book begins with the words: “In the name of the merciful God, Lord
perfect in goodness,” and almost every chapter ends with “If God so
wills,” and the like.
[213] These two manuscript codices are found in the Bodleian Library at
Oxford.
[214] Lib. ii, cap. xxx, p. 185.
[215] The Arabic word used by the author means more precisely “those
who apply cupping glasses.” Channing has translated it by _tonsores_,
barbers.
[216] An advice already given by Celsus.
[217] Lib. ii, cap. xxxi, p. 191.
[218] Silly barbers.
[219] Lib. ii, cap. xxxi, p. 187.
[220] Lib. ii, cap. xxxii, p. 193.
[221] Lib. ii, cap. xxxv, p. 197.
[222] Lib. iii, cap. iv, p. 545.
[223] [In connection with the practice of applying medicines to the
teeth or upon the gums, with the object of rendering the operation of
tooth extraction less difficult, the use of arsenical compounds as an
ingredient of these topical applications is of peculiar interest. In
an Italian translation of the writings of Johannes Mesue, published
at Venice in 1521, the following interesting reference to the use of
arsenic appears:
“The son of Zachariah Arazi compounds a medicine to assist the
extraction of the teeth. ℞—Pyrethrum, colquintida root and the bark of
the mulberry root, the seed and leaves of almezeron, huruc, and yellow
arsenic, milk of alscebram or pieces of it, ground very thoroughly
with vinegar; then pour some of it over bdellium and halasce, of each,
equal parts, dry and dissolve in strong vinegar and make trochisi of
it, and with them anoint the roots of the tooth from hour to hour; this
facilitates the extraction of it.
“There is also another medicine with which one fills the decayed tooth
and breaks it: ℞—Seeds of almezeron and milk of alscebram compounded
with liquid pitch, and fill with it the decayed tooth. Another one:
℞—Bauras, bark of the willow, of each, one part; yellow arsenic, two
parts; compound with honey and place it upon and around the tooth and
immediately extract it.
“The fat of the green frog which lives upon the trees breaks teeth
which are anointed with it the same as when you anoint them with milk
of alscebram or titimallo, and similarly also the milk of celso with
yellow arsenic.”
In this connection it is also interesting to note that the ancient
Arabian medical writers referred to the red sulphide of arsenic or
realgar as sandarach. The term Sandarach was clearly used by these
writers to designate two different medicaments—one the gum-vernix,
exudate of the Juniper tree, and which we now know as Sandarach gum.
They also apply the term to red arsenic, as above stated. Avicenna
clearly distinguishes between the two kinds of Sandarach, and says
with regard to the gum-vernix or Juniper Sandarach that it is the best
of all known remedies for toothache. While, as shown by Dr. Guerini,
many of the medicaments used as topical applications to facilitate
the extraction of teeth were wholly without any possible effect of
that character, it cannot be doubted that the application of arsenical
preparations, such as those referred to by Mesue, could not fail to
set up an arsenical necrosis about the roots of the tooth, rendering
it loose and easy of removal, but necessarily with the disadvantage of
producing a dangerously extensive necrosis of the tissues.
_Mesue Vulgar._—Impresso in Venitia per Cesaro Arrivabeno Venitiano a
di vinti octubrio, mille cinquecento e vintiuno.
Delle Medicini Particulare, Libro Quarto, Capitolo XLI.—E. C. K.]
[224] Joannis Mesue opera, Venetiis, 1562.
[225] Sprengel, Geschichte der Chirurgie, Part II, p. 279.
[226] Linderer, Handbuch der Zahnheilkunde, Berlin, 1848, ii, 403.
[227] Bruni Chirurgia magna.
[228] Sprengel, Geschichte der Chirurgie, Part II, p. 280.
[229] Sprengel, loc. cit.
[230] Sprengel, loc. cit.
[231] La Grande Chirurgie de Guy de Chauliac, chirurgien maistre en
médecine de l’Université de Montpellier, composée en l’an 1363, revue
et collationnée sur les manuscrits et imprimés latins et français par
E. Nicaise, 1890.
[232] Of these copies, twenty-two are written in Latin, four in French,
two in Provençal, three in English, one in Netherlandish (Dutch), one
in Italian, and one in Hebrew.
[233] Nicaise, La Grande Chirurgie de Guy de Chauliac, Second Chapitre:
De l’Anatomie de la face et de ses parties, p. 47.
[234] Here, as elsewhere, is preserved the old orthography of the text.
[235] Nicaise, p. 711.
[236] Teeth may be produced not only in infancy, but also at a later
age.
[237] Nicaise, p. 205.
[238] Pietro of Albano (1250 to 1316), the writer of many books, among
which one bearing the title of Conciliator differentiorum philosophorum
et præcipue medicorum, is often quoted by Guy de Chauliac and by many
others under the name of Conciliator.
[239] Nicaise, p. 505.
[240] Appropriatæ barbitonsoribus et dentatoribus.
[241] In one Latin manuscript of 1461 instead of _dentator_ we already
find the word _dentista_.
[242] Nicaise, p. 506. To make clear the meaning of these names, the
following must be noted: The _rasoirs_ (_rasoria_) were instruments
with one cutting edge alone, which were used in performing any kind
of incision. _Raspatoria_ (râpes, _i. e._, rasps) signified almost
certainly scrapers, not rasps. The _spatumes_ were instruments with
one or two cutting edges, of various shapes, but usually small.
_Esprouvettes_ (Latin, _probæ_) were the sounds or probes. _Scalpra_
means scalpels, but in this case has especially the meaning of
_déchaussoirs_, gum lancets. _Terebelli_ (French, _Tarières_) are the
trepans or perforators.
[243] Nicaise, p. 507.
[244] By the word _apostema_, Guy de Chauliac, and many other writers,
indicate every pathological condition in which the normal elements of
the tissues are separated from one another, by a humorous or gaseous
gathering, or by any phlogistic or neoplastic formation. The word
signifies, in Greek, _removal_, just like the Latin word _abscessus_.
In fact, these two terms were often used as synonyms; but at other
times the word apostema had a wider meaning, and included, besides the
abscess, the phlegmon, the furunculus, the anthrax, erysipelas, herpes,
and other dermal affections, especially the pustulous ones, edema and
other serous gatherings, subcutaneous emphysema and other gaseous
gatherings, glandular tumefactions, cysts, benignant and malignant
tumors.
[245] De la dent esbranlée et affoiblie, Nicaise, p. 509.
[246] “De l’humidité qui amollist le nerf et le ligament.”
[247] Evidently the author speaks of a “little gold chain,” because, as
he is not versed in the practice of dentistry, he does not know that it
was a simple gold wire which was used for keeping loose teeth firm. A
small chain as thin as a thread could not be possibly made, and would
even then be excessively weak.
[248] This name was first given to medicaments containing gall-nuts,
then, by extension, also to compound remedies not containing such
substance, and to which was given the name of _aliptæ_, v. Nicaise, p.
677.
[249] According to Nicaise, the Cyperus esculentus (in French,
“souchet”) is here referred to.
[250] In the Latin text: Buccelletur cum scalpro et lima.
[251] Here lavement means mouth wash, not injection.
[252] Cum raspatoriis et spatuminibus radantur.
[253] Treatise vi, doctrine i, chap. viii: “Des membres qu’il faut
amputer,” etc., Nicaise, p. 435.
[254] According to Joubert several solanaceæ had this name, among
others _Solanum nigrum_ and _Solanum somniferum_ (Physalis somnifera
L.), which probably corresponds to the _Strychnos hypnoticus_ of
Dioscorides.
[255] Valesci Philonium, etc.; Francofurti MDXCIX, cap. lxiv, De dolore
dentium, p. 195 et seq.
[256] Plant belonging to the order of the Polygonaceæ.
[257] “Materia lapidea paullatim abradatur ferro et dentifriciis partim
mundificativis, et partim stypticis. Deinde colluantur denies sæpe vino
albo, et fricentur sale torrefacto.” Cap. lxvii, De colore dentium
præter naturam, p. 202.
[258] “Quoniam, licet ex parte corrosi sint, attamen dolore sedato
masticationem iuvant, et alios firmiores reddunt.” Appendices, p. 205.
[259] “Ossa fiunt ex spermate et sanguine menstruo; dentes autem ex
sanguine, in quo remansit virtus spermatis.” Appendices, p. 205.
[260] Petri de Largelata chirurgiæ libri sex, Venetiis, 1480.
[261] _Bartolomæi Montagnanæ_ Consilia, Venetiis, 1497.
[262] Johannis Platearii Salernitani practica brevis, Lugduni, 1525.
[263] Joannis Arculani commentaria in nonum librum Rasis ad regem
Almansorem, etc., Venetiis, 1542.
[264] This Arabian word was used to indicate the last molars.
[265] “Regimen autem implendo dentem corrosum est, ut impleatur in
causa calida cum frigidis, et in frigida cum calidis. Secundo, ut non
impleatur cum labore et vehementia addente in dolore, et ex propriis
est gallia cum ciperis aut cum mastiche, et eligantur ex suprascriptis,
calida aut frigida secundum opportunitatem, in contrarium dyscrasiæ
dentis, sed ubi non fuerit multus recessus a mediocritate impleatur cum
foliis auri.” Cap. xlviii, p. 195.
[266] In the Venetian edition (1542), however, all the figures which
Arculanus inserted in his work are found in the beginning of the book,
in a single table, together with the indication of the use to which
each single instrument was destined.
[267] Alexandri Benedicti Veronensis de re medica opus, lib. vi, de
affectibus dentium.
[268] Opera domini Joannis de Vigo in chyrurgia. Lugduni, 1521, lib.
ii, tract. iii, cap. xiv, fol. 40.
[269] [The editions and translations of Vigo seem to have been endless.
A French translation of his treatise on the wounds caused by firearms
is said to have fallen into the hands of Paré, and had an inspiring
influence upon the barber’s boy.—C. M.]
[270] Lib. v, cap. v, De doloribus dentium, fol. cxvii to cxix.
[271] Handbuch der Zahnheilkunde, Berlin, 1848, ii, 406.
[272] Geist-Jacobi, Geschichte der Zahnheilkunde, p. 80.
[273] A religious order of knights, established toward the close of the
twelfth century, viz., during the third crusade. The original object
of the association was to defend the Christian religion against the
infidels, and to take care of the sick in the Holy Land.
[274] Geist-Jacobi, Geschichte der Zahnheilkunde, p. 82.
[275] Geist-Jacobi, p. 88.
[276] Albert von Haller, Bibliotheca chirurgica, i, 190.
[277] Nuetzlicher Bericht, wie man die Augen und das Gesicht schaerfen
und gesund erhalten, die Zaehne frisch und fest erhalten soll.
Würzburg, 1548.
[278] See Giornale di Corrispondenza pei dentisti, 1895, xxiv, 289.
[279] Joannis Arculani. Commentaria, Venetiis, 1542, cap. xlviii, De
dolore dentium, p. 192.
[280] “The first dental book in the German language” (see Giornale di
Corrispondenza pei dentisti, loc. cit.).
[281] A Latin translation of the French name _Du bois_.
[282] De humani corporis fabrica, libri septem.
[283] De humani corporis fabrica libri septem, cap. xi, De dentibus,
pp. 40 to 42 (complete edition of the works of Vesalius, published at
Leyden in 1725).
[284] Lib. i, cap. xlii, p. 141.
[285] From _gena_, a cheek.
[286] Blandin, Anatomie du système dentaire, Paris, 1836, p. 19.
[287] Portal, Histoire de l’anatomie et de la chirurgie, tome i, p. 545.
[288] Observationes anatomicæ, p. 39, et seq.
[289] _In utero duodecim dentes formantur in malis, et totidem in
maxilla_ (in the uterus are formed twelve teeth in the upper jaw and
as many in the lower). Fallopii Gabrielis observationes anatomicæ,
Venetiis, 1562, p. 39.
[290] This sharp reproof and accusation of ignorance are made for the
benefit of the immortal anatomist Andreas Vesalius, to the number of
whose adversaries Eustachius likewise belonged. What unjust fury of
party passion!
[291] Chap. xviii, p. 54.
[292] Chap. xxii, p. 65.
[293] Chap. xxiii, p. 70.
[294] Chap. xxv, xxvi.
[295] Chap. xxvii, xxviii.
[296] The inferior orifice of the foramen incisivum.
[297] It is superfluous to say that these cases are unreal and simply
dependent upon erroneous observations; for instance, in the case of
the second molar being extracted before the erupting of the third,
the second molar figured as, and supposed to be, the latter, when,
finally, the wisdom tooth appeared, it was believed to be the last
molar renewed. It is no rare thing, also, in these days, not only for
unprofessional persons, but also for medical practitioners, to fall
into errors of this kind, especially because, in similar cases, the
wisdom tooth, having but a limited space in which to erupt, is in the
habit of filling the void left by the second molar, where it meets with
less resistance.
[298] Page 93.
[299] Œuvres complètes d’Ambroise Paré, accompagnées de notes
historiques et critiques, par J. F. Malgaigne, Paris, 1840, vol. i, p.
231.
[300] The lower molars, being seated on the roots and not suspended
like those of the upper jaw, are not in want of so many roots to assure
their stability.
[301] Vol. ii, p. 307.
[302] ... if they are divided, shaken, or separated from their alveoli
or little cavities, they must be reduced into their places and should
be bound and fastened against those that are firm with a thread of
gold, silver, or flax. And they must be held thus until they are quite
firm and the callus is formed and have become solid.
[303] Lib. xv, ch. xvi, vol. ii, p. 443.
[304] Lib. xv, cap. xxvii, vol. ii, p. 448.
[305] A man, worthy of being believed, has assured me that a certain
princess having had a tooth taken out, immediately had it replaced by
another supplied by one of her ladies, which took root, and after a
time she masticated with it as well as she had done with the former one.
[306] Lib. xv, cap. xxviii.
[307] I will here tell a story of a master barber living at Orleans,
named maistre François Louys, who had the honor of pulling a tooth
better than any one else, so that on Saturdays many country folks
having toothache came to him to have them pulled out, which he did very
dexterously with a pelican, and when he had done, threw it on a bench
in his shop. Now he had a new servant, Picard, tall and strong, who
wanted to pull teeth like his master. It happened that whilst the said
François Louys was dining, a villager wanting a tooth pulled, Picard
took his master’s instrument and tried to do like him, but instead of
taking out the bad tooth, he knocked and tore out three good ones for
him, who, feeling great pain and seeing three teeth out of his mouth,
began to cry out against Picard, but he, to make him hold his peace,
told him not to say a word about it and not to shout so, because if his
master came he would make him pay for three teeth instead of one. Now
the master, hearing such a noise, came out from table to know the cause
of it and the reason of the quarrel, but the poor peasant fearing the
threats of Picard and still more after enduring such pain being made
to pay a threefold fee by the said Picard, was silent, not daring to
reveal to the master this fine piece of work of the said Picard; and
thus the poor bumpkin went away, and for one tooth that he had thought
to have pulled, he carried away three in his pouch and the one that
hurt him in his mouth.”
[308] For which reason I advise those who would have their teeth pulled
to go to the older tooth-pullers, and not to the younger ones who will
not yet have recognized their shortcomings.”
[309] An old French word meaning perhaps hippopotamus.
[310] Jacobi Hollerii medici parisiensis omnia opera practica, Genevæ,
1635, lib. ii, p. 117, et seq.
[311] Blandin, Anatomie du système dentaire, Paris, 1836, p. 25.
[312] Hoann Jac. Weckerus, medicinæ utriusque syntaxes, ex Græcorum,
Latinorum, Arabumque thesauris collectæ, Basilea, 1576.
[313] Donati Antonii ab Altomari medici ac philosophi neapolitani Ars
Medica, Venetiis, 1558, cap. xli, p. 190.
[314] Collezione d’osservazioni e riflessioni, vol. iii, oss. 84, p.
374.
[315] Hieronymi Capivacci Patavini opera omnia, Venetiis, 1617, edit.
sexta, lib. i, cap. liii; de affectibus dentium, p. 515.
[316] Lib. ii, cap. v, de lue venerea, p. 712.
[317] Petri Foresti, Alcmariani, opera omnia quatuor tomis digesta,
Rothomagi, 1653.
[318] Histoire de l’anatomie et de la chirurgie, Paris, 1770.
[319] Hémard has omitted translating this passage, probably because he
did not well understand it.
[320] [For a fuller review of this author see A Dental Book of the
Sixteenth Century, by Julio Endelman, Dental Cosmos, 1903, vol. xlv, p.
39.—E. C. K.]
[321] Hieronymi Fabricii ab Aquapendente opera chirurgica, Lugduni
Batavorum, 1723, cap. xxxii, p. 451.
[322] Cap. xxxiii, p. 455.
[323] Cap. xxxiv, p. 456; _de instrumentis extrahendis dentibus
idoneis_.
[324] Cap. xxxv, p. 457.
[325] Cap. xxx, de gingivarum chirurgia, p. 450.
[326] Joannis Heurnii Ultrajectini de morbis oculorum, aurum, nasi,
dentium et oris, liber Raphelengii, 1602, cap. xi, de dentium et oris
passionibus, p. 79.
[327] De aureo dente maxillari pueri Silesii, Lipsiæ, 1595.
[328] Martini Rulandi, Nova et in omni memoria inaudita historia de
aureo dente, Francofurti, 1595.
[329] Liddelius, Tractatus de dente aureo pueri Silesiani, Hamburg,
1626.
[330] [In the introductory portion of Liddell’s work on the “Golden
Tooth” is published a number of letters bearing on the case, among
others one which gives rather a circumstantial account of the
imposture, and of which the following is a translation:
“Herr Balthazer Caminæus sends Greeting:
“For your letter, most kind Herr Doctor Caselius, in which you
explicitly desired me to thank (my) colleagues for their good wishes,
‘wedding wishes,’ and to inform you as to the ‘Golden Tooth,’ I have
long been in debt to you—not that I intended to leave your letter
unanswered, but because no messengers presented themselves. Now that
I have found one, I announce that I have obeyed your commands. As for
the ‘Golden Tooth,’ I ought not to hide from you that we have more
than once marvelled at your shrewdness, in that you are so anxious to
ascribe the devices of wickedness and the tricks (fakes) of cunning
to Nature. For it was no portent, only a deception and pure cheat, so
that unless some Lemnian (Prometheus or Vulcan) should come to their
aid, these acute authors will, nay, already are, a by-word to those
who are more cautious and not so prone to believe. For the ‘Golden
Toothed’ boy, according to the account brought thither by many persons,
both by letter and oral report, some of whom had themselves seen
this wonder, hailed from a village near Schwidnitz in Silesia, and
had been so trained by his swindling father or master, that, at his
will, whenever in any assembly of men, some very simple and illiterate
persons desired to see the tooth and had paid the fee, for the rascals
made great gains, he would open his mouth wide and allow himself to be
touched. But if educated men and those who seemed likely to make more
careful scrutiny and experiment on any point, presented themselves,
he contorted his countenance, remained silent, and simulated a kind
of madness, the idea being that he permitted himself to be examined
at stated times only when the conditions allowed. Now, the tooth was
covered with a plate, lamina (or layer), skilfully wrought of the best
gold, and the gold was let down so deep into the gum that the cheat
was not observed. However, as the plate was sometimes rubbed with a
touch-stone as a test and was daily worn down by chewing, the real
tooth at last began to appear. Of this fact a certain nobleman got an
inkling, came to the place pretty drunk, and demanded that the tooth
should be shown him, when the young fellow, at his master’s word, kept
silent, the nobleman struck his dagger into the boy’s mouth, wounding
him so badly that the aid of a surgeon had to be called, and so the
deception was fully exposed.
“Thus the Herr Baron Fabianus, in Crema, at present Rector Magnificus
of our University, told me the story in full, and those inhabitants of
the place who have scholarly tastes maintain it to a man. The author
of the fraud, if I remember aright, was said to have taken refuge in
flight, the boy to be in chains.
“Our Pelargus, who is a native of Schwidnitz, can inform you more
fully. I have often heard from him the same facts which I am writing.
Farewell, and laugh in safety as much as you please at those sagacious
authors.
“FRANKFORT, December 31, 1595.”
Elsewhere it is stated that the boy who was the possessor of the
“Golden Tooth” was born December 22, 1586. As Horst’s Treatise appeared
in 1595, the Silesian boy was probably not over seven or eight years of
age. We also find that the “Golden Tooth” was a lower molar, and upon
the left side, and further, that there was no molar posterior to it.—E.
C. K.]
[331] Illustrious Father, do not believe too much in the
color.—[Virgil, Ec. ii, 16.]
[332] Joh. Stephani Strobelbergeri, thermiatri cæsarei emeriti,
etc., de dentium podagre, seu potius de odontagra, doloreve dentium,
tractatus absolutissimus, in quo, tam doloris istius mitigandi
rationes, quam dentium sine et cum ferro artificiose extrahendorum
varii modi, theoretice ac practice proponuntur, in medicorum ac
chirurgorum quorumvis gratiam. Lepsiæ, 1630.
[333] In Latin, _gutta_, that is, drop.
[334] Handbuch der Zahnheilkunde, Berlin, 1848, ii, 422.
[335] Geschichte der Zahnheilkunde, p. 101.
[336] Arnauld Gilles, La fleur des remèdes contre le mal des dents,
Paris, 1622.
[337] Remèdes contre le mal des dents, Paris, 1633.
[338] Sprengel, Geschichte der Chirurgie, Part II, p. 293.
[339] Guilhelmi Fabricii Hilandi opera omnia, Francofurti ad Moenum,
1646, Centuria I observatio xxxviii, p. 33.
[340] Cent. iv, obs. xxi, p. 302.
[341] The most important of Fabricius Hildanus’ works consists of six
_centuriæ_ (hundreds) of remarkable cases, published by the author in
successive epochs, and which were afterward reunited under the title of
_Observationum et curationum chirurgicarum centuriæ sex_.
[342] Cent. v, obs. xxvii, p. 406.
[343] G. F. Hildani, opera omnia, Epist. ad J. Rheterium, p. 1010.
[344] Joannis Sculteti, Ulmensis, armamentarium chirurgicum,
Francofurti, 1666, Plates X, XI, XII, XXXII.
[345] Giovanni Battista Montano (1488 to 1551), of Verona, Professor of
Medicine at Padua.
[346] It is marvellous that an intelligent physician should have lent
faith to such a story, related, too, by such a woman, never reflecting
that the daily use of sulphuric acid for the space of thirty years,
that is, about 11,000 applications, instead of curing and beautifying
bad teeth, would certainly rather have had the effect of totally
destroying the denture of even a mastodon.
[347] Lazari Riverii, opera medica omnia, Genevæ, 1737; Praxeos medicæ
liber sextus, cap. i; De dolore dentium, cap. ii; De dentium nigredine
et erosione.
[348] Nicolai Tulpii, Amstelodamensis, Osservationes medicæ,
Amstelodami, 1685, lib. i, cap. xxxvi, p. 68; cap. xlix, p. 90.
[349] Sprengel, Geschichte der Chirurgie, vol. ii, pp. 294, 299.
[350] Sprengel, op. cit., p. 297.
[351] Blandin, Anatomie du système dentaire, Paris, 1836, p. 26.
[352] Blandin, op. cit., p. 27; Portal, Histoire de l’anatomie et de la
chirurgie, Paris, 1770, vol. iii, p. 495.
[353] Blandin, op. cit., p. 26; Portal, op. cit.
[354] Totus dens primum inclusus est folliculo seu membrana tenui ac
pellucida non secus ac granum in arista.
[355] Bouillet, Précis d’histoire de la médecine, p. 221.
[356] Bouillet, op. cit., p. 222.
[357] Friderici Ruyschii observationum anatomico-chirurgicorum,
centuria, Amstelodami, 1691; Portal, op. cit., vol. iii.
[358] Portal, op. cit., vol. iii.
[359] A. C. Abbott, The Principles of Bacteriology, Philadelphia, 1905,
p. 19.
[360] Anatome ossium, Romæ, 1689.
[361] Portal, vol. iv, p. 111; Blandin, p. 28.
[362] Jean Guichard Duverney, Mémoire sur les dents, Paris, 1689.
[363] Blandin, op cit.; Portal, vol. iii, p. 495.
[364] Blandin, p. 31.
[365] On Some New Observations of the Bones and the Parts Belonging
to Them, London, 1691. The accurate description given by Havers of
the canals containing the nourishing vessels of the bone has caused
these canals to be known, even up to the present day, by the name of
“Haversian canals.”
[366] Portal, vol. iv, p. 134; Blandin, p. 31.
[367] De morbis acutis infantum, London, 1689.
[368] Sprengel, Geschichte der Chirurgie, vol. ii, p. 298.
[369] Meekren, Observationes medico-chirurgicæ, cap. xv, p. 84.
[370] Op. cit., cap. xxviii, p. 120.
[371] Sprengel, vol. ii, p. 298.
[372] Sprengel, loc. cit.
[373] Soolingen’s Manuale operatien der chirurgie, Amsterdam, 1684.
[374] Sprengel, op. cit., p. 300.
[375] Dissertation sur les dents, à Paris Chez Denys Thierry, MDCLXXIX.
[376] Portal, op. cit., vol. iii, p. 361.
[377] Purmann’s Wundarzenei, Halberstadt, 1684, Part I, chap. xxxii.
[378] New and very useful practice of all that which belongs to the
diligent barber; composed by Cintio d’Amato.
[379] The art of beautifying the human body was comprised by the
ancients among the many and various parts of the medical art, under
the name of _decorative medicine_. The barbers considered themselves
members of the medical class, as practitioners of decorative medicine
and in a certain degree also of surgery.
[380] In a chapter entitled “Of the Excellence and Nobility of the
Barber’s Office,” Cintio d’Amato speaks of several barbers of that
period, who were in great repute by their writings, or by the high
offices with which they were invested, or by honors received from
princes and sovereigns. Among the writers, Tiberio Malfi, barber of
Montesarchio, deserves mention; he published, in 1626, a book entitled
The Barber, written in excellent style, and giving proof of solid
literary culture, and of much erudition. This work treats of all that
concerns the barber’s art (decorative medicine, bleeding, etc.). In it,
however, there is absolutely nothing about the treatment of the teeth
or their extraction; and this constitutes a valid confirmation of our
own opinion, that is, that the dental art was not at that time in any
way in the hands of the barbers.
[381] Portal, vol. iii, p. 618.
[382] Antonii Nuck operationes et experimenta chirurgica, Lugduni
Batavorum, 1692.
[383] Caroli Musitani opera omnia, pp. 121 to 128, Venetiis, 1738.
[384] J. Drake, Anthropologia nova, London, 1707.
[385] J. M. Hoffmann, Disquisitiones anatomico-pathologicæ, Altorf,
1713, p. 321.
[386] Probably through the nose.
[387] H. Meibomii de abscessum internorma natura et constitutione
discursus. Dresdæ et Lipsiæ, 1718, p. 114. (This edition was published
after the author’s death, which took place in 1700.)
[388] St. Yves, Nouveau traité des maladies des yeux, 1722, p. 80.
[389] Sprengel, Geschichte der Chirurgie, vol. ii, p. 301. Carabelli,
Systematisches, Handbuch der Zahnheilkunde, vol. i, p. 60.
[390] This work was published in 1690.
[391] Here one also verifies the absurdities pronounced by those who,
not being dentists, but merely general practitioners or surgeons, still
risk speaking on dental subjects.
[392] Dionis, Cours d’opérations de chirurgie, Paris, 1716, p. 507 and
following.
[393] [The Dresden edition of 1710 of Guillemeau’s work contains
no reference to the artificial tooth composition as mentioned by
Dionis.—E. C. K.]
[394] Carmeline was a most able surgeon-dentist. We learn this from a
passage in Pierre Fauchard’s book (Le Chirurgien Dentiste, Préf., p.
13). As we shall see, the author praises him very highly and laments
his not having written any book making known the results of his long
experience.
[395] Sprengel, Geschichte der Chirurgie, vol. ii, p. 305.
[396] Traité complet des opérations de chirurgie, par Mons. de
Lavauguyon, Paris, 1696, p. 644.
[397] Der beym aderlassen und Zahn-ausziehen Geschickten Barbiergesell,
Leipsic, 1717.
[398] De dentium dolore, Altdorf, 1711.
[399] Schelhammer wrote a dissertation “on the cure of toothache by
touch,” _De odontalgia tactu sananda_, Kiel, 1701. In the same year and
in the same city, another pamphlet, by B. Krysingius, was written on
the same subject. (See Crowley, Dental Bibliography, p. 13.)
[400] Sprengel, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 311.
[401] Joseph Linderer, Handbuch der Zahnheilkunde, vol. ii, p. 129.
[402] Sprengel, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 367; Carabelli, op. cit. p. 65.
[403] Sprengel, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 310.
[404] Sprengel, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 309.
[405] Sprengel, loc. cit.
[406] Sprengel, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 310.
[407] Le Chirurgien Dentiste ou Traité des Dents, où l’on enseigne
les moyens de les entretenir propres & saines, de les embellir, d’en
réparer la perte & de remédier à leurs maladies, à celles des Gencives
& aux accidens qui peuvent survenir aux autres parties voisines des
Dents. Avec des Observations & des Réflexions sur plusieurs cas
singuliers. Ouvrage enrichi de quarante-deux Planches en taille douce.
Par Pierre Fauchard, Chirurgien Dentiste à Paris.
[408] Deuxième édition, revue, corrigée et considérablement augmentée,
à Paris, 1746.
[409] _Experts pour les Dents._ This was probably the title which was
bestowed in the relative diploma on those who passed the examination in
question.
[410] We have not been able to find any work in which particular
records of Fauchard’s life are given, and hence do not know to which of
the other arts he had dedicated himself.
[411] Vol. ii, p. 366.
[412] Page 21.
[413] Pages 73, 74.
[414] Vol. i, p. 131.
[415] Page 142.
[416] De la génération des vers dans le corps de l’homme, Paris, 1700.
[417] Vol. i, p. 143.
[418] Page 149.
[419] Chap. ix, p. 154.
[420] Dames illustres, vie d’Elizabeth, p. 179.
[421] Page 161.
[422] Page 165.
[423] Page 167.
[424] Liquid ammonia.
[425] Subcarbonate of ammonia.
[426] Chap. x, p. 169.
[427] Page 407.
[428] Chap. xii, p. 183.
[429] Chap. xiii, p. 185.
[430] Chap. xiv, p. 194.
[431] Chap. xv, p. 205.
[432] Chap. xvi.
[433] Chap. xvii to xxi.
[434] Chap. xxiii, p. 282.
[435] Page 330.
[436] Page 331.
[437] Page 368.
[438] Page 370.
[439] Page 383.
[440] Page 376.
[441] Chap. xxxi, p. 391.
[442] Page 397.
[443] Page 411.
[444] Page 418.
[445] Chap. xxxviii, p. 481.
[446] Vol. ii, chap. ii.
[447] Chap. iii.
[448] Chap. iv.
[449] Chap. v.
[450] Vol. ii, p. 71.
[451] Vol. ii, p. 77.
[452] Vol. ii, p. 78.
[453] Ibid.
[454] Chap. vii.
[455] Vol. ii, p. 80.
[456] Vol. ii, chap. viii, p. 87.
[457] Chap. ix, p. 117.
[458] Speaking of transplantation, he says: “On voit par des
expériences journalières que des dents transplantées d’un alvéole dans
l’alvéole d’une bouche différente se sont conservées plusieurs années
fermes et solides sans recevoir aucune altération, et servant à toutes
les fonctions auxquelles les dents sont propres.” (Vol. ii, p. 187.)
[459] Page 188.
[460] Vol. ii, p. 192.
[461] Vol. ii, chap. xiii, p. 215.
[462] Vol. ii, pp. 217 to 224.
[463] Vol. ii, p. 225.
[464] Vol. ii, p. 229.
[465] Chap. xvi, pp. 252, 255.
[466] Vol. ii, chap. xvii, p. 260.
[467] Vol. ii, chap. xxiv, p. 339.
[468] Vol. ii, p. 340.
[469] Vol. ii, p. 353.
[470] Jean de Diest, An hæmorrhage ex dentium evulsione chirurgi
incuria lethalis? Paris, 1735. David Vasse, Hæmorrhagia ex dentium
evulsione, chirurgi incuria lethalis, Paris, 1735.
[471] M. Bunon, Sur un prejugé très-pernicieux, concernant les maux de
dents qui surviennent aux femmes grosses, Paris, 1741.
[472] M. Bunon, Essai sur les maladies des dents, Paris, 1743.
Expériences et démonstrations pour servir de suite et de preuves à
l’essai sur les maladies des dents, Paris, 1746.
[473] Abhandlung von Zahnkrankheiten, etc., Strassburg, 1754.
[474] A Practical Treatise upon Dentition or the Breeding of the Teeth
in Children.
[475] Essai d’Odontotechnique, ou Dissertation sur les Dents
Artificielles.
[476] Sprengel, Part ii, p. 319.
[477] Journal de Médecine, 1756.
[478] L. H. Runge. De Morbis sinuum ossis frontis, maxillæ superioris,
etc., Rintel, 1750.
[479] Sprengel, Part ii (?), p. 322.
[480] Nouveaux éléments d’Odontologie, contenant l’anatomie de la
bouche, ou la description de toutes les parties qui la composent, et
de leur usage; et la pratique abregée du dentiste, avec plusieurs
observations, par M. Lécluse, Chirurgien dentiste de Sa Majesté le Roi
de Pologne, etc., Paris, 1754 (vol. in 12mo of pages viii-222 with six
plates).
[481] Abhandlung von den Zähnen des menschlichen Körpers und deren
Krankheiten, 1756.
[482] Geist-Jacobi, p. 164.
[483] Die eingebildeten würmer in Zähnen, Regenburg, 1757.
[Schaffer’s publication is of considerable interest in that his
illustration here reproduced exhibits one of the devices somewhat
generally employed for the eradication of dental worms as a cure for
toothache. In the title of his work Schaffer describes himself as
Protestant preacher at Regensburg, member of the Royal Society of
Fine Arts at Göttingen, of the Royal Society of Science at Duisberg,
honorary member of the Fine Arts at Leipsic.
[Illustration: Fig. I., Fig. II., Fig. III., Fig. IV., Fig. V.,
Fig. VI., Fig. VII., Fig. VIII., Fig. IX., Fig. X., Fig. XI., Fig. XII.]
The several details of the plate are designated as follows:
Fig. I. The supposed worms, with single and double tails, or actually
seed buds of the henbane driven out by heat, natural size.
Fig. II. Kidney-shaped seed of the henbane, natural size, without seed
buds.
Fig. III. Another such seed, natural size, with the pith being driven
out in bow-shape.
Figs. IV and V. Slightly magnified supposed entrails of the tooth
worms, actually the inner basis substance for the development of the
seed lobes.
Fig. VI. Portion of the skin and driven out supposed entrails of the
tooth worms, strongly magnified: (_aa_) skin still attached; (_b_)
supposed entrails.
Fig. VII. Seed same as Fig. II, magnified: (_a_) external pellicle;
(_b_) seed bud.
Fig. VIII. Seed of Fig. III, magnified: (_aa_) external pellicle; (_b_)
node; (_c_) seed bud driven out in bow-shape.
Figs. IX, X, and XI. Three kinds of supposed tooth worms, magnified;
the lettering corresponds in all three: (_a_) head; (_b_) brown spot
or mouth; (_c_) body; (_d_) apparent opening or anus; (_ee_) single or
double tail; (_ff_) brown spot of the tail; also an apparent opening.
Fig. XII. Representation of the utensils and the mode in which they
are arranged during the application of the supposed remedy against
tooth worms: (_a_) earthen pot; (_b_) opening visible on one side;
(_c_) opening in the bottom; (_dd_) iron passing through the two side
openings, on which the wax balls (containing henbane seeds) are laid
inside the pot; (_e_) smoke arising through the opening in the top,
which is directed into the mouth; (_ff_) bowl of water in which the pot
is set, into which the supposed worms fall and in which they are found
after the cure.
It would seem not at all improbable that the inhalation of vapors
arising from heated henbane seeds might in some cases, _e.g._, of
odontalgia from pulpitis, produce a sedative effect by the action of
the hyoscyamine given off. Assuming that the method possessed even a
slight therapeutic value, that factor in connection with the apparently
tangible evidence of the existence of tooth worms which it afforded to
the ignorant, makes the method a most interesting example of the way in
which superstition and ignorance about medical matters are kept alive
and sustained by a very slight increment of truth.
Another interesting reference to the use of henbane seeds for the
cure of toothache by fumigation as found in an old Saxon manuscript
of the ninth or tenth century, a translation of which is published in
Leechdoms, Worthcunning, and Starcraft of Early England, vol. ii, p.
51, a collection of documents illustrating the history of science in
England before the Norman conquest, published under direction of the
Master of the Rolls. The reference is as follows:
“For tooth wark, if a worm eat _the tooth_, take an old holly leaf and
one of the lower umbels of hartwort and the upward _part_ of sage,
boil two doles (that is, two of worts to one of water) in water, pour
into a bowl and yawn over it, then the worms shall fall into the bowl.
If a worm eat the teeth, take holly rind over a year old, and root of
Carline thistle, boil in so hot _water_! Hold in the mouth as hot as
thou hottest may. For tooth worms, take acorn meal and henbane seed
and wax, of all equally much, mingle _these_ together, work into a
wax candle and burn it, let it reek into the mouth, put a black cloth
under, then will the worms fall on it.”—E. C. K.]
[484] Recueil périodique d’observations de Médecine, Chirurgie, etc.,
par Vandermonde, Paris, 1757, Tome vii, p. 256.
[485] Recherches et observations sur toutes les parties de l’art du
dentiste, 2 vols., Paris, 1757.
[486] Sur les dépôts du sinus maxillaire.
[487] Soins faciles pour la propreté de la bouche et pour la
conservation des dents, Paris, 1759.
[488] Vol. x, pp. 47 to 148.
[489] Traité des dépôts dans le sinus maxillaire, des fractures et des
caries de l’une et de l’autre mâchoire, Paris, 1761.
[490] Essais sur la formation des dents, comparée avec celle des os,
suivis de plusieurs expériences tant sur les os que sur les parties qui
entrent dans leur constitution, Paris, 1766.
[491] Traité des maladies et des opérations réellement chirurgicales
de la bouche et des parties qui y correspondent, suivi de notes,
d’observations, et de consultations interessantes, tant anciennes que
modernes, 2 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1778.
[492] Réflexions et éclaircissements sur la construction et les usages
des rateliers complets et artificiels.
[493] Die Zahnheilkunde, Erlangen, 1851, p. 398.
[494] Von der Wirkung der elektrischen Erschütterung im Zahnweh.
[495] Geist-Jacobi, p. 165.
[496] Neue Versuche zu Curirung der Zahnschmerzen vermittelst eines
magnetischen Stahles, Königsberg, 1765.
[497] F. E. Glaubrecht, De odontalgia, Argentorati, 1766.
[498] Journal de Médecine, 1767, p. 265.
[499] Jos. G. Pasch, Abhundlung aus der Wandarznei von den Zähnen,
etc., Wien, 1767.
[500] Th. Berdmore, A treatise on the disorders and deformities of the
teeth and gums, London, 1768.
[501] Einleitung zur nöthigen Wissenschaft eines Zahnarztes, Wien, 1766.
[502] Abhandlung von der Hervorbrechlung der Milchzähne, Wien, 1771.
[503] J. Linderer, vol. ii, p. 431.
[504] Geist-Jacobi, p. 166.
[505] Gedanken über das Hervorkommen und Wechseln der Zähne, 1768.
[506] Carabelli, p. 91.
[507] A treatise on the disorders and deformities of the teeth and
gums, London, 1768.
[508] See The Rise, Fall, and Revival of Dental Prosthesis, by B. J.
Cigrand, p. 148.
[509] Carabelli, p. 91.
[510] Carabelli, p. 93; Lemerle, Notice sur l’histoire de l’art
dentaire, p. 117.
[511] J. Aitkin, Essays on several important subjects in surgery,
London, 1771.
[512] Sprengel, vol. ii, p. 348.
[513] Sprengel, p. 350.
[514] Bromfield, Chirurgical observations and cases, London, 1773.
[515] Le dentiste observateur, Paris, 1775.
[516] Vollständige Anweisung zum Zahn-ausziehen, Stendal, 1782.
[517] Theden, Neue Bemerkungen und Erfahrungen, Berlin, 1782, part
second, p. 254.
[518] J. van Wy, Heelkundige Mengel stoffen, Amsterdam, 1784.
[519] Journal de Médecine, 1791, tomes 86, 87.
[520] Sprengel, p. 356 to 357.
[521] Odontologia, ossia Trattato sopra i Denti.
[522] Benjamin Bell, System of Surgery, 1783 to 1787, vol. iii.
[523] Medical Transactions of the College of Physicians of London,
1783, vol. iii, p. 325.
[524] Memoirs of the London Medical Society, 1787, vol. i.
[525] August Gottlieb Richter, Anfangsgründe der Wundarzneikunst, vol.
ii (1787) and vol. iv (1797).
[526] Praktische Darstellung aller Operationen der Zahnarznekunst,
Berlin, 1803 and 1804.
[527] Chapter xlii.
[528] Uebersicht der Chirurgischen Instrumente.
[529] Ploucquet, Primæ lineæ odontitidis, sive inflammationis ipsorum
dentium, Tubingæ, 1791; Kappis, Primæ lineæ odontitidis, etc., Tubingæ,
1794.
[530] Storia naturale di un nuovo insetto, Firenze, 1794.
[531] Der anfrichtige Lahnarzt.
[532] Without comment!
[533] Principia systematis chirurgiæ hodiernæ.
[534] The anatomical fact alluded to by the author, far from presenting
itself very often, as he says, is of rare occurrence, and cannot be
held in account for establishing a general operative rule.
[535] Sprengel, pp. 372, 373.
[536] Hirsch, Praktische Bemerkungen über die Zähne und einige
Krankheiten derselben, Jena, 1796.
[537] Sprengel, pp. 376, 377.
[538] For all that regards Bunon’s life and writings we have availed
ourselves of the excellent historical work of A. Barden, “Un
précurseur: Bunon,” a communication presented to the Geneva Session of
the International Dental Federation (August, 1906).
[539] Expériences et démonstrations, p. 13.
[540] Ibid., p. 60.
[541] Lettre sur la prétendue dent œillère.
[542] Sur un préjugé très pernicieux, concernant les maux de dents qui
surviennent aux femmes grosses.
[543] Essai sur les maladies des dents, où l’on propose les moyens de
leur procurer une bonne conformation dès la plus tendre enfance, et
d’en assurer la conservation pendant tout le cours de la vie.
[544] Expériences et démonstrations, avertissement, p. xix.
[545] Expériences et démonstrations faites à l’Hôpital de la
Salptêrière et à St. Côme, en presence de l’Académie Royale de
Chirurgie, pour servir de suite et de preuves à l’Essai sur les
maladies des dents.
[546] Essay, p. 127.
[547] F. Maury. Traité complet de l’art du dentiste, d’après l’état
actuel des connaissances, 2 vols., Paris, 1828.
[548] Exposé de nouveaux procédés pour la confection des dents dites de
composition, par M. Dubois Faucou, Paris, 1808.
[549] Rapport sur les dents artificielles terro-metalliques, Paris,
1808.
INDEX.
A
Abbott, A. C., 237
Abulcasis, 86, 125
Abyssinia, negroes of, file incisors into points, 43
Acoluthus, Johann, 240
Acupuncture, 38
Adamantius, 116, 117
Advertisements, 245
Ægina, Paul of, 219
Æsculapius, 45, 46
Ætius of Amida, 117, 170
Age of animals judged by the teeth, Aristotle on, 62
Aitkin, John, 317
Alcock, James, 348
Ali Abbas, 122
Altomare, Donato Antonio, 200
Alveolar pyorrhea, 96, 237
Andromachus the Elder, 106, 113
Andry, 269, 309
Anesthetic, 149
Antrum of Highmore, 186, 233, 249, 250, 257, 282, 304, 310, 311, 313,
318, 320, 325, 330, 333
Aphthæ, Celsus on, 84
Apollonius, 92, 113
Appolonia, Saint, 209
Aquapendente, Fabrizio of, 207
Arabians, 121
Aranzio Giulio Cesare, 201
Arcagatus, 77
Archigenes, 65, 106, 113
Arcoli, Giovanni of (Arculanus), 153, 168, 199
Argelata, Pietro of, 151
Aristotle, 53, 61, 64
Arnemann, J., 331
Arsenic, 35, 85, 122, 125, 138, 152, 157
Asclepiades, 80
Asklepiadi, priests of the temple of Æsculapius, 45, 46
Astringent mouth washes, 97, 115, 116, 122, 153
Atmospheric conditions, influence on dental maladies, 57, 116, 247
Aurelianus, Celius, 46, 65, 113, 114
Auzeki, Pierre, 317
Avenzoar, 139
Avicenna, 84, 123
B
Babylonians, treatment of sick by the, 18
Bacteria, 237
Barbers, 86, 130, 132, 139, 144, 159, 162, 166, 169, 188, 240, 242,
243, 244, 245, 255
Barden, A., 340
Bartholin, Thomas, 232, 235
Bass, Heinrich, 259
Bell, Benjamin, 324
Belzoni, G. B., on Egyptian dentistry, 27
Benedetti, Alessandro, 157, 187
Benedictus of Faenza, 203
Berdmore, Thomas, 315, 316
Bertin, J., 304
Bible, reference to teeth in the, 32, 33
Bidloo, Gottfried, 239
Birds, teeth of, 63
Blum, Michael, 164
Blumenthal, K. A., 337
Bodenstein, Adam, 205
Bordenare, Thomas, 313
Bourdet, 309
Brahmins, care of the teeth among the, 42
Bridge work, 297
Etruscan attempts at, 76, 101
Bromfield, W., 318
Brunner, Adam Anton, 315
Bruno of Longobucco, 140
Bruschi, Etruscan dental appliances in Museum of Count, 73
Bücking, 321
Bunon, Robert, 301, 337
C
“Calendar of dentition,” 315
Callisen, Heinrich, 333
Camindus, Balthasar, 215
Campani, Antonio, 323, 327
Capivacci, Gerolamo, 201
Carabelli, 157, 317, 321
Carbonate of lime, ancient dentifrice mentioned by Pliny, 94
Caries, dental, 24, 110, 122, 147, 251, 269, 319, 335
Carmeline, 253, 261, 283
Cascellius, first dentist mentioned by name, 102
Castellani collection, Rome, Etruscan appliances in, 76
Catullus, 97
Cauteries, dental, 328
Cauterization, 25, 40, 85, 107, 111, 118, 126, 138, 152, 212, 227,
246, 289, 310
Caylus, 99
Celius Aurelianus, 46, 65, 113
Celsus, 65, 80, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 102
“Cement” filling, 122, 240
of Guillemeau, 253
Channing, John, 126
Charlatans, 159, 162, 277, 310, 316
Chauliac, Guy de, 146
Chemant, Nicholas Dubois de, 329, 344
Chinese, anatomical notions of, 39
dentistry among the, 34
Chopart, 322
Cigrand, 47, 68, 316
Cintio d’Amato, 242
Clasps, 303
Clauder, Gabriel, 232
Cleanliness of the teeth among the Romans, 97, 106, 107
Coiter, Volcherus, 200
Coition, toothache from, 35
Cold applications, harmful to the teeth, 61
Colombo, Matteo Realdo, 177
Côme, Frère, 318
Compressor of Foucou, 321
Condamine, 314
Corneto, museum of, Etruscan appliances in, 71, 72, 73
Cos, temple of, medical records in, 18, 46, 48
Courtois, 321
Cowper, William, 234, 249
Cremation among the ancients, 69
Criton, 113
Croce, Giovanni Andrea della, 201
Cron, Ludwig, 255
Crowley’s “Dental Bibliography,” 253, 256
Crown, artificial, 296, 315
gold, 217, 303
Ctesias of Cydnus, 62
Customs of primitive peoples, 42
D
Dabry, P. P., “La médecine chez les Chinois,” 34
Dalli Osso, archeologist, 78
Damocrates, Servilius, 106
Daremberg, “Histoire des sciences médicales,” 80, 99
De Lavauguyon, 253, 255
Décorative medicine, 244
Dekkers, Friederich, 241
Delphi, temple of Apollo at, 46, 114
Deneffe, “La prothèse dentaire dans l’antiquité,” 67, 75, 102
Dental appliance, Etruscan, found at Tarquinii, 71
near Teano, Italy, 79
at Valsiarosa, 70
art among the ancient Germans, 162
the Etruscans, 67
the Romans, 77, 102
first beginnings of, 17
practised by specialists in ancient Egypt, 25
caries, 110, 122, 147, 251, 269, 319
irregularities, 280, 290, 303, 320
maladies given in Ebers’ papyrus, 21
surgery not mentioned in Ebers’ papyrus, 25
and surgical instruments of the Romans, 86
terminology found in Vesalius, 176
Dentateurs, 199
Dentator, 144, 147
Dentiduces, 226
Dentifrices, 35, 38, 51, 87, 93, 94, 96, 97, 105, 112, 124, 141, 148,
154, 247, 322
Dentine, structure of, 237, 319
Dentisculpia (toothpicks), 98, 226
Dentispices, 219
Dentist, the word itself, 102, 144
Cascellius the first, 102
Dentista, 144
Dentistry, condition of, before Fauchard, 260
in the middle ages, 121
as a true specialty, 255, 263
Dentists, examination of, 261, 339
Dentition, “Calendar” of, 315
third, 91, 143, 185, 199, 306
Dentures, complete, 298, 313, 336
porcelain, 344
spring, 299, 300
Deodato, Claudio, 224
Desault, 322
Deschapellement (uncrowning), 194, 204, 275
Diemerbroek, 235
Diest, Jean de, 301
Dionis, Pierre, 251
Dioscorides, 84
Dissection prohibited by the Koran, 121
Doctors’ shops in ancient Greece and Rome, 52
Drake, James, 249
Dubois de Chemant, Nicholas, 329, 344
Foucou, 346, 347
Jacques, 172
Duchâteau, 344
Duchemin, student of Fauchard, 260
Dufour, 309
Dupont, 223
Duverney, Jean, 238
E
Ears and the teeth, 54, 56, 94, 228, 236, 250, 315
Ebers’ papyrus, 19
George, on dental art of Egyptians, 28
Egypt, special doctors for the teeth in ancient, 26, 64
Egyptians, dental art among the, 19, 67
prescriptions of the, 21, 22, 23, 24
Eighteenth century, 255
Electricity, use of, for toothache, 314
Elevator of Lécluse, 305
Elevators, 133, 134, 305
Enamel, artificial use of, 301, 310
structure of dental, 238
Endelman, Julio, 205
English key, 257, 317
Epilepsy, 169
Epulis, 117, 118, 123, 127, 239, 251, 334
Erasistratus, 65
Erosion, dental, 302, 320, 337, 341
Etruscans, dental appliances of, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76
art among the, 67, 70
votive offerings of, 67
Eustachius, Bartholomeus, 178, 204
Examination of dentists, 261, 339
“Experts pour les dents,” 261
Extraction of teeth, 25, 45, 51, 64, 82, 86, 103, 108, 112, 114, 118,
122, 124, 128, 137, 141, 151, 152, 158, 160, 193, 210, 222, 240,
246, 252, 276, 292, 315, 321, 337
death from, 65, 114, 137, 139
of eye-teeth, 301, 339
pain after, 112
as a punishment, 139
Eyes and the teeth, 54, 89, 168, 246, 301, 304
F
Fabrizio of Aquapendente (Fabricius), 207
Fabry, Wilhelm (Fabricius Hildanus), 223
Fallopius, Gabriel, 177
Fauchard, Pierre, 255, 259
Filing of teeth by people of India, 42
by women of Sumatra, 43
Filling of teeth, 122, 147, 150, 151, 155, 159, 164, 199, 208, 240,
252, 256, 285, 309, 315, 320, 328
Fingers, extraction of teeth with the, 64
Fischer, Johann Bernhardt, 259
Fistulæ, dental, 22, 140, 152, 201, 203, 224
Fleurimond, 245
Follicle, dental, 177
Fontanella, Don Angelo, anecdote of, 104
Fonzi, 347
Forceps, cutting, 294
extracting, 46, 52, 86, 87, 114, 131, 157, 167, 207, 211, 226,
278, 292, 293, 325, 330, 334
Foreest, Peter, 157, 202
Foucou, 321, 346, 347
Fracture of lower jaw, 59, 137, 190, 342
Fractures and dislocations, Celsus on, 87
Fredericus, Rinaldus, 235
Frogs, use of, for dental maladies, 95, 107, 125, 138
G
Gaddesden, John, 140
Gagliardi, Domenico, 238
Gaillardot, Dr., researches in necropolis of Sidon, 29
Galen, Claudius, 52, 63, 65, 80, 82, 108, 109, 121
Garengeot, Croissant de, 257
Gebauer, Ernst Ferdinand, 259
Geist-Jacobi, 23, 59, 78, 102, 114, 157, 163, 166, 169, 220, 306,
311, 314
Genga, Bernardo, 235
Gerauldy, Fr. A., 302, 338
Gerbi, Ranieri, 332
“German key,” 257
Germans, dentistry among the, 161
Ghent, University of, Etruscan appliance in museum of, 74
Gilles, Arnauld, 222
Gingivitis, treatment of, by Galen, 111
Giovanni of Arcoli, 153, 168, 199
of Vigo, 159
Glaubrecht, F. E., 314
Gold appliances of the Etruscans, 71
of the Romans, 101
bands, mentioned in law of the Twelve Tables, 77
crown, 217, 303
fillings, 29, 156, 159, 164, 208, 252, 256, 285, 309, 315, 316, 329
teeth, substitution of, in Java, 42
in Macassar, 43
wire, use of, 30, 87, 135, 146
Golden tooth, story of the, 214
Göritz, Johann Adolph, 258
Gout, 219
Gräbner, C. A., 315
Grafenberg, Johann Schenck von, 202
Greek doctors in Rome, 79
Greeks, ancient appliance of the, 60
dentistry among the ancient, 45, 77
Griffon, J., 225
Guerhard, 344
Guillemeau, Jacques, 253
Gums, diseases of, according to Celsus, 84
Guy de Chauliac, 142
H
Haller, Albert von, 166
Harris, Walter, 239
Havers, Clopton, 239
Hebrews, dental affections rare among the ancient, 32
Hecker, A. F., 331
Heister, Lorenz, 255
Hémard, Urbain, 194, 203
Hemorrhage after extraction, 229, 231, 258, 301, 306, 321, 335
of the gums, 115, 157
Henkel, 318
Heraclides of Tarentum, 65, 113
Herodotus, 18, 25, 64
Herophilus, 65
Heurmann, Georg, 305
Heurn, Johann (Heurnius), 175, 212
Hieratic characters, Ebers’ papyrus in, 20
Highmore, Nathaniel, 186, 232
Hindostan, care of the teeth by the natives of, 42
Hindu dentists, primitive type of dental prosthesis by, 30
Hippias, anecdote from Herodotus on, 26
Hippocrates, 17, 18, 47, 108
Hirsch, Friedrich, 334
Histology, 236
Hoffmann, Johann, 249
Homer, refers to sons of Æsculapius, 45
Horace, false teeth mentioned in satire of, 102
Horst, Jacob, 214
Houllier, Jacques, 199
Hunter, John, 316, 318, 324
Hurlock, Joseph, 303
Hygiene of the mouth, 80, 87, 92, 106, 107, 127, 144, 153, 196, 230,
248, 266, 310, 330, 341
Hypoplasia, dental, 341
I
Immunity from toothache, 221
Implantation, 311
India, people of, customs relating to the teeth of, 42
Ingolstetter, Johann, 215
Ingrassia, Gian Filippo, 177
Instruments, 52, 128, 144, 151, 157, 167, 192, 201, 206, 207, 211, 226,
227, 241, 279, 284, 331
for extracting, 321, 323, 327
of gold, 251
of the Romans, 86
Iron, tooth of, 232
Irregularities, dental, 280, 290, 303, 320, 342
J
Jacobaens, Oligerus, 231
Java, substitution of gold teeth by people of, 42
Joachim, Heinrich, translation of Ebers’ papyrus by, 19
Jourdain, 311
Junker, Johann, 257
K
Key with changeable hooks, 326
English, 257, 317
of Garengeot, 257
Kircher, 217
Kirk, E. C., 28, 30, 43, 82, 83, 84, 96, 115, 118, 138, 164, 216,
307, 308
Klaerich, F. W., 314
Knights of the Teutonic Order, 163
Koran, dissection prohibited by the, 121
L
Lancets, gum, 195
Lancing of the gums, 198, 239, 257, 265, 303, 304, 312, 321, 322,
324, 331, 334, 336
Lanfranchi, 140
Lavini, 301
Law of the Twelve Tables, 69, 77, 78
Le Hire, 265
Lead for filling teeth, 285, 309, 320, 335
Lécluse, 257, 305
Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van, 237
Lemerle, 317
Lemorier, 313
Lentin, L. B., 314
Lentisk wood, toothpicks of, 98
Lepsius, opinion of, on Ebers’ papyrus, 20
Lettson, 329
Leucorrhea, 58
Leyden, Lucus van, 213
Liddel, Duncan, 216
Ligatures, Abulcasis on, 135
Linderer, Joseph, 27, 42, 98, 139, 162, 181, 220, 257, 313
Loder, 257
Longevity, influence of number of teeth on, 58
Lusitanus, Amatus, 229
Luxations of jaw, 88
M
Magnet, use of, for toothache, 314
Major, Daniel, 240
Malpighi, Marcello, 236
Manteville, 269
Marcellus, 115
Martial, epigrams of, 98
Martin, Benjamin, 241
Martinez, Francisco, 205
Massage, ancient practice of, 114
Massez, 313
Maxillary sinus, 186, 233, 249, 250, 257, 282, 304, 310, 311, 313,
318, 320, 325, 330, 333
Mechanical dentistry, first work on, 303
Medicine in ancient Eygpt, 19
decorative, 244
Medicine, most ancient work on, 19
sacerdotal, 17
special branches of, 103
Meibom, Heinrich, 250
Mercury, harmful effects of, 158, 202, 230
Mesue the younger, 137, 164
Mice, use of, for dental maladies, 36, 50, 93, 94, 97
Microörganisms, 237
Microscopes, 236, 237, 269
Middle ages, dentistry in the, 121
Minadous, Thomas, 232
Mineral teeth, 254, 329, 344, 348
waters of Carlsbad, 220
Models in dental prosthesis, 241, 306
Modern times, dentistry of, 161
Molinetti, Antonio, 234
Monavius, Petrus, 205
Monkey, dental system of, 63
Montagnana, Bartolomeo, 152
Montanus, Giovanni Battista, 230
Moraine’s verses on Fauchard, 260
Motte, G. M. de la, 258
Mouth mirror, 344
washes, 55, 97, 111, 265, 274
Mouton, 303, 309
“Moxa,” use of, by Chinese, 40
Mummery, J. R., 25, 29
Mummies, Egyptian, 27, 28, 49
Murphy, Joseph, 42
Museum of antiquities, Dresden, 162
(archæological) of Athens, 52
(archæological) of Florence, 70
of Corneto, 71, 72, 73
of Count Bruschi, 73
of Pope Julius, Rome, 70, 101
of University of Ghent, 74
Musitano, Carlo, 247
N
Nasal prosthesis, 256
Necrosis of lower jaw, 241
of the teeth, 56
Nerves of teeth, 109
Neuralgia, 224
Nicaise, E., 142
Nobile, Luigi, 78
Nomenclature, 88, 318
Nuck, Anton, 245
Number of teeth, 59, 109
O
Obturators, 197, 198, 211, 301, 310
Oceanica, dyeing the teeth black by races of, 42
Odontagogon, 46, 65, 114
Odontagra, 64
Odontalgia, 34, 38, 51, 92, 95, 103, 106, 107, 109, 111, 113, 124,
137, 141, 145, 150, 152, 154, 158, 190, 202, 219, 220, 221, 228,
247, 248, 271, 283, 314, 332
Odontitis, 331
Operative dentistry, Fauchard on, 284
Oribasius, 117
Orvieto, 69, 74
P
Papyrus of Ebers, 19
Paracelsus, 176
Paré, Ambroise, 188
Pasch, J. G., 314, 315
“Pastophori” treatment of sick by, 19
Paul of Ægina, 118
Peale, Charles W., 348
Pechlin, Nicolaus, 232
Pelican (extracting instrument), 157, 158, 167, 193, 206, 211, 226,
281, 290, 291, 292, 311, 323, 324, 330, 334
Perine, Geo. H., 27
Periodontitis, 122, 320
Petronius, 98
Peyronie, de la, 339
Pfaff, Philip, 305
Pfolsprundt, Heinrich von, 163
Phœnicia, ancient dental appliance found at Sidon, 29
influence of, on Etruscan dentistry, 67
Phœnician vase, with portrayal of dental operation, 47
Pietro of Albano, 144
of Argelata, 151
Pig, teeth of the, 62
Pincers, ligature, 295
Plaster models, 306
Plateario, Giovanni, 152
Pliny, 89, 102
Pluggers, 288
Pomaret, Denis, 223
Portal, 245
Poteleret, Alexandre, 262
Pregnancy, extraction of teeth during, 301, 339
Prescriptions, Chinese, 35
dental, of Hippocrates, 50
Egyptian, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24
Priesthood, ancient, treatment of sick by, 17
Primitive peoples, customs relating to teeth of, 42
Prosthesis, dental, 146, 211, 296
Prosthetic pieces, movable, 256
Pulp-capping, 306
Pulp, inflammation of, recognized by Archigenes, 107
Pumice stone in dentifrices, 96, 97, 141, 203
Purland, T., 28
Purmann, Matthias Gottfried, 241
Pyorrhea (alveolar), 96, 237
Q
Quacks, 159, 162, 277, 310
Quill toothpicks mentioned by Martial, 98
R
Ranula, Abulcasis on the cure of, 137
Renan, “Mission de Phénicie,” 29
Replantation, 136, 191, 251, 281, 293, 305, 309, 316, 321, 334, 335
Rhazes, 84, 121, 122, 153
Riccio, Tommaso Antonio, 242
Richter, A. G., 329
Rivière Lazare (Riverius), 228
Rizagra (Greek forceps), 87
Romans, dental art among the, 77
Rome, Arcagatus the first Greek doctor in, 77
Rueff, 316
Ruland Martin, 215
Runge, L. H., 304
Ruspini, Bartholomeo, 343
Russel, 313
Ruysch, Friederich, 236
Ryff, Walter, 157, 161, 166
S
Saalburg, forceps found in ancient castle of, 114
Saliva, 331
Salmuth, Philip, 232
Sandwich Islands, natives of, sacrifice front teeth, 43
Satricum, example of gold crown work found at, 101
Saws, dental, used by Abulcasis, 136
Scalers, Abulcasis on use of, 127
of Fauchard, 285
of silver mentioned by Fabricius, 210
Schaffer, Jacob Christian, 306
Schelhammer, Christopher, 250
Schmidt, Prof. Emil, 29
Schultes, Johann (Scultetus), 226
Schulz, Gottfried, 232
Scorbutus, case of, mentioned by Hippocrates, 55
Scribonius Largus, 103
Scultetus, 226
Scurvy, 57, 237
Secrecy among dentists, 262
Senile decay, 186, 238
Serapion, 123
Serre, 47, 78, 330
Serres, 181, 217
Seventeenth century, dentistry in the, 218
Severino, Marco Aurelio, 227
Shops of doctors in ancient Greece and Rome, 52
Sidon, necropolis of, 29
Silesian child, golden tooth of the, 214
Silver, toothpicks of, mentioned in satire of Petronius, 98
Six, Martin, 231
Sixteenth century, dentistry in the, 161
Spiegel, Adrian (Spigelius), 235
Sprengel, “Geschichte der Chirurgie,” 139, 166, 223, 253, 257, 259,
304, 337
Sternberg, J. H., 337
Stockton, Samuel W., 348
Story of the Golden Tooth, 214
Strabo, 98
Strobelberger, Johann Stephan, 218
St. Yves, Charles, 250
Surgeon-dentist, 244, 339
Surgery, ancient, eminently conservative, 108
Surgical instruments deposited in the temples, 46
Sylvius, 172
T
Tagliacozzi, Gaspare, 226
Talmud, the, 32
Tartar, dental, 119, 127, 150, 151, 237, 244, 258, 275, 302, 342
Teano, Italy, prosthetic piece found near, 78
Teeth, artificial, Dionis on, 252
of the Etruscans, 70
mentioned by Martial, 100
opposition to use of, 241, 258
Paré on, 197,
Romans, 78
care of the, _See_ Hygiene of the mouth.
among the Brahmans, 42
the Romans, 97
dignity and importance of the, 235
dyeing black, by married women of Japan, 43
by races of Asia and Oceanica, 42
red, by people of eastern India and Macassar, 43
gilding of the, in Sumatra, 43
of mummies, 28, 29, 49
names of, as given by Guy de Chauliac, 143
number of, indicated by Galen, 109
influence on long life of, 58
pivot, no evidence of Egyptian knowledge of, 29
Pliny on persons born with, 89
trepanning of, advised by Archigenes, 65
Terminology, dental, found in Vesalius, 176
Teske, J. G., 314
Theodorico Borgognoni, 140
Theriac, famous remedy of Andromachus, 106
Tin for filling teeth, 285, 329, 335
Tobacco, 220, 230
Tonsillitis, Celsus on, 83
Tooth brushes, 266, 334
Tooth of iron, 232
story of the golden, 214
Toothache, 35, 51, 80, 92, 103, 106, 107, 109, 113, 115, 126, 150,
190, 202
immunity from, 221
Toothpick and ear-picker of gold found in Crimea, 99
Toothpicks, 94, 98, 208
Transplantation, 282, 293, 303, 321, 329, 334, 335
Treatment of dental disorders by the Chinese, 35
Trephine, use of, by Archigenes, 108
Trueman, Wm. H., 68
Tulp, Nicolaus, 231
U
Uncrowning of teeth, 194, 204, 275
Urine, 35, 43, 97, 98, 274
Uxedu, painful swelling, referred to in Ebers’ papyrus, 20, 23
V
Valentini, Bernardo, 234
Valescus of Taranta, 149
Valsiarosa, dental appliance found at, 70, 72
Van Leeuwenhoek, Antonie, 237
Van Marter, J. G., 27
Van Meekren, Hiob, 239
Van Soolingen, Kornelis, 240
Van Wy, J., 322
Vasse, David, 301
Verduc, Jean, 253
Vesalius, Andreas, 172
Vigo, Giovanni of, 159
Virchow, 29
Votive offerings, dental, of Etruscans, 68
tables in ancient temples, 18, 46
W
Weapons, teeth of animals as, 62
Wecker, Johann Jacob, 200
Westphal, A., 304
Weyland, Fr. L., 318
White, Samuel S., 348
Wichmann, J. E., 336
Wildman, Elias, 348
Wilkinson, Sir Gardner, 28
Willich, 321
Wooffendale, Robert, 316
Worms, dental, 104, 125, 126, 141, 148, 150, 153, 158, 199, 203, 214,
220, 228, 229, 231, 232, 247, 268, 307, 309
Wurfbein, Paul, 241
Z
Znamenski, 295
Zwinger, Theodor, 240