THE NEW PROBLEMS
Most of us were familiar in our youth with a sort of game or problem
which consisted in taking a number, effecting a series of additions,
multiplications, subtractions, etc., and finally "taking away the number
you first thought of." Some such process might be taken as representing
the later history of the Republican Party.
That party was originally founded to resist the further extension of
Slavery. That was at first its sole policy and objective. And when
Slavery disappeared and the Anti-Slavery Societies dissolved themselves
it might seem that the Republican Party should logically have done the
same. But no political party can long exist, certainly none can long
hold power, while reposing solely upon devotion to a single idea. For
one thing, the mere requirements of what Lincoln called "national
housekeeping" involves an accretion of policies apparently unconnected
with its original doctrine. Thus the Republican Party, relying at first
wholly upon the votes of the industrial North, which was generally in
favour of a high tariff, took over from the old Whig Party a
Protectionist tradition, though obviously there is no logical connection
between Free Trade and Slavery. Also, in any organized party, especially
where politics are necessarily a profession, there is an even more
powerful factor working against the original purity of its creed in the
immense mass of vested interests which it creates, especially when it is
in power--men holding positions under it, men hoping for a "career"
through its triumphs, and the like. It may be taken as certain that no
political body so constituted will ever voluntarily consent to dissolve
itself, as a merely propagandist body may naturally do when its object
is achieved.
For some time, as has been seen, the Republicans continued to retain a
certain link with their origin by appearing mainly as a pro-Negro and
anti-Southern party, with "Southern outrages" as its electoral
stock-in-trade and the maintenance of the odious non-American State
Governments as its programme. The surrender of 1876 put an end even to
this link. The "bloody shirt" disappeared, and with it the last rag of
the old Republican garment. A formal protest against the use of
"intimidation" in the "Solid South" continued to figure piously for some
decades in the quadrennial platform of the party. At last even this was
dropped, and its place was taken by the much more defensible demand that
Southern representatives should be so reduced as to correspond to the
numbers actually suffered to vote. It is interesting to note that if the
Republicans had not insisted on supplementing the Fourteenth Amendment
by the Fifteenth, forbidding disqualification on grounds of race or
colour, and consequently compelling the South to concede in theory the
franchise of the blacks and then prevent its exercise, instead of
formally denying it them, this grievance would automatically have been
met.
What, then, remained to the Republican Party when the "number it first
thought of" had been thus taken away? The principal thing that remained
was a connection already established by its leading politicians with the
industrial interests of the North-Eastern States and with the groups of
wealthy men who, in the main, controlled and dealt in those interests.
It became the party of industrial Capitalism as it was rapidly
developing in the more capitalist and mercantile sections of the Union.
The first effect of this was an appalling increase of political
corruption. During Grant's second Presidency an amazing number of very
flagrant scandals were brought to light, of which the most notorious
were the Erie Railway scandal, in which the rising Republican
Congressional leader, Blaine, was implicated, and the Missouri Whisky
Ring, by which the President himself was not unbesmirched. The cry for
clean government became general, and had much to do with the election of
a Democratic House of Representatives in 1874 and the return by a true
majority vote--thought defeated by a trick--of a Democratic President in
1876. Though the issue was somewhat overshadowed in 1880, when Garfield
was returned mainly on the tariff issue--to be assassinated later by a
disappointed place-hunter named Guiteau and succeeded by Arthur--it
revived in full force in 1884 when the Republican candidate was James G.
Blaine.
Blaine was personally typical of the degeneration of the Republican
Party after the close of the Civil War. He had plenty of brains, was a
clever speaker and a cleverer intriguer. Principles he had none. Of
course he had in his youth "waved the bloody shirt" vigorously enough,
was even one of the last to wave it, but at the same time he had
throughout his political life stood in with the great capitalist and
financial interests of the North-East--and that not a little to his
personal profit. The exposure of one politico-financial transaction of
his--the Erie Railway affair--had cost him the Republican nomination in
1876, in spite of Ingersoll's amazing piece of rhetoric delivered on his
behalf, wherein the celebrated Secularist orator declared that "like an
armed warrior, like a plumed knight, James G. Blaine strode down the
floor of Congress and flung his shining lance, full and fair"--at those
miscreants who objected to politicians using their public status for
private profit. By 1884 it was hoped that the scandal had blown over and
was forgotten.
Fortunately, however, the traditions of the country were democratic.
Democracy is no preservative against incidental corruption; you will
have that wherever politics are a profession. But it is a very real
preservative against the secrecy in which, in oligarchical countries
like our own, such scandals can generally be buried. The Erie scandal
met Blaine on every side. One of the most damning features of the
business was a very compromising letter of his own which ended with the
fatal words: "Please burn this letter." As a result of its publication,
crowds of Democratic voters paraded the streets of several great
American cities chanting monotonously--
"Burn, burn, burn this letter!
James G. Blaine.
Please, please! Burn this letter!
James G. Blaine.
Oh! Do! Burn this letter!
James G. Blaine."
The result was the complete success of the clean government ticket, and
the triumphant return of Grover Cleveland, the first Democrat to take
the oath since the Civil War, and perhaps the strongest and best
President since Lincoln.
Meanwhile, the Republic had found itself threatened with another racial
problem, which became acute at about the time when excitement on both
sides regarding the Negro was subsiding. Scarcely had the expansion of
the United States touched the Pacific, when its territories encountered
a wave of immigration from the thickly populated countries on the other
side of that ocean. The population which now poured into California and
Oregon was as alien in race and ideals as the Negro, and it was,
perhaps, the more dangerous because, while the Negro, so far as he had
not absorbed European culture, was a mere barbarian, these people had a
very old and elaborate civilization of their own, a civilization
picturesque and full of attraction when seen afar off, but exhibiting,
at nearer view, many characteristics odious to the traditions, instincts
and morals of Europe and white America. There was also the economic
evil--really, of course, only an aspect of the conflict of types of
civilization--arising from the fact that these immigrants, being used to
a lower standard of life, undercut and cheapened the labour of the white
man.
Various Acts were passed by Congress from time to time for the
restriction and exclusion of Chinese and other Oriental immigrants, and
the trouble, though not even yet completely disposed of, was got under a
measure of control. Sumner lived long enough to oppose the earlier of
these very sensible laws, and, needless to say, trotted out the
Declaration of Independence, though in this case the application was
even more absurd than in that of the Negro. The Negro, at any rate, was
already resident in America, and had been brought there in the first
instance without his own consent; and this fact, though it did not make
him a citizen, did create a moral responsibility towards him on the
part of the American Commonwealth. Towards the Chinaman it had no
responsibility whatever. Doubtless he had, as a man, his natural rights
to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness"--in China. But whoever
said anything so absurd as that it was one of the natural rights of man
to live in America? It was, however, less to the increased absurdity of
his argument than to the less favourable bias of his audience that
Sumner owed his failure to change the course of legislation in this
instance. An argument only one degree less absurd had done well enough
as a reason for the enslavement and profanation of the South a year or
two before. But there was no great party hoping to perpetuate its power
by the aid of the Chinese, nor was there a defeated and unpopular
section to be punished for its "treason" by being made over to Mongolian
masters. Indeed, Congress, while rejecting Sumner's argument, made a
concession to his monomania on the subject of Negroes, and a clause was
inserted in the Act whereby no person "of African descent" should be
excluded--with the curious result that to this day, while a yellow face
is a bar to the prospective immigrant, a black face is, theoretically at
any rate, actually a passport.
The exclusion of the Chinese does but mark the beginning of a very
important change in the attitude of the Republic towards immigration. Up
to this time, in spite of the apparent exception of the Know-Nothing
movement, of which the motive seems to have been predominantly
sectarian, it had been at once the interest and the pride of America to
encourage immigration on the largest possible scale without troubling
about its source or character: her interest because her undeveloped
resources were immense and apparently inexhaustible, and what was mainly
needed was human labour to exploit them; her pride, because she boasted,
and with great justice, that her democratic creed was a force strong
enough to turn any man who accepted citizenship, whatever his origin,
into an American. But in connection with the general claim, which
experience has, on the whole, justified, there are two important
reservations. One is that such a conversion is only possible if the
American idea--that is, the doctrine set forth by Jefferson--when once
propounded awakens an adequate response from the man whom it is hoped
to assimilate. This can generally be predicted of Europeans, since the
idea is present in the root of their own civilization: it derives from
Rome. But it can hardly be expected of peoples of a wholly alien
tradition from which the Roman Law and the Gospel of Rousseau are alike
remote. This consideration lies at the root of the exception of the
Negro, the exception of the Mongol, and may one day produce the
exception of the Jew.
The other reservation is this: that if the immigration of diverse
peoples proceeds at too rapid a rate, it may be impossible for
absorption to keep pace with it. Nay, absorption may be grievously
hindered by it. This has been shown with great force and clearness by
Mr. Zangwill under his excellent image of the "Melting Pot." Anyone even
casually visiting New York, for instance, can see on every side the
great masses of unmelted foreign material and their continual
reinforcement from overseas, probably delaying continually the process
of fusion--and New York is only typical in this of other great American
cities.
A new tendency to limit immigration and to seek some test of its quality
has been a marked feature of the last quarter of a century. The
principle is almost certainly sound; the right to act on it, to anyone
who accepts the doctrine of national self-government, unquestionable.
Whether the test ultimately imposed by a recent Act passed by Congress
over President Wilson's veto, that of literacy, is a wise one, is
another question. Its tendency may well be to exclude great masses of
the peasantry of the Old World, men admirably fitted to develop by their
industry the resources of America, whose children at least could easily
be taught to read and write the American language and would probably
become excellent American citizens. On the other hand, it does not
exclude the criminal, or at any rate the most dangerous type of
criminal. It does not exclude the submerged population of great European
cities, the exploitation of whose cheap labour is a menace to the
American workman's standard of life. And it does not, generally
speaking, exclude the Jew.
The problem of the Jew exists in America as elsewhere--perhaps more
formidably than elsewhere. This, of course, is not because Jews, as
such, are worse than other people: only idiots are Anti-Semites in that
sense. It arises from the fact that America, more than any other nation,
lives by its power of absorption, and the Jew has, ever since the Roman
Empire, been found a singularly unabsorbable person. He has an intense
nationalism of his own that transcends and indeed ignores frontiers, but
to the nationalism of European peoples he is often consciously and
almost always subconsciously hostile. In various ways he tends to act as
a solvent of such nationalism. Cosmopolitan finance is one example of
such a tendency. Another, more morally sympathetic but not much less
dangerous to nationalism in such a country as America, is cosmopolitan
revolutionary idealism. The Socialist and Anarchist movements of
America, divided of course in philosophy, but much more akin in temper
than in European countries, are almost wholly Jewish, both in origin and
leadership. For this reason, since America's entrance into the Great
War, these parties, in contrast to most of the European Socialist
parties, have shown themselves violently anti-national and what we now
call "Bolshevist."
But organized Socialism is, in America, almost a negligible force; not
so organized labour. In no country has the Trade Union movement
exercised more power, and in no country has it fought with bolder
weapons. In the early struggles between the organized workers and the
great capitalists, violence and even murder was freely resorted to on
both sides, for if the word must be applied to the vengeance often
wreaked by the Labour Unions on servants of the employer and on traitors
to the organization, the same word must be used with a severer moral
implication of the shooting down of workmen at the orders of men like
Carnegie, not even by the authorized police force or militia of the
State, but by privately hired assassinators such as the notorious
Pinkerton used to supply.
The labour movement in America is not generally Collectivist.
Collectivism is alien to the American temper and ideal, which looks
rather to a community of free men controlling, through personal
ownership, their own industry. The demand of American labour has been
rather for the sharp and efficient punishment of such crimes against
property as are involved in conspiracies to create a monopoly in some
product and the use of great wealth to "squeeze out" the small
competitor. Such demands found emphatic expression in the appearance in
the 'nineties of a new party calling itself "Populist" and formed by a
combination between the organized workmen and the farmers of the West,
who felt themselves more and more throttled by the tentacles of the new
commercial monopolies which were becoming known by the name of "Trusts."
In the elections of 1892, when Cleveland was returned for a second time
after an interval of Republican rule under Harrison, the Populists
showed unexpected strength and carried several Western States. In 1896
Democrats and Populists combined to nominate William Jennings Bryan as
their candidate, with a programme the main plank of which was the free
coinage of silver, which, it was thought, would weaken the hold of the
moneyed interests of the East upon the industries of the Continent. The
Eastern States, however, voted solid for the gold standard, and were
joined, in the main, by those Southern States which had not been
"reconstructed" and were consequently not included politically in the
"Solid South." The West, too, though mainly Bryanite, was not unanimous,
and McKinley, the Republican candidate, was returned. The Democratic
defeat, however, gave some indication of the tendencies which were to
produce the Democratic victory of 1916, when the West, with the aid of
the "Solid South," returned a President whom the East had all but
unanimously rejected.
McKinley's first term of office, saw the outbreak and victorious
prosecution of a war with Spain, arising partly out of American sympathy
with an insurrection which had broken out in Cuba, and partly out of the
belief, now pretty conclusively shown to have been unfounded, that the
American warship _Maine_, which was blown up in a Spanish harbour, had
been so destroyed at the secret instigation of the Spanish authorities.
Its most important result was to leave, at its conclusion, both Cuba and
the Philippine Islands at the disposal of the United States. This
practically synchronized with the highest point reached in this
country, just before the Boer War, by that wave of national feeling
called "Imperialism." America, for a time, seemed to catch its infection
or share its inspiration, as we may prefer to put it. But the tendency
was not a permanent one. The American Constitution is indeed expressly
built for expansion, but only where the territory acquired can be
thoroughly Americanized and ultimately divided into self-governing
States on the American pattern. To hold permanently subject possessions
which cannot be so treated is alien to its general spirit and intention.
Cuba was soon abandoned, and though the Philippines were retained, the
difficulties encountered in their subjection and the moral anomaly
involved in being obliged to wage a war of conquest against those whom
you have professed to liberate, acted as a distinct check upon the
enthusiasm for such experiments.
After the conclusion of the Spanish war, McKinley was elected for a
second time; almost immediately afterwards he was murdered by an
Anarchist named Czolgosz, sometimes described as a "Pole," but
presumably an East European Jew. The effect was to produce a third
example of the unwisdom--though in this case the country was distinctly
the gainer--of the habit of using the Vice-Presidency merely as an
electioneering bait. Theodore Roosevelt had been chosen as candidate for
that office solely to catch what we should here call the "khaki"
sentiment, he and his "roughriders" having played a distinguished and
picturesque part in the Cuban campaign. But it soon appeared that the
new President had ideas of his own which were by no means identical with
those of the Party Bosses. He sought to re-create the moral prestige of
the Republican Party by identifying it with the National idea--with
which its traditions as the War Party in the battle for the Union made
its identification seem not inappropriate--with a spirited foreign
policy and with the aspiration for expansion and world-power. But he
also sought to sever its damaging connection with those sordid and
unpopular plutocratic combinations which the nation as a whole justly
hated. Of great energy and attractive personality, and gifted with a
strong sense of the picturesque in politics, President Roosevelt opened
a vigorous campaign against those Trusts which had for so long backed
and largely controlled his party. The Republican Bosses were angry and
dismayed, but they dared not risk an open breach with a popular and
powerful President backed by the whole nation irrespective of party. So
complete was his victory that not only did he enjoy something like a
national triumph when submitting himself for re-election in 1904, but in
1908 was virtually able to nominate his successor.
Mr. Taft, however, though so nominated and professing to carry on the
Rooseveltian policy, did not carry it on to the satisfaction of its
originator. The ex-President roundly accused his successor of suffering
the party to slip back again into the pocket of the Trusts, and in 1912
offered himself once more to the Republican Party as a rival to his
successor. The Party Convention at San Francisco chose Taft by a narrow
majority. Something may be allowed for the undoubtedly prevalent
sentiment against a breach of the Washingtonian tradition of a two-terms
limit; but the main factor was the hostility of the Bosses and the
Trusts behind them, and the weapon they used was their control of the
Negro "pocket boroughs" of the Southern States, which were represented
in the Convention in proportion to their population of those States,
though practically no Republican votes were cast there. Colonel
Roosevelt challenged the decision of the Convention, and organized an
independent party of his own under the title of "Progressive," composed
partly of the defeated section of the Republicans and partly of all
those who for one reason or another were dissatisfied with existing
parties. In the contest which followed he justified his position by
polling far more votes than his Republican rival. But the division in
the Republican Party permitted the return of the Democratic candidate,
Dr. Woodrow Wilson.
The new President was a remarkable man in more ways than one. By birth a
Southerner, he had early migrated to New Jersey. He had a distinguished
academic career behind him, and had written the best history of his own
country at present obtainable. He had also held high office in his
State, and his term had been signalized by the vigour with which he had
made war on corruption in the public service. During his term of office
he was to exhibit another set of qualities, the possession of which had
perhaps been less suspected: an instinct for the trend of the national
will not unlike that of Jackson, and a far-seeing patience and
persistence under misrepresentation and abuse that recalls Lincoln.
For Mr. Wilson had been in office but a little over a year when Prussia,
using Austria as an instrument and Serbia as an excuse, forced an
aggressive war on the whole of Europe. The sympathies of most Americans
were with the Western Allies, especially with France, for which country
the United States had always felt a sort of spiritual cousinship.
England was, as she had always been, less trusted, but in this instance,
especially when Prussia opened the war with a criminal attack upon the
little neutral nation of Belgium, it was generally conceded that she was
in the right. Dissentients there were, especially among the large German
or German-descended population of the Middle West, and the Prussian
Government spent money like water to further a German propaganda in the
States. But the mass of American opinion was decidedly favourable to the
cause of those who were at war with the German Empire. Yet it was at
that time equally decided and much more unanimous against American
intervention in the European quarrel.
The real nature of this attitude was not grasped in England, and the
resultant misunderstanding led to criticisms and recriminations which
everyone now regrets. The fact is that the Americans had very good
reason for disliking the idea of being drawn into the awful whirlpool in
which Europe seemed to be perishing. It was not cowardice that held her
back: her sons had done enough during the four terrible years of civil
conflict in which her whole manhood was involved to repel that charge
for ever. Rather was it a realistic memory of what such war means that
made the new America eager to keep the peace as long as it might. There
was observable, it is true, a certain amount of rather silly Pacifist
sentiment, especially in those circles which the Russians speak of as
"Intelligenzia," and Americans as "high-brow." It went, as it usually
goes, though the logical connection is not obvious, with teetotalism
and similar fads. All these fads were peculiarly rampant in the United
States in the period immediately preceding the war, when half the States
went "dry," and some cities passed what seems to us quite lunatic
laws--prohibiting cigarette-smoking and creating a special female police
force of "flirt-catchers." The whole thing is part, one may suppose, of
the deliquescence of the Puritan tradition in morals, and will probably
not endure. So far as such doctrinaire Pacifism is concerned, it seems
to have dissolved at the first sound of an American shot. But the
instinct which made the great body of sensible and patriotic Americans,
especially in the West, resolved to keep out of the war, so long as
their own interests and honour were not threatened, was of a much more
solid and respectable kind. Undoubtedly most Americans thought that the
Allies were in the right; but if every nation intervened in every war
where it thought one or other side in the right, every war must become
universal. The Republic was not pledged, like this country, to enforce
respect for Belgian neutrality; she was not, like England, directly
threatened by the Prussian menace. Indirectly threatened she was, for a
German victory would certainly have been followed by an attempt to
realize well-understood German ambitions in South America. But most
Americans were against meeting trouble halfway.
Such was the temper of the nation. The President carefully conformed to
it, while at the same time guiding and enlightening it. For nearly two
years he kept his country out of the war. The task was no easy one. He
was assailed at home at once by the German propagandists, who wanted
him, in defiance of International Law, to forbid the sale of arms and
munitions to the Allies, and by Colonel Roosevelt, who wished America to
declare herself definitely on the Allied side. Moreover, Prussia could
understand no argument but force, and took every sign of the pacific
disposition of the Government at Washington as an indication of
cowardice or incapacity to fight. But he was excellently served in
Berlin by Mr. Gerard, and he held to his course. The _Lusitania_ was
sunk and many American citizens were drowned as a part of the Prussian
campaign of indiscriminate murder on the high seas; and the volume of
feeling in favour of intervention increased. But the President still
resisted the pressure put upon him, as Lincoln had so long resisted the
pressure of those who wished him to use his power to declare the slaves
free. He succeeded in obtaining from Germany some mitigation of her
piratical policy, and with that he was for a time content. He probably
knew then, as Mr. Gerard certainly did, that war must come. But he also
knew that if he struck too early he would divide the nation. He waited
till the current of opinion had time to develop, carefully though
unobtrusively directing it in such a fashion as to prepare it for
eventualities. So well did he succeed that when in the spring of 1917
Prussia proclaimed a revival of her policy of unmitigated murder
directed not only against belligerents but avowedly against neutrals
also, he felt the full tide of the general will below him. And when at
last he declared war it was with a united America at his back.
Such is, in brief, the diplomatic history of the intervention of the
United States in the Great War. Yet there is another angle from which it
can be viewed, whereby it seems not only inevitable but strangely
symbolic. The same century that saw across the Atlantic the birth of the
young Republic, saw in the very centre of Europe the rise of another new
Power. Remote as the two were, and unlikely as it must have seemed at
the time that they could ever cross each other's paths, they were in a
strange fashion at once parallel and antipodean. Neither has grown in
the ordinary complex yet unconscious fashion of nations. Both were, in a
sense, artificial products. Both were founded on a creed. And the creeds
were exactly and mathematically opposed. According to the creed of
Thomas Jefferson, all men were endowed by their Creator with equal
rights. According to the creed of Frederick Hohenzollern there was no
Creator, and no one possessed any rights save the right of the
strongest. Through more than a century the history of the two nations is
the development of the two ideas. It would have seemed unnatural if the
great Atheist State, in its final bid for the imposition of its creed on
all nations, had not found Jefferson's Republic among its enemies. That
anomaly was not to be. That flag which, decked only with thirteen stars
representing the original revolted colonies, had first waved over
Washington's raw levies, which, as the cluster grew, had disputed on
equal terms with the Cross of St. George its ancient lordship of the
sea, which Jackson had kept flying over New Orleans, which Scott and
Taylor had carried triumphantly to Monterey, which on a memorable
afternoon had been lowered over Sumter, and on a yet more memorable
morning raised once again over Richmond, which now bore its full
complement of forty-eight stars, symbolizing great and free States
stretching from ocean to ocean, appeared for the first time on a
European battlefield, and received there as its new baptism of fire a
salute from all the arsenals of Hell.
INDEX
Aberdeen, Lord, Calhoun's reply to, 118
Abolitionists, Southern, no attempt to suppress, 132;
hold Congress in Baltimore, 132;
Northern, different attitudes of, 132;
their hostility to the Union, 133;
their sectional character, 133;
Southern Abolitionism killed by, 133;
anger of South against, 134;
unpopularity of, in North, 135;
acquiesce in Secession, 164
Adams, Francis, American Minister in London, 192;
protests against the sailing of the _Alabama_, 192
Adams, John, opposed by Democrats for Vice-President, 57;
chosen President by Electoral College, 62;
his character and policy, 62-63;
defeated by Jefferson, 63;
refuses to receive Jefferson at the White House, 67;
fills offices with Federalists, 67
Adams, John Quincey, leaves Federalist Party, 71;
a candidate for the Presidency, 92;
chosen President by House of Representatives, 94;
appoints Clay Secretary of State, 95;
unpopularity of his government, 96;
defeated by Jackson, 96
Alabama secedes from the Union, 161
_Alabama_, the, built in Liverpool, 191;
her devastations, 191;
Great Britain declared responsible for, 192;
compensation paid on account of, 192
Alexander I. of Russia wishes to intervene in America, 87
Aliens Law, 63
America, discovery of, 1;
claimed by Spain, 3;
English colonies in, 3;
European intervention in, forbidden by Monroe Doctrine, 88.
(_See also_ United States)
Anderson, Major, in command of Fort Sumter, 172;
surrenders, 173
André, Major, relations of, with Arnold, 33;
shot as a spy, 33
Antietam, Battle of, 189
Anti-Masonic Party formed, 112
Anti-Slavery Societies, Conference of, at Baltimore, 132;
dissolve themselves, 227
Arkansas, only new Slave State possible under Missouri Compromise, 86;
rejects Secession, 171;
secedes, 175
Arizona acquired from Mexico, 122;
open to Slavery, 126
Arnold, Benedict, career of, 32;
treason of, 33;
commands in South, 33
Arthur, President, succeeds Garfield, 229
Appomattox Court House, Lee's surrender at, 202
Atlanta, Georgia, Sherman moves on, 199;
fate of, 200
Baltimore, Maryland, Congress of Anti-Slavery Societies meets in, 132;
Douglas Democrats hold Convention at, 154;
Union troops stoned in, 177
Baltimore, Lord, a Catholic, 4;
founds colony of Maryland, 4;
his family deposed, 5
Bank, United States, creation of, proposed by Hamilton, 56;
opposition to, 56;
constitutionality of, disputed, 56;
Washington signs Bill for, 57;
Supreme Court decides in favour of, 57;
revived after War of 1812, 85;
power--unpopularity of, 102-103;
Jackson's attitude towards, 103;
corrupt influence of, 103;
Bill for re-charter of, passes Congress, 103;
vetoed by Jackson, 103;
Whig championship of, 105;
elections adverse to, 105;
Jackson removes deposits from, 106;
its end, 106
Beaumarchais, instrumental in supplying arms to the Colonists, 30
Beauregard, General, opposed to McDowell in Virginia, 180;
commands at Bull Run, 180;
rallies Southern troops, 180;
attacks Grant at Shiloh, 184
Belgium, Prussian invasion of, 237
Black, Judge, supports the Union, 165;
urges reinforcement of Fort Sumter, 172
Blaine, James G., implicated in Erie Railway scandal, 228;
character of, 229;
candidate for Presidency, 229-230;
defeated by Cleveland, 230
Blair, Francis, saves Missouri for the Union, 176
Bland, Richard, appeals to "the Law of Nature," 16
Boon, Daniel, 71
Booth, John Wilkes, assassinates Lincoln, 208;
death of, 208
"Border Ruffians," 143, 150
Boston, Mass., taxed tea thrown into harbour at, 17;
evacuated by Colonists, 25;
abandoned by British troops, 25;
Slave Trade profitable to, 49;
Hartford Convention resolves to meet again at, 82
"Boston Tea Party," the, 17, 18
Breckinridge, nominated for Presidency by Southern Democrats, 154;
Southern support of, 155
Brown, John, character of, 143;
his murders in Kansas, 144;
his project for a slave insurrection, 152;
captures Harper's Ferry, 152;
execution of, 153;
repudiated by Republican Convention, 153;
Lincoln on, 153, 208
Bryan, William J., nominated for Presidency, 234;
defeated by McKinley, 234
Buchanan, James, elected President, 145;
accepts Lecompton Constitution, 150;
quarrels with Douglas, 150;
weakness of, 158-159;
his Message to Congress, 159;
rejects advice of General Scott, 160;
his divided Cabinet, 160;
attempts to reinforce Fort Sumter, 172
Bull Run, first Battle of, 180-181;
second Battle of, 187
Bunker's Hill, Battle of, 18
Burgoyne, General, commands British forces in Canada, 28;
his plan, 28;
his failure and surrender, 29
Burke, Edmund, inconsistency of, 15
Burnside, General, defeated by Lee at Fredericksburg, 192
Burr, Aaron, 65;
Democratic candidate for the Vice-Presidency, 66;
ties with Jefferson for the Presidency, 66;
his intrigues with Federalists defeated by Hamilton, 66;
elected Vice-President, 66;
becomes an enemy of Jefferson, 67;
candidate for Governorship of New York, 72;
Hamilton's influence again defeats, 73;
fights and kills Hamilton, 73;
his plans regarding the West, 73-74;
approaches Jackson, 74;
Jackson on, 75;
arrest and trial of, 75
Butler, Benjamin, instrumental in the impeachment of Johnson, 219;
his character and career, 219
Calhoun, John Caldwell, superior to Clay as an orator, 79;
in the running for the Presidency, 90;
chosen Vice-President, 97;
his connection with the Eaton affair, 97-98;
his quarrel with Jackson, 98;
defends Nullification, 99;
compromises with Clay, 101;
joins coalition against Jackson, 102;
his attitude towards the Indians, 107;
leaves the Whigs, 110;
his transformation after quarrel with Jackson, 111;
his advocacy of State Rights, 111;
his defence of Slavery, 111, 134;
appointed Secretary of State, 115;
eager for annexation of Texas, 116;
resists clamour for war with England, 117;
his argument, 117;
defends Slavery in despatch to Lord Aberdeen, 118;
his action condemned by Northern Democrats, 118;
not favoured for Presidency, 119;
opposes war with Mexico, 121;
advocates strictly defensive policy, 121;
foresees consequences of large annexations, 121-122;
opposes Compromise of 1850..128;
his "Testament," 128;
his death and epitaph, 128;
influence of his defence of Slavery on Southern opinion, 134;
Jefferson Davis succeeds to position of, 140
California acquired from Mexico, 122;
gold discovered in, 123;
decision of, to exclude Slavery, 123;
Taylor advocates admission of, as a Free State, 125;
admitted under Compromise of 1850..126
Canada, a French colony, 9;
conquered by Great Britain, 10;
Burgoyne commands in, 28;
not disposed to join rebellion, 28;
conquest of, hoped for, 80;
rebellion in, 111
Canning, George, opposes European intervention in America, 87;
suggests joint action by Great Britain and U.S., 88
Carnegie, Andrew, massacre of workmen by, 223
Carolinas, colonization of, 8;
overrun by Cornwallis and Tarleton, 31.
(_See also_ North and South Carolinas)
"Carpet-Baggers," 221, 224
Cass, General, Democratic candidate for Presidency, 125;
Secretary of State under Buchanan, 160;
for vigorous action against Secession, 160, 165
Catholics, reasons of first Stuarts for leniency to, 4;
find a refuge in Maryland, 5;
establish religious equality, 5;
dispossessed of power, 5;
New England dislikes tolerating, 38;
"Know-Nothing" movement directed against, 138-139
Chancellorsville, Battle of, 192
Charles I. grants charter of Maryland, 4
Charles II. grants William Penn charter for Pennsylvania, 7;
grants charter of Carolinas to Hyde family, 8
Charleston, South Carolina, occupied by Cornwallis, 21;
Democratic Convention meets at, 153;
Breckinridge nominated at, 154;
cheers election of Lincoln, 156;
Fort Sumter in harbour of, 172;
Negro demonstrations in, 222
Chatham, William Pitt, Earl of, directs war against France, 10;
denounces employment of Indians, 28
Chattanooga, Battle of, 198
Cherokee Indians, problem of the, 107;
Jackson's attitude towards, 107;
removed beyond the Mississippi, 107
_Chesapeake_, the, duel with the _Shannon_, 80
Chickamauga, Battle of, 198
Chicago, Ill., Republican Convention meets at, 153
Chinese, immigration of, 230;
Sumner's plea for, 230;
exclusion of, 231
Civil War, the, not fought over Slavery, 162;
motives of South, 163-164;
case for North stated, 166-167;
issue of, as defined by Lincoln, 167;
progress of, 180-202
Clay, Henry, leader of "war hawks," 78;
character of, 78-79;
signs peace with Great Britain, 83;
arranges Missouri Compromise, 85;
a candidate for the Presidency, 91;
deserted by the West, 95;
supports Adams, 95;
Secretary of State, 98;
responsible for Protectionist policy, 100;
seeks a compromise with Calhoun, 101;
supports U.S. Bank, 105;
crushing defeat of, 105;
the appropriate Whig candidate for Presidency, 113;
passed over for Harrison, 113;
partial retirement of, 125;
called upon to save the Union, 125;
his last Compromise, 126-127;
death of, 126, 129;
Crittenden a disciple of, 160
Cleveland, Grover, elected President, 230;
second election, 234
Clinton, Democratic candidate for Vice-Presidency, 57
Cobbett, William, on American prosperity, 37;
supports Federalists, 59
Collectivism, alien to the American temper, 223
Colonies (_see_ English, French, Dutch, Spanish Colonies)
Columbia, South Carolina, burning of, 201
Columbia, district of, slavery legal in, 126;
slave-trade abolished in, 126
Columbus, Christopher, discovers America, 1;
American view of, 1;
and the Renaissance, 2
Compromise of 1850, drafted by Clay, 126;
supported by Webster, 127;
opposed by Calhoun, 128;
reasons for failure of, 129 _seq._;
administered by a new generation, 139;
Seward's speech on, 139
Compromises (_see_ Constitution, Crittenden, Missouri)
Confederate Debt, repudiation of, demanded, 204, 216
Confederate States, Constitution of, 169;
Davis President of, 169;
flag of, raised over Fort Sumter, 173;
Kentucky declares war on, 178;
military position of, 178-180;
Congress of, summoned to meet at Richmond, 180;
send Mason and Slidell to Europe, 182;
blockaded 184;
opportunity to make peace offered to, 199;
slavery dead in, 199, 203
Congress, how elected, 47;
U.S. Bank secures, 103;
recommends amendments to the Constitution protecting slavery, 168;
opposed to policy of President Johnson, 214;
committed to Negro Suffrage, 218
Connecticut, a Puritan colony, 5;
accepts invitation to Hartford Convention, 81
Conscription, adopted by both sides in Civil War, 195;
form of, imposed in the North, 195;
New York City resists, 195
Constitution of United States not modelled on British, 45;
essential principles of, 45-46;
compromises of, 46-49;
slavery protected by, 49, 162;
opposition to, 51;
publicly burnt by Garrison, 133;
described by South Carolina as a "Treaty," 157;
in relation to expansion, 234-235;
amendments to, 54, 67, 161, 168, 203, 216, 228
Constitution of Confederate States, 169
Continental Congress, first meets, 19;
issues "Declaration of Colonial Right," 19;
meeting of, forbidden by British Government, 19;
second meets, 19;
issues a general call to arms, 19;
resolves on separation from Great Britain, 21;
adopts "Declaration of Independence," 24;
moribund, 41;
attempt to remodel fails, 43
Convention meets to frame Constitution, 42;
Washington presides over, 42;
debates of, 42;
Jefferson absent from, 42, 54;
difficulties confronting, 43;
decisions of, 44-49
"Copperheads," name given to Northern Pacifists, 192;
their futility, 193;
Lincoln's policy regarding, 194-195;
capture Democratic Party, 200
Cornwallis, Lord, invades South Carolina, 31;
retreats to Yorktown, 34;
surrender of, 34
Cotton industry in American colonies, 11;
has nothing to gain from Protection, 85, 98, 157
Cowpens, Battle of, 32
Crawford, William, of Georgia, a candidate for the Presidency, 91-92
Creek Indians, descend on South-West, 81;
Jackson overthrows, 82;
take refuge in Florida, 87;
pursued by Jackson, 87
Crittenden, Senator, a disciple of Clay, 160;
proposes his compromise, 160;
his compromise unacceptable to Lincoln, 161;
rejected, 161
Cuba, Lincoln fears filibustering in, 161;
American sympathy with insurrection in, 234;
at disposal of U.S., 234;
abandoned, 235
Czolgosz, assassinates McKinley, 235
Davie, cavalry leader, 32;
at Battle of Hanging Rock, 32
Davis, Jefferson, of Mississippi, successor of Calhoun, 140;
on extension of Slavery, 144-145;
elected President of the Confederacy, 169;
his qualifications and defects, 169-170;
an obstacle to peace, 199;
believes Slavery dead, 199, 203;
relieves Johnstone of his command, 200;
accused of complicity with Lincoln's murder, 209;
his retort on Johnson, 209;
never brought to trial, 217
"Declaration of Colonial Right," 19
"Declaration of Independence," drafted by Jefferson, 22;
quoted, 22;
its implications, 23-24;
Slave Trade condemned in original draft, 48-49;
Slavery inconsistent with, 148;
misinterpreted by Douglas, 151;
misunderstood by Sumner, 205-207;
invoked by Sumner in favour of Chinese, 232
De Grasse, in command of French fleet, 34
Delaware, acquired from Dutch, 7;
small slave population of, 176
Democracy, in English colonies, 13, 16;
theory of, 23-24;
application of, in America, 36-37;
unjust charges against, 65;
characteristic of the West, 92;
Jackson's loyalty to, 93;
its true bearing on the Negro problem, 206-207;
effect of, on corruption, 229
Democratic Party, name ultimately taken by followers of Jefferson, 57;
organization of, under Jackson, 96, 108;
unwise attacks on Harrison by, 113-114;
refuses to come to rescue of Tyler, 115;
chooses Polk as Presidential candidate, 119;
holds Convention at Charleston, 153;
split in, 154;
captured by "Copperheads," 200;
defeated by trickery in 1876, 225, 229;
returns Cleveland, 230;
unites with Populists in support of Bryan, 234;
returns Wilson, 236
Donelson, Fort, captured by Grant, 183
Douglas, Stephen, on Slavery, 130, 141;
Senator for Illinois, 140;
character of, 140-141;
motives of, 141-142;
introduces Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 142;
his doctrine of "Popular Sovereignty," 142;
upsets Missouri Compromise, 142;
results of his policy, 143-144;
accepts Dred Scott decision, 147;
rejects Lecompton Constitution, 150;
his Quarrel with Buchanan, 150;
his contest with Lincoln, 150;
debates with Lincoln, 151-152;
rejected by the South, 153;
nominated for Presidency, 154;
defeat of, 155;
supports Crittenden Compromise, 160;
his patriotism, 174;
present at Lincoln's inauguration, 174;
his last campaign and death, 174
Draft Riots in New York, 195
Dred Scott decision delivered by Taney, 146;
its implications, 146-147;
rejected by Republicans, 147;
accepted by Douglas, 147;
fatal to "Popular Sovereignty," 147;
necessitates an amendment to Constitution, 161
Dutch colonies in America, 7
Eaton, Major, in Jackson's Cabinet, 97;
marriage of, 97;
Calhoun accused of wishing to ruin, 98
Eaton, Mrs., charges against, 97;
boycott of, 97;
Jackson takes part of, 97-98
Electoral College, original theory of, 46;
responsible for choice of Adams, 62;
tie between Jefferson and Burr in, 66;
figment of, destroyed, 96;
Lincoln's majority in, 155
Emancipation Proclamation, decision to issue after Antietam, 189;
Lincoln's defence of, 191;
effect abroad, 191
Embargo, imposed by Jefferson, 76;
withdrawn, 77
Emerson on John Brown, 153
England and Spain, 3.
(_See also_ Great Britain)
English colonies in America, 3;
French attempt to hem in, 9;
economic position of, 10-12;
government of, 12-13;
democracy in, 13;
proposal to tax, 14-15, 17;
attitude of, 16-17;
unite, 19;
declare their independence, 22;
France forms alliance with, 30;
independence of, recognized by Great Britain, 35;
internal revolution in, 36
"Era of Good Feeling," 86, 90
Erie Railway scandal, 228, 229
Erskine, British Minister at Washington, 77
Everett, nominated as candidate for Presidency, 154;
Border States support, 155
Farragut, Admiral, takes New Orleans, 186
_Federalist, The_, established to defend the Constitution, 51;
Hamilton and Madison contribute to, 51
Federalist Party, support a National Bank, 57;
sympathies of, with England against France, 59;
pass Alien and Sedition Acts, 63;
Burr's intrigues with, 66, 72;
oppose Louisiana Purchase, 70;
suicide of, 71
Fessenden, Senator, on Charles Sumner, 205
Fifteenth Amendment, effect of, 228
Filmore, Millard, succeeds Taylor as President, 125;
his succession favourable to Clay, 126
Florida, British land in, 82;
Jackson expels British from, 82;
acquired by U.S., 86-87;
secedes from Union, 161;
Negro government of, makes fraudulent return, 225
Floyd, Secretary for War under Buchanan, 160;
his sympathy with secession, 160;
his distribution of the U.S. armament, 179
Force Bills, demanded by Jackson, 100;
supported by Webster, 101;
precedence for, insisted on, 101;
signed by Jackson, 101;
nullified by South Carolina, 101
"Forty-Seven-Forty-or-Fight," 117, 120
Fourteenth Amendment, provisions of, 216;
Southern opposition to, 217;
Lee's views on, 217
France and England in America, 9;
War with, 9-10;
hesitates to recognize American independence, 29;
forms alliance with revolted colonies, 30;
Jefferson Minister to, 42;
Jefferson's sympathy with, 59-60;
badly served by Genet, 60;
anger with, over "X.Y.Z. letters," 63;
acquires Louisiana, 68;
sells to U.S., 68;
Jackson settles disputes with, 107;
intervention of, in Mexico, 213;
American sympathy with, 237
Franklin, Benjamin, goes to France to solicit help for, 29;
represents Confederation at Peace Congress, 35;
a member of the Convention, 42;
dislikes provision regarding fugitive slaves, 48
Frederick the Great, his creed contrasted with Jefferson's, 239
Freemasons, origin of, 112;
death of Morgan attributed to, 112;
outcry against, 112;
President Jackson a, 112
Free Trade, established between States, 44;
with England, South Carolina's desire for, 157.
(_See also_ Protection)
Frémont, General, Republican candidate for Presidency, 145;
commands in Missouri, 190;
proclamation of, regarding slaves repudiated by Lincoln, 190;
candidate of Radical Republicans for the Presidency, 200;
withdrawn, 200
French Canadians, antagonized by New England intolerance, 38
French Colonies in America, 9-10
French Revolution, Jefferson's interest in, 54;
American enthusiasm for, 58;
New England shocked at, 58;
continued popularity of, 60;
effect of, in Latin America, 87
Fugitive Slaves, their return provided for by Constitution, 48;
provision nullified by some Northern States, 127, 136
Fugitive Slave Law, part of Compromise of 1850, 127;
accepted by Lincoln, 149, 168;
Lincoln's strict enforcement of, 171, 189
Garfield, President, elected, 229;
murdered, 229
Garrison, William Lloyd, founder of Northern Abolitionism, 132;
his view of Slavery, 133;
his hostility to the Union, 133;
on Southern Abolitionism, 133;
on Secession, 164
Gates, General, Burgoyne surrenders to, 29
Genet, French Minister to U.S., 60;
his reception, 60;
his mistakes, 60
George III. determined on subjection of American Colonies, 17
German mercenaries employed by Great Britain, 27, 34
German population in U.S., 237
German propaganda in U.S., 237
Germany (_see_ Prussia)
Gerrard, James W., American Ambassador at Berlin, 238;
foresees war, 239
Gerry, a member of the Convention, 42
Gettysburg, Battle of, 196
Ghent, Peace of, 83
"Good Feeling, Era of," 86, 90
Grant, Ulysses S., captures Forts Henry and Donelson, 183;
attacked at Shiloh, 184;
captures Vicksburg, 196;
appointed commander of U.S. forces, 197;
his career and character, 197;
in Virginia, 198;
outmanoeuvred by Lee, 198;
fights in the Wilderness, 198;
Lee surrenders to, 202;
his report on temper of the South, 213;
quarrel with Johnson, 219;
elected President, 223;
a tool of the politicians, 223;
corruption under, 228;
implicated in Missouri Whisky scandal, 228
Great Britain imposes taxes on her colonies, 14 _et seq._;
revokes charter of Massachusetts, 18;
inadequate military action of, 19;
prohibits Continental Congresses, 19;
practical reasons for repudiating sovereignty of, 20;
Continental Congress resolves on separation from, 21;
sends out expedition under Howe, 27;
effect of Burgoyne's surrender on, 29;
loses mastery of the sea, 34;
recognizes independence of the colonies, 35;
complains of non-fulfilment of peace terms, 41;
goes to war with French Revolution, 59;
claims right to search American ships, 77;
war with, 79;
hatred of, consequent on burning of Washington, 80;
sends fleet to the Gulf of Mexico, 81;
weary of war, 83;
peace concluded with, 83;
separates from Holy Alliance, 87;
proposes joint declaration with U.S., 88;
her postulate of naval supremacy compared with
the Monroe Doctrine, 88-89;
Jackson settles disputes with, 107;
Jackson's tribute to, 107;
war with, avoided, 111;
claims in Oregon, 117;
clamour for war with, 117;
Calhoun's objections to war with, 117;
intervenes in Texas question, 118;
Calhoun's despatch to, 118;
variation of opinion in, concerning Civil War, 181-182;
proclaims neutrality, 182;
anger in, over _Trent_ affair, 183;
_Alabama_ built in, 192;
declared not to have shown "reasonable care," 192;
pays compensation, 192;
war with no remedy for sectional divisions, 213;
less popular in America than France, 237;
allowed to be in the right against Prussia, 237
Greeley, Horace, editor of _New York Tribune_, 164;
on Secession, 164;
his "Prayer of the Twenty Millions," 190;
Lincoln's reply to, 190;
his inconsistency, 193;
goes bail for Davis, 217
Grenville, George, proposes Stamp Duty for America, 14
Guiteau, murders President Garfield, 229
Hamilton, Alexander, a member of the Convention, 42;
writes for the _Federalist_, 51;
Secretary to the Treasury, 52;
his opinions and policy, 53-54;
his financial successes, 55;
proposes taking over State Debts, 55;
buys off Southern opposition, 55;
proposes creation of National Bank, 56;
opposition to, 57;
defeats Burr's intrigues for the Presidency, 66;
opposes Burr's candidature in New York, 73;
death of, 73
Hampton Roads, negotiations at, 199
Hanging Rock, Battle of, 32
Harper's Ferry, John Brown captures, 152;
Jackson sent back to hold, 189
Harrison, General, an imitation Jackson, 113;
his nickname of "Tippercanoe," 113;
elected President, 114;
dies soon after election, 114
Harrison, Benjamin, Republican President, 234
Hartford Convention, summoned, 81;
proceedings of, 82;
Jackson on conveners of, 100
Hawkins, Sir John, pioneer of the Slave Trade, 12
Hayes, President, fraudulent election of, 225
Henry Fort, captured by Grant, 183
Henry, Patrick, on Stamp Act, 16;
opposes Constitution, 51
Holt, a Southerner, supports the Union, 165
Holy Alliance proposes to re-subjugate Spanish colonies, 87;
Great Britain separated from, 87
Hooker, General Joseph, defeated at Williamsburg, 186;
trapped in the Wilderness, 192;
defeated at Chancellorsville, 192
House of Representatives, how elected, 47;
Burr's intrigues in, 66;
chooses Adams for President, 94;
a Democratic majority secured in, 229
Howe, Lord, commands British expedition to America, 27
Illiterates, exclusion of, 232
Immigration of Irish, 138;
of Chinese, 230;
change in attitude towards, 231;
Act passed over President Wilson's Veto, 232
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson, 218
Imperialism in U.S., 234
Indians, Penn's Treaty with, 8;
employed by Great Britain, 28;
effect of, on the West, 71.
(_See also_ Cherokee, Creek, Seminole)
Ingersoll, Robert, defends Blaine, 229
Irish, immigration of, 138;
qualities and power of, 138;
"Know-Nothing" agitation against, 138;
antagonism to Negroes, 195.
(_See also_ Scotch-Irish)
Jackson, Andrew, fights at Hanging Rock, 32;
commands Tennessee militia, 74;
relations with Burr, 74-75;
defeats the Creek Indians, 82;
expels British from Florida, 82;
successful defence of New Orleans by, 83;
pursues Indians into Florida, 87;
conduct in Florida, 87;
appointed Governor, 87;
nominated for Presidency, 92;
his character, 93-94;
passed over for Adams, 94;
shocked at the Adams-Clay bargain, 95;
attacked through his wife, 96;
elected President, 96;
his clearance of Government offices, 96-97;
coalition against, 97;
his quarrel with Calhoun, 98;
his toast at the Jefferson Banquet, 100;
demands the coercion of S. Carolina, 100;
dislikes Clay-Calhoun compromise, 101;
insists on precedence for Force Bill, 101;
signs Force Bill and New Tariff, 101;
on Nullification and Secession, 102;
his attitude towards U.S. Bank, 103;
vetoes Bill for re-charter, 103;
triumphant re-election, 105;
orders removal of Bank deposits, 106;
censured by Senate, 106;
censure on, expunged, 107;
treatment of Cherokees by, 107;
foreign policy of, 107;
on relations with Great Britain, 107;
Palmerston on, 108;
retirement of, 108;
results of his Presidency, 108-109;
nominates his successor, 110;
Harrison's candidature an imitation of, 113;
his memory invoked in, 1860, 160;
his plans for coercing S. Carolina sent to Buchanan, 160
Jackson, "Stonewall," nickname earned at Bull Run, 181;
campaign in Shenandoah Valley, 186;
sent back to hold Harper's Ferry, 189;
death of, 192;
Lee's tribute to, 192
Jackson, replaces Erskine as British representative at Washington, 77
Jacksonians, rally of, to the Union, 165
James I., attitude of, towards Catholics, 4;
approves Baltimore's project, 4
Jefferson, Thomas, delegate to Second Continental Congress, 20;
his character, 20-21;
his political creed, 21;
drafts "Declaration of Independence," 22;
nearly captured by the British, 34;
effects reforms in Virginia, 36;
his belief in religious equality, 36;
a Deist, 39;
his project for extinguishing Slavery, 41;
Minister to France, 42;
on Slavery, 50, 130;
returns to America, 54;
Secretary of State, 54;
accepts the Constitution, 54;
helps to settle taking over of State Debts, 55;
repents of his action, 55;
his view of American neutrality, 59;
his sympathy with France, 60;
on insurrections, 61;
drafts Kentucky Resolutions, 63-64;
elected President, 64;
his inauguration, 67;
his Inaugural Address, 67;
refuses to recognize Adams' appointments, 68;
negotiates purchase of Louisiana, 68;
his diplomacy, 69;
his alleged inconsistency, 69-70;
orders arrest of Burr, 74;
re-elected, 75;
attitude regarding Napoleonic Wars, 76;
places embargo on American trade, 76;
withdraws embargo, 77;
favours prohibition of Slavery in Territories, 85;
character of his government, 90;
Democratic Banquet on his birthday, 100;
his doctrine misrepresented by Sumner, 205;
his fears justified, 226;
his creed contrasted with Frederick the Great's, 239
Jewish problem in America, 232;
influence in American Socialism, 233
Johnson, Andrew, elected Vice-President, 200;
becomes President, 209;
accuses Davis of complicity in murder of Lincoln, 209;
Davis's retort on, 209;
bitterness of, against Confederate leaders, 209;
his difficulties and defects, 210;
his electioneering campaign, 218;
vetoes Reconstruction Bill, 218;
impeachment of, 218;
acquittal of, 218
Johnstone, General Joseph E., in Shenandoah Valley, 180;
joins Beauregard at Bull Run, 180;
eludes McClellan, 186;
contests Sherman's advance, 199;
relieved of his command, 200;
Lee attempts to effect a junction with, 201;
surrenders to Sherman, 213
Kansas, sectional quarrels in, 143;
constitution for, adopted at Lecompton, 150
Kansas-Nebraska Bill introduced by Douglas, 141;
doctrine of "Popular Sovereignty" introduced into, 142;
effect of, in Kansas, 143;
Republican Party formed to oppose, 145
Kentucky, protest of, against Alien and Sedition Laws, 63-64;
opened to colonization by Boon, 71;
Lincoln a native of, 147;
proclaims "neutrality" in Civil War, 177;
Lincoln's diplomatic treatment of, 177-178;
her soil violated by Confederates, 178;
declares war on Confederacy, 179
Kentucky Resolutions, 63-64
"Know-Nothing" party, 138-139
Ku-Klux-Klan, organization and methods of, 223;
Act passed to put down, 224;
its work done, 224
Labour Unions, 223;
movement not Collectivist, 223;
hostility of, to the Trusts, 223-224
Lafayette, the Marquis de, comes to America, 34
Lawrence, Free Soil settlement of, burnt, 143
Lecompton Constitution framed, 150;
accepted by Buchanan, 150;
rejected and defeated by Douglas, 150
Lee proposes separation from Great Britain, 22
Lee, Robert E., sent by Davis to the Crimea, 170;
sounded as to accepting command of Federal forces, 175;
refuses, 176;
resigns his commission, 176;
accepts Virginian command, 176;
on Slavery, 176;
opposed to Secession, 176;
his view of State Rights, 176-177;
defeats McClellan, 186;
defeats Pope, 187;
invades Maryland, 187;
his proclamation, 189;
fights McClellan at Antietam, 189;
retires into Virginia, 189;
defeats Hooker at Chancellorsville, 192;
defeats Burnside at Fredericksburg, 192;
invades Pennsylvania, 196;
defeated at Gettysburg, 196;
gets back unhammered, 196;
outmanoeuvres Grant, 198;
fights in the Wilderness, 198;
his proposal to recruit Negroes, 199;
effect of Sherman's march on, 201;
attempts to join Johnstone, 201;
surrenders to Grant, 202;
his views on Fourteenth Amendment, 217
_Liberator, the_, founded by Garrison, 133;
Lincoln denounced by, 148
Lincoln, Abraham, joins Republican Party, 147;
his career and character, 148-149;
his contest with Douglas, 150;
debates with Douglas, 151;
chosen candidate for the Presidency, 153;
elected President, 155;
objects to Crittenden Compromise, 161;
South ignorant of character of, 163-164;
defines issue of Civil War, 167;
his Inaugural Address, 168-169;
his policy, 171-172;
sends supplies to Fort Sumter, 172;
calls for soldiers, 174;
returns Mason and Slidell, 183;
refuses to supersede McClellan, 185;
replaces McClellan by Pope, 187;
effect of his personality on Maryland, 188;
decides to issue Emancipation Proclamation, 189;
his reply to Greeley, 190;
defends proclamation as a military measure, 191;
on Grant, 196-197;
appoints Grant commander-in-chief, 197;
prepared to compensate Southern slave owners, 199;
re-elected, 199;
opposition of Radicals to, 200;
his policy of Reconstruction, 204;
on Negro Suffrage, 204;
last public speech, 207;
assassinated, 208;
his advantages lacked by Johnson, 210
"Little Giant, the," nickname of Stephen Douglas, 140
Longfellow on John Brown, 153
Long Island, Battle of, 27
Look-Out Mountain, Battle of, 198
Louisiana, a French colony, 9;
ceded to Spain, 10;
re-ceded to Napoleon, 68;
bought by U.S., 68;
Burr's plans regarding, 73-74;
secedes from the Union, 161;
Lincoln's plan for reconstruction of, 204;
Negro government of, makes fraudulent returns, 225
Lovejoy, killed, 135
Lowell, James Russell, expresses sentiments of Anti-War Whigs, 121;
his satire on Taylor's candidature, 124
_Lusitania_, the, sunk, 238
Lyon, Captain, commands Union forces in Missouri, 176
Macaulay on Calhoun's dispatch, 118
McClellan, General, sent to Crimea by Davis, 170;
clears West Virginia of Confederates, 181;
supersedes McDowell, 181;
trains army of the Potomac, 185;
his defects, 185;
lands on Yorktown peninsula, 186;
besieges Yorktown, 186;
beaten by Lee, 186;
retires to Harrison's Landing, 186;
superseded, 187;
reinstated, 189;
fights Lee at Antietam, 189;
Democratic candidate for the Presidency, 200;
defeat of, 200
McDowell, General, advances into Virginia, 180;
defeated at Bull Run, 180-181;
superseded, 181;
ordered to join McClellan, 186;
fails to cut off Jackson, 186
McKinley, William, elected President, 234;
re-elected, 235;
assassinated, 235
McLane, Jackson's Secretary to the Treasury, 104;
favourable to the U.S. Bank, 104;
transferred to State Department, 106
Madison, James, a member of the Convention, 42;
writes for the _Federalist_, 51;
President, 77;
his pacific leanings, 78;
war forced on, 79;
re-elected by sectional vote, 79
Maine, colonized from New England, 5;
admitted as a State, 86
_Maine_, the, blown up, 234
March to the Sea, Sherman's, 201
Maryland, founded by Lord Baltimore, 4;
early history of, 5;
strategic importance of, 177;
menacing attitude of, 177;
Lincoln's success with, 177;
Lee invades, 187;
Southern illusions concerning, 188;
refuses to rise, 188-189;
becomes a Free State, 203
"Maryland! My Maryland!" 188
Mason-Dixon Line drawn, 7;
becomes boundary of Slave States, 41
Mason and Slidell, Confederate envoys to Europe, 182;
seized by Captain Wilkes, 182;
English anger over seizure of, 183;
Northern rejoicings over, 183;
returned by Lincoln, 183
Massachusetts, a Puritan Colony, 5;
resists Tea Tax, 17;
charter of, revoked, 18;
attempt to coerce, 25;
Hartford Convention called by, 81;
votes for War with Mexico, 120;
Webster's influence with, 127;
Sumner Senator for, 139;
troops from, stoned in Baltimore, 177
Maximilian, placed on Mexican throne, 213;
his death, 214
_Mayflower_, the, voyage of, 5
Meade, General, defeats Lee at Gettysburg, 196;
permits him to retire unhammered, 196
_Merrimac_, the, exploits of, 184;
duel with the _Monitor_, 184
Mexican War, outbreak of, 120;
compared to Boer War, 120-121;
opposition to, 121;
successful prosecution of, 122;
results of, 122-123
Mexico, Texas secedes from, 115;
dispute with, over Texan boundary, 120;
U.S. goes to war with, 120;
Calhoun opposes invasion of, 121;
defeat of, 122;
peace terms dictated to, 122;
Lincoln fears filibustering in, 161;
Napoleon III. interferes in, 213
Mexico City taken, 120
Ministers, excluded from Congress, 45
Missionary Ridge, charge up, 198
Mississippi, Davis Senator for, 140;
secedes from Union, 161
Mississippi River, upper, secured by Grant's victories, 184;
whole in Federal control, 196
Missouri, disputes regarding admission of, 85;
admitted as a Slave State, 86;
settlers from, invade Kansas, 143, 150;
defeat of Secessionists in, 176;
becomes a Free State, 203
Missouri Compromise effected, 86;
terms of, 86;
validity of, disputed, 142;
violated by Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 142;
party formed to defend, 143;
declared invalid, 147
Missouri Whisky Ring, 228
_Monitor_, the, duel with the _Merrimac_, 184
Monroe, James, a member of the War Party, 78;
President, 84;
declares European intervention unfriendly to U.S., 88;
last of the Virginian dynasty, 91
Monroe Doctrine, propounded, 88;
keystone of American policy, 88-89;
application to Texas, 118;
Napoleon III. violates, 213
Monterey, defeat of Mexicans at, 120;
Davis wounded at, 140
Morgan, murder of, 112
Napoleon I., obtains Louisiana, 68;
sells to U.S., 68;
Jefferson's attitude towards, 76
Napoleon III., intervenes in Mexico, 213;
withdraws, 214
Nashville, Tennessee, abandoned by Confederates, 184
National Debt, establishment of, 55;
not to be repudiated, 216
"National Republicans," policy of, 84
Navigation Laws, 11, 15
Navy, U.S., successes of, in War of, 1812, 80;
use of, by North, 184;
New Orleans captured by, 186
Negroes, brought to America as slaves, 12;
Jefferson's views on, 75;
Irish antagonism to, 195;
Lee proposes recruitment of, 199;
problem of, not settled by emancipation, 203;
behaviour of, during Civil War, 212;
Southern feeling towards, 212-213;
their desire for freedom, 221;
their political incompetence, 221;
organization of, 221;
conduct of, 222;
thrown over by the Republican Party, 228;
concession to, in Immigration Law, 231
Negro Rule, imposed on the South, 220;
effects of, 222;
resistance offered to, 223;
overthrow of, 224-225;
results of, 225-226
Negro Slavery (_see_ Slavery)
Negro Suffrage, Lincoln's proposals regarding, 204;
provisions of Fourteenth Amendment as to, 217;
Lee on prospects of, 217;
Congress committed to, 218;
imposed on the South, 220
New Hampshire, colonized for New England, 5
New Jersey, acquisition of, 7
New Mexico, acquired by U.S., 122;
open to Slavery, 126
New Orleans, attacked by British, 83;
Jackson successfully defends, 83;
message of Dix to, 165;
captured by Farragut, 186;
racial riot in, 218
New York, origin of, 6;
becomes a British possession, 6;
the objective of Lord Howe, 27;
votes with the South, 58;
Tammany Hall founded in, 58;
Burr controls Democratic organization of, 66;
runs for Governor of, 72;
Van Buren fears power of Bank in, 104;
riots against Draft in, 195
_New York Tribune_, on Secession, 164
North, the, insignificance of Slavery in, 40;
Slavery abolished in, 40;
divergence between South and, 47;
balance between South and, 47, 85;
Abolitionists unpopular in, 135;
attitude of, towards slave owning, 136;
resents abrogation of Missouri Compromise, 144;
vote of, for Lincoln, 155;
opinions in, regarding Secession, 164-165;
anger of, over Fort Sumter, 173;
effect of Lincoln's assassination on, 208-209;
Johnson out of touch with, 210;
doubts of, regarding Reconstruction, 211-212;
tired of protecting Negro Governments, 224
North Carolina rejects Secession, 171;
secedes from Union, 175
North, Lord, consents to coerce Colonies, 18;
offers terms, 29;
resignation of, 34
"Nullification" foreshadowed in Kentucky Resolutions, 63-64;
proclaimed by South Carolina, 99;
defended by Calhoun, 99;
repudiated by Jackson, 100;
applied to Force Bill, 101;
not discredited in South, 102
Nullifiers, attitude of, 98-99;
miscalculate Jackson's temper, 100;
Jackson proposes to coerce, 100;
Jackson's warning against, 102
Ohio, invaded by British, 80
"Old Hickory," nickname of Andrew Jackson, 93, 113
Oregon, dispute concerning territory of, 117;
outcry for war over, 117;
Calhoun on disadvantages of war over, 117
"Palmetto Flag" of South Carolina, 158
Parliament, claim of, to tax the colonies, 14 _et seq._
Party System, unreality necessary to a, 137
Penn, William, founds Pennsylvania, 7;
establishes religious equality, 8;
his treaty with the Indians, 8;
disapproves of Slavery, 12
Pennsylvania, founded by Penn, 7;
cleared of the French, 10;
Slavery legal in, 12;
Washington retreats into, 28;
"Whisky Insurrection" in, 61;
invaded by Lee, 196
Pensacola, British occupy, 82;
dislodged from, 82
Perry, Commander, burns British fleet on the Lakes, 80
Personal Liberty Laws passed in certain Northern States, 136;
disposition to repeal, 163
Personal Rights Bill, Sumner's, 214
Philadelphia, capital of Pennsylvania, 8;
abandoned by Washington, 28;
Convention meets at, 42
Philippine Islands, left at disposal of U.S., 234;
annexed, 235
Phillips, Wendell, on Secession, 164
Pickett's Brigade, charge of, 196
Pierce, Franklin, elected President, 139;
Sumner compares Grant to, 213
Pinckney, of South Carolina, a member of the Convention, 42
Pinkerton, private assassinators hired by, 233
Polk, chosen as Democratic candidate for Presidency, 119;
elected, 120;
embarrassed over Oregon question, 120;
decides for war with Mexico, 120;
asks for supply to purchase Mexican territory, 122
Pope, General, succeeds McClellan, 187;
defeated at second Battle of Bull Run, 187
Populist Party, objects of, 234;
supports Bryan, 234
President, powers of, 45;
method of election, 46;
effect of Jacksonian Revolution on position of, 109
Progressive Party formed by Roosevelt, 236
Protection adopted after War of 1812..84;
Cotton States opposed to, 85, 98;
Republican Party and tradition of, 227
Prussia forces war on Europe, 237;
attacks neutral Belgium, 237;
sinks _Lusitania_, 238;
revives campaign of murder at sea, 239;
contrasted with U.S., 239
Puritan Colonies in America, 5-6;
dislike of Catholicism in, 38;
feeling against Irish, 138-139
Quebec, taken by Wolfe, 10
Quincey, Josiah, protest of against Louisiana Purchase, 70
Radical Republicans, Chase favoured by, 153;
adopt Frémont as candidate, 200;
oppose Lincoln on Reconstruction, 204;
Sumner spokesman of, 205;
still a minority, 211;
increased power in Congress, 218;
commit Congress to Negro Suffrage, 218
Raleigh, Sir Walter, projects Colony of Virginia, 3-4
Randolph, John, draws up declaration of neutrality, 59
Randolph, Peyton, presides at first Continental Congress, 19;
absent from second, 20
Reconstruction, Lincoln's views on, 204;
Congress takes up, 216;
Bill passed by Congress over Johnson's veto, 218.
(_See also_ Negro Rule)
Religious Equality, established in Maryland, 5; in Pennsylvania, 8;
true theory of, 36-38;
in American Constitution, 38
"Republican" original name of Jefferson's party, 57.
(_See also_ Democratic Party)
Republican Party formation of, 145;
Frémont Presidential candidate of, 145;
adopts Lincoln as candidate, 153;
victory of, 155;
Johnson out of touch with, 209;
reasons for supporting Negro rule, 224;
secures Presidency by a trick, 225;
change in character of, 227-228;
abandons cause of Negro, 228;
becomes Capitalist party, 228;
Roosevelt's efforts to reform, 235
Revolution of 1689 transfers government of Maryland to Protestants, 5;
Hamilton's admiration for, 54
Revolution, French (_see_ French Revolution)
Rhode Island, a Puritan Colony, 5;
provisional acceptance of invitation to Hartford Convention, 81
Richmond, Virginia, capital of Confederacy transferred to, 176;
Confederate Congress to meet at, 180;
Northern demand for capture of, 180;
abandoned by Lee, 201
Rochambeau, co-operates with Washington against Cornwallis, 34
Rockingham Whigs, repeal Stamp Act, 16;
conclude peace, 35
Roosevelt, Theodore, elected Vice-President, 235;
succeeds McKinley, 235;
his campaign against Trusts, 235;
popularity of, 235;
denounces his successor, 236;
founds Progressive Party, 236;
wishes U.S. to join Allies, 238
Rosecrans, General, defeated at Chickamauga, 198
San Francisco, Republican Convention at, 236
Saratoga, Burgoyne's surrender at, 29;
effect of, 29-30
"Scallywags," 221
Scotch-Irish, immigration of, 8-9
Secession, contemplated at Hartford Convention, 81;
talked of in South Carolina, 123;
of South Carolina, 158;
of Gulf States, 161;
motives, of, 163-164;
Northern views of, 164;
Abolitionists favour, 164;
Greeley on, 164;
Jacksonians oppose, 165;
a popular movement, 166;
Lincoln denies right of, 160;
Douglas resists, 174;
of Virginia, etc., 176
Sedition Law, 63
Seminole Indians, Jackson pursues, 87
Senate, how chosen, 47;
Whig majority in, 106;
refuses to confirm appointment of Taney, 106;
censures Jackson, 106;
Censure expunged, 107;
Northern majority in, 163
Seven Years' War, outbreak of, 9
Seward, William, Senator, for New York, 139;
his speech on Fugitive Slave Law, 139;
passed over for Frémont, 145;
for Lincoln, 153;
Secretary of State, 172;
attempt to assassinate, 207;
his desire for foreign war, 213
_Shannon_, the, duel with the _Chesapeake_, 80
Shay's Insurrection, 42;
Jefferson on, 61
Shenandoah Valley, Johnstone in, 180;
Jackson's campaign in, 186;
Sheridan in, 201
Sheridan, General, his campaign in Shenandoah Valley, 201
Sherman, Senator John, opposes Negro Suffrage, 218
Sherman, General William T., left in command in the West, 197;
wins Battle of Chattanooga, 198;
moves on Atlanta, 199;
takes Atlanta, 200;
his march to the sea, 201;
receives surrender of Johnstone, 213;
his proposed terms of peace, 213
Slavery, reappears in New World, 3;
legal in all English Colonies, 12;
difference in North and South, 12;
general disapproval of, 40;
disappears in Northern States, 40;
Jefferson's proposals for extinction of, 41;
Constitutional Compromises over, 48-49;
opinion on American Fathers regarding, 49, 50, 129;
Jefferson on, 50;
excluded from North-West Territories, 85;
Missouri Compromises concerning, 86;
Calhoun's defence of, 111, 118, 134;
California decides to exclude, 123;
Arizona and New Mexico open to, 126;
strengthening of, 129;
decline in public reprobation of, 130;
debates on, in Virginian legislature, 131;
effect of economic changes on, 131;
Garrison's view of, 133;
Scriptural appeals regarding, 134-135;
Douglas's attitude towards, 141;
Lincoln's view of, 148-149;
Crittenden compromise concerning, 160;
not the issue of the Civil War, 162;
Lincoln's pledge regarding, 168;
not referred to by Davis, 169-170;
Stephens on, 170;
Lee on, 176;
Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, 189-191;
destroyed by the War, 199;
dead, 203;
Thirteenth Amendment abolishes, 203
Slave Trade, in hands of Northern Colonists, 12;
condemned in first draft of Declaration of Independence, 49;
suffered to continue for 20 years, 49;
prohibition of, 49;
abolished in District of Columbia, 126
Slidell (_see_ Mason and Slidell)
Socialism, character of American, 233
"Solid South, the," 225, 228, 234
South, the, staple industries of, based on Slavery, 40;
divergence between North and, 47;
balance between North and, 47, 85;
changes of view of Slavery in, 129-135;
aggressive policy of, 144-145;
rejects Douglas, 153;
votes for Breckinridge, 155;
motives of Secession of, 163-164;
military capabilities of, 179;
attitude of, after the war, 211-212;
attitude of, towards Negroes, 212;
Grant on temper of, 213;
Negro rule established in, 221-222;
liberation of, 224-225;
Negro problem in, 225-226
South America, colonized by Spain, 1;
influence of French Revolution on, 87;
freedom of, guaranteed by Monroe Doctrine, 88;
German ambitions in, 238
South Carolina, colonization of, 8;
"Tories" in, 31;
Cornwallis and Tarleton in, 31;
dislike of Protection in, 98;
nullifies Tariff, 99;
nullifies Force Bill, 101;
talk of Secession in, 123;
election of Lincoln cheered in, 156;
peculiar attitude of, 156-157;
secedes from the Union, 158;
demands surrender of Sumter, 172;
anger against, 173-4;
Sherman's march through, 201
Southern Confederacy, anticipated by Jackson, 102;
formed, 169.
(_See also_ Confederate States.)
Spain, Columbus sails from, 1;
claims the New World, 3;
decline of, 9;
Louisiana transferred to, 10;
dominated by Napoleon, 68;
Burr seeks support from, 73;
proposes war with, 74;
neutral in war of 1812..82;
U.S. complaints against, 86-87;
sells Florida to U.S., 87; war with, 234
Spanish Colonies, 1, 3; revolt of, 87
"Spoils System," the, Jefferson accused of originating, 68;
Jackson inaugurates, 96;
effect of, 109
Spottsylvania, Battle of, 198
"Squatter Sovereignty," hostile nickname for "Popular Sovereignty"
(_q.v._), 142
Stamp Act, imposed, 14;
resistance to, 15-16;
repealed, 17
Stanton, appointed Secretary for War, 194;
dismissal of, 219
Stars and Bars, the flag of the Confederacy, 173
Stars and Stripes, the, origin of, 35;
South Carolina hands down, 158;
affection of Davis for, 167;
anger at affront to, 173-174;
first appearance of, on European battlefields, 239-240
States, independence of, recognized severally, 35;
powers of, under the Constitution, 44;
representation of, in Congress, 47
State Sovereignty, question of, left undefined by the Convention, 43;
doctrine of, affirmed by Quincey, 70;
Hartford Convention takes its stand on, 82;
Calhoun maintains, 111;
extreme view of, taken by South Carolina, 156-157;
Lincoln avoids overt challenge to, 171;
Virginia's adherence to, 174-175;
Lee's belief in, 175-176;
Kentucky's interpretation of, 177-178
Stephens, Alexander H., opposes secession of Georgia, 161;
chosen Vice-President of the Confederacy, 169;
on Slavery, 170;
urges claims of Negroes, 212
Stevens, Thaddeus, dictator of Reconstruction policy, 214;
his character and aims, 214-216;
compels House to accept his leadership, 216;
mover in Impeachment of Johnson, 218;
death of, 224
Stowe, Mrs. Beecher, 132, 133, 136
Sumner, Charles, enters Senate, 139;
his speeches and beating, 151;
spokesman of Radicals, 205;
his character, 205;
misunderstands Declaration of Independence, 205-207;
censures Grant's report, 213;
not director of Reconstruction, 214;
his scruple about mentioning black men, 217;
his opinion on the Impeachment of Johnson, 220;
his contention regarding Chinese, 230;
concession to, 231
Sumter, cavalry leader, 32
Sumter Fort, held by Federal Government, 172;
attempt to reinforce, 172;
Lincoln sends supplies to, 172;
Davis consents to bombardment of, 173;
surrender of, 173;
anger at attack on, 173-174
Supreme Court, independence of, 45;
pronounces a National Bank constitutional, 57;
Jackson on, 105;
decides against Dred Scott, 146
Suratt, Mrs., 207
Taft, President, succeeds Roosevelt, 236;
denounced by Roosevelt, 236
Talleyrand and "X.Y.Z. letters," 63;
Jefferson's negotiations with, 69
Tammany Hall, foundation of, 58
Taney, Roger, a Catholic, 39;
Attorney-General, 105;
and Jackson's Veto Message, 105;
appointed Secretary to the Treasury, 106;
Senate refuses to confirm, 106;
his judgment in the Dred Scott case, 146;
supports the Union, 165
"Tariff of Abominations," the, 98
Tarleton, leader of South Carolina "Tories," 31;
defeated at Cowpens, 31
Taxation of the Colonies, 14-16
Taylor, Zachary, defeats Mexicans, 122;
Whig candidate for Presidency, 124;
Lowell's satire on, 124;
elected, 125;
on California, 125;
an obstacle to Clay, 126;
death of, 126
Tea Tax, imposed, 17;
resisted in Boston, 17
Tennessee, Jackson commands in, 74;
nominates Jackson for Presidency, 92;
rejects Secession, 171;
secedes, 175
Territories surrendered to Federal Government, 44;
Slavery in, 85, 142 _et seq._, 160;
Douglas eager for development of, 141-142
Texas, secedes from Mexico, 115;
the "Lone Star State," 116;
seeks admission to the Union, 116;
Calhoun eager to annex, 116;
boundary of, in dispute, 117;
Secessionism in, 171
Thirteenth Amendment, Slavery abolished by, 203
Thomas, General, a Virginian Unionist, 97;
associated with Sherman in the West, 97
"Tippercanoe," nickname of Harrison, 113
Tobacco industry in American colonies, 11
Townshend, Charles, proposes taxation of Colonies, 17
_Trent_, the, Mason and Slidell take passage on, 182;
stopped by Captain Wilkes, 182;
anger in England over, 183
Trusts, unpopularity of, 234;
Roosevelt attacks, 235
Tyler, Whig candidate for Vice-Presidency, 113;
succeeds Harrison as President, 114;
differences with Whig leaders, 114-115;
appoints Calhoun Secretary of State, 115;
Democrats refuse to accept as candidate, 119
"Uncle Tom's Cabin," 136
Union, urgent need for, 41-42;
difficulties of, 43;
achieved, 51;
Western feeling for, 72;
Jackson's devotion to the, 100;
Clay called upon to save the, 125;
Abolitionists hostile to the, 133, 136;
South Carolina's view of the, 157;
Lincoln declares perpetual, 168;
calls for soldiers to defend the, 174
United States, Constitution framed for, _42 et seq._;
neutrality of, 59;
enthusiasm for France in, 60;
Louisiana purchased by, 68;
war with Great Britain, 79;
Great Britain makes peace with, 83;
feeling of victory in, 84;
Florida acquired by, 87;
European intervention in America declared unfriendly to, 88;
Monroe Doctrine essential to, 88-89;
Jackson's importance for, 108;
claims of, to Oregon, 117;
Texas desires to join, 118;
dispute between Mexico and, 120;
successful in war against Mexico, 122;
California, etc., acquired by, 122;
secessions from, 158, 161, 176;
anger in Great Britain with, 183;
protests of, in _Alabama_ case, 192;
compensation paid to, 192;
Napoleon III. avoids conflict with, 214;
immigration problems in, 230-231;
labour movement in, 233-234;
attitude of, towards European War, 237-238;
declares war, 239;
contrast between Prussia and, 239
Vallandingham, a typical "Copperhead," 194;
sent across Confederate lines, 195
Van Buren, accuses Calhoun of conspiring against Eaton, 98;
fears power of U.S. Bank in New York, 104;
reports Palmerston on Jackson, 108;
President, 110;
avoids war with Great Britain, 111
Vermont, a Puritan Colony, 5;
refuses invitation to Hartford Convention, 81
Vice-President, how chosen, 46;
change in method of choosing, 67;
Calhoun, 97;
Tyler, 114;
unimportance of, 114;
Johnson, 200;
Roosevelt, 235
Vicksburg, capture of, 196
Vikings, unimportance of, 2
Virginia, foundation of, 3-4;
opposition to Stamp Act in, 16;
sends Jefferson to Continental Congress, 20;
invaded by British forces, 34;
Jefferson's reforms in, 36 _et seq._;
fails to adopt his plan regarding Slavery, 41;
slave insurrection in, 130;
legislature of, discusses slavery, 130;
John Brown plans slave rising in, 152;
rejects Secession, 171;
objects to coercion of a State, 174-175;
secedes from the Union, 176;
joins Confederacy, 176;
invaded, 180, 186, 187, 192, 198
War of 1812, 79-84;
effect of, 84, 87
War of Independence, 25-35
War with Spain, 234-235.
(_See also_ Civil War, Mexican War)
Washington, City of, site agreed on, 55;
Jefferson inaugurated in, 67;
burnt by British, 80;
Slave Trade abolished in, 126;
attack on, feared, 187
Washington, Booker, quoted, 212, 220
Washington, George, serves in French War, 10;
chosen to command American forces, 25;
his character and strategy, 26-27;
defeated at Long Island, 27;
abandons Philadelphia, 28;
defeats Tarleton at Cowpens, 31;
besieges Yorktown, 34;
presides over Convention, 42;
President, 51;
national confidence in, 52;
signs Bill for a National Bank, 57;
re-elected, 57;
declares U.S. neutral, 59;
suppresses "Whisky Insurrection," 61;
condemns Democratic societies, 61;
declines a third term, 62;
his farewell address, 62
Webster, Daniel, as an actor, 79, 100;
supports Force Bill, 101;
leagued with Clay and Calhoun, 102;
Secretary of State, 114;
supports Compromise of 1850..127;
death of, 139
Wellington, proposal to send to America, 83
West, the, opened up by Daniel Boon, 71;
its governing conditions, 71-72;
influence of, on Clay, 78;
Slavery in, 85;
deserts Clay for Jackson, 95;
Douglas a product of, 140-141;
Douglas appeals to, 174;
military qualities of, 196
West Virginia, cleared by McClellan, 181;
recognized as a State, 181
Whig Party, name adopted by Coalition against Jackson, 105;
committed to defence of Bank, 105;
defeat of, 105;
appropriateness of name for, 109;
abandonment of principles by, 113;
victory of, 114;
Tyler out of sympathy with, 114;
runs Taylor for President, 124;
disappearance of, 139, 145
Whitman, Walt, quoted, 173
Wilderness, the, Hooker trapped in, 192;
Lee fights Grant in, 198
Williamsburg, Hooker defeated at, 186
Wilkes, Captain, seizes Mason and Slidell, 182;
compliments to, 183
Wilmot Proviso, 122
Wilson, Woodrow, elected President, 236;
career and character of, 236;
his policy regarding European War, 238-239;
supported by nation in declaring war, 239
Wolfe, James, takes Quebec, 160
"X.Y.Z." Letters, 63
Yorktown Peninsula, Cornwallis retires to, 34;
McClellan lands on, 186
Yorktown, surrenders, 34;
McClellan besieges, 186
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