How does food get into the blood?
Why can you so quickly smell gas that is escaping at the
opposite side of a room?
On our imaginary switchboard the DIFFUSION switch would not be safe
to tamper with. It would be near the SOLUTION switch, and almost as
dangerous. For if you were to make diffusion cease in the world, the
dissolved food and oxygen in your blood would do no good; it could not
get out of the blood vessels or into the cells of your body. You might
breathe all you liked, but breathing would not help you; the air could
not get through the walls of your lungs into the blood. Plants would
begin to wither and droop, although they would not die quite as
quickly as animals and fishes and people. But no sap could enter their
roots and none could pass from cell to cell. The plants would be as
little able to breathe through their leaves as we through our lungs.
If gas escaped in the room where you were, you could not smell it even
if you stayed alive long enough to try; the gas would rise to the top
of the room and stay there. All gases and all liquids would stay as
they were, and neither would ever form mixtures.
It would not make so much difference in the dead parts of the world
if diffusion ceased; the rocks, mountains, earth, and sea would not be
changed at all at first. To be sure, the rivers where they flowed into
the oceans would make big spaces of saltless water; and when water
evaporated from the ocean the vapor would push aside the air and stay
in a layer over the ocean, instead of mixing with the air and rising
to great heights. But the real disaster would be to living things. All
of them would be smothered and starved to death as soon as diffusion
ceased.
Here is an experiment that shows how gases diffuse:
EXPERIMENT 85. Take two test tubes with mouths of the same
size so that you can fit them snugly against each other when
you want to. Fill one to the brim with water and hold your
thumb or a piece of cardboard over its mouth while you place
it upside down in a pan of water. Take the free end of a
rubber tube that is attached to a gas pipe and put it into the
test tube a short distance, so that the gas will go up into
the tube, as shown in Figure 149. Now turn on the gas gently.
When all the water has been forced out of the tube and the gas
bubbles begin to come up on the outside, turn off the gas.
Put a piece of cardboard, about an inch or so square, over the
mouth of the tube so that no air can get into it, and take the
tube out of the water, _keeping the mouth down and covered_.
Bring the empty test tube, which of course is full of air,
mouth up under the test tube full of gas, making the mouths of
the two tubes meet with the cardboard between them, as shown
in Figure 150. Now have some one pull the cardboard gently
from between the two test tubes, so that the mouths of
the tubes will be pressed against each other and so that
practically no gas will escape. Hold them quietly this way,
the tube of gas uppermost, for not less than one full minute
by the clock. A minute and a half is not too much time. Now
have some one light a match for you, or else go to a lighted
Bunsen burner.
Take the test tubes apart gently and hold the lower one, which
was full of air, with its mouth to the flame. What has the gas
in the upper tube done? Now hold the flame to the upper test
tube, which was full of gas. What happens? Has all the gas
gone out of it?
[Illustration: FIG. 149. Filling a test tube with gas.]
[Illustration: FIG. 150. The lower test tube is full of air; the upper,
of gas. What will happen when the cardboard is withdrawn?]
As you well know, gas is much lighter than air; you can make a balloon
rise by filling it with gas. Yet part of the gas went _down_ into the
lower tube. The explanation is that the molecules of gas and those of
air were flying around at such a rate that many of the gas molecules
went shooting down among the air molecules, and many of the molecules
of air went shooting up among those of gas, so that the gas and the
air became mixed.
DIFFUSION IN LIQUIDS. Diffusion takes place in liquids, as you know.
For when you put sugar in coffee or tea and do _not_ stir it, although
the upper part of the tea or coffee is not sweetened, the part nearer
the sugar is very sweet. If you should let the coffee or tea, with the
sugar in the bottom, stand for a few months, it would get sweet all
through. Diffusion is slower in liquids than in gases, because the
molecules are so very much closer together.
OSMOSIS. One of the most striking and important facts about diffusion
is that it can take place right through a membrane. Try this
experiment:
EXPERIMENT 86. With a rubber band fasten a piece of parchment
paper, made into a little bag, to the end of a piece of glass
tubing about 10 inches long. Or make a small hole in one end
of a raw egg and empty the shell; then, to get the hard
part off the shell, soak it overnight in strong vinegar or
hydrochloric acid diluted about 1 to 4. This will leave a
membranous bag that can be used in place of the parchment bag.
Fill a tumbler half full of water colored with red ink, and
add enough cornstarch to make the water milky. Pour into the
tube enough of a strong sugar solution to fill the membranous
bag at its base and to rise half an inch in the tube. Put the
membranous bag down into the pink, milky water, supporting the
tube by passing it through a square cardboard and clamping
it with a spring clothespin as shown in Figure 151. Every few
minutes look to see what is happening. Does any of the red
ink pass through the membrane? Does any of the cornstarch pass
through?
This is an example of diffusion through a membrane. The process is
called _osmosis_, and the pressure that forces the liquid up the tube
is called _osmotic pressure_. It is by this sort of diffusion that
chicks which are being incubated get air, and that growing plants get
food. It is in this way that the cells of our body secure food and
oxygen and get rid of their wastes. There are no little holes in our
blood vessels to let the air get into them from our lungs. The air
simply diffuses through the thin walls of the blood vessels. There
are no holes from the intestinal tract into the blood vessels. Yet the
dissolved food diffuses right through the intestinal wall and through
the walls of the blood vessels. And later on, when it reaches the body
cells that need nourishment, the dissolved food diffuses out through
the walls of the blood vessels again and through the cell walls into
the cells. Waste is taken out of the cells into the blood and passes
from the blood into the lungs and kidneys by this same process
of diffusion. So you can readily see why everything would die if
diffusion stopped.
[Illustration: FIG. 151. Pouring the syrup into the "osmosis tube."]
_APPLICATION 65._ Explain how the roots of a plant can take in
water and food when there are no holes from the outside of
the root to the inside; how bees can smell flowers for a
considerable distance.
INFERENCE EXERCISE
Explain the following:
401. A shell in the bottom of a teakettle gathers most of
the scale around it and so keeps the scale from caking at the
bottom of the kettle.
402. There is oxygen dissolved in water. When the water comes
in contact with the fine blood vessels in a fish's gills, some
of this oxygen passes through the walls of the blood vessels
into the blood. Explain how it does so.
403. Asphalt becomes soft in summer.
404. When the trolley comes off the wire the car soon stops.
405. You cannot see stars in the daytime on earth, yet you
could see them in the daytime on the airless moon.
406. Although the carbon dioxid you breathe out is heavier
than the rest of the air, part of it goes up and mixes with
the air above.
407. On a cold day wood does not feel as cold as iron.
408. To make mayonnaise dressing, the oil, egg, and vinegar
are thoroughly beaten together.
409. A solution of iodin becomes stronger if it is allowed to
stand open to the air.
410. A drop of milk in a glass of water clouds all the water
slightly.