GIBRALTAR--ITS VALUE FROM A NAVAL AND COMMERCIAL POINT OF VIEW--ZOBEHR
PASHA A STATE PRISONER--SANITARY CONDITION OF GIBRALTAR.
Soon after my return from the expedition to Egypt I was appointed
Governor of Gibraltar, and on January 2, 1883, took over the command
from my distinguished predecessor, Field Marshal Lord Napier of Magdala.
Before alluding to the present position of Gibraltar, and to the duties
in connection with it during my tenure of office, it may be as well
to refer shortly to its eventful history in the past. One of the most
ancient fortresses in Europe, it owes its exceptional interest and
importance partly to its position at the entrance to the Mediterranean
and partly from its vicinity to the kingdom of Morocco. From the early
part of the eighth century, when first occupied and fortified by the
Moors, it became, as it were, their chief base of operations in the
gradual conquest of the greater part of Spain. Its history in those
days is indeed one continual record for several centuries of sieges,
and of battles fought in its vicinity; and although re-taken in 1309,
and held for a few years by the Spanish forces, it may be said to have
been in possession of the Moors during almost the whole of the eight
hundred years of their rule in that country. During that long period
its value was chiefly of a military character; and it is only in more
recent times, as circumstances in Europe gradually changed, that its
unique position in regard to naval power in the Mediterranean has been
fully recognised and developed.
Subsequently to the expulsion of the Moors in the sixteenth century it
was held by the Spanish Government, but its defences were apparently
neglected and its importance little appreciated; so that when attacked
by the British fleet under Admiral Rooke in 1704 it was captured with
comparative ease, its possession being confirmed to us by the Treaty
of Utrecht in 1713. Since that date, although it has undergone several
sieges--notably that by the allied armies and fleets of France and
Spain, which lasted from 1779 to 1782, it has successfully resisted all
attacks; and its past history would appear to prove that, if properly
armed and resolutely held, it is practically safe from capture by land
or sea.
[Illustration: GIBRALTAR FROM QUEEN OF SPAIN'S CHAIR]
Coming down to modern days, the first and perhaps the most important
point relates to its value as a harbour; and in this respect it is, and
always has been, somewhat defective from a naval point of view in time
of war. Although its anchorage is so far good that well-found vessels
can remain there in safety during the heaviest weather, still it cannot
be considered a harbour in the ordinary technical sense. It has no
narrow entrance or channel which by means of land armaments, lines
of torpedoes, or other means can be absolutely denied to a hostile
fleet. In fact, it is an open bay several miles wide. These general
conditions are, of course, permanent; but it is to be observed that the
increased range, power, and accuracy of modern ordnance have to some
extent given the fortress a greater command over the sea approaches
than it had in former days; so that, although hostile vessels cannot
be absolutely interdicted from paying flying visits in war, they would
be unable without great risk to remain for any length of time within
range. The conditions of modern warfare, therefore, have not been of
an unfavourable character in that respect. Another point has to be
noticed. The shores of the bay consist for the most part of territory
belonging to Spain; consequently, its waters are more or less under
the command of that country, and the improvement in modern artillery,
no doubt, has extended their power in this respect. It is, however,
clear that only in the event of war with Spain would this aspect of
the case assume importance; and, as a matter of fact, so little is the
contingency regarded that no batteries containing modern armaments have
been erected along their coast. On the whole, although the position
of Gibraltar may not in all respects be an ideal one, its general
conditions remain very much as they always have been; and to a great
naval, colonial, and commercial nation such as Great Britain it is of
the highest value, not only in war, but also in peace.
Its possession gives us a place of rendezvous and of observation
for our fleets; so that in time of war, with ordinary vigilance, no
hostile vessels can enter or leave the Mediterranean without our
knowledge. That of itself is an important consideration. We are also
enabled to maintain within the fortress reserves of naval munitions,
food, coals, and stores, available for our vessels of war, either in
the Mediterranean or coming from the Atlantic. Its value, however, is
not limited to a period of war. Gibraltar has been for many a year to
a certain extent a centre of trade, not only with the neighbouring
towns of Spain, but also with the ports along the coast of Morocco.
And since the opening of the Suez Canal its mercantile interests have
greatly increased, the number of trading and passenger vessels of all
nations calling in daily for provisions and coals and other requisites
being much larger than of yore, as will be seen by the following table,
giving the number and tonnage of vessels calling at Gibraltar during
1868 and 1893 respectively:--
+------- +-------------------------- +-------------- +
| Year |Number of vessels calling |Total tonnage |
+----------------------------------- +-------------- +
| 1868 | 4,471 | 1,519,046 |
| 1893 | 5,172 | 4,637,454 |
+--------+-------------------------- +-------------- +
As a proof of its commercial activity I may point out that Linea, which
five and twenty years ago was a mere Spanish village at the other end
of the neutral ground, is now a town of twelve thousand people, large
numbers of whom visit Gibraltar daily, bringing in supplies of food,
forage, vegetables, and fruit, &c., and leaving again at night with
English goods. In fact, it has become a suburb, as it were, of the
city. The trading facilities of Gibraltar are beneficial to the country
round, and are fully appreciated by the inhabitants of that part of
Andalusia. Taking all these matters into consideration, it will, I
think, be apparent that the value of the city and fortress to this
country are greater now even than in former days.
It is no doubt quite natural that the Government and people of Spain
should feel regret at the permanent occupation of Gibraltar by a
foreign power; and it has been suggested that we should accept in
exchange the town and fortress of Ceuta, which holds a somewhat
analogous position on the other side of the Straits and which belongs
to Spain, and thus remove any cause for unfriendly feeling on their
part. The question, however, is not so simple as at first sight it
would appear. Assuming for the moment that the strategical value of
Ceuta as a naval station equals that of Gibraltar, on which I offer no
decided opinion, it is by no means certain that the proposal if made
by us would be accepted. The Spanish Government are very tenacious
of their possessions on the coast of Morocco, as giving them great
influence in that country. Their apparent desire is to hold a powerful,
if not a predominating, influence on both sides of the straits; and,
although they would no doubt gladly obtain possession of Gibraltar, it
does not therefore follow that they would give up possession of one of
their most valuable positions on the opposite coast in exchange. Other
Mediterranean powers also are carefully watching events in Morocco,
and it is very possible they might not acquiesce in our occupation of
Ceuta. These are diplomatic rather than military questions, and I only
allude to them as proofs that the subject is rather involved and goes
beyond a mere exchange of territory. So far as Morocco is concerned,
its present condition is deplorable. It is a country situated only a
few miles from Europe, with an excellent climate and great agricultural
and mineral resources; inhabited, moreover, by a fine, brave race of
people, and yet, notwithstanding these advantages, owing partly to the
jealousies of its neighbours, its resources remain undeveloped, whilst
its government is weak and cruel to a degree.
In considering the two-fold aspect of Gibraltar as a fortress and
a commercial city combined, it is sometimes argued that its dual
interests are antagonistic, and that the presence of a large civil
population would add to the difficulties of its defence. To a certain
extent no doubt the position is anomalous, as in other fortified
cities. Should hostilities occur, and should the fortress be seriously
threatened, its trade would certainly suffer and a considerable
proportion of the inhabitants would probably seek temporary refuge
elsewhere. Still we must bear in mind that war is the exception; and
as not a shot has been fired at Gibraltar for upwards of a century, it
would appear senseless to paralyse its commercial advantages in time of
peace in anticipation of what an enemy might attempt to accomplish in
war. In short, the remedy would be far worse than the disease.
The shipping trade of Gibraltar in the present day is subject to
one disadvantage, from the absence of any wharves for coaling the
numerous steam vessels which call daily throughout the year. In order
to remedy this deficiency, the coal reserves of the mercantile marine
are stored in large old wooden hulks, about thirty-five in number,
which are moored in _échelon_ down the bay, inconveniently crowding
the anchorage. The arrangement is not only costly in the purchase and
maintenance of the hulks, but in time of war they would be liable to be
sunk either by ramming or by torpedoes. The difficulty, however, could
be met by an extension of the new mole pier, and by the construction
of a wharf from the Ragged Staff bastion; which would not only enclose
a considerable area of deep water and give facilities for coaling
vessels, both of war and of commerce, but would also enable a large
reserve of coals to be maintained on shore, under protection of the
guns of the fortress. The enclosed area would also be an appropriate
site for the proposed dock.
One of the first subjects brought to my consideration on arrival as
Governor, was that of coaling merchant vessels at night. Ever since the
days of the great siege it had been the custom to close and lock up
all the gates of the city at sunset, and to prevent any communication
with the outer world until the following morning; just as if an enemy
at the gate outside were waiting to rush in and take possession. One
consequence of this extreme vigilance was that all vessels arriving
after dark had to remain at anchor for many hours before their wants
could be supplied. A deputation of merchants represented to me that
great advantage would arise if the detention could be avoided. Their
request seemed reasonable enough, and as on inquiry it appeared that
their wishes could be met by permitting a few coal-heavers to leave
the city at night, orders were given accordingly; and the result not
only obviated the inconvenience, but led to an increase in the vessels
visiting the port, thus adding considerably to the harbour dues.
The old records of Gibraltar[128] during the eighteenth century contain
some interesting and amusing regulations concerning matters both of
civil administration and army discipline, and I will quote a few
examples.
'Any donkeys loose in the town are to be the property of the person
taking them away, and any straying on the ramparts are to be shot by
the sentries.
'Fishermen are only to sell their fish after the servant of the
Governor has bought what he requires.
'Whatever suttler doth not inform against men that swear in their
houses contrary to the orders given out shall be turned out of town.
'A hat having been taken from the Convent by some gentleman who left
his own instead, Mr.---- takes this method that the gentleman may
exchange hats _if he pleases_.
'No gaming to be allowed in wine houses, particularly including the
games of the devil-and-the-taylors and skuttles.
'All oysters which come from Portugal are to lie in the sea for at
least a fortnight before they are brought into the garrison, as they
are found very unwholesome without this precaution.
'If sentries are attacked by bullocks in the streets or on the Line
Wall, they are to retire into an embrasure or get upon the parapet; but
they are not to fire inconsiderately.
'A loose ball and a charge of powder in a cane is to be issued to each
man on guard to save their cartridges. The loose ball to be carried in
the cock of their hats.
'On account of the scarcity of flour soldiers are not to have their
hair powdered till further orders.
'Officers and non-commissioned officers commanding guards are
frequently to send out patrols through the day with their arms unloaded
to kill every dog they see going about the streets.
'The Governor recommends it to the commanding officers of regiments
to give directions that the cartridges may not be made too large for
firing at exercise or reviews, some barrels of firelocks having split
in firing.
'No person whatever is to be suffered to go on the Line Wall or
ramparts in a night-gown, night-cap, or binyan on any pretence
whatever, and all sentries are to turn off such as shall attempt to
come near their posts in any of the said dresses without distinction of
persons.
'All sentinels who do not call out "All's well" every half minute shall
be punished with two hundred lashes.
'The queue is to be fixed to the hair of the head, but when an
officer's hair is not long enough for this purpose he may be allowed to
fix the queue otherwise till his hair is sufficiently long, but this is
not to continue longer than two months on any account.
'No one to suffer any person to stand at their doors or go into the
streets that has marks of the smallpox. No mackerel to be suffered to
come into town.
'No woman to beat a soldier; the first that doth shall be whipped and
turned out of town.
'Any man who has the misfortune to be killed is to be buried by the
guard where it happens, and his clothes to be sent to his regiment.
'Officers at guard-mounting will bring their espantoons to a half
recover and come to the right about together upon a flam and not upon
the ruffle, which will be previous to it.' (The terms are meant for
certain beats on the drum. The espantoon for officers was done away
with in 1786.)
The conditions under which our soldiers serve in the present day
as compared with those of the last century are certainly of a
much improved character, and the results in all respects are very
satisfactory. They are better paid, clothed, fed, and generally cared
for than in the days gone by. During my residence at Gibraltar,
I obtained permission from the War Office to convert some old
store-houses within the city into reading and recreation rooms for
the garrison, and it was carried out on a considerable scale. The
chief room was capable of seating 1,200 persons; and every week a free
smoking concert or entertainment was given, open to all soldiers,
their wives, and friends; each regiment taking its turn to arrange
a programme. Ladies and officers were sometimes kind enough to take
part in the concerts, which were always crowded. The institution also
contained a library, a billiard room, and was provided with games, such
as bagatelle, chess, draughts, &c. Tea, coffee, and non-intoxicating
drinks, at moderate prices were sold all day at a buffet; and after
sunset until roll-call a bar was opened, at which the men could get
glasses of beer, &c.
The expenses were not large, and the financial results were
satisfactory. The non-commissioned officers and men of the garrison
only paid one halfpenny a month each, and were then free to use the
institution every day during their leisure hours; and to attend the
free concerts and other entertainments at will. Their subscriptions,
added to contributions from officers and to the profits from sale
of beer and refreshments, &c., were found to be sufficient for the
purpose. The furniture and gas were supplied by Government. During
the period of my command there was not a single case of disturbance
or trouble of any kind; and in my opinion such institutions are
excellent in every way, not only as places of innocent recreation, but,
especially in a place like Gibraltar, as tending to draw the men away
from the numerous wine-shops in the lower parts of the town. I may add
that during the visits of the Channel fleet the seamen and marines
were invited to make free use of the rooms, and did so in considerable
numbers: the institution thus contributing to promote that friendly
association between the men of the two services which is so desirable
from every point of view.
A somewhat singular story is told of General Sir Robert Wilson on his
arrival as Governor of Gibraltar in 1843. It may be premised that
Sir Robert's services in the army had been of a very distinguished
character. Born in 1777, he was appointed a cornet of dragoons in
1794, and saw active service in Flanders and in Holland, and then in
Egypt in 1801. In 1802 he became a Lieutenant Colonel and went to
Brazil, and was also at the capture of the Cape of Good Hope in 1806.
In subsequent years he served in Poland, and also in Portugal and Spain
during the Peninsular war. He was with the Russians in the campaign
of 1812, and with the allied armies on the Continent up to 1814. From
1818 to 1830 he was Member of Parliament for Southwark. In September
1821, however, he was dismissed from the service by King George IV.
on account of his participation in the London riots which occurred on
the death of Queen Caroline. On the accession of William IV, in 1830,
he was restored to his rank in the army, and in 1843, was appointed
Governor of Gibraltar, in succession to Sir Alexander Woodford. It
is related that on his arrival he inquired of Sir Alexander if he
remembered the last occasion on which they had met? Woodford's reply
was that so many years had elapsed that he was unable to recall the
exact time or incident. Sir Robert Wilson then said: 'The last time we
met was in 1821, when you were at the head of the Guards and I was with
the mob, and you were driving us through the streets of London!' It is
not often, perhaps, that two general officers meet on two occasions
under such very different circumstances.
[Illustration: ZOBEHR PASHA]
In March 1885 Zobehr Pasha, accompanied by two sons, an interpreter,
and several servants, arrived at Gibraltar from Egypt as a state
prisoner by order of the British Government, and he was detained there
during the remainder of my period of office. I had many conversations
with him on the subject of the Soudan, and found him to be a man of
considerable ability; and, although cautious in the expression of his
views on Egyptian affairs, I gathered from him that the people of the
Soudan specially detested the rule of the Egyptian Pashas, and that
the cause of their hostility to us arose solely from a belief that in
sending an expedition up the Nile to Khartoum in 1884, our object was
to reinstate the rule of Egypt in that country.
Without entering at any length into this much discussed question, it
must be borne in mind that until conquered in 1821 by the late Mohammed
Ali the Soudan was entirely independent of Egypt, and separated
from it by a great desert. Colonel Charles Gordon wrote: 'From Wady
Halfa southwards to Hannek, a distance of 180 miles, an utter desert
extends, spreading also for miles eastwards and westwards, on both
sides of the Nile.... It was this boundary that kept the warlike and
independent tribes of the Soudan quite apart from the inhabitants of
Egypt proper, and made the Soudanese and the Egyptians two distinct
peoples that have not the least sympathy one with the other.' Of the
result of Egyptian rule, the late Sir Samuel Baker, writing in 1864,
drew a melancholy picture. He described the provinces as utterly
ruined and only governed by military force, the revenue unequal to
the expenditure, and the country paralysed by taxation; shut in by
deserts, all communication with the outer world was most difficult, and
the existing conditions rendered these countries so worthless to the
State that their annexation could only be accounted for by the fruits
of the slave trade. Zobehr Pasha's opinion as expressed to me was,
that if the people of the Soudan were assured that no attempt would be
made to restore the authority of Egypt, their hostility would cease,
and they would be anxious to open their country to trade. Speaking
generally, it appeared to me that his views were sound, and that if we
were to proclaim a policy of peace at Souakim, combined possibly with
some annual payment to the neighbouring chiefs, the road to Berber and
Khartoum would soon re-open and commerce be renewed. At all events I
cannot see that it is any part of our duty to assist the Egyptians to
reconquer the Soudan.
Gibraltar, like many another ancient fortress, has undergone frequent
changes in its defences from time to time, owing to the advances in
military science, and to the constantly increasing power of modern
artillery. These changes have been incessant during the present
century, and it has been re-fortified and re-armed over and over again.
It is said that many years ago the Inspector General of Fortifications
of the day, desirous of bringing it up to date, recommended an extra
expenditure of 100,000_l._, and had an interview with the Chancellor of
the Exchequer for the purpose of obtaining his consent. He explained
to the Chancellor the steep and isolated nature of the rock, and,
after giving him a graphic account of its numerous sieges, asked his
opinion. The Chancellor of the Exchequer's reply was discouraging,
and he said that, from the lucid and interesting description of the
Inspector General, it appeared to him that Gibraltar would be perfectly
impregnable if the military authorities would only leave it alone.
The money, however, was ultimately granted, and I only mention it as
an example of the different conclusions which financial and military
authorities may arrive at from a consideration of the same facts. The
one was evidently thinking of bastions and the other of budgets.
Gibraltar has a population of about twenty-four thousand persons, of
which between four and five thousand are military, and as it is said
to be one of the most thickly inhabited places in the world[129] its
sanitary condition is a matter not only of importance, but under
the circumstances one of some difficulty. In the early part of the
century it was frequently visited by severe epidemics of fever, and
more recently by serious attacks of cholera. Of late years, however,
its sanitation has been under the careful supervision of a Sanitary
Commission, which during my period of office consisted of twelve
members, four official, and eight civilians selected from the grand
jury list, and all unpaid. They had charge of the drainage, water,
gas, and general improvements of the city; and, under the authority
of the Governor, levied an annual rate on the inhabitants to meet the
necessary expenditure. It is evident that their duties were arduous
and responsible. The Sanitary Commission may be said to be the only
form of representation given to the people, and it is one which should
be carefully preserved. However necessary it may be that the governor
of a city, such as Gibraltar, enclosed within a fortress should have
full power and authority, still it must be an advantage to him and to
the public service that in a matter of vital interest to the people,
in which also their local knowledge can be utilised, they should be
consulted and associated with the Government. I may go farther and
record my opinion that at Gibraltar, as elsewhere, it is desirable that
representatives of the people should be freely consulted, not only
in regard to sanitation, but also in commercial and other matters;
and during my residence there I derived much assistance from their
knowledge and friendly co-operation.
The results of the care bestowed, for many years past, on the sanitary
arrangements at Gibraltar have been very satisfactory. Not only is its
condition far better than that of the neighbouring towns of Spain, but
it is now one of the healthiest stations of the British army at home or
abroad, as the following statistics will prove.
Annual death rate per thousand of the troops at various stations at
home and abroad, on the average of ten years from 1882 to 1891--[130]
United Kingdom 5·73
Gibraltar 6·03
Malta 8·18
Egypt[131] 23·78
Bermuda 10·11
Ceylon 12·38
India 14·78
A striking proof of the excellent sanitary condition of the city was
afforded in 1885, when the greater part of Spain was visited by a
severe attack of cholera, which gradually spread southwards; and early
in August several cases suddenly occurred both in Gibraltar and in the
neighbouring town of Linea. Bearing in mind the crowded population,
the matter was very serious, and certain additional precautions were
at once taken in order as far as possible to mitigate the severity of
the attack. One difficulty which has always existed more or less is
that of good drinking water. The chief supply is obtained from rain
water, collected from the surface of the rock during the wet season,
and stored in large reservoirs above the town. A considerable quantity
is also pumped up from shallow wells on the north front, but although
available for flushing, washing, &c., it is brackish and unfit for
drinking. As a consequence of this scarcity, there always has been a
considerable trade in water brought from Spain in barrels and sold in
the streets; but as on analysis it was found to be very impure, its
introduction on the appearance of cholera was stopped. Fortunately,
my predecessor, Lord Napier of Magdala, with a view to the possible
requirements of a state of siege, had commenced in 1882 the erection
of works for distilling sea water in large quantities; and, as they
were just completed, they were put into operation, and for some weeks
about 8,000 gallons a day were distilled and sold to all comers at the
rate of six gallons for a penny. A medical authority, speaking not long
since, said that 'cholera is an exclusively water-carried disease, and
all European countries may be rendered impervious to its attacks by
close attention to the purity of water.' That, I may say, was the view
of my medical advisers at Gibraltar at the time, and I attribute our
escape from a severe attack very much to this supply of pure water to
the inhabitants.
Another precaution taken was the establishment of a camp just outside
the fortress for the inhabitants of the houses attacked. Indian
experience has proved that it is very advantageous to regiments when
visited by cholera to move them out of their barracks and place them
under canvas on fresh ground. The cases at Gibraltar nearly all
occurred among the poorer inhabitants living in very crowded dwellings;
and the families attacked being at once sent to the camp and supplied
with pure water, the disease was immediately checked. Their houses were
temporarily closed, the drains disinfected, cisterns emptied, and rags
and rubbish burnt; and in the course of a few days they returned home,
and the cholera, so far as they were concerned, was at an end.
The epidemic at Gibraltar lasted for about two months, and great
misery resulted amongst the poorer classes, owing to the city being
placed in quarantine by the other ports of Europe. As a consequence
very few vessels called, and large numbers of the inhabitants were
out of employment. So great was the poverty that public soup kitchens
were established, and for some time about 2,000 persons a day received
free rations of soup and bread. In the meantime the disease was raging
at Linea and other neighbouring towns, and, considerable alarm being
felt, I was constantly urged to establish a cordon of troops across
the neutral ground, and to prevent all communication from the outside.
But although the precise causes of cholera may be somewhat obscure, it
appeared to me that, as the chief supplies of food came from Spain, had
a cordon been established, prices would have risen at once, and the
misery already existing would have been considerably increased. All
Indian experience proves that such arrangements are useless. In fact,
a line of sentries cannot stop the march of a disease; and therefore,
advised by experienced medical officers who had served in the East, I
refused to close the communications with Spain.
The actual cases of cholera at Gibraltar and at Linea respectively in
the autumn of 1885 were as follows:
+-----------+-------------+--------------------+------------------+
| | Population, | Number of cases of | Number of deaths |
| | Approximate | cholera | |
+-----------+-------------+--------------------+------------------+
| Gibraltar | 24,000 | 32 | 24 |
| Linea | 12,000 | 429 | 206[132] |
+-----------+-------------+--------------------+------------------+
So that whilst in Gibraltar one person in 750 was attacked, in Linea
it was one in 28. These facts speak for themselves, and prove that
adequate sanitary measures and precautions will to a great extent serve
to prevent the spread of epidemic disease.
Before leaving this subject, I would mention that at the end of 1885 a
numerous committee of distinguished members of the medical profession,
including amongst others, Sir William Jenner, Sir William Gull, and
Sir Joseph Fayrer, conducted an inquiry into the subject of Asiatic
cholera, and at the end of their report they state as follows: 'The
Committee feel that they ought not to separate without expressing their
conviction that sanitary measures in their true sense, and sanitary
measures alone, are the only trustworthy means to prevent outbreaks
of the disease, and to restrain its spread and mitigate its severity
when it is prevalent. Experience in Europe and in the East has shown
that sanitary cordons and quarantine restrictions (under whatsoever
form) are not only useless as means for arresting the progress of
cholera, but positively injurious; and this not merely because of
the many unavoidable hardships which their enforcement involves, but
also because they tend to create alarm during periods of epidemics of
the disease and to divert public attention at other times from the
necessity which constantly exists for the prosecution of sanitary
measures of assured value--measures which, moreover, tend to mitigate
the incidence of all forms of disease.'
The story of my 'Recollections' now draws to a close. Whatever
vicissitudes or occasional hardships I may have experienced during my
long service in various parts of the world, I was in great measure
free from them during the period of my government of Gibraltar. There
were, of course, numerous duties, and sometimes anxieties, connected
with its administration, but these were rendered comparatively easy by
the warm support of all classes which was so heartily given during the
four years of my residence amongst them. They are a loyal people, and
were most grateful for any efforts of mine to promote their welfare.
The conduct of the troops in garrison throughout was excellent, and a
friendly spirit prevailed at all times between the civil and military
population. I left Gibraltar with much regret, feeling deeply the
kindness shown to my family and myself by the inhabitants who came to
bid us farewell on our embarkation for England in November 1886.
I hope that the narrative which I have given of the campaigns in which
I bore a small part, and the views which I have expressed on military
and political matters, may be of some interest to the public generally.
It will always be a gratification to me that throughout my career
I have been so closely associated with the officers and men of the
Royal Artillery, a corps in which members of my family have served in
uninterrupted succession from 1762 down to the present day.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 128: See _Gibraltar Directory_, in which many others are
recorded.]
[Footnote 129: _Colonial Office Book_, 1894.]
[Footnote 130: _Army Medical Department Report_, 1892.]
[Footnote 131: Average of nine years.]
[Footnote 132: These figures were given me by the Spanish authorities.]
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