How is a telegram sent?
What carries your voice when you telephone?
So far we have talked about electricity only making heat and light by
being forced through something that resists it. But everybody knows
that electricity can be made to do another kind of work. It can
be made to move things,--to run street cars, to click telegraph
instruments, to vibrate the thin metal disk in a telephone receiver,
and so on. The following experiments will show you how electricity
moves things:
[Illustration: FIG. 138. The magnetized bolt picks up the iron
filings.]
EXPERIMENT 75. Bare an inch of each end of a piece of
insulated wire about 10 feet long. Fasten one end to the zinc
of your battery or to one wire from the storage battery; wrap
the wire around and around an iron machine bolt, leaving the
bolt a foot or so from the battery, until you have only about
a foot of wire left. Hold your bolt over some iron filings. Is
it a magnet? Now touch the free end of your wire to the carbon
of your battery or to the other wire from the storage battery,
and hold the bolt over the iron filings. Is it a magnet now?
You have completed the circuit by touching the free end of
the wire to the free pole of your battery; so the electricity
flows through the wire, around the bolt, and back to the
battery.
Disconnect one end of the wire from the battery. You have now
broken the circuit, and the electricity can no longer flow
around the bolt to magnetize it. See if the bolt will pick
up the iron filings any more; it may keep a little of its
magnetism even when no electricity is flowing, but the
magnetism will be noticeably less. When you disconnect the
wire so that the electricity can no longer flow through a
complete circuit from its source back to its source again, you
are said to _break the circuit_.
[Illustration: FIG. 139. Sending a message with a cigar-box
telegraph.]
EXPERIMENT 76. Examine the cigar-box telegraph (see Appendix
B) and notice that it is made on the same principle as was the
magnetized bolt in Experiment 75. Complete the circuit through
the electromagnet (the bolt wound with wire) by connecting
the two ends of the wire that is wrapped around the bolt,
with wires from the two poles of the battery. By making and
breaking the circuit (connecting and disconnecting one of the
wires) you should be able to make the lower bolt jump up
and down and give the characteristic click of the telegraph
instrument.
In this experiment it does not matter how long the wires are
if the batteries are strong enough. Of course it makes no
difference where you break the circuit. So you could have the
batteries in the laboratory and the cigar box a hundred miles
away, with the wire going from the batteries to the bolt and
back again. Then if you made and broke the circuit at the
laboratory, the instrument would click a hundred miles away.
If you want to, you may take the cigar-box telegraph out into
the yard, leaving the batteries in the laboratory, while you
try to telegraph this short distance.
Examine a regular telegraph instrument. Trace the wire from
one binding post, around the coil and through the key, back
to the other binding post, and notice how pushing down the
key completes the circuit and how raising it up breaks the
circuit.
[Illustration: FIG. 140. Connecting up a real telegraph instrument.]
EXPERIMENT 77. Connect two regular telegraph instruments,
leaving one at each end of the long laboratory table. Make the
connections as follows:
Take a wire long enough to go from one instrument to the
other. Fasten the bare ends of this wire into the right-hand
binding post of the instrument at your left, and into the
left-hand binding post of the instrument at your right; that
is, connect the binding posts that are nearest together, as in
Figure 141.
Now connect one wire from the laboratory battery to the free
post of the right-hand instrument. Connect the other wire
from the laboratory battery to the ground through a faucet,
radiator, or gas pipe, making the connection firm and being
sure that there is a good, clear contact between the bare end
of the wire and the metal to which the wire is attached.
Make another ground connection near the left-hand instrument;
that is, take a wire long enough to reach from some pipe or
radiator to the left-hand telegraph instrument, bind one bare
end of this wire firmly to a clean part of the pipe and bring
the other end toward the instrument. Before attaching
this other end to the free binding post of the left-hand
instrument, be sure to open the switch beside the telegraph
key by pushing it to your right. Close the switch on the
other instrument. Now attach the free ground wire to the free
binding post of your telegraph instrument, and press the key.
Does the other instrument click? If not, disconnect the ground
wire and examine all connections. Also press the sounder of
each instrument down and see if it springs back readily. It
may be that some screw is too tight, or too loose, or that a
spring has come off; tinker awhile and see if you cannot make
the instrument work. If you are unable to do so, ask for help.
Figure 141 is a diagram of all the connections.
When you want to telegraph, open the switch of the instrument
you want to send from and close the switch of the instrument
which is to receive the message.
Holding the key down a little while, then letting it up, makes
a "dash," while letting it spring up instantly, makes a "dot."
Practice making dots and dashes. Telegraph the word "cat,"
using the alphabet shown on the next page. Telegraph your own
name; your address.
[Illustration: FIG. 141. Diagram showing how to connect up two
telegraph instruments. The circles on the tables represent the binding
posts of the instruments.]
[Illustration: FIG. 142. Telegraphing across the room.]
Here is the Morse telegraph code in dots and dashes:
LETTERS
A B C D E F G
.- -... .. . -.. . .-. --.
H I J K L M N
.... .. -.-. -.- -- - - -.
O P Q R S T U
. . ..... ..-. . .. ... - ..-
V W X Y Z &
...- .-- .-.. .. .. ... . . ...
NUMERALS
1 2 3 4 5
.--. ..-.. ...-. ....- ---
6 7 8 9 0
...... --.. -.... -..- ----
By using the Morse code, telegraph and cable messages are sent all
over the world in a few seconds. The ability to send messages in this
way arose from the simple discovery that when an electric current
passes around a piece of iron, it turns the iron into a magnet.
HOW A TELEPHONE WORKS. A telephone is much like a delicate and
complicated telegraph in which the vibrations started by your voice
press the "key," and in which the sounder can vibrate swiftly in
response to the electric currents passing through the wire. The "key"
in the telephone is a thin metal disk that vibrates easily, back of
the rubber mouthpiece. Each time an air vibration from your voice
presses against it, it increases the current flowing in the circuit.
And each time the current in the circuit is increased, the disk in the
receiver is pulled down, just as the sounder of a telegraph is pulled
down. So every vibration of the disk back of the mouthpiece causes
a vibration of the disk in the receiver of the other telephone; this
makes the air over it vibrate just as your voice made the mouthpiece
vibrate, and you get the same sound.
To make a difference between slight vibrations and larger ones in
telephones, there are some carbon granules between the mouthpiece disk
and a disk behind it; and there are various other complications,
such as the bell-ringing apparatus and the connections in the central
office. But the principle of the telephone is almost exactly the same
as the principle of the telegraph. Both depend entirely on the fact
that an electric current passing around a piece of iron magnetizes the
iron.
EXPERIMENT 78. By means of your battery, make an electric
bell ring. Examine the bell and trace the current through
it. Notice how the current passes around two iron bars and
magnetizes them, as it did in the telegraph instrument.
Notice that the circuit is completed through a little metal
attachment on the base of the clapper, and that when the
clapper is pulled toward the electromagnet the circuit is
broken. The iron bars are then no longer magnetized. Notice
that a spring pulls the clapper back into place as soon as the
iron stops attracting it. This completes the circuit again and
the clapper is pulled down. That breaks the circuit and
the clapper springs back. See how this constant making and
breaking of the circuit causes the bell clapper to fly back
and forth.
[Illustration: FIG. 143. The bell is rung by electromagnets.]
The electric bell, like the telephone and telegraph, works on the
simple principle that electricity flowing through a wire that is
wrapped around and around a piece of iron will turn that piece of iron
into a magnet as long as the electricity flows.
THE ELECTRIC MOTOR. The motor of a street car is a still more
complicated carrying out of the same principle. In the next experiment
you will see the working of a motor.
EXPERIMENT 79. Connect the wires from the laboratory battery
to the two binding posts of the toy motor, and make the motor
run. Examine the motor and see that it is made of several
electromagnets which keep attracting each other around and
around.
Motors, and therefore all things that are _moved_ by electricity,
including trolley cars and electric railways, submarines while
submerged, electric automobiles, electric sewing machines, electric
vacuum cleaners, and electric player-pianos, are moved by magnetizing
a piece of iron and letting this pull on another piece of iron. And
the iron is magnetized by letting a current of electricity flow around
and around it.
[Illustration: FIG. 144. A toy electric motor that goes.]
The making of various kinds of electromagnets and putting currents
of electricity to work is becoming one of the great industries of
mankind. Waterfalls are being hitched up to dynamos everywhere, and
the water power that once turned the mill wheels now turns millions
of coils of wire between the poles of powerful magnets. The current
generated in this way is used for all kinds of work--not only for
furnishing light to cities, and cooking meals, heating homes, and
ironing clothes, but for running powerful motors in factories, for
driving interurban trains swiftly across the country, for carrying
people back and forth to work in city street cars, for lifting great
pieces of iron and steel in the yards where huge electromagnets are
used,--for countless pieces of work in all parts of the globe. Yet the
use of electricity is still only in its beginning. Tremendous amounts
of water power are still running to waste; there is almost no limit to
the amount of electricity we shall be able to generate as we use the
world's water power to turn our dynamos.
[Illustration: FIG. 145. An electric motor of commercial size.]
_APPLICATION 62._ Explain how pressing a telegraph key can
make another instrument click hundreds of miles away, and how
you can hear over the telephone. Is it vibrations of sound
or of electricity that go through the telephone wire, or does
your voice travel over it, or does the wire itself vibrate?
Explain how electricity can make a car go.
INFERENCE EXERCISE
Explain the following:
371. When a fuse blows out, you can get no light.
372. If you lay your ear on a desk, you hear the sounds in the
room clearly.
373. If you touch a live wire with wet hands, you get a much
worse shock than if you touch it with dry hands.
374. A park music stand is backed by a sounding board.
375. The clapper of an electric bell is pulled against the
bell when you push the button.
376. A hot iron tire put on a wagon wheel fits very tightly
when it cools.
377. Candy will cool more rapidly in a tin plate than in a
china plate.
378. When a trolley wire breaks and falls to the ground it
melts and burns at the point at which it touches the ground.
379. By allowing the electricity from the trolley wire to flow
down through an underground coil of wire, a motorman can open
a switch in the track.
380. The bare ends of the two wires leading to your electric
lamp should never be allowed to touch each other.
CHAPTER NINE
MINGLING OF MOLECULES