, near Metz.
Photo by Photographic Section A. E. F.]
If the camera is fixed in the fuselage in its normal vertical position,
obliques may be and have been taken by the simple expedient of _banking_
the plane steeply. This is not to be recommended as a standard
procedure, especially for taking a consecutive series of exposures.
The most satisfactory arrangements for taking obliques are two; first,
to mount _the camera obliquely in the plane_, and second, to use a
_mirror or prism_, in front or behind the lens of the vertically mounted
camera. The first method has been employed chiefly by the French, the
latter by the English, whose gravity fed cameras could not be mounted
obliquely.
Taking up first the oblique mounting of cameras, we find two ways of
doing this: longitudinal mounting and lateral mounting. In longitudinal
mounting the camera projects forward and downward, usually from the nose
of a pusher or bi-motored plane. With this form of mounting (Fig. 147)
it is necessary of course to fly directly toward the objective. If this
is a portion of enemy trench, which must be photographed from a height
of 400 or 500 meters, the plane will be directly on top of its objective
a few seconds after the exposure is made, and be a conspicuous target,
in imminent danger of destruction. Moreover, only a single short section
of the trench would be obtained for each crossing of the line. The one
case where resort to this method is practically forced is with the
120-centimeter cameras which simply cannot be slung athwart the plane.
There is a slight advantage in this method of carrying in that the
motion of the image is less if the objective is approached, instead of
being passed at the side, and so longer exposures can be made. The
longitudinal mounting has, however, been very generally superseded by
the lateral.
[Illustration:
FIG. 147.—120-centimeter camera mounted obliquely in the fore-and-aft
position.]
Methods for mounting cameras obliquely for taking pictures through the
side of the plane have been discussed in detail in connection with
camera mountings and installations (Fig. 93). The chief difficulties are
want of space, obstacles at the side such as control wires and
longerons, and failure of the camera to function properly at an angle.
Even in the broad circular sectioned fuselage of the Salmson plane,
quarters are so cramped that the French 50-centimeter camera when
obliquely mounted cannot be used with the 12-plate magazine, and
recourse is made to thin flat double plate-holders. Holes in the side of
the fuselage should clear all wires and should command a view
unobstructed by the wings—which often means that the camera must be
carried behind the observer's cockpit, irrespective of the suitability
of that space from other standpoints. Cameras dependent for their action
on gravity, such as the deRam and English L type, are unsuited for
oblique suspension.
[Illustration:
FIG. 148.—Mirror on camera cone for taking oblique views.]
For cameras which, because of their method of operation or shape cannot
be slung obliquely, the only way to take obliques is to employ mirrors
(Fig. 148) or prisms. These must be of the same optical quality as the
photographic lens. They are both necessarily of considerable weight
because they must be of large area of face to fill the entire aperture
of an aerial lens. Mirrors are lighter than prisms, but must be quite
thick to prevent distortion of the surface due to any possible strains
to their mount. Right angle glass prisms have been used by the English
with the 8 and 10 inch L cameras. The prisms were uniformly tilted to an
angle of 12½ degrees from the horizontal.
Glass mirrors can be silvered either on the rear or front surface. If on
the rear, both surfaces must be accurately parallel, which means much
greater labor and expense than if the front surface can be utilized. The
difficulty with front surface mirrors is that the metallic coating is
easily tarnished or scratched, especially if silver is used, which is
almost imperative, since all the other metals have considerably lower
reflecting powers. (Gold might serve both as mirror and color filter,
because of its yellow color.) Placing the mirror inside the camera body
in part obviates this trouble, but means the use of a special elbow lens
cone. In any case the mirror or prism occasions at least a 10 per cent.
loss of light. Pictures taken by reflectors of any kind are reversed,
and must either be printed in a camera, or on transparent film which may
be viewed from the back.
The most usual condition for making obliques is to fly very low (300 to
600 meters), with the line of sight of the camera from 12 to 45 degrees
from the horizontal. This low altitude necessitates very short
exposures, to avoid movement of the image. The picture may be taken
either the long or the short way of the plate, depending on the
character of the object and the information desired. It is to be noted
that successive oblique pictures cannot be mounted to form a continuous
panorama—this being possible with obliques only if they are taken from
one point, as from a captive balloon. If successive views are made on a
straight flight at intervals so as to exactly juxtapose in the
foreground, they overlap by a large margin the middle, and a point on
the horizon, if that shows, will be in the same position in every
picture. Mosaics of obliques could be made only by some system of
conical mounting.
=Sights for Oblique Photography.=—Any of the sights previously discussed
for vertical work, such as the tube sights, are applicable to obliques.
They must, however, be suited for mounting at an angle, in a position
convenient for the observer. In addition, provision must be made for
adjusting the angle so that the lines of sight of camera and finder are
parallel. Mounting outside the fuselage is practically the only feasible
way, and is less objectionable with oblique than with vertical sights,
as oblique sighting does not require the observer to stand up and lean
over the edge of the cockpit. Windows in the side of the fuselage,
either of celluloid or non-breakable glass, are a great aid to oblique
observation. Marks upon the transparent surface can be utilized for the
rear points of a sight of which the front point is a single fixed bead
or rectangle.