What keeps a balloon up?
What makes an iceberg float?
Why does cork float on the water and why do heavier substances
sink?
If iron sinks, why do iron ships not sink?
Again let us imagine ourselves up in the place where gravitation has
no effect. Suppose we lay a nail on the surface of a bowl of water. It
stays there and does not sink. This does not seem at all surprising,
of course, since the nail no longer has weight. But when we put a cork
in the midst of the water, it stays there instead of floating to the
surface. This seems peculiar, because the less a thing weighs the more
easily it floats. So when the cork weighs nothing at all, it seems
that it should float better than ever. Of course there is some
difficulty in deciding whether it ought to float toward the part of
the water nearest the floor or toward the part nearest the ceiling,
since there is no up or down; but one would think that it ought
somehow to get to the outside of the water and not stay exactly in the
middle. If put on the outside, however, it stays there as well.
A toy balloon, in the same way, will not go toward either the ceiling
or the floor, but just stays where it is put, no matter how light a
gas it is filled with.
The explanation is as follows: For an object to float on the water or
in the air, the water or air must be heavier than the object. It is
the water or air being pulled under the object by gravity, that pushes
it up. Therefore, if the air and water themselves weighed nothing, of
course they would be no heavier than the balloon or the cork; the
air or water would then not be pulled in under the balloon or cork by
gravity, and so would not push them up, or aside.
[Illustration: FIG. 11. The battleship is made of steel, yet it does
not sink.]
WHY IRON SHIPS FLOAT. When people first talked about building iron
ships, others laughed at them. "Iron sinks," they said, "and your
boats will go to the bottom of the sea." If the boats were solid iron
this would be true, for iron is certainly much heavier than water. But
if the iron is bent up at the edges,--as it is in a dish pan,--it has
to push much more water aside before it goes under than it would if it
were flattened out. The water displaced, or pushed aside, would have
to take up as much room as was taken up by the pan _and all the empty
space inside of it_, before the edge would go under. Naturally this
amount of water would weigh a great deal more than the empty pan.
But suppose you should fill the dish pan with water, or suppose it
leaked full. Then you would have the weight of all the water in it
added to the weight of the pan, and that would be heavy enough to push
aside the water in which it was floating and let the pan sink. This is
why a ship sometimes sinks when it springs a leak.
You may be able to see more clearly why an iron ship floats by this
example: Suppose your iron ship weighs 6000 tons and that the cargo
and crew weigh another 1000 tons. The whole thing, then, weighs 7000
tons. Now that ship is a big, bulky affair and takes up more space
than 7000 tons of water does. As it settles into the water it pushes
a great deal of water out of the way, and after it sinks a certain
distance it has pushed 7000 tons of water out of the way. Since the
ship weighs only 7000 tons, it evidently cannot push aside more than
that weight of water; so part of the ship stays above the water, and
all there is left for it to do is to float. If the ship should freeze
solid in the water where it floated and then could be lifted out of
the ice by a huge derrick, you would find that you could pour exactly
7000 tons of water into the hole where the ship had been.
But if you built your ship with so little air space in it that it took
less room than 7000 tons of water takes, it could go clear under the
water without pushing 7000 tons of water aside. Therefore a ship of
this kind would sink.
The earth's gravity is pulling on the ship and on the water. If the
ship has displaced (pushed aside) its own weight of water, gravity is
pulling down on the water as hard as it is on the ship; so the ship
cannot push any more water aside, and if there is enough air space in
it, the ship floats.
Perhaps the easiest way to say it is like this: Anything that is
lighter than the same volume of water will float; since a cubic foot
of wood weighs less than a cubic foot of water, the wood will float;
since a quart of oil is lighter than a quart of water, the oil will
float; since a pint of cream is lighter than a pint of milk, the cream
will rise. In the same way, anything that is lighter than the same
volume of air will be pushed up by the air. When a balloon with its
passengers weighs less than the amount of air that it takes the place
of at any one time, it will go up. Since a quart of warm air weighs
less than a quart of cold air, the warm air will rise.
You can see how a heavy substance like water pushes a lighter one,
like oil, up out of its way, in the following experiment:
EXPERIMENT 11. Fill one test tube to the brim with kerosene
slightly colored with a little iodine. Fill another test tube
to the brim with water, colored with a little blueing. Put a
small square of cardboard over the test tube of water, hold it
in place, and turn the test tube upside down. You can let go
of the cardboard now, as the air pressure will hold it up. Put
the mouth of the test tube of water exactly over the mouth of
the test tube of kerosene. Pull the cardboard out from between
the two tubes, or have some one else do this while you hold
the two tubes mouth to mouth. If you are careful, you will not
spill a drop. If nothing happens when the cardboard is pulled
away, gently rock the two tubes, holding their mouths tightly
together.
[Illustration: FIG. 12. The upper tube is filled with water and the
lower with oil. What will happen when she pulls the cardboard out?]
Oil is lighter than water, as you know, because you have seen a film
of oil floating on water. When you have the two test tubes in such a
position that the oil and water can change, the water is pulled down
under the kerosene because gravity is pulling harder on the water
than it is pulling on the kerosene. The water, therefore, goes to the
bottom and this forces the kerosene up.
_APPLICATION 6._ Three men were making a raft. For floats they
meant to use some air-tight galvanized iron cylinders. One
of them wanted to fill the cylinders with cork, "because," he
said, "cork is what you put in life preservers and it floats
better than anything I know of." "They'd be better with
nothing in them at all," said a second. "Pump all the air
out and leave vacuums. They're air-tight and they are strong
enough to resist the air pressure." But the third man said,
"Why, you've got to have some air in them to buoy them up.
Cork would be all right, but it isn't as light as air; so air
would be the best thing to fill them with."
Which way would the floats have worked best?
_APPLICATION 7._ A little girl was telling her class about
icebergs. "They are very dangerous," she said, "and ships are
often wrecked by running into them. You see, the sun melts
the top off them so that all there is left is under water. The
sailors can't see the ice under water, and so their ships
run into it and are sunk." Another girl objected to this; she
said, "That couldn't be; the ice would bob up as fast as the
top melted." "No, it wouldn't," said a boy. "If that lower
part wasn't heavier than water, it never would have stayed
under at all. And if it was heavier at the beginning, it would
still be heavier after the top melted off."
Who was right?
INFERENCE EXERCISE
Explain the following:
11. When you wash dishes, a cup often floats on top of the
water, while a plate made of the same sort of china sinks to
the bottom of the pan.
12. If you put the cup in sidewise, it sinks.
13. The water in the cup, when lying on its side, is exactly
as high as the water in the dish pan.
14. If you put a glass into the water, mouth first, the water
cannot get up into the glass; if you tip it a little, there
are bubbles in the water and some water enters the glass.
15. If you let a dish slip while you are wiping it, it crashes
to the floor.
16. It is much harder to hold a large platter while you are
wiping it than it is to hold a small butter plate.
17. If you set a hot glass upside down on the oilcloth table
cover, the oilcloth bulges up into it when the hot air and
steam shrink and leave a partial vacuum within the glass.
18. If you spill any of the dishwater on the floor, it
flattens out.
19. You may use a kind of soap that is full of invisible
little air bubbles; if you do, the soap will float on top of
the water.
20. When you drop a dry dishcloth into water, it floats until
all the pores are filled with water; then it sinks.