N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 128.
Female insects covering themselves with a secretion of cottony or
felted matter, forming more or less complete sacs. Male insects (where
known) covered with similar secretion.
Genus: ERIOCHITON, Maskell.
Secretion white, felted, formed of threads issuing from prominent spiny
spinnerets; inconspicuous or absent on adult female, thicker on male
pupa. Abdominal cleft and lobes present in all stages of female.[R]
[R] In both of the species here described the adult female has the tibiæ
shorter than the tarsi. The author has hesitated to found a generic
character on it until the discovery of other species; the character is
quite exceptional in the family, occurring (besides) only in some species
of _Acanthococcidæ_. In all others a tibia shorter than the tarsus would
indicate an immature insect.
[This genus contains the insect named hitherto _Ctenochiton spinosus_.]
51. Eriochiton hispidus, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIX., 1886, p. 47.
(Plate XIII., Fig. 1.)
Secretion of female white, thin, felted, formed of thin threads
excreted from the numerous prominent spiny spinnerets, the threads
becoming more or less matted over the dorsal surface. At the edge each
thread corresponds to a spine, but has not the feathery form exhibited
in the next species, _E. spinosus_, being more tubular. On the adult
female the covering is often not to be detected, or presents only
fragmentary portions; it is best observed on the female of the second
stage.
Secretion of the male pupa white, felted, thick, covering the insect
all over, and exhibiting at the edge a small fringe. At first sight the
test, being obscurely segmented, presents somewhat the appearance of a
Dactylopid. Length of the felted mass, about 1/16in.
Larva normal, flat, elliptical, active, exhibiting the usual abdominal
cleft and lobes. Dorsal surface covered with spines, excreting a thin
white mass of tubes and a tubular fringe.
Female of the second stage more or less elliptical, slightly convex,
brown in colour beneath the thin white felted covering, which usually
presents a segmented appearance, due to the transverse rows of
prominent spinnerets. Body covered thickly on the dorsal surface with
spines, which are subcylindrical, the ends rounded, springing from
tubercular bases. On the ventral surface many smaller spiny hairs.
Abdominal cleft normal, the lobes large. Mentum probably monomerous:
the tip bears several hairs. Antennæ of six somewhat hairy joints.
Feet with rather large femora; the lower digitules are fine hairs.
Anogenital ring bearing numerous hairs.
Adult female elliptical, convex, hollow beneath, brown in colour,
usually affecting the twigs and branches of the plant in preference to
the leaves. Apparently naked, but on close inspection found to retain
at least portions of the thin felted covering. Dorsal surface covered
with great numbers of spines similar to those of the second stage;
ventral surface with many small spiny hairs. Antennæ of seven joints.
The feet have large coxæ and femora; the tibia is only about half as
long as the tarsus; the lower digitules are only fine hairs.
Adult male of normal form of _Lecanidinæ_: colour brown. On the head
are six visual organs: two dorsal eyes, two ventral, and two ocelli.
Antennæ reddish, ten-jointed; the second joint a good deal thicker than
the rest, the second, third, and fourth joints the longest; the last
three moniliform; all the joints hairy. On the five last joints are
several hairs with knobbed extremities. Feet slender, hairy; digitules
fine hairs. Abdominal spike short and rather broad. On each side of the
base of the spike is a tubercle bearing a pair of longish setæ; each
pair of setæ becomes enclosed in a long white cottony thread, and the
two threads form conspicuous "tails," as is common with most males of
the Coccid family.
Habitat--On _Olearia Haastii_, Botanical Gardens, Wellington. This is
an alpine plant cultivated in the Gardens, and the insect probably came
with it from the mountains.
This species is distinguished from _E. spinosus_ by the great number
of spiny spinnerets on the dorsum of the female and by the tubular
character of the fringe.
The curious and exceptional character of a tibia shorter than the
tarsus in the adult female, as observed above, is found only in this
genus and some _Acanthococcidæ_.
52. Eriochiton spinosus, Maskell.
_Ctenochiton spinosus_, Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878,
p. 212; Vol. XII., 1879, p. 292; Vol. XIV., 1881,
p. 218; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 25.
(Plate XIII., Fig. 2.)
Test of female white, thin, formed of felted threads excreted from
spiny spinnerets; inconspicuous at all stages, and often absent on
the adult, but distinguishable on the larva and the second stage. The
excreting spinnerets are almost all at the edge of the body, and the
fringe is formed of feather-like segments, each segment corresponding
to a spine.
Test of male white, thick, felted, oval, and convex; length, about
1/16in. Fringe as in the female.
Adult female dark-brown, sometimes almost black; slightly elongated,
convex, affecting almost altogether the twigs and branches in
preference to the leaves. Average length, about 1/9in. Antennæ of seven
joints: on the last joint some hairs. Feet with the tibia about half as
long as the tarsus (see note above, under the genus). On the edge of
the body is a row of conspicuous spines, subcylindrical or subconical,
with tubercular bases; and on the dorsum, in some specimens, may be
seen a few others on the median region.
Female of second stage brown, elongated-elliptical, slightly convex.
Antennæ six-jointed. Marginal spines as in the adult, but no dorsal
spines. Length, about 1/25in.
Larva red, flattish, elliptical; marginal spines as in adult,
conspicuous. Antennæ of five joints. Abdominal lobes large.
Adult male brown, rather more slender than in _E. hispidus_. Antennæ of
ten joints, all hairy; the second joint much thicker than the rest. The
last three joints are not so globular as in _E. hispidus_. On the last
five joints are several knobbed hairs. Feet slender, hairy; digitules
fine hairs. Abdominal spike shortish, broad: at each side of the base
a tubercle bearing a pair of longish setæ enclosed in a long filament
of white cotton. Eyes four; ocelli two. Length of body, exclusive of
spike, about 1/25in.
Habitat--On _Atherosperma Novæ-Zælandiæ_, _Melicope ternata_,
_Elæocarpus dentatus_, Wellington; _Muhlenbeckia adspersa_, Sumner
Road, Lyttelton; Port Hills, Christchurch; and Wellington.
Distinguished from _E. hispidus_ by the feather-like segments of the
fringe, and by the almost complete absence of dorsal spines on the
female. The male is apparently almost identical.
Group III.--HEMICOCCIDINÆ.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 128.
Larvæ presenting at the extremity of the abdomen two conspicuous
protuberances, or "anal tubercles," as in the following group,
_Coccidinæ_; abdominal cleft and lobes absent.
Adult females exhibiting the abdominal cleft and lobes of _Lecanidinæ_.
Insects naked or covered with secretion.
The formation of this group has been necessary to include certain
insects, _e.g._, _Kermes_, which are evidently intermediate between
the _Lecanidinæ_ and the _Coccidinæ_, exhibiting at various stages the
characters of each.
SUBDIVISIONS AND GENERA.
Subdivision I.
Adult females naked or covered with horny secretion,
without fringe
Kermitidæ.
Adult females globular
Kermes.
Subdivision II.
Adult females covered with a test of glassy or waxy
secretion
Cryptokermitidæ.
Test hard, waxy, with single fringe
Pollinia.
Test hard, waxy, with double fringe
Asterolecanium.
None of the insects belonging to this group have as yet been reported
as occurring in New Zealand.
As regards the name "Kermes" included in the foregoing list, see N.Z.
Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 17.
Group IV.--COCCIDINÆ.
Adult females variable in form and colour; body segmented, the segments
more or less conspicuous; naked, or covered with secretion which is
mealy, cottony, felted, or waxy; active or stationary. No abdominal
cleft or dorsal lobes; abdomen ending in two more or less conspicuous
protruding processes, or "anal tubercles." Mentum, when present, bi- or
triarticulate.
Larvæ exhibiting anal tubercles as in adult.
Adult males of general form of the family: abdominal spike usually
short. Antennæ usually of ten joints. Eyes often facetted.
SUBDIVISIONS AND GENERA.
Subdivision I.
Adult females stationary; naked, or covered with cottony or
felted secretion; antennæ of not more than seven joints;
anogenital ring with six or eight short hairs; anal
tubercles conspicuous. Eyes of male not facetted
Acanthococcidæ.
Adult female enclosed in closely-felted or waxy sac with
double glassy fringe; apodous and without antennæ
Planchonia.
Adult females enclosed in a felted sac without fringe;
retaining feet and antennæ
Eriococcus.
Adult females naked; retaining feet and antennæ
Rhizococcus.
_Genera not yet represented in New Zealand._
Adult females lying on cushion of cotton; apodous and
without antennæ
Nidularia.
Adult females lying on cushion of cotton; retaining feet
and antennæ
Gossyparia.
Adult females enclosed in a cottony sac; apodous; with or
without antennæ; excreting from the abdomen a very long
cottony appendage
Antonina.
The genus _Acanthococcus_, Signoret (loc. cit., 1874, p. 34), is here
united to _Eriococcus_; and the genus _Capulinia_, Signoret (loc. cit.,
1874, p. 27), to _Antonina_.
Subdivision II.
Adult females active or stationary; naked, or covered with
mealy, cottony, or waxy secretion; antennæ of from six to
nine joints; anogenital ring conspicuous, with several long
hairs; anal tubercles inconspicuous. Eyes of male sometimes
facetted
Dactylopidæ.
Adult females having antennæ of eight joints; anogenital
ring with six hairs; naked, or covered with meal or cotton
Dactylopius.
Adult females having antennæ of nine joints; covered with
cottony secretion; anogenital ring with six hairs; upper
digitules of foot absent
Pseudococcus.
_Genera not yet represented in New Zealand._
Adult females having antennæ of six joints; covered with
mealy secretion; anogenital ring with six hairs
Ripersia.
Adult females having antennæ of nine joints; anogenital
ring with eight hairs; upper digitules of foot present
Puto.
Adult females having antennæ of eight joints; covered with
plates of waxy secretion; anogenital ring with six hairs.
Eyes of male facetted
Orthezia.
The genera _Westwoodia_ and _Boisduvalia_, Signoret (loc. cit., 1874,
pp. 337, 338), are here united to _Dactylopius_.
Subdivision III.
_Not yet represented in New Zealand._
Adult females active, covered with mealy secretion; antennæ
of seven joints; no hairs on anogenital ring. Eyes of male
not facetted
Coccidæ.
Adult females having antennæ of seven joints; no hairs on
anogenital ring
Coccus.
Subdivision IV.
Adult females active or stationary; naked, or covered
with mealy, waxy, or cottony secretion; antennæ of ten
or eleven joints; anterior pair of feet similar to the
rest; anogenital ring without hairs; anal tubercles
inconspicuous. Males with facetted eyes and no ocelli
Monophlebidæ.
Adult females with elongated antennæ of eleven joints;
covered with mealy or cottony secretion; with or without
ovisac; rostrum present
Icerya.
Adult females with antennæ of eleven joints; naked, or
covered with cottony or mealy secretion; rostrum absent
Cœlostoma.
_Genera not yet represented in New Zealand._
Adult females having antennæ of eleven joints; naked. Males
with several long processes, or tassels, on the abdominal
segments
Monophlebus.
Adult females with antennæ of eleven joints; naked. Males
without tassels
Leachia.
Adult females with conical antennæ of eleven joints;
covered with cotton
Ortonia.
Adult females with antennæ of ten joints. Males bearing a
long mass of silky hairs on the last abdominal segment
Callipappus.
Adult females with antennæ of ten joints; covered with
secretion, partly cottony, partly plates of wax
Walkeriana.
The genera _Drosicha_, Walker (list of Homop. Suppl., 1858, 306, 1) and
_Guerinia</sc>, Targioni-Tozzetti (Signoret, loc. cit., 1875, p. 356)
are here united to _Monophlebus</sc>.
The genus _Llaveia</sc>, Signoret (loc. cit., 1875, p. 370), is
omitted, its affinities being doubtful.
Subdivision V.
_Not yet represented in New Zealand._
Adult females with antennæ of variable number of joints;
anterior pair of feet abnormally enlarged, deformed;
rostrum, mentum, and buccal apparatus absent. Eyes of male
facetted
Porphyrophoridæ.
Adult females with antennæ of eleven joints; covered with
mealy or cottony secretion
Porphyrophora.
Adult females with antennæ of seven joints; covered with
waxy or calcareous secretion
Margarodes.
Subdivision I.--ACANTHOCOCCIDÆ.
Female insects exhibiting in all stages the anal tubercles. Young larvæ
free, naked, active. Females of second stage active, covered with thin
cottony secretion. Adult females stationary; naked, or either resting
on or covered with a thick cottony or felted secretion. Anal tubercles
in all stages conspicuous, bearing terminal hairs. Anogenital ring
inconspicuous, with fine short hairs. Body distinctly segmented.
Male pupæ enclosed in cottony or felted sac. Abdominal spike of adult
usually short, with a curved appendage.
Genus: PLANCHONIA, Signoret, Ann. de la Soc. Entom. de France, 1868, p.
282.
Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 223.
Adult females enclosed in a sac, or test, of secretion so closely
felted as to appear waxy; round the edge of the sac a double fringe of
glassy tubes; apodous; antennæ absent. Anal tubercles present in all
stages.
The differences between this genus and _Asterolecanium_ (see above
under _Lecanidinæ_) are not to be made out from external examination of
the sac, nor without close investigation. It is possible, indeed, that
_Asterolecanium_ should be removed from the _Lecanidinæ_ and united
with _Planchonia_.
53. Planchonia epacridis, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 224.
(Plate XII., Fig. 2.)
Test of adult female closely felted, smooth, hard, semi-transparent;
flat beneath, convex above; elongated-oval, tapering towards the
posterior end; completely enclosing the insect except at extreme
posterior end, where there is a small orifice; colour partly green,
partly yellow. Round the edge a fringe of long white glassy tubes
in double row, one row over the other. Average length, exclusive of
fringe, about 1/16in.
Test of male unknown.
Adult female filling the test, shrivelling at gestation. Antennæ
absent, but represented by circular rings, each bearing four hairs.
Feet absent. Anal tubercles small, setiferous. Anogenital ring
inconspicuous, with six fine short hairs. Mentum uni-articulate;
rostral setæ short. Round the edge of the body a row of figure-of-8
spinneret orifices; on the dorsal surface many circular spinnerets and
a number of protruding tubes.
Female of second stage elongated, flattish; colour, reddish-brown;
length, about 1/20in. Antennæ absent, represented by rings, as in
adult. Feet absent. Anal tubercles as in adult. Spinnerets and fringes
as in adult.
Young insect elongated-oval, tapering towards anal extremity, flat;
anal tubercles clearly distinguishable, setiferous. Antennæ of five
joints; the last joint clavate and bearing hairs. Feet normal; upper
digitules fine hairs; lower digitales absent. Colour reddish-brown; on
the dorsal surface many scattered figure-of-8 spinnerets, from which
spring long, curling, white, glassy tubes. Length of insect, about
1/40in.
Adult male unknown.
Habitat--On _Leucopogon Fraseri_, Amberley and Sumner, Canterbury; on
_Leptospermum scoparium_ (manuka) (sparingly), Nelson.
A very pretty little species, resembling in outward appearance
_Asterolecanium quercicola_, Signoret, but much smaller, and
distinguishable by the presence of the anal tubercles.
Genus: ERIOCOCCUS, Targioni-Tozzetti.
Signoret, loc. cit., 1874, p. 29.
Maskell, N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1879, p. 218.
Adult female enclosed in an elongated sac of white or yellow felted
cotton; body elongated, segmented; anal tubercles conspicuous; feet
and antennæ present; several rows of conical spines on dorsal surface.
Antennæ of six joints.
54. Eriococcus araucariæ, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 218; Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 134.
_Rhizococcus araucariæ_, Comstock; Rept. of Entom., U.S.
Agric. Dept., 1881, p. 339.
(Plate XIV., Fig. 1.)
Sac of adult female white, cottony, elongated, often aggregated in
masses; length, about 1/10in.
Sac of male similar, but much smaller.
Adult female elongated-oval, convex, segmented; colour yellowish;
anal tubercles brown, conspicuous. Length of insect, about 1/12in.
Antennæ of six joints, with some hairs. Feet normal. Anogenital ring
inconspicuous, with eight short hairs. On the edge of the body a row
of conical spines (spinnerets). After gestation the insect loses its
regular oval outline, shrivelling up at one end of the sac.
Young larva and female of second stage similar to adult, but smaller.
Adult male, "a delicate fly-like creature, with two large wings and
a pair of long waxen filaments projecting from posterior part of the
abdomen; these filaments are very conspicuous, being white, and longer
than the body of the insect. Colour of body white, with many irregular
markings" (Comstock, loc. cit.).
Habitat in New Zealand--On _Araucaria excelsior_ (Norfolk Island pine),
Governor's Bay, Canterbury. In America, on same plant.
This insect is not greatly different from _E. buxi_, Signoret; but the
sac differs, and there are a few distinguishing characters in the form
of the antennæ and feet.
55. Eriococcus hoheriæ, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XII., 1879, p. 298; Vol. XIX., 1886.
(Plate XIV., Fig. 2.)
Sac of adult female white, cottony, irregularly elliptical, slightly
convex, often aggregated in masses; frequently so covered with black
fungus as to present the appearance of a minute gall.
Sac of male white, convex, smaller and more elongated than that of the
female.
Adult female elongated-oval, convex, red in colour; length, about
1/30in. Body segmented, tapering rapidly to the posterior extremity;
the cephalic segment occupying more than half the length. Anal
tubercles conspicuous, apparently two, but on close inspection found
to be four, brown in colour; two of them bear longish setæ; all the
four are much corrugated and bear many short spiny hairs. Anogenital
ring inconspicuous, with eight fine hairs. Antennæ of six short joints,
tapering. Foot as if atrophied, the joints small and swollen; digitules
all fine hairs. On the body are many small conical spines, which are
most numerous on the last two abdominal segments.
Larva free, active, red in colour, flattish, elongated, tapering to
the abdominal extremity; length, about 1/50in. Body segmented; anal
tubercles two, conspicuous, setiferous, with some short hairs. Antennæ
of six joints; feet normal.
Adult male red, about 1/20in. long; wings rather narrow, hyaline.
Antennæ ten-jointed, hairy. Feet normal. Abdominal spike short, thick,
and accompanied by a curved appendage; at each side a tubercle bearing
longish setæ.
Habitat--In crevices (and sometimes on surface) of bark of _Hoheria
angustifolia_, on hills above the town of Lyttelton. About midsummer
individuals may be found which have just completed their sac and have
not yet become coated with the black fungus.
The peg-top form and the four anal tubercles of this insect distinguish
it from all others of the genus.
56. Eriococcus multispinus, Maskell.
_Acanthococcus multispinus_, Maskell; N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI.,
1878, p. 217; Vol. XII., 1879, p. 292; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 29.
(Plate XV., Fig. 1.)
Sac of adult female yellow, felted, elongated-oval. Length, about
1/20in. Abdominal extremity open.
Sac of male similar to that of the female.
Adult female pinkish in colour, elongated-oval, convex, filling the
sac, shrivelling at gestation; segmented, segments not conspicuous.
Length, about 1/25in. Anal tubercles brownish, conspicuous, setiferous.
Anogenital ring small, with eight fine hairs, which are often glued
together by cottony secretion, forming a pencil between the tubercles.
Antennæ of six joints. Feet having the tibia shorter than the
tarsus;[S] digitules fine hairs. On the dorsal surface are a great
number of conical spines, of which the largest are arranged in six
longitudinal rows; from the spines sometimes protrude some cottony
tubes with an expansion a little below the tip.
[S] As a rule, a tibia shorter than the tarsus characterizes an insect
not yet arrived at the adult stage. The genera _Eriococcus_ and
_Rhizococcus_ sometimes present exceptions to this rule. See also, above,
the genus _Eriochiton_.
Young larva free, active, elongated-oval, flattish; spines as in adult.
Adult male orange-red in colour; length, about 1/25in. Antennæ of ten
joints. Abdominal spike short, thick, with a curved appendage. Feet
normal.
Habitat--On _Rubus australis_, Riccarton Bush, Canterbury; on _Knightia
excelsa_, _Cyathodes acerosa_, Wellington.
The very numerous conical spines distinguish this species from that
known as _Acanthococcus aceris_, Signoret, the European species.
There seems to be no sufficient reason why the genus _Acanthococcus_
should have been separated from _Eriococcus_, and they have been here
reunited. The only difference mentioned by Signoret is the colour and
texture of the sac, an unimportant character in this case.
57. Eriococcus pallidus, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 29.
(Plate XV., Fig. 2.)
Sac of adult female yellowish-white, elongated-oval, convex, closed at
both ends. Length, about 1/9in.
Sac of male unknown.
Adult female greenish-grey, turning to brown after gestation; filling
the sac; shrivelling at gestation. Anal tubercles rather large and
conspicuous. Anogenital ring small, with eight (sometimes six?) fine
short hairs. Antennæ of six joints. Feet normal, slender; lower
digitules narrow and rather long. Body segmented; segments not very
distinct. On the middle of each segment a transverse row of small
slender conical spines not set closely together. Very many small
scattered oval spinneret orifices.
Adult male unknown.
Habitat--On _Myoporum lætum_ (ngaio), _Elæocarpus dentatus_ (hinau),
&c.; throughout the Islands.
Allied to _E. buxi_, Signoret (European), and _E. multispinus_, ante:
but different from both in colour, in the arrangement of the spines and
spinnerets, and in the form of the antennæ.
Genus: RHIZOCOCCUS, Signoret.
Adult females naked, usually stationary; body segmented; anal tubercles
conspicuous. Antennæ of six or seven joints. Feet present. Anogenital
ring inconspicuous, with fine hairs.
Male pupa enclosed in a cottony sac.
Mr. Comstock proposes (Ann. Rept. of Entom., U.S. Agric. Dept., 1881,
p. 339, note) to include in this genus all the species of _Eriococcus_.
The organic difference disclosed by the formation of a sac in that
genus and the absence of a sac in _Rhizococcus_ seems to render the
separation of the two necessary.
58. Rhizococcus celmisiæ, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 135.
(Plate XVI., Fig. 1.)
Adult female deep red in colour, elongated-oval, convex above and
flattened below; length about 1/11in. The segments of the body are
not very distinct. The abdomen ends in two large and conspicuous anal
tubercles, each of which bears one strong and fairly long terminal seta
and three other spines. The anal ring has eight hairs. Antennæ of six
joints, sometimes looking like seven. Mentum doubtfully dimerous. The
four digitules of the foot are long fine hairs. The tibia is a little
shorter than the tarsus.[T] The trochanter bears one long hair and two
short ones. A few large conical spines (spinnerets) are scattered over
the body, and a row of smaller ones, like hairs with tubercular bases,
runs transversely on each segment; also some circular spinnerets. At
the edge of the body, all round, is a row of the large conical spines,
which are set in groups of three on the posterior segments, of four or
five on the median segments, and almost continuous on the head. When
the insect is alive these spines are often agglutinated with cottony
secretion so as to give the appearance of a short fringe. The four
spiracles are somewhat large and circular.
[T] See note, above, under _Eriococcus multispinus_.
Adult male unknown.
Habitat--On _Celmisia_ sp., Southern Alps, Canterbury.
Differs from the European _R. gnidii_ in size, colour, and habitat,
that species living on the roots of grass, while the New Zealand
insect is arboreal. There are also differences in the foot and in the
arrangement of the spines and hairs.
It is possible that this insect may, in its latest stage, construct a
sac: in that case, it would belong to _Eriococcus_.
59. Rhizococcus fossor, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 136.
(Plate XVI., Fig. 2.)
Female naked in all stages, but the adult usually buried in a pit.
Male pupa enclosed in a white, elongated, cottony sac, which is about
1/20in. long.
Adult female greenish-yellow in colour, sometimes brown, stationary;
sometimes resting on the leaf, usually partly enclosed in a circular
pit; almost circular in outline, flat beneath and slightly convex
above; length, about 1/15in. In the last stage, after gestation,
it becomes dark-brown. The cephalic part is smooth; the remainder
segmented. The abdomen ends in two very small anal tubercles, which
are nevertheless somewhat conspicuous on account of their brown
colour. Between them there protrudes a long thick pencil of white
cotton. Antennæ short, with six joints, the last joint bearing several
long hairs. Feet very small; the femur rather thick; the tibia is
shorter than the tarsus by about one-third; the four digitules are
long fine hairs. The anal tubercles have not terminal setæ; anal ring
inconspicuous. A row of a few conical spines, set far apart, runs round
the edge of the body, but none elsewhere, nor any circular spinnerets.
There is no sign of a sac in any stage.
Female of the second stage oval, flatter than the adult, and of a
rich golden colour; length, about 1/40in. The segments of the body
are somewhat more distinct than in the adult. The anal tubercles are
proportionately larger, and bear terminal setæ. Antennæ longer than
in the adult, with six joints. Feet also longer. All round the edge
runs a row of conical spines, set more closely than in the adult; and
from each of these springs a long curly tube of white cotton, making a
kind of fringe to the body; each tube is a little dilated at the end,
and then tapers to a narrow point. The base of each conical spine is a
somewhat large tubercle.
Young larva free, active, elongated, slightly convex, tapering to the
anal extremity; colour yellow; length, about 1/60in. Antennæ as in
adult, with six joints. Feet somewhat large. Anal tubercles thick,
conspicuous, setiferous, with one short hair. On the edge of the body
a row of conical spines set far apart, and on the dorsum four other
longitudinal rows.
Adult male red in colour, about 1/30in. long. Antennæ of nine joints,
all bearing hairs; the last joint nearly globular. Feet slender;
digitules fine hairs. Abdominal spike short, thick, with sometimes a
curved appendage. A rather strong seta on each side of the base of the
spike.
As a rule, the adult female is nearly buried in a circular depression,
or pit, formed in the leaf, and with the wall of the pit somewhat
curled over it. On the other side of the leaf is a corresponding
elevation, of a brown colour. Diameter of pit, about 1/18in. The
abdominal pencil of cotton and the anal tubercles of the female usually
protrude at the edge of the pit, probably to attract the male. After
gestation, the female disappears within the pit, and the young larvæ
are also sheltered in it for a while.
Sometimes two females inhabit the same pit.
The females which are not in pits are generally of a dark-red, or
brown, colour.
Habitat--On _Santalum Cunninghamii_ (maire), Te Aute, Hawke's Bay.
A very distinct species, easily distinguishable by the pits on the
leaves.
Subdivision II.--DACTYLOPIDÆ.
The "Mealy-bugs."
Female insects active or stationary; naked, or covered with mealy,
cottony, or waxy secretion. Body segmented. Antennæ of from six to nine
joints. Feet present. Anogenital ring large, usually conspicuous, with
several long hairs. Anal tubercles small, inconspicuous.
Males of general form of the family. Eyes sometimes facetted, usually
granular.
Genus: DACTYLOPIUS, Costa.
Adult females having antennæ of eight joints; anogenital ring with six
hairs. Naked, or more usually covered with mealy or cottony secretion.
Male pupa enclosed in cottony sac.
60. Dactylopius alpinus, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 138.
(Plate XVII., Fig. 1.)
Adult female dark-purple in colour, producing a rich red tint in
alcohol; body segmented, convex, slightly elongated, stationary;
enclosed in a thick mass of white cottony secretion. Length, about
1/7in. Internal substance very oily. Anal tubercles inconspicuous,
thick, with broad bases. Anogenital ring large, with six hairs. Feet
normal; upper digitules long fine hairs; lower digitules somewhat
broader. Antennæ of eight joints. On the dorsum a number of tubular
projecting spinnerets, and others circular. On each of the last three
abdominal segments a row of large conical spines.
Female of second stage dark-brown, active, elongated, segmented,
flatter than the adult; length, about 1/20in. Anal tubercles
inconspicuous, setiferous. A few conical spines on the posterior
segments. Antennæ of six joints. A thin mealy secretion on the body.
Young larva dark-brown, naked, active, elongated, segmented; length,
about 1/40in. Antennæ of six joints. Anal tubercles thick, broad, and
more conspicuous than in the adult. A few small spines on the dorsum.
Adult male unknown.
Habitat--On Veronica sp., Upper Waimakariri Valley, Southern Alps.
A species easily distinguished by its cottony sac, its rich colour
in alcohol, and its conical spines. It would seem to be intermediate
between _Rhizococcus_ and _Dactylopius_.
61. Dactylopius calceolariæ, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 218; Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 138.
(Plate XVII., Fig. 2.)
Adult female dull-pink in colour, elongated, distinctly segmented,
slightly convex; active; covered with thin mealy secretion; length
variable, from 1/8in. to 1/4in. Very short cottony appendages sometimes
along the edge of the body. Anal tubercles inconspicuous, bearing fine
hairs, from which spring two long cottony filaments. Anogenital ring
large, with six long hairs which are often glued together by white
cotton, forming a pencil between the anal tubercles. Interior substance
very oily. Antennæ of eight joints, each bearing hairs. Mentum
triarticulate, with a few hairs at the tip. Feet normal.
Female of second stage similar, but smaller. Antennæ of six joints.
Anal tubercles somewhat more conspicuous than in the adult.
Adult male unknown.
Habitat--On _Calceolaria_, Christchurch; _Danthonia_, Stewart Island;
_Phormium tenax_, Christchurch.
The large size, and the absence of long cottony marginal appendages,
distinguish this species from the European _D. adonidum_.
62. Dactylopius glaucus, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 219; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 30.
(Plate XVII., Fig. 3.)
Adult female green, sometimes brownish-red, elongated, distinctly
segmented, slightly convex; active; covered with thin mealy secretion.
Length, averaging 1/14in. Body oval, tapering somewhat to the posterior
extremity. Anal tubercles inconspicuous, each bearing fine hairs and
a long cottony filament. Anogenital ring large, with six hairs often
forming with cotton a protruding pencil. A few cottony appendages
sometimes round the edge of the body, often absent. Antennæ of eight
joints, each bearing hairs. Feet normal; lower digitules rather broad.
Sac of male pupa narrow, cylindrical, white, cottony, open at the
posterior end. Length, about 1/8in.
Adult male about 1/20in. long; brown, covered when newly hatched with
white meal. Body rather thick; abdominal spike short. Antennæ of ten
joints, hairy; the last eight joints equal to each other. Feet slender,
hairy; upper digitules long, fine; lower digitules short.
Habitat--On _Panax_, _Rubus_, _Coprosma_, _Pittosporum_, _Piper
excelsum_, &c.; throughout the Islands: also frequently on fruit-trees.
A species more nearly resembling the ordinary "mealy bug," _D.
adonidum_, than any other in New Zealand; but differing in colour, in
the absence of long marginal appendages, and in the form of the foot
and antennæ.
63. Dactylopius poæ, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 220.
(Plate XVIII., Fig. 1.)
Adult female pink, covered with thin white meal; slightly elongated,
sometimes globular; flat beneath, convex above; segmented, the segments
indistinct. Length reaching about 1/10in. Antennæ of eight joints, very
short. Feet normal, very short; upper digitules short, lower digitules
absent (?). Anal tubercles extremely small and inconspicuous; each has
three conical spines, but no hairs. Anogenital ring large, with six
hairs. On the dorsum are numbers of small circular spinnerets.
Adult male unknown.
Habitat--On the common tussock grass, _Poa anceps (australis?)_, Mount
Grey Downs and Port Hills, Canterbury; either just above the ground, or
more often an inch or two below the surface.
A species clearly distinct in form and habit.
Genus: PSEUDOCOCCUS, Westwood.
Adult females covered with cottony secretion; stationary; antennæ
of nine joints; anogenital ring conspicuous, with six hairs; upper
digitules of the foot absent.
64. Pseudococcus asteliæ, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 139.
(Plate XVIII., Fig. 2.)
Adult female about 1/10in. long, yellowish-brown, covered with a not
very abundant white cotton; segmented; anal tubercles inconspicuous;
anal ring with six hairs. Antennæ with nine joints, of which the
third, fourth, and fifth are the longest; the second, sixth, and ninth
a little shorter; the first, seventh, and eighth the shortest. The
fourth, fifth, and sixth are the narrowest, the two ends of the antennæ
being thicker than the middle. The eighth joint is a little expanded at
the tip; and the ninth is fusiform, with a shallow depression at the
extremity. All the joints have a few long hairs, and on the eighth is
one a good deal stronger than the others. The legs have the tibiæ twice
as long as the tarsus; the claw is slender, and has no tooth on the
inner edge. There are only two digitules (the lower pair), which are
long and fine. The trochanter bears one short bristle. The whole leg
is slender and long. The eyes are tubercular and smooth, showing after
maceration in potash a small dark terminal spot. The body is covered
with a number of spinnerets of two kinds: those with simple concentric
circles are the largest, and are found all over the integument; the
others are multilocular, and are placed in groups at the edges of
the segments and also in great numbers at the cephalic and abdominal
extremities. Interspersed with these spinnerets are several hairs,
mostly very short, but on the head are some pretty long. From the
anal tubercles spring two strong setæ with tubercular bases, not very
long. The mentum is dimerous, and bears a few hairs on the tip. In the
groups of spinnerets at the edges of the segments are found a few small
conical spines. The four spiracles are small and simple.
Adult male unknown.
Habitat--On _Astelia_ sp., in forests, Hawke's Bay.
Allied to _P. Mespili_, Geoffroy; but differs in the antennæ, feet, and
spinnerets.
Subdivision III.--COCCIDÆ.
Adult females active, covered with mealy secretion; antennæ of seven
joints; no hairs on anogenital ring. Eyes of male not facetted.
This subdivision, which includes the single genus _Coccus_, of which
there would seem to be not more than one distinct species--_Coccus
cacti_ (the cochineal insect)--and two or three varieties, has not yet
any representatives in New Zealand.
Subdivision IV.--MONOPHLEBIDÆ.
Adult females active or stationary; naked, or covered with mealy,
cottony, or waxy secretion; segmented; antennæ of ten or eleven joints;
anterior pair of feet similar to the rest; anogenital ring without
hairs; anal tubercles inconspicuous.
Males with facetted eyes and no ocelli.
Strictly speaking, the wings of the males of this group should,
according to its name, present only a single nervure. This, however,
is not the case, or, rather, it should be said that the nervure is
precisely similar to that of all other Coccids, branching once, so
that it cannot form a distinctive character. Possibly the name of
_Monophlebus_ was originally given by Leach to an abnormal or imperfect
specimen.
Genus: ICERYA, Signoret.
Adult females having antennæ of eleven joints; covered with thin mealy
secretion or with cotton; stationary; with or without ovisac. Rostrum
and mentum present. Segmentation inconspicuous.
Adult males without tassels on the abdomen; antennæ with two dilations
on each joint.
Two species only of this genus are at present known, the one described
below and another, _I. sacchari_, infesting sugar-canes in Mauritius.
The male of the latter is unknown. Possibly researches in Australia
might result in the discovery of others.
65. Icerya Purchasi, Maskell.
N. Z. Trans., Vol. XI., 1878, p. 221; Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 140;
p. 140; Vol. XVII., 1884, p. 30; Vol. XIX., 1886, p. 45.
_The "Cottony-cushion Scale."_
(Plate XIX.)
Adult female dark reddish-brown, covered with a thin powdery secretion
of yellowish meal, and with slender glassy filaments; stationary at
gestation, and gradually raising itself on its head, lifting the
posterior extremity until nearly perpendicular, filling the space
beneath it with thick white cotton, which gradually extends for some
distance behind it in an elongated, white ovisac, longitudinally
corrugated; ovisac often much longer than the insect, and becoming
filled with oval red eggs. Length of female, about 1/5in., reaching
sometimes nearly 1/3in. Body previous to gestation lying flat on the
plant, the edge slightly turned up; on the dorsum a longitudinal raised
ridge, forming one or more prominences. Insect covered all over with
numerous minute fine hairs, most thickly on the thoracic region; round
the edge these hairs are longer, and are arranged in tufts somewhat
closely set; the tufts are black, and contain from twenty to thirty
hairs in each. Amongst the hairs in the tufts are several protruding
tubular spinnerets, having on the outer end a kind of multiglobular
ring or crown; from these proceed cylindrical, glassy, straight tubes
as long as the tufts of hair. Long, fine, glassy, delicate filaments,
as long as the body of the insect, radiate from the edge all round;
but these, being very fragile, are often irregular, or absent. During
gestation thick, short, cottony processes form at the edge of the
thorax, seemingly attached to the feet. Antennæ of eleven joints, very
slightly tapering; each joint bearing hairs. Feet normal, somewhat
thick. Rostrum not long; mentum triarticulate. Procreation commencing
soon after the first formation of the ovisac, the eggs being ejected
into the sac as it grows; ovisac at completion containing sometimes as
many as 350 eggs; ovisac convex above, sometimes irregularly split,
more often nearly conical, divided by several regular longitudinal
grooves or ribs.
Female of second stage dark-red, elongated, slightly convex, active,
covered with thin meal, or short curly cotton. Body hairy with marginal
tufts and spinnerets, as in adult. Anal tubercles inconspicuous,
but the abdomen exhibits three small lobes on each side, from which
spring six short setæ. Antennæ of nine nearly equal joints, hairy.
Feet normal, thick. Several radiating, fine cottony filaments. Length
of insect variable, from 1/10in. to 1/6in. The dorsum exhibits the
longitudinal raised ridge, but less conspicuously than in the adult.
Young larva, about 1/24in. long, dark-red, elongated, flattish, active;
covered with yellow cottony down. Antennæ of six joints, hairy; the
last joint is much the largest, clavate, apparently four-ringed,
bearing four long hairs. Feet slender; digitules short, fine hairs.
Eyes prominent, tubercular. Mentum biarticulate. Anal tubercles
represented by three small processes at each side of the abdominal
extremity, each process bearing a very long seta. Six longitudinal
rows of circular multilocular spinnerets, four on the dorsum and one
on each edge. Alternating with these are rows of hairs with tubercular
bases.
Adult male large, the length slightly varying; some specimens reach
1/8in.; expanse of wings, 1/4in.; length of antennæ, about 1/8in. Body
red, with a shining, diamond-shaped, black patch on the dorsal surface
of the thorax; legs and antennæ black. Wings dark-brown with (in some
lights) a bluish tinge, marked with oblique, narrow, wavy stripes; main
nervure red, branching once; there are also two longitudinal, whitish,
narrow bands.[U] Antennæ very long and slender, with ten joints, which
may easily be taken for nineteen, for, after the first which is short,
round, and simple, all the other nine have two dilated portions with
a constriction in the middle, and on each dilation is a ring of very
long hairs, giving the antenna a feathery appearance.[V] Eyes very
large and prominent, almost pedunculated, brown, divided into numerous
semi-globular facets. Feet long and very hairy; coxæ short and thick,
tibiæ long and slender, claw thin; upper digitules absent, lower pair
only short bristles. Abdomen slender, segments somewhat distinct;
on each segment some hairs; the last segment ends in two thick,
conspicuous, cylindrical processes, which, in side view, are seen to
incline upwards, and beneath them is the short, conical spike sheathing
the penis. Penis red, longish, tubular, and thick, with many recurved
short hairs, and at the end a ring of short spines. Each of the two
processes on the last segment bears three or four long setæ, but there
do not appear to be any of the long cottony appendages seen in the
males of most Coccids.
[U] Signoret (Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de France, 1875), under the genus
_Monophlebus_, speaks of "les plis hyalins" as existing also in the wings
of the males of that genus.
[V] Misled by similar appearances, Burmeister and Westwood assign
twenty-five joints to the male antenna of _Leachia fuscipennis_.
Habitat--On wattle, pine, orange, lemon, cypress, rose, gorse, grass,
and, in fact, on almost every kind of native and introduced plants,
Nelson, Hawke's Bay, Auckland. It will probably appear also elsewhere,
but the climate of Canterbury and Otago may prove too cold in winter
for it.
Allied to _I. sacchari_, Guérin, which damages sugar-canes in
Mauritius; but differing in the formation of the ovisac, the presence
of the marginal tufts and spinneret tubes in the female, and in other
particulars. The male of _I. sacchari_ has not been described. The male
of _I. Purchasi_ is probably quite distinct.
This species is supposed to have come originally from Australia. It has
been very injurious to orange and lemon trees at the Cape of Good Hope
and in California. In Auckland it has destroyed whole orchards of the
same trees, and in Nelson and Hawke's Bay it is a dreadful pest on all
kinds of plants.
Tree-growers should especially beware of this insect, and the best plan
to adopt would be to burn at once any tree found infested with it.
Genus: CŒLOSTOMA, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XII., 1889, p. 294.
Adult females with antennæ of eleven joints; segmented; naked, active;
at gestation becoming stationary and enclosed in a thick mass of white
cottony secretion. Anal tubercles absent or inconspicuous. Rostrum and
mentum absent in the adult female.
Males with prominent, facetted eyes; ocelli absent. Abdomen without
tassels.
In one New Zealand species the female in the second stage is
stationary, enclosed in a thick, hard mass of waxy secretion, of which
some account is given in Chap. III. The other species included in this
work inhabits a remote and scarcely visited district, and the female
has not hitherto been found; it is not possible therefore to include
the excretion of wax and the stationary position amongst the generic
characters at present.
This genus is allied to _Porphyrophora_, Brandt, and to _Monophlebus_,
Leach; differing from the former by the presence of an œsophagal
orifice, and from the latter by the absence of tassels on the abdomen
of the male. In the genus _Ortonia_, Signoret, the female possesses a
rostrum and mentum.
66. Cœlostoma zealandicum, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XII., 1879, p. 294; Vol. XIV., 1881, p. 226;
Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 141.
(Plate XX.; Plate XXI., Fig. 1.)
Adult female brick-red, elongated, distinctly segmented, convex; length
about 1/2in.; before gestation active, naked or covered with thin
meal; during gestation stationary, enclosed in a thick mass of white
cotton. Antennæ of eleven joints, tapering to the tip; the joints all
nearly equal, and bearing several hairs. Feet black, short, strong;
all the pairs placed somewhat forward; digitules absent, a short seta
at the base of the claw; on the inner edge of the tibia and tarsus a
fringe of strong hairs; on the trochanter a long hair. Rostrum and
mentum absent; mouth represented by a minute orifice between the
second pair of feet. Eyes very minute, tubercular, projecting, placed
behind the antennæ. Anal tubercles absent; anogenital opening small,
elliptical, simple, hairless. Body flattish beneath, more convex above;
segments distinct, generally smooth, sometimes bearing hard projecting
callosities. Skin covered with minute hairs interspersed with circular
spinnerets.
Female of second stage deep-red in colour, nearly globular, very
indistinctly segmented; stationary, enclosed in a thick, hard solid
test of yellow wax; tests attaining sometimes the size of a large pea;
enclosed insect averaging 1/5in. in length. Insect filling the test;
skin smooth, very thin; general appearance like a hard, round, smooth
ball. Anal tubercles absent; anogenital ring small, simple, hairless:
from this ring springs often a tuft of short white cotton, and a long
white cottony seta protruding through an orifice in the test. Rostrum
and mentum present, very small; mentum triarticulate, with a few hairs
at the tip. Antennæ very short, of eight joints, conical, tapering
to the tip, hairy. Feet atrophied, bloated-looking, apparently only
consisting of a very short femur, tibia, and tarsus; digitules two,
very small. Skin covered with a great number of circular spinnerets of
two sizes, the larger ones simple, the smaller multilocular. Tracheæ
very large; spiracular orifices containing brown tubes with beaded
extremities on the inner end. Anal extremity dark-brown, the anal ring
in the centre; spinnerets here very numerous, converging towards the
anus. Insect in this stage emitting a strong, persistent, and fetid
odour.
Young larva brick-red, elongated, active, naked; length, about 1/24in.
Antennæ of six joints, hairy; last joint the largest, clavate. Eyes
and feet as in adult, but there is no fringe on the tibia and tarsus.
Rostrum and mentum large, conspicuous. Skin covered with circular
spinnerets and minute hairs; the spinnerets are most numerous on the
abdomen. Anogenital ring apparently folded. At the extremity of the
abdomen two long hairs springing from quadrate tubercular bases which
represent the anal tubercles.
Adult male red or purplish in colour, wings bluish-purple with red
nervures; length, about 1/5in.; width across expanded wings, about
1/2in. Eyes large, prominent, facetted. Antennæ of ten joints, each
joint bearing many hairs. Feet long, slender, with somewhat large
trochanter; on the tibia and tarsus a fringe of hairs as in the female.
Upper digitules two long fine hairs; lower digitules absent. The
nervure of the wings branches twice at least. Haltere large, inflated,
sac-like; bearing four curling setæ. Abdomen distinctly segmented, each
segment bearing many fine short hairs and several small circular marks.
Abdominal spike short, broad, bivalvular; penis protruding as a long
soft white tube covered with minute recurved hairs.
Habitat--For the adult female and larva the trunks of trees and shrubs
in forests, or rocks and bushes in open country, Otago, Nelson,
Canterbury, Wellington. For the second stage the stems and roots of
_Muhlenbeckia adspersa (complexa?)_; Sumner Road, Lyttelton; Evans
Bay, Wellington: _Rhipogonum scandens_ (supplejack); Riccarton Bush,
Canterbury; Nelson; Wellington. On _Muhlenbeckia_ the waxy tests are
often largest and most numerous underground. Male insects sometimes
found clustering, attached to females.
This is a very large and peculiar species, its transformations and
changes of secretion being abnormal. It cannot be said to be greatly
harmful; but the odour of the second stage is unpleasant.
67. Cœlostoma wairoense, Maskell.
N.Z. Trans., Vol. XVI., 1883, p. 141.
(Plate XXI., Fig. 2.)
Adult female, female of second stage, and larva unknown.
Adult male very nearly resembling that of _C. zealandicum_; body red or
purplish, wings blue with red nervures. Length of body, about 1/6in.
Eyes prominent, facetted. Antennæ of ten joints, slender, with fine
hairs. Feet as in _C. zealandicum_, but with fewer hairs. Digitules
twenty-four, all springing from the claw, none from the tarsus.
Haltere, abdominal spike, penis, and abdomen as in _C. zealandicum_;
but the circular marks on the segments in this species are multilocular.
Male pupa bright-red, enclosed in a cylindrical sac of white cotton.
Pupæ occurring in numerous colonies.
Habitat--On _Phormium tenax_, _Leptospermum scoparium_ (manuka),
Northern Wairoa, Auckland.
The female of this species will, when found, probably nearly resemble
that of _C. zealandicum_: at present the great number of digitules on
the foot of the male sufficiently distinguish it.
INDEX OF PLANTS AND THE COCCIDIDÆ ATTACKING THEM.
This list is of course only approximate, as insects may at any time be
found on other trees than those given.
_Icerya Purchasi_ is omnivorous, and it has not been thought necessary
to repeat it here against every plant in the list; but it has been set
against some.
The adult female of _Cœlostoma zælandicum_ may also be found wandering
over numbers of native trees in forests.
In hothouses and greenhouses all sorts of plants are liable to attack.
Key to Symbols Following Insect Listings
* Unsightly: spoiling appearance of plant.
† Usually accompanied by much black fungus.
‡ Likely to do much injury to plant.
Plants. Insects.
Alsophila Colensoi (fern) Lecanium mori. *
Apple Mytilaspis pomorum. ‡
" Dactylopius glaucus. * ‡
Apricot Mytilaspis pomorum. ‡
Ash " pomorum. ‡
Asplenium bulbiferum (fern) Chionaspis dubia. * †
" lucidum " dubia. * †
Astelia Cunninghamii Mytilaspis cordylinidis. *
" " " epiphytidis.
" " Fiorinia asteliæ. * †
" " " stricta.
" " Pseudococcus asteliæ.
Atherosperma Novæ-Zælandiæ Aspidiotus atherospermæ.
" " Mytilaspis pyriformis. *
" " Fiorinia asteliæ. *
" " Ctenochiton viridis. * †
" " Inglisia patella.
" " Eriochiton spinosus.
Bavardia Lecanium maculatum. * † ‡
Box " hesperidum. * † ‡
Brachyglottis repanda Fiorinia minima.
" " Ctenochiton flavus.
" " " fuscus. * †
Budlæia salicina Aspidiotus budlæiæ.
Calceolaria Dactylopius calceolariæ. * † ‡
Camellia Aspidiotus camelliæ.
" Lecanium hemisphæricum. * † ‡
" " hesperidum. * † ‡
" " oleæ. * † ‡
" Pulvinaria camellicola. * † ‡
Carpodetus serratus Aspidiotus carpodeti.
Cassinia leptophylla (tauhine) Lecanium oleæ. * † ‡
Celmisia Rhizococcus celmisiæ. *
Coprosma Aspidiotus nerii.
" Mytilaspis pyriformis. *
" Chionaspis dubia.
" Fiorinia asteliæ. *
" Ctenochiton perforatus. * †
Coprosma Ctenochiton viridis. * †
" Inglisia patella.
" Dactylopius glaucus. *
Cordyline australis (cabbage-tree) Mytilaspis cordylinidis. * ‡
" " " Fiorinia stricta. * ‡
" indivisa (large-leaved cabbage-tree) Mytilaspis cordylinidis. * ‡
" " " " Fiorinia stricta. * ‡
Corynocarpus lævigata (karaka) Aspidiotus nerii.
Cotoneaster microphylla Mytilaspis pomorum. ‡
Cyathea Smithii (tree-fern) Ctenochiton depressus. *
Cyathodes acerosa Poliaspis media. *
" " Eriococcus multispinus. *
Cypress Icerya Purchasi. * ‡
Danthonia (grass) Dactylopius calceolariæ. *
Dendrobium Fiorinia stricta. *
" Ctenochiton elongatus. * †
Drimys colorata Mytilaspis drimydis.
" " Inglisia patella.
Dysoxylon spectabile Aspidiotus dysoxyli.
" " Mytilaspis pyriformis. *
" " Chionaspis dysoxyli. * ‡
Earina Ctenochiton elongatus.
" Fiorinia stricta. *
Elæocarpus dentatus (hinau) Ctenochiton elæocarpi.
" " " " flavus.
" " " Inglisia ornata. *
" " " Eriococcus pallidus.
Eucalyptus Mytilaspis cordylinidis. *
Euonymus Aspidiotus camelliæ. * ‡
Ferns, various Chionaspis dubia.
" " Poliaspis media.
" " Ctenochiton depressus. *
" " Lecanium mori.
" " Dactylopius glaucus. * ‡
Gahnia Mytilaspis cordylinidis. *
Geniostoma ligustrifolia Ctenochiton elongatus. *
Gooseberry Fiorinia grossulariæ.
Gorse Icerya Purchasi. * ‡
Grasses, various Dactylopius poæ.
" " Icerya Purchasi. * ‡
Hawthorn Mytilaspis pomorum. ‡
Hedycarya Fiorinia stricta.
Hoheria angustifolia Eriococcus hoheriæ.
Holly Lecanium hesperidum. * † ‡
Hymenanthera crassifolia Ctenochiton hymenantheræ. * †
Ivy Lecanium hesperidum. * † ‡
Knightia excelsa Eriococcus multispinus. *
Laurel Lecanium hesperidum. * † ‡
Lemon Aspidiotus coccineus. * ‡
" Icerya Purchasi. * ‡
Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) Mytilaspis leptospermi.
" " " Ctenochiton flavus.
" " " Inglisia leptospermi.
" " " " ornata.
" " " Planchonia epacridis.
" " " Cœlostoma wairoense. *
Leucopogon Fraseri Poliaspis media. *
" " Planchonia epacridis.
Lilac Mytilaspis pomorum. ‡
Melicope ternata Eriochiton spinosus.
Metrosideros tomentosa (pohutukawa) Lecanochiton metrosideri. * †
" robusta (rata) Mytilaspis metrosideri.
" " " Lecanochiton metrosideri. * †
Muhlenbeckia adspersa Fiorinia stricta.
" " Eriochiton spinosus.
" " Cœlostoma zælandicum.
Myoporum lætum (ngaio) Eriococcus pallidus.
Myrtle Lecanium hesperidum. * † ‡
Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria) Eriococcus araucariæ. * † ‡
Olearia Haastii Eriochiton hispidus. * †
Orange Aspidiotus coccineus. * ‡
" Chionaspis citri.
" Lecanium hesperidum. * † ‡
" " oleæ. * † ‡
" Icerya Purchasi. * ‡
Orchids (hothouse) Aspidiotus epidendri. * ‡
" " " nerii. * ‡
" " Dactylopius glaucus. * ‡
Palms (hothouse) Aspidiotus epidendri. * ‡
" " " nerii. * ‡
" " Dactylopius glaucus. * ‡
Panax arboreum Fiorinia minima.
" " Ctenochiton flavus. * †
" " " fuscus. * †
" " " perforatus. * †
" " " viridis. * †
" " Dactylopius glaucus. *
Parsonsia Chionaspis minor.
Peach Mytilaspis pomorum. ‡
Pear Diaspis santali.
" Mytilaspis pomorum. ‡
Pellæa rotundifolia (fern) Chionaspis dubia.
Phormium tenax (New Zealand flax) Mytilaspis cordylinidis. *
" " " Fiorinia stricta. *
" " " Dactylopius calceolariæ. *
" " " Cœlostoma wairoense. *
Phymatodes Billardieri (fern) Mytilaspis phymatodidis. *
Pines and firs Icerya Purchasi. * ‡
Piper excelsum Ctenochiton piperis.
" " Dactylopius glaucus. *
Pittosporum (various) Fiorinia asteliæ.
" " Ctenochiton perforatus. * †
" " " viridis. * †
" " Dactylopius glaucus. * †
Plagianthus Ctenochiton depressus. *
Plum Diaspis santali. ‡
" Mytilaspis pomorum. ‡
Poa anceps (tussock-grass) Dactylopius poæ.
Rhipogonum scandens (supplejack) Chionaspis minor. *
" " " Cœlostoma zælandicum.
Rose Diaspis rosæ. * ‡
" Icerya Purchasi. * ‡
Rubus australis (bush-lawyer) Chionaspis dubia. *
" " " Ctenochiton perforatus. * †
" " " " viridis. * †
" " " Eriococcus multispinus.
Rubus australis (bush-lawyer) Dactylopius glaucus. *
Santalum Cunninghamii (maire) Diaspis santali. *
" " " Rhizococcus fossor.
Sophora tetraptera (kowhai) Aspidiotus sophoræ.
Sweetbriar Icerya Purchasi. * ‡
Sycamore Mytilaspis pomorum.
Thorn " pomorum. ‡
Various greenhouse or hothouse plants Aspidiotus epidendri. * ‡
" " " " " nerii. * ‡
" " " " Diaspis Boisduvalii. * † ‡
" " " " Lecanium hemisphæricum. * † ‡
" " " " " hesperidum. * † ‡
" " " " " hibernaculorum. * † ‡
" " " " " mori.
" " " " " oleæ. * † ‡
" " " " Dactylopius glaucus. * ‡
" " " " Icerya Purchasi. * ‡
Veronica (various) Poliaspis media.
" " Lecanium hesperidum. * †
" " Dactylopius alpinus. *
Vitex littoralis (puriri) Aspidiotus carpodeti.
Wattle (various) " epidendri. *
" " Diaspis Boisduvalii. *
" " Icerya Purchasi. * †
Weeping-willow Aspidiotus camelliæ.
INDEX OF GROUPS, SUBDIVISIONS, GENERA, AND SPECIES INCLUDED IN THIS
WORK.
_Names in italics_ are synonyms.
* Signifies that the insect has not yet been found in New Zealand.
Page
Acanthococcidæ, 88, 91
_Acanthococcus_, 95
_multispinus_, 94
Aclerda*, 63
Antonina*, 88
Aonidia*, 39
Aspidiotus, 39, 40
atherospermæ, 40
_aurantii_, 42
_Bouchei_, 44
budlæiæ, 40
camelliæ, 41
carpodeti, 42
_citri_, 42
coccineus (the orange-scale), 42
_conchiformis_, 51
dysoxyli, 43
epidendri, 44
_falciformis_, 51
_juglandis_, 51
nerii, 44
_pomorum_, 51
_pyrus-malus_, 51
_rosæ_, 47
sophoræ, 45
Asterolecanium*, 64, 87, 91
quercicola*, 92
_Boisduvalia_*, 89
Callipappus*, 90
_Calymnatus hesperidum_, 80
_Calypticus hesperidum_, 80
Capulinia*, 89
Carteria*, 62
Ceroplastes*, 62
_Chermes epidendri_, 44
_filicum_, 80
_hibernaculorum_, 81
_oleæ_, 82
Chionaspis, 39, 54
citri, 54
dubia, 54
dysoxyli, 55
_euonymi_, 54
minor, 56
Coccidæ, 89, 103
Coccidinæ, 38, 88
Coccus* (the cochineal-insect), 89
_hesperidum_, 80
Cœlostoma, 90, 107
wairoense, 109
zælandicum, 107
Cryptokermitidæ, 87
Ctenochiton, 62, 65
depressus, 66
elæocarpi, 67
elongatus, 68
flavus, 68
fuscus, 70
hymenantheræ, 71
perforatus, 72
piperis, 73
_spinosus_, 86
viridis, 74
Dactylopidæ (the "mealy-bugs"), 89
Dactylopius, 89
alpinus, 99
calceolariæ, 100
glaucus, 100
poæ, 101
Diaspidinæ, 37, 39
Diaspis, 39, 45
Boisduvalii, 46
_Bouchei_, 44
_gigas_, 58
rosæ, 47
santali, 47
_Drosicha_*, 90
Ericerus*, 62
Eriochiton, 63, 84
hispidus, 84
spinosus, 86
Eriococcus, 88, 92
araucariæ, 93
hoheriæ, 93
multispinus, 94
pallidus, 95
Eriopeltis*, 63
Fairmairia*, 62
Fiorinia, 39, 57
asteliæ, 58
grossulariæ, 59
minima, 59
stricta, 60
Gossyparia*, 88
_Guerinia_*, 90
Hemicoccidinæ, 38, 87
Icerya, 90, 104
Purchasi (the cottony-cushion scale), 104
sacchari*, 106
Inglisia, 62, 75
leptospermi, 75
ornata, 76
patella, 78
Kermes*, 87
_camelliæ_, 41
Kermitidæ*, 87
Leachia*, 90
Lecanidæ, 63, 79
Lecanidinæ, 38, 62
Lecanium, 63, 79
depressum, 79
hemisphæricum, 80
hesperidum (the holly and ivy scale), 80
hibernaculorum, 81
maculatum, 81
mori, 82
oleæ (the "black scale"), 82
Lecanochiton, 62, 64
metrosideri, 64
Lecanococcidæ, 63, 84
Lecanodiaspidæ, 62, 63
Lecanodiaspis*, 63, 64
Lecanopsis*, 63
Leucaspis*, 39
Lichtensia*, 63
_Llaveia_*, 90
Margarodes*, 91
Monophlebidæ, 90, 104
Monophlebus*, 90
Mytilaspis, 39, 48
cordylinidis, 48
drimydis, 49
epiphytidis, 49
leptospermi, 50
metrosideri, 50
phymatodidis, 51
_pomicorticis_, 52
pomorum (the apple-scale), 51, 52
pyriformis, 53
Nidularia*, 88
Orthezia*, 89
Ortonia*, 90
Parlatoria*, 39
Philippia*, 63
_Physokermes_*, 63
Planchonia, 64, 88, 91
epacridis, 91
Poliaspis, 39, 56
media, 57
Pollinia*, 64, 87
Porphyrophora*, 91
Porphyrophoridæ*, 91
Pseudococcus, 89, 101
asteliæ, 102
Pulvinaria, 63, 83
camellicola, 83
Puto*, 89
Rhizococcus, 88, 96
_araucariæ_, 93
celmisiæ, 96
fossor, 97
Ripersia*, 89
Signoretia*, 63
Targionia*, 39
_Uhleria_, 57
_gigas_, 58
Vinsonia*, 62
Walkeriana*, 90
_Westwoodia_*, 89
DESCRIPTIONS OF PLATES.
Plate I.
Fig.
1. Eggs of Coccididæ.
2. Larva of Diaspidinæ.
3. Diagram of life-history of female Diaspidinæ. _a_, pellicle
of larva; _b_, second pellicle; _c_, adult female somewhat
shrivelled after egg-laying; _d_, eggs; _e_, secreted matter
forming the "scale." In this diagram the scale is shown as
overturned.
4. Types of various spinnerets. _a_, simple orifices
(_Mytilaspis_); _b_, double orifice (_Planchonia_); _c_,
multilocular orifice (_Ctenochiton_); _d_, multilocular orifice
(_Cœlostoma_); _e_, simple protruding spinneret (_Aspidiotus_);
_f_, serrated protruding spinneret (_Mytilaspis drimydis_);
_g_, protruding spinneret (_Acanthococcus_); _k_, conical spiny
spinneret and cottony secretion (_Rhizococcus_); _m_, lanceolate
spinneret and glassy secretion (_Inglisia_); _n_, group of
abdominal spinnerets, with detached orifices (_Mytilaspis_);
_p_, double multilocular orifice (_Cœlostoma_); _s_, coronetted
spinnerets and part of glassy secretion (_Icerya_).
5. Rostra. _a_, simple rostrum of Diaspidinæ; _b_, rostrum and
trimerous mentum of Coccidinæ.
6. Foot of a female insect. _c_, coxa; _tr_, trochanter; _f_,
femur; _ti_, tibia; _ta_, tarsus; _cl_, claw.
7. Foot of a male insect. The letters as in Fig. 6.
8. Foot with digitules, upper and lower.
9. Type of female antenna (_Ctenochiton_).
10. Type of female antenna (_Dactylopius_).
11. Type of antenna of larva (_Icerya_).
12. Type of male antenna (_Fiorinia_).
13. One joint of antenna of Monophlebidæ (_Icerya_).
14. Diagram of head of male of Lecanidinæ (after Signoret), both
dorsal and ventral aspects being shown together. _a_, antennæ;
_e_, _e_, true eyes, the lower pair being on the ventral surface
in the place of the mouth; _oc_, _oc_, ocelli.
15. Head of male Icerya, with facetted eyes.
16. Wing of male insect. _n_, nervure.
[Illustration: PLATE I.]
Plate II.
Fig.
1. Types of anogenital rings. _a_, Diaspidinæ; _b_, Lecanidinæ;
_c_, Acanthococcidæ; _d_, Dactylopidæ; _e_, Monophlebidæ.
2. Types of last abdominal segments of female. _a_, Diaspidinæ;
_b_, Lecanidinæ; _c_, Acanthococcidæ; _d_, Dactylopidæ; _e_,
Monophlebidæ.
3. Types of last abdominal segments of male, and sheath of the
penis. _a_, Diaspidinæ; _b_, Lecanidinæ (_Ctenochiton_); _c_,
Acanthococcidæ; _d_, Lecanidinæ (_Inglisia_); _e_, Dactylopidæ;
_f_, Monophlebidæ (_Icerya_).
4. Respiratory system. _a_, spiracle of _Lecanium_ (after
Targioni); _b_, spiracle of _Coccus_ (after Targioni); _c_,
diagram of arrangement of the four spiracles and the tracheal
tubes (Lecanidinæ) (s. spiracles); _d_, spiracle and trachea of
Cœlostoma.
5. Types of spines and hairs. _a_, anal serrated hairs (_Aspidiotus
nerii_); _b_, spiracular spines (_Ctenochiton_); _c_, marginal
spines (_Ctenochiton_); _d_, lanceolate marginal spines
(_Inglisia_); _e_, spines on anal tubercles (_Rhizococcus_);
_f_, marginal spines (_Eriococcus_); _g_, conical spines
(_Eriococcus_); _k_, marginal hairs (_Dactylopius_); _m_, hairs
(_Icerya_); _n_, anal hairs (_Cœlostoma_).
[Illustration: PLATE II.]
Plate III.
Types of Last Abdominal Segments of the Diaspidinæ.
Fig.
1. _Aspidiotus coccineus_ (after Comstock); no groups of spinnerets.
2. _Diaspis rosæ_; five groups of spinnerets.
3. _Mytilaspis cordylinidis_; five groups of spinnerets and single
orifices.
4. _Mytilaspis pyriformis_; five groups of spinnerets, almost
forming an arch.
5. _Chionaspis dysoxyli_; five groups of spinnerets.
6. _Poliaspis media_; eight groups of spinnerets.
7. _Fiorinia asteliæ_; arch of spinnerets.
8. _Fiorinia stricta_; five groups of spinnerets, the three upper
groups almost forming an arch.
[Illustration: PLATE III.]
Plate IV.
Fig.
1. _Aspidiotus atherospermæ._ _a_, insects on leaf of Atherosperma;
_b_, adult female.
2. _Aspidiotus camelliæ._ _a_, insects on twig of Euonymus; _b_,
adult female; _c_, _d_, puparia of female.
3. _Aspidiotus coccineus._ _a_, insects on rind of orange; _b_,
adult female in puparium (overturned); _c_, puparium of male.
4. _Aspidiotus nerii._ _a_, insects on leaf of wattle; _b_,
puparia, male and female.
5. _Diaspis Boisduvalii_, adult female (after Signoret).
6. _Diaspis rosæ._ _a_, insects on twig of rose; _b_, adult female;
_c_, puparia, male and female.
7. _Diaspis santali._ _a_, insects on twig of pear; _b_, male and
female puparia; _c_, last abdominal segment of female.
[Illustration: PLATE IV.]
Plate V.
Fig.
1. _Mytilaspis cordylinidis._ _a_, insects on leaf of Cordyline
australis (cabbage-tree); _b_, male and female puparia; _c_,
adult female.
2. _Mytilaspis epiphytidis._ _a_, female puparium; _b_, male
puparium; _c_, adult female.
3. _Mytilaspis drimydis._ _a_, insects on leaf of Drimys colorata;
_b_, male and female puparia; _c_, adult female; _d_, marginal
spinnerets.
4. _Mytilaspis leptospermi._ _a_, insects on bark of Leptospermum
(manuka); _b_, male and female puparia; _c_, adult female.
5. _Mytilaspis pomorum._ _a_, insects on twig of hawthorn; _b_,
female puparia; _c_, adult female; _d_, puparium overturned,
showing enclosed female, _f_, and eggs, _e_.
6. _Mytilaspis pyriformis._ _a_, insects on leaf of Dysoxylon
spectabile; _b_, male and female puparia; _e_, adult female;
_d_, male; _e_, last three joints of male antenna; _f_, foot of
male.
[Illustration: PLATE V.]
PLATE VI.
Fig.
1. _Chionaspis citri._ _a_, insects on rind of orange; _b_, male
and female puparia; _c_, adult female.
2. _Chionaspis dubia._ _a_, insects on fern-leaf (Pellæa); _b_,
male and female puparia; _c_, adult female.
3. _Chionaspis dysoxyli._ _a_, insects on leaf of Dysoxylon; _b_,
male and female puparia; _c_, adult female.
4. _Chionaspis minor._ _a_, insects on twig of Parsonsia; _b_, male
and female puparia; _c_, adult female.
5. _Poliaspis media._ _a_, insects on leaves of Cyathodes; _b_,
male and female puparia; _c_, adult female.
6. _Fiorinia asteliæ._ _a_, insects on leaves of Coprosma; _b_,
male and female puparia; _c_, adult female; _d_, pellicles of
second stage.
7. _Fiorinia stricta._ _a_, insects on leaves of Earina; _b_, male
and female puparia; _c_, adult female.
[Illustration: PLATE VI.]
Plate VII.
Fig.
1. _Lecanochiton metrosideri._ _a_, insects on branch and leaves of
Metrosideros (rata); _b_, test of female, upper side; _c_, test
of female, under-side; _d_, female of second stage, ventral
aspect; _e_, antenna of adult female; _f_, test of male.
2. _Ctenochiton depressus._ _a_, insects on leaf of Plagianthus;
_b_, adult female, dorsal aspect; _c_, test of male; _d_, part
of fringe of female test.
3. _Ctenochiton elæocarpi._ _a_, insect on bark of Elæocarpus
(hinau); _b_, female of second stage in test, on leaf.
4. _Ctenochiton elongatus._ _a_, female tests on leaves of Earina;
_b_, part of fringe.
5. _Ctenochiton flavus._ _a_, insects on half leaf of Panax; _b_,
female tests; _c_, male test; _d_, adult female, ventral aspect;
_e_, spiracular and marginal spines and spinnerets of female.
6. _Ctenochiton fuscus._ _a_, insects on half leaf of Panax; _b_,
female test, upper side.
[Illustration: PLATE VII.]
PLATE VIII.
Fig.
1. _Ctenochiton hymenantheræ._ _a_, insects on leaves of
Hymenanthera; _b_, female test; _c_, male test.
2. _Ctenochiton perforatus._ _a_, insects on leaf of Coprosma; _b_,
adult female in test, ventral aspect; _c_, male test; _d_,
female test and fringe; _e_, portion of edge of female test with
three segments of fringe, showing the rows of perforations; _f_,
antenna of adult female; _g_, male; _k_, head of male, upper
side; _m_, head of male, under-side.
3. _Ctenochiton piperis._ _a_, insects on leaf of Piper excelsum;
_b_, females in tests, dorsal aspect; _c_, male pupa in test,
dorsal aspect; _d_, female of second stage, dorsal aspect; _e_,
two of the tubercles on the dorsum of the adult female, after
pressure.
[Illustration: PLATE VIII.]
PLATE IX.
Fig.
1. _Ctenochiton viridis._ _a_, insects on leaf of Coprosma; _b_,
female of second stage; _c_, adult female (the test removed);
_d_, male test; _e_, a segment of the female test; _f_, diagram
of head of male, upper and under sides shown together, eight
eyes and two ocelli; _k_, antenna of male.
2. _Inglisia leptospermi._ _a_, insects on twig of Leptospermum
(manuka); _b_, female test, side view; _c_, female test, upper
side; _d_, male test; _e_, a segment of the female test; _f_,
adult female, dorsal aspect; _g_, antenna of female; _k_, foot
of female.
[Illustration: PLATE IX.]
Plate X.
Fig.
1. _Inglisia ornata._ _a_, insects on twig of Elæocarpus (hinau);
_b_, female test, side view; _c_, female test, dorsal view; _d_,
a segment of the female test and three segments of fringe; _e_,
male test; _f_, adult female, side view; _g_, marginal spines of
female.
2. _Inglisia patella._ _a_, insects on leaf of Coprosma; _b_, _c_,
female tests, upper side; _d_, adult female, ventral aspect;
_e_, marginal spines of female.
[Illustration: PLATE X.]
PLATE XI.
Fig.
1. _Lecanium depressum._ _a_, adult female, dorsal aspect; _b_,
markings of the skin.
2. _Lecanium hemisphæricum._ _a_, insects on Camellia; _b_, adult
female, dorsal aspect; _c_, adult female, side view; _d_, female
of second stage.
3. _Lecanium hesperidum._ _a_, insects on leaf of ivy; _b_, adult
female, dorsal aspect; _c_, female of second stage; _d_,
markings of skin.
4. _Lecanium mori._ _a_, insects on fern-leaf (Asplenium); _b_,
adult female, dorsal aspect.
5. _Lecanium oleæ._ _a_, insects on twig of Camellia; _b_, adult
female, dorsal aspect; _c_, adult female, side view; _d_, female
of second stage, dorsal aspect; _e_, markings of skin.
[Illustration: PLATE XI.]
Plate XII.
Fig.
1. _Pulvinaria camellicola._ _a_, insects on branch and leaf of
Camellia; _b_, adult female and ovisac, dorsal aspect; _c_,
adult female and ovisac, side view; _d_, adult female, dorsal
aspect; _e_, female of second stage; _f_, markings of skin, with
hairs; _g_, antenna of adult female; _k_, diagram of head of
male, upper and under sides shown together, four eyes and two
ocelli.
2. _Planchonia epacridis._ _a_, insect in test on leaf of
Leucopogon; _b_, female in test, dorsal aspect; _c_, portion of
the double fringes; _d_, extremity of abdomen of female; _e_,
anogenital ring and anal tubercles of female; _f_, antenna of
larva; _g_, rings with hairs replacing antennæ of adult female.
[Illustration: PLATE XII.]
Plate XIII.
Fig.
1. _Eriochiton hispidus._ _a_, Insects on twig and leaves of
Olearia Haastii; _b_, adult female, dorsal aspect, with
fragments of test and fringe; _c_, adult female without test,
dorsal aspect; _d_, male test, upper side; _e_, male test,
under-side; _f_, larva, with fringe; _g_, female of second
stage, without test, dorsal aspect; _k_, _m_, spines and tubular
fringe; _n_, antenna of adult female; _p_, foot of adult female;
_s_, last five joints of male antenna; _t_, abdominal spike of
male.
2. _Eriochiton spinosus._ _a_, insects on twig of Melicope; _b_,
adult female, without test; _c_, female of second stage; _d_,
male test; _c_, marginal spines and feathery fringe of female;
_f_, foot of adult female; _g_, antenna of adult female.
[Illustration: PLATE XIII.]
PLATE XIV.
Fig.
1. _Eriococcus araucariæ._ _a_, insects on twig of Araucaria
excelsa (Norfolk Island pine); _b_, sac of female, upper side;
_c_, sac of female, under-side, with enclosed shrivelled female
and eggs; _d_, sac of male; _e_, adult female before gestation;
_f_, extremity of abdomen, anogenital ring, and anal tubercles
of female.
2. _Eriococcus hoheriæ._ _a_, insects on bark of Hoheria; _b_, sac
of female, upper side; _c_, sac of male; _d_, adult female; _e_,
extremity of abdomen and anal tubercles of adult female; _f_,
foot of adult female; _g_, antenna of adult female; _k_, larva,
ventral aspect; _m_, male; _n_, abdominal spike of male; _p_,
antenna of male.
[Illustration: PLATE XIV.]
Plate XV.
Fig.
1. _Eriococcus multispinus._ _a_, insects on leaf of Knightia; _b_,
sac of female, upper side; _c_, sac of female, under-side, with
enclosed insect; _d_, adult female, dorsal aspect; _e_, diagram
of arrangement of spines on female; _f_, spines of female; _i_,
antenna of female; _k_, head of male, upper side; _m_, abdominal
spike of male.
2. _Eriococcus pallidus._ _a_, insects on leaf of Myoporum (ngaio);
_b_, sac of female; _c_, adult female, dorsal aspect; _d_, part
of abdomen of female; _e_, antenna of female.
[Illustration: PLATE XV.]
Plate XVI.
Fig.
1. _Rhizococcus celmisiæ._ _a_, Insects on leaves of Celmisia; _b_,
adult female dorsal aspect.
2. _Rhizococcus fossor._ _a_, Insects on leaves of Santalum
(maire); _b_, elevation produced by insect on _upper_ side of
leaf; _c_, female in pit on _under_-side of leaf; _d_, sac of
male; _e_, adult female before gestation, from a pit; _f_, adult
female from surface of leaf; _g_, female of second stage; _k_,
marginal spines and tubular cotton of second stage; _m_, antenna
of adult female; _n_, male; _p_, diagram of head of male, upper
and lower sides shown together, four eyes and two ocelli; _s_,
abdominal spike of male; _t_, antenna of male.
[Illustration: PLATE XVI.]
Plate XVII.
Fig.
1. _Dactylopius alpinus._ _a_, Insects on twig of Veronica; _b_,
adult female, dorsal aspect; _c_, female of second stage; _d_,
anogenital ring; _e_, antenna of adult female.
2. _Dactylopius calceolariæ._ _a_, Insects on leaf of Phormium
tenax; _b_, adult female, dorsal aspect; _c_, antenna of adult
female.
3. _Dactylopius glaucus._ _a_, Insects on leaf of Coprosma; _b_,
adult female, green variety; _c_, adult female, brown variety;
_d_, sac of male; _e_, antenna of male.
[Illustration: PLATE XVII.]
Plate XVIII.
Fig.
1. _Dactylopius poæ._ _a_, Insects on roots of Poa (tussock-grass);
_b_, adult female; _c_, antenna of adult female; _d_, foot of
adult female; _e_, anogenital ring and anal tubercles of adult
female.
2. _Pseudococcus asteliæ._ _a_, Insects on leaf of Astelia; _b_,
adult female, dorsal aspect; _c_, antenna of adult female; _d_,
foot of adult female; _e_, various spinnerets.
[Illustration: PLATE XVIII.]
Plate XIX.
_Icerya Purchasi._ _a_, Insects on twig of Acacia (wattle); _b_,
adult female and ovisac, upper view; _c_, adult female and
ovisac, side view; _d_, female of second stage; _e_, larva, with
yellow cotton; _f_, male; _g_, haltere of male; _k_, two joints
of male antenna; _m_, hairs, spinnerets, and glassy tubes; _n_,
antenna of adult female.
[Illustration: PLATE XIX.]
Plate XX.
_Cœlostoma zælandicum._ _a_, adult female, dorsal aspect; _b_, adult
female, ventral aspect; _c_, waxy tests of females of second
stage on twig of Muhlenbeckia; _d_, female of second stage,
dorsal aspect; _e_, female of second stage, ventral aspect, with
anal tuft of cotton and seta; _f_, larva, with yellow mealy
secretion; _g_, eggs, in cottony mass; _k_, antenna of female,
second stage; _l_, foot of female, second stage; _m_, antenna
of adult female; _n_, spiracle and trachea of female; _p_, anal
extremity and "honeydew" organ of larva and female of second
stage.
N.B.--The foot of the adult female is shown in Plate I., Fig. 6.
[Illustration: PLATE XX.]
Plate XXI.
Fig.
1. _Cœlostoma zælandicum._ _a_, male insect; _b_, abdomen of male;
_c_, foot of male; _d_, hairs and marks, abdomen of male; _e_,
antenna of male; _f_, circular marks, abdomen of male; _k_,
abdominal spike and penis of male; _m_, haltere of male.
2. _Cœlostoma wairoense_. _a_, male insect; _b_, head of male,
upper side, with facetted eyes; _c_, foot of male; _d_, circular
marks, abdomen of male.
[Illustration: PLATE XXI.]
Plate XXII.
The Honeydew, and resulting Fungi.
Fig.
1. _a_, Lecanid female (Ctenochiton) with protruded honeydew organ;
_b_, abdominal extremity of the same, enlarged, the drop of
honeydew bursting in spray.
2. _a_, fungoid growth on upper side of leaf; _b_, fungoid growth
on twig; _c, d, e_, various forms of black fungi from honeydew.
[Illustration: PLATE XXII.]
Plate XXIII.
Parasites of Coccididæ.
Fig.
1. _a_, pupa of hymenopterous parasite; _b_, the same pupa under
the waxy test of _Ctenochiton perforatus_; _c_, imago, or
full-grown parasite.
2. _a_, brown and yellow fungi on _Ctenochiton viridis_ (leaf of
Hedycarya dentata); _b_, upper side of brown fungus; _c_,
under-side of the same, with attached fungoid sheet; _d._,
_Ctenochiton viridis_ (test removed) filled with yellow fungus,
and with globular mass of the same above it.
[Illustration: PLATE XXIII.]
Since this work has been in type, the author has received a letter from
the State Inspector of Fruit Pests for California, in which the writer
states that the insect _Icerya Purchasi_ has there, especially in the
southern part of the State, gained such hold on the orange-groves,
in spite of the most strenuous efforts, that the people find it
impossible to keep it down. Orange- and lemon-growers (and indeed other
tree-growers) in New Zealand, especially in the North Island, should
take note of this fact, and beware of ever letting this omnivorous and
most destructive insect obtain any footing on their trees. _A speedy
burning of every infected tree is the best remedy in this case._
Transcriber Notes
All illustrations moved so as to not split paragraphs.
The notes explaining the damage done by the insects in the "INDEX OF
PLANTS AND THE COCCIDIDÆ ATTACKING THEM." were moved before the table.