_VALE!_
With the foundations well and truly laid and with increasing and
widening avenues of approach into enemy countries, the work of the
British War Mission was always expanding. Had the war continued, the
gathering momentum of Crewe House activities would have dealt many
other blows which, even in November, 1918, were in an advanced state of
preparation. But, happily for the Allies, one enemy collapsed quickly
after another. When the following letter was received from the War
Office on November 9, and was followed by the signing of the Armistice
with Germany--the last of our enemies--on November 11, the work of
Crewe House as the headquarters of Propaganda in Enemy Countries was
finished:--
“SIR,
“I am commanded by the Army Council to inform you that, in view of
the armistices which have been concluded with Austria, Turkey, and
Bulgaria, the Council has decided that the distribution of propaganda
in those countries by military means should cease during the period
of the armistice.
“I am to say that, in the event of the conclusion of an armistice
with Germany, distribution of propaganda by military means in that
country will also cease during the existence of the armistice.
“I am further to inform you that the Commanders-in-Chief in the
various theatres of war have been notified in the above sense.
“I am, Sir,
“Your obedient servant,
“B. B. CUBITT.
“The Secretary,
“The British War Mission,
“Crewe House.”
On the day following the signing of the Armistice with Germany Lord
Northcliffe wrote to the Prime Minister:
“DEAR PRIME MINISTER,
“The signing of the last armistice with our enemies has necessarily
brought the labours upon which I have been engaged for the past year
to a close. The very nature of the armistices themselves necessitates
the termination of enemy propaganda, and I beg, therefore, to request
you to accept my resignation of my post as Director of Propaganda in
Enemy Countries.
“I wish to thank you for the confidence you have reposed in me in
appointing me to this office. I have endeavoured, with the assistance
of a most able Committee and of an untiring staff of experts, to
render the very best possible services to the Government and to the
country.
“Believe me, dear Prime Minister,
“Yours sincerely,
“NORTHCLIFFE.”
In reply, the Prime Minister wrote on the same day:
“MY DEAR NORTHCLIFFE,
“I have received your letter, and I agree with you that the office of
Director of Propaganda in Enemy Countries is rendered unnecessary by
recent events.
“In accepting your resignation, I wish to assure you how grateful I
am for the great services you have rendered to the Allied Cause while
holding this important post. I have had many direct evidences of the
success of your invaluable work and of the extent to which it has
contributed to the dramatic collapse of the enemy strength in Austria
and Germany.
“I shall be glad if Sir Campbell Stuart, the present Vice-Chairman of
the Mission, will remain in office as Acting-Chairman of the Mission
until December 31st, 1918, in order to wind up its activities.
“Ever sincerely,
“D. LLOYD GEORGE.”
When the year 1918 came to its close the affairs of the Mission had
been wound up, and Crewe House as a propaganda force ceased to exist.
The building was handed over to another Government department, but
by those who had even a remote connection with the work carried on
within its walls in 1918 Crewe House will always be remembered for
its propaganda politics for which, as has been truly said, it became
as well-known in the Chancelleries of Europe as it had been in Great
Britain for so long as a social centre for national politics.
APPENDIX
Facsimile Leaflets and Translations.
[Illustration: _Leaflet No. 1._
NEWS OF ALLIED SUCCESSES ON WESTERN FRONT FOR JUGO-SLAV SOLDIERS IN THE
AUSTRIAN ARMIES.]
Map representing the great offensive of the Allies, with the results
achieved from August 9th to September 1st:--
[MAP]
In the offensive from July 15th to August 31st the Allies captured
140,000 Germans (2,674 of whom were officers), 2,500 guns, 1,734
Flamethrowers, 13,783 machine guns, together with a huge amount of
other war material.
THE JUGOSLAV COMMITTEE.
[Illustration: _Leaflet No. 2._
A MANIFESTO FROM DR. TRUMBITCH DISTRIBUTED FROM AEROPLANES AMONG
JUGO-SLAV TROOPS IN THE AUSTRIAN ARMY.]
SERBOCROATS AND SLOVENES.
The “Agenzia Stefani” announces officially:--
“By a decree of the Ministerial Council on September 8th the Home
(Italian) Government has informed the Allied Governments that it
regards the Jugoslav movement for obtaining independence and the
formation of a free State as a principle for which the Allies are
fighting, and as a condition of a just and lasting peace.”
The Governments of the Allied States have replied that they have
received with satisfaction this declaration of the Italian Government.
JUGOSLAVS!
By this historic and fateful declaration Italy has set up the following
war aim: The destruction of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy such as it is
to-day, and upon its ruins the establishment of an independent State of
Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.
This noble decree of hers is accepted by all our Allies.
SOLDIERS!
The part which Italy has been assigned by history has been manifested
to-day more strongly than ever. She is the protector of the weak, the
bearer of freedom and of the ideal for which the Allies have been
fighting for four years. The aim of the fighting is not the peace of
Brest-Litovsk and Bucharest, but the freedom of the weak and oppressed.
Therefore open your eyes. Remember that by fighting against it you are
fighting against yourselves, against our posterity, against our freedom
and unity.
Long live Italy, long live the united and free Jugoslavia, long live
our Allies!
DR. ANTE TRUMBIC,
Chairman of the Jugoslav Council.
[Illustration: _Leaflet No. 3._
LEAFLET--PROBABLY THE FIRST--DISTRIBUTED BY BRITISH AEROPLANES AMONG
GERMAN TROOPS IN OCTOBER 1914. IT ANNOUNCED A RUSSIAN VICTORY IN EAST
PRUSSIA.]
[_Note.--This was distributed in October, 1914._]
NOTICE.
EXPLANATION FOR GERMAN SOLDIERS.
It has become known that German soldiers have been told the British
treat their captives inhumanly. That is a lie.
All German prisoners of war are well-treated and receive from the
British the same food as their own soldiers.
The opportunity is now taken to enlighten the German soldier about some
facts which hitherto have been kept secret from him.
The German Army never reached or occupied Paris and has been retiring
since September 5.
The British Army has been neither made prisoner nor beaten. It
increases in strength every day.
The French Army is not beaten. Quite on the contrary, for it inflicted
a heavy defeat on the Germans at MONTMIRAIL.
Russia and Serbia have so decisively defeated Austria that she no
longer plays any part in the war. With the exception of a few cruisers,
German shipping, the merchant service as well as the fighting fleet, is
no longer to be seen upon the seas.
The British and German Navies have both suffered casualties, but the
German the heaviest.
Germany has already lost several colonies and will presently also lose
what now remains to her. Japan has declared war on Germany. Kiauchau is
now besieged by the British and the Japanese.
The report circulated in the Press that the British Colonies and India
have rebelled against Great Britain is wholly untrue. Quite on the
contrary, these Colonies have sent to France large masses of troops and
many supplies to come to the help of the Fatherland.
Ireland is one with England, and from North and South is sending her
soldiers who are fighting with enthusiasm alongside their English
comrades.
The Kaiser and the Prussian War Party wanted this war against all
interests of the Fatherland. In secret they prepared for this war.
Germany alone was prepared, which explains her temporary successes.
Now we have succeeded in checking her victorious advance. Supported by
the sympathies of the whole civilised world, which regards with horror
an arbitrary war of conquest, Great Britain, France, Russia, Belgium,
Serbia, Montenegro, and Japan will carry on the war to the end.
We bring these facts to general notice in order to throw light upon the
truth which has been hidden from you. You are not fighting to defend
your Fatherland, as no one ever thought of attacking Germany. You are
fighting to satisfy the ambitious war-lust of the military party at the
cost of the true interests of the Fatherland. The whole business is
blackguardly.
At first sight these facts will seem improbable to you. But now it is
for you to compare the events of the past weeks with the information
manufactured by the military authorities.
ON OCTOBER 4 THE RUSSIANS GAINED A TREMENDOUS VICTORY OVER THE GERMAN
ARMIES IN EAST PRUSSIA. GERMAN LOSSES 70,000.
[Illustration: _Leaflet No. 4._
AEROPLANE DISTRIBUTION OF COPIES OF AN EARLY LEAFLET PREPARED BY THE
FRENCH AUTHORITIES FOR THE GERMAN SOLDIER.]
To the German Soldiers!
IT IS NOT TRUE that we French shoot or ill-treat German prisoners.
ON THE CONTRARY, our prisoners are well-treated and receive plenty to
eat and drink.
All who are tired of this wretched life may report themselves unarmed,
without fear, to the French outposts.
They will be well received there.
After the war everyone can go home again.
[Illustration: _Leaflet No. 5._
A TYPICAL NEWS-SHEET FOR GERMAN SOLDIERS.]
INFORMATION LEAFLET FOR THE TROOPS.
IS PEACE AT THE DOOR?
Our enemies reject negotiations until we have evacuated Belgium and
France.
WHAT MUST WE DO NOW?
Well, what does it all mean?
“A few weeks ago,” says the _Frankfurter Zeitung_, “it appeared as if
our armies were very near their goal, the defeat of the enemy forces
and peace. But what a change!”
In these few weeks the German armies have lost three-quarters of a
million men. More than a quarter of a million have given themselves up
and are now out of danger and have plenty to eat.
In these few weeks Bulgaria has dropped out of the war and has been
compelled to surrender unconditionally. The best Turkish armies have
been destroyed and Turkey is about to follow Bulgaria’s example.
And what is the result of all these events in the last few weeks?
All hope of victory by the military Junker party in Germany abandoned:
an armistice demanded: the admission of the new Imperial Chancellor,
Prince Max von Baden, that Belgium was wrongfully attacked.
The following is the text of the Note addressed to President Wilson
through the Swiss Government:--
“The German Government requests the President of the United States
to bring about the restoration of peace, to inform all belligerent
States of this request and to summon them to send plenipotentiaries
to open negotiations. Germany takes as a basis for peace negotiations
the programme set forth by the President of the United States in his
Message to Congress of January 8th, 1918, and particularly in his
speech of September 27th.
“With a view to preventing further bloodshed the German Government
requests the immediate conclusion of an armistice on land, on water,
and in the air.
(Signed) MAX, Prince von Baden,
Imperial Chancellor.”
Why was this Note addressed to President Wilson?
Partly because he laid down certain conditions which he explained the
German Government must accept before he would enter into any discussion
whatever on peace terms.
But also partly because the German Government at length became aware of
the United States’ military effort.
In this, as in every other important matter dealing with the war, our
leaders deceived us in the most unheard-of way. They fed us with false
hopes.
They have brought us to such a desperate pass that we are retiring on
every front and are now compelled to sue for peace.
But will our enemies consent to discuss peace?
Not as long as we are still in Belgium, which, as our Government
admits, was wrongfully attacked; not whilst we are still in Northern
France.
Before our enemies will consent to negotiate with us we must retire to
Germany. For, they say, they will gladly conclude a just and honourable
peace with the German people if they can be sure that militarism and
medieval methods of statesmanship are abolished for good.
What must we do to save ourselves? We must retire to our own country,
then we may hope for an end of all the horror and hardships we have
suffered for more than four years, only because our Government let
its policy be dictated by militarism and underestimated the forces
which had to be arrayed against us owing to the attempt to realise the
criminal ambition of the Pan-Germans.
We have been miserably deceived.
[Illustration: _Leaflet No. 6._
“REPORTING PROGRESS”--LEAFLETS (SUCH AS THE ONE, BOTH SIDES OF WHICH
ARE REPRODUCED, ABOVE) GAVE PARTICULARS OF ALLIED PROGRESS AGAINST THE
GERMANS. CLEARLY-PRINTED MAPS DROVE THE TRUTH HOME. THE SHADED PORTION
SHOWS TERRITORY WON BY THE ALLIES.]
WHAT THE ALLIES HAVE WON. Back on the Line of Last March.
[MAP]
The whole ground has been twice won and twice lost by the German
armies. How much blood has been spilled, and how much misery has been
caused? For what object? Think it over!
_On the other side of the leaflet was the following_:
FURTHER SUCCESSES OF THE ENTENTE; THE GERMAN RETREAT CONTINUES.
During the last few weeks there has been fighting west of Cambrai and
St. Quentin. The battle reached a degree of vehemence fully equal to
any previously experienced in the course of the whole war.
The Germans and British attacked simultaneously; both sides fought with
stubborn determination, but
THE BRITISH GAINED THE VICTORY.
They beat off the German attack, made many prisoners, and killed an
enormous number, thanks to the manner in which the German troops were
driven forward under murderous machine-gun fire.
The British attack succeeded. The German front was pressed back closer
to St. Quentin.
TEN THOUSAND PRISONERS
were made and a number of guns were captured. The outer works of the
Siegfried Line are in British possession in spite of the determined and
plucky attempts of the German troops to hold them. The latter did not
retreat “according to plan,” but because in open honourable fight
THEY GOT THE WORST OF IT.
The operations of the Entente forces have in no way reached an end, as
reported in the German newspapers a week ago by military writers. The
German forces were unable to stand their ground. The French threaten
Laon and the Chemin des Dames and in these regions are driving the
Germans back.
On the Balkan Front
THE BULGARIANS ARE TOTALLY DEFEATED
and are still retreating. The French and Serbian troops have advanced
20 kilometres. Many thousands of Bulgarians have surrendered. The
prisoners ascribe the blame for Bulgaria’s disastrous situation to
Germany.
The Austrian proposal that representatives of the belligerent nations
should hold a secret conference in order to discuss
THE POSSIBILITIES OF PEACE
was described by the representatives of the Workmen’s and Socialist
parties assembled at the London Conference as inspired more by
the anxiety to strengthen the monarchy than by the desire to help
effectively to put an end to the world war.
No voice was raised for the acceptance of the Austrian proposal.
[Illustration: _Leaflet No. 7._
DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE GROWTH OF THE AMERICAN ARMY IN THE
FIELD. THE IMMENSITY OF THE AMERICAN EFFORT WAS A STRONG POINT OF THE
CREWE HOUSE PROPAGANDA CAMPAIGN.]
TO-DAY WE ARE IN RETREAT.
NEXT YEAR WE SHALL BE DESTROYED.
America, which has now 1,750,000 men in France, had made arrangements
to send 3,500,000 troops by next year.
But now, in view of the refusal of the German Government to make a
genuine peace proposal, America has decided to increase the number.
By next year America will have 5,000,000 men on the Western Front.
What do our leaders say to this--our leaders who declared that America
was not a danger to us because our U-boats would prevent them from
sending troops to Europe?
What do we say to this, we who will be completely crushed by the huge
superiority of numbers?
[DIAGRAM]
The increase of the American Army on the Western Front.
1917. 1918. 1919.
100,000 1,750,000 5,000,000
[Illustration: _Leaflet No. 8._
MAP-LEAFLET SHOWING THE BREAKING OF THE HINDENBURG LINE.]
WHERE THE HINDENBURG LINE IS BROKEN
[MAP]
This map shows exactly where the British troops have forced a way
through an important part of the Hindenburg defence line. The dotted
line from North to South indicates these defences. The black line shows
the positions reached by the British. Their advance continues. In
Flanders the German armies are in full retreat. Kemmel Hill has been
given up. “Our troops left it with heavy heart,” writes Karl Rosner,
war correspondent of the _Lokalanzeiger_.
[Illustration: _Leaflet No. 9._
NEWS FOR GERMAN SOLDIERS OF THE DESTRUCTION OF THE TURKISH ARMY IN
PALESTINE. TWO SIDES OF THE SAME LEAFLET.]
TURKISH ARMY IN PALESTINE DESTROYED.
NO FURTHER RESISTANCE AGAINST THE BRITISH TROOPS. BRILLIANT ENCIRCLING
MANŒUVRE.
20,000 PRISONERS.
TURKEY INCENSED AGAINST GERMANY FOR LEADING HER TO IRRETRIEVABLE
DISASTER.
The Turkish Army in Palestine has ceased to exist. The British took
them unawares, broke through the front, sent through large masses of
cavalry, cut off all lines of retreat and completely surrounded the
Turks.
Twenty thousand surrendered, a large number were killed, and only a few
stragglers succeeded in escaping. The Holy Land has been liberated from
the Mussulman suzerainty which the German Government did its best to
uphold. Turkey could not have received a harder blow. Her best troops
have been destroyed. The Turks’ feeling against Germany is extremely
bitter. They openly threaten to turn against the German Government.
The Bulgarians are scarcely less embittered against Germany. They are
still pursued in the Balkan mountains by the French and Serbian troops,
who have driven them back 64 kilometres. Their defeat is a wholesale
disaster.
On the Western Front the British and French troops are still gaining
ground, slowly but steadily, a little every day.
Everywhere Germany and her allies are in retreat.
Read no leaflets which you may find accidentally, say Field Marshal
Hindenburg and General von Hutier.
WHY?
Because they know that the leaflets contain the truth which they and
the Government want to conceal.
They fear the truth. When the German people know it the Government and
militarism will be wiped out.
Read overleaf of the successes of the Entente Powers and ask yourselves
HOW LONG CAN IT GO ON LIKE THIS?
Map illustrating the Turkish disasters.
[MAP OF PALESTINE]
The black lines and arrows show the position of the English forces. The
Turks were between Samaria and Nablus. They were wiped out. Their army
no longer exists.
[Illustration: _Leaflet No. 10._
SOME POINTED QUOTATIONS FOR GERMAN SOLDIERS CULLED FROM GERMAN SOURCES.]
THE HIGH OFFICIAL.
“We have no cause for anxiety.”--Dr. Wekerle, Hungarian Premier.
THE PEOPLE.
“The men must thoroughly understand that they must stand fast.”--Order
of the Day to 200th Infantry Division.
THE GENERAL.
“We have no reason to be downhearted.”--General von Wrisberg, War
Minister in the Reichstag.
THE SOLDIER.
“The principle that troops must continue fighting all day long, to the
last man, to the last cartridge, even when they are surrounded, appears
to have sunk into oblivion.”--General Army Order, signed by General
Ludendorff.
PREPARATIONS FOR CIVIL WAR.
Every precaution has been taken in Berlin and other places to suppress
an eventual attempt at revolution.
Orders for the suppression of risings are issued under the heading
“Measures for the Suppression of Strikes.” Proof of this is furnished
by the order of German G.H.Q. to all Guards Infantry troops and to the
3rd, 4th, and 5th Corps.
On receipt of the telegraphic order “Prepare for the suppression of
strikes,” all man-power must be mobilised. On receipt of the order
“Suppress strikes,” the commandant of the transport troops must be
immediately informed. The men must be equipped as for field service,
only without masks. On receipt of the telegraphic order “Make
preparations for surrounding,” all detachments of troops will be
marched to their allotted positions. Battalion commanders should place
themselves at the head of their units and direct all further movements.
On receipt of the telegraphic order “Surround,” the troops selected
for this duty, the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Corps, will march on Berlin to
the Vorstadtbahn (Suburban Railway). The Guards will take the opposite
direction from the centre of the city to the Vorstadtbahn, driving
the populace before them. Headquarters will be Kaulsdorf. Then follow
detailed instructions for the employment of machine guns. The order is
strictly secret.
WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH THE KAISER?
Stockholm, 10th September.--The German Minister in Stockholm has
requested the Swedish Foreign Office to seize the copy of the “_New
York Herald_ Magazine of the War” of the 14th July because it publishes
on the first page a photograph of the German Emperor underneath which
are the words:--
“What shall we do with the Kaiser after the War?”
The Minister of Justice is said to have ordered the copies in question
to be seized.
ARREST OF SOCIALISTS.
According to the _Neue Badische Landeszeitung_, wild scenes took place
last week at a meeting of Independent Socialists in Berlin. “In the
course of the meeting the Reichstag member Hoffmann was arrested by two
policemen because of provocative speeches. A scene of such excitement
ensued that in the general disturbance Hoffmann escaped, while the hall
rang with cries of ‘Down with the War!’ ‘Long live Liebknecht!’
“The following morning the officials arrived at Hoffmann’s house in
order to arrest him again, but the deputy was not to be found. Many
arrests were made among his adherents.”
PORK IN BOTTLES.
“The smugglers are still devising new tricks so as to prevent their
costly goods from falling into the clutches of the war contraband
officials. At the Schlesicher Station a man was stopped as he was
fetching away two carboys such as are used for the transport of
dangerous acids. A closer inspection showed that the carboys were
divided in two parts, a small receptacle at the top being filled with
vinegar, while the lower and larger part contained 55 kilos. of freshly
killed pork neatly packed. The expensive pork was seized.”--_Berliner
Tageblatt_, Sept. 19, 1918.
THE VETO ON DANCING.
“In the Hanover Command dancing lessons are only allowed for men
and women separately, and anyone who has already taken a course of
dancing is not allowed to learn again. A sensible regulation has been
issued at Essen. Only dancing instructors belonging to the two German
dancing instructors’ unions may hold dancing classes as in peace
time.”--_Berliner Tageblatt_, Sept. 19, 1918.
[Illustration: _Leaflet No. 11._
THIS LEAFLET WITH PARTICULARS OF THE FATE OF 150 GERMAN SUBMARINE
COMMANDERS CREATED GREAT DEPRESSION IN GERMAN NAVAL PORTS.]
THE 150 LOST GERMAN U-BOATS.
In the House of Commons the British Prime Minister, Mr. Lloyd George,
said, “Our British vessels are serving as convoys, patrolling, laying
mines, sweeping mines, protecting merchant ships and hunting U-boats
over vast and uncharted distances. They have destroyed at least 150 of
these ocean pests, the German U-boats--more than half that number in
the course of last year.”
In reply to this, the following official Berlin telegram was sent out
to the German papers and to neutral countries:
“We are in the position to state that the enemy’s war against the
U-boats does not show anything like so great a success as that claimed
by the British Prime Minister.”
The Chief of the Naval General Staff in London has in his possession a
complete list of the names of the commanders of the 150 U-boats which
Germany has lost through sinking, capture, or internment. The greater
part of these officers are dead, a certain percentage are prisoners
of war, a few are interned in neutral countries. The truth of the
statement of the British Prime Minister is thus proved. It is also
proved that the statement contained in the official Berlin telegram is
untrue. Here is the list:
[_List of U-boat commanders._]
[Illustration: _Leaflet No. 12._
LEAFLET WARNING THE GERMANS THAT SUCH PLACES AS BERLIN AND HAMBURG HAD
BEEN BROUGHT WITHIN RANGE OF AERIAL ATTACK AND COULD BE BOMBED IF THE
WAR WERE PROLONGED.]
A MAP WHICH EXPLAINS ITSELF.
In 1914 the English air squadrons which carried out reprisals for the
attacks made on English towns were small and carried small bombs.
In 1915 they grew larger and dropped larger bombs. In 1916 both had
doubled in size. In 1917 there was a further increase in the size of
the bombing squadrons and the bombs were 7½ times again as heavy. 1918
saw further increases and throughout the period under review the range
of attacks steadily extended. In 1919 Berlin, Hamburg, Brunswick, and
Hanover will be easily within range of attack--if we do not make peace
in the meantime.
[Illustration: _Leaflet No. 13._
A GERMAN DREAM AND THE RESULT. A LEAFLET ILLUSTRATING THE COLLAPSE OF
THE MITTEL-EUROPA AMBITION OF GERMAN MILITARISM.]
HOW THE THING WENT WRONG.
_The upper map is entitled_ “PAN-GERMAN DREAM,” _the wording under it
being as follows_:
“Our rulers went to war because they hoped to found a gigantic empire
for the Kaiser and the Junkers. All the territories shaded in on the
above map were to be their realm. It would have meant the subjection of
half the world under the German sword.”--_Vorwärts_, Oct. 11, 1918.
_The lower map is entitled_ “THE AWAKENING OF THE GERMAN PEOPLE.”
_Under it is the following inscription_:
This is how Germany looks to-day. Her allies can give no further aid.
What the Kaiser calls “his heritage from God” will soon be smaller than
it was at the beginning of the war. But the German people will be the
better for it. They will have escaped from autocracy and militarism.
Freedom at last!
[Illustration: _Leaflet No. 14._
FRONT PAGE OF A “TRENCH NEWSPAPER” ISSUED BY CREWE HOUSE FOR GERMAN
TROOPS.]
WAR AND HOME.
THE SUMMONS TO UNITY.
_The picture on the left is headed_ “THE IDEAL” _and represents “The
Assembly.” On its right is the following parody, entitled_ “PARADISE
LOST,” _on Goethe’s “Faust”_:
“PARADISE LOST.”
“Gretchen, how different thou wast!”--(Goethe--“Faust.”)
Germany, how different thou wast before the war
Brought about by thy lust of conquest.
With self-assurance thou wentst from triumph to triumph
And reached the summit of thy power
Untouched, with ample possessions
In earthly goods, in fame and world renown
Thou hadst all mankind can crave,
In high respect regarded, if not beloved.
But now what disgust, what horror
The mere name of Germany excites!
There is deep mourning for thy vanished happiness,
Thy honour lost, thy peace of mind destroyed!
Thou liest parted by the iron wall
Which thy crime has built between us
Fast fettered to thy false ideal
And all thy former glory gone!
_The lower picture is called_ “THE REALITY,” _the quotation from Moltke
underneath being “March separately, strike together.” On its left_:
THE WAR WAS DECIDED AT POTSDAM.
During a debate on the origin of the war in the Hungarian Parliament,
Count Tisza claimed that the ultimatum to Serbia was drawn up at a
conference at which no German representative was present.
_A Deputy_: Not in Vienna but in Potsdam.
_Count Tisza_: Neither in Potsdam nor anywhere else.
_The Deputy_: The ultimatum was not drawn up at Potsdam, but the
outbreak of war was decided there.
A PROPHECY.
The Dutch newspaper, the _Handelsblad_, reports that a person who
has just returned from Germany saw this rhyme written up in gigantic
letters at an important factory:
“If the war lasts another year,
William’s fate will be the Tsar’s!”
[Illustration: _Leaflet No. 15._
ILLUSTRATED LEAFLET PORTRAYING CONTENTMENT OF GERMAN PRISONERS IN
BRITISH HANDS. THIS WAS ISSUED TO COUNTERACT ENEMY ASSERTIONS OF SEVERE
TREATMENT.]
German prisoners of war arriving behind the British lines are greeted
by their comrades, who assure them of good treatment.
[Illustration: _Leaflet No. 16._
THIS LEAFLET SHOWED HOW THE ALLIES HAD SHATTERED THE GREAT
BERLIN-BAGDAD PLAN.]
WHY THE GOVERNMENT IS SUING FOR PEACE.
The reason is clear.
The Government undertook the war in the hope of realising the
Pan-German dream of a Middle Europe.
This was the real cause of the war.
If there remained any doubt on the subject it is clearly proved by the
fact that the moment the realisation of the Pan-German dream became
impossible the Government sues for peace.
This was the plan of the Pan-Germans who led us into the war.
The whole of the territory coloured black was to become German.
Bulgaria and Turkey would become vassal States.
The Kaiser and the Prussian Junker aristocracy, the bureaucrats and
the rich who exploit the rest of the people, should become the most
powerful class in the world.
THIS IS WHAT HAS BECOME OF THE PAN-GERMAN PLAN.
Bulgaria refuses to be a vassal State.
Turkey is becoming anxious.
The plan for the realisation of which the Pan-Germans persuaded Germany
to go to war and which has cost so many millions of lives and caused
such universal misery is completely frustrated.
What reason remains why we should fight?
The Government has no further reason for continuing the struggle and is
therefore suing our enemies for peace.
Therefore all the talk about a defensive war proves to have been
absolutely untruthfully and dishonestly
STARTED TO DECEIVE US.
[Illustration: _Leaflet No. 17._
MANIFESTO TO MAGYAR TROOPS.]
HUNGARIAN SOLDIERS!
What are you fighting for?
For the Emperor of Austria and the King of Hungary!
Or is it for the German Emperor?
You are only fighting for the German Emperor. The Austrian Emperor has
given over to him the army and the State revenues for twenty-five years
by a formal treaty the contents of which are kept from you.
But your newspapers also announce a “Waffenbund” which was entered upon
on May 12th, 1918, between your old and your new masters.
But you Magyars, whose ancestors shed so much blood for freedom, you
are ignorant of the truth.
For behold according to the Germans you are idle and slow.
The _Frankfurter Zeitung_ says on May 13th, “=The new treaty should
finally seal the disappearance of Austria as an independent State and
the seizing of the Hapsburg Monarchy by Germany=.”
The _Deutsche Zeitung_ of the 19th May remarks, “What the Mittel-Europa
Confederacy chiefly needs is strength, and never more so than at the
time the war broke out. Austria-Hungary was not sufficiently prepared.
According to the ‘Waffenbund’ =Austria-Hungary must arm its inhabitants
in exactly the same way as Germany=. It is no longer possible that it
should happen that the delegates should vote extraordinary credits
for military purposes, and that afterwards they should waste a long
time before they pass the amount because either the Hungarian or the
Austrian Minister of Finance says there is no money; or that the
delegates vote the guns but that the =Hungarian Parliament= refuses the
necessary calling up of the recruits, so that afterwards the guns are
there but there are not soldiers to man them.”
Is this clear enough? The Germans struggle for a mad whim--they wish to
rule the whole world. To fight for years, to pour out Hungarian blood
for German glory for years and years.
Naturally the _Neue Freie Presse_ should with triumph proclaim that
the new treaty is specially a triumph for the “upholders of Germany in
Austria.”
[Illustration: _Leaflet No. 18._
MANIFESTO, SIGNED BY PROFESSOR (NOW PRESIDENT) MASARYK, TO
CZECHO-SLOVAK SOLDIERS IN THE AUSTRIAN ARMIES.]
MESSAGE OF PROFESSOR MASARYK TO THE CZECHO-SLOVAK ARMY IN ITALY.
Through the agency of the Italian Legation, Professor T. G. Masaryk
has sent the following message from Washington to the autonomous
Czecho-Slovak army in Italy:
“Brothers! Austria-Hungary, desiring to break the opposition at
home, has asserted that our army is a rabble which has no political
or military significance. She has even uttered the lie that our
army is composed of Russians and other nationalities, and that a
Czecho-Slovak army does not exist. Our nation does not believe this
dishonesty and has remained obdurate and proud of its army. Then
Austria-Hungary endeavoured to deal a decisive blow to our nation by
destroying you, and with you its army. She desired to gain possession
of our banners of resistance and independence, the symbol of trust
and aspiration cherished by our people.
“Brothers! Your will, your far-reaching glance frustrated the enemy’s
plans. Our flag is still flying proudly upon the position entrusted
to you for defence. Our nation recognises your heroic deeds and all
hearts are stirred by profound gratitude to you. They extol you and
the proud memory of your fallen brothers.
“As your Commander-in-Chief I send you my heartiest thanks for the
bravery by which you have contributed to the victory of our nation,
of Italy, the Allies and all mankind.
“Greetings!
“T. G. MASARYK.”
We cannot help telling you how proud we are of the recognition by our
beloved leader, who will guide us and our nation to the goal of victory.
We are convinced that you also, in concert with the whole nation, see
the salvation of our country and the realisation of our sacred rights
only in the destruction of Austria.
When they drive you forward to protect the treacherous dynasty, to
which the nation has no obligations, you will certainly find an
opportunity of retaliating worthily for centuries of oppression and of
saving yourselves for a better future.
Greetings!
VOLUNTEERS OF THE CZECHO-SLOVAK ARMY IN ITALY.
October 2nd, 1918.
[Illustration: _Leaflet No. 19._
RAPIDLY-DISTRIBUTED LEAFLETS FOR GERMAN TROOPS TELLING OF ALLIED
SUCCESSES IN THE BALKANS AND IN SYRIA.]
INFORMATION LEAFLET FOR THE TROOPS.
FLIGHT OF GERMAN GENERAL.
THE TURKS MAKE LIMAN VON SANDERS RESPONSIBLE FOR THEIR MISERY.
TWO ARMIES DESTROYED.
BULGARIANS PURSUED ON AN EXTENDED FRONT IN THE BALKANS.
COUNT HERTLING’S GLOOM.
The victory of the British troops in Palestine over the Turkish troops
commanded by General Liman von Sanders has made further progress and
assumed much greater dimensions than was indicated by the first reports.
Two Turkish armies, the 7th and 8th, have ceased to exist. The whole of
their baggage train, all their guns, and their entire material of war
have been captured.
30,000 MEN SURRENDERED
and the few who escaped death or captivity fled in small dispersed
bodies across the Jordan and are now wandering about the country.
The British are now pursuing the 4th Turkish Army, which is also
in danger of destruction. In any case the Turkish resistance in
Palestine is definitely broken. General Liman von Sanders, the German
Commander-in-Chief, who was so completely surprised and so much
surpassed in leadership by the enemy headquarters,
IS IN FLIGHT BEFORE THE BRITISH.
The Turks claim that they have been betrayed and led into misfortune
by the German officers appointed to command their forces. Palestine is
now lost to them for ever. The Holy Places have been liberated from
the suzerainty of the Mussulman. The Entente has undertaken to restore
Palestine to the Jewish people. The victory of the French and Serbian
troops over the Bulgarians in the Balkan mountains has strikingly
developed. The Bulgarians are now
WITHDRAWING ON A FRONT OF 160 KILOMETRES.
They have made no strong opposition to the advance of the Entente
troops. The German defeats on the Western front have merely depressed
them and weakened their fighting ardour. We know it is useless to
continue the struggle.
Count Hertling, the Imperial Chancellor, knows this too. He told the
Chief Commission of the Reichstag that deep discontent had seized wide
circles of the people. What does he recommend? That the German people
shall maintain its old and sure confidence in Hindenburg and Ludendorff
in the hope that they may improve the situation a little? But he knows,
we know, and the whole world knows that they cannot improve it.
ONLY THE GERMAN PEOPLE ITSELF
can bring about an improvement by putting an end to autocracy and
militarism, pan-Germanism, and the out-of-date absurdities which other
peoples have long since done away with.
_On the other side of the leaflet_:
The upper map shows the encircling movement of the British which
annihilated the Turkish forces under General Liman von Sanders.
_Notes in the body of the map_:
British cavalry.
Here 25,000 Turks surrendered.
Site of break-through on the Turkish front.
The lower map shows the ground gained in the Balkans by the French and
Serbian troops which have inflicted on the Bulgarians the heaviest
defeat they have suffered in the war.
[Illustration: ETHNOGRAPHIC MAP OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY’S PRE-WAR POPULATION OF 52,000,000, ONLY ABOUT
21,000,000 WERE GERMANS OR MAGYARS. THE REMAINING 31,000,000,
COMPRISING POLES, CZECHS, SLOVAKS, SOUTHERN SLAVS, RUMANES, ITALIANS,
ETC., WERE ACTIVELY OR PASSIVELY ANTI-GERMAN. THE ABOVE MAP SHOWS HOW
THESE OPPRESSED RACES WERE DISTRIBUTED OVER THE DUAL MONARCHY.]
[Illustration: THE PARTITION OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: SHOWING THE BOUNDARIES
AS DEFINED IN THE PEACE TREATIES. IT IS INTERESTING TO COMPARE THIS
WITH THE ETHNOGRAPHIC MAP BETWEEN PAGES 32 AND 33.]
[Illustration: GERMANY’S NEW BOUNDARIES AS FIXED BY THE TREATY OF
PEACE. THE DARK PORTIONS SHOW THE TERRITORY LOST TO GERMANY; THE SHADED
PORTIONS INDICATE TERRITORY WITHIN WHICH THE INHABITANTS WERE TO CHOOSE
BY PLEBISCITE UNDER WHOSE FLAG THEY WOULD LIVE. THE FREE TERRITORY OF
DANZIG IS ALSO MARKED.]
[Illustration: BULGARIA, AS DELIMITED BY THE PEACE TREATY.]
INDEX
A
Alsace-Lorraine, Propaganda policy, 180-1
Austria-Hungary--propaganda against, 20 _et seqq._;
Congress of the Oppressed Hapsburg Nationalities: resolutions, 25-7;
propaganda policy: memorandum to Foreign Office, 28;
policies outlined, 30-3;
Inter-Allied Propaganda Commission organised at Italian G.H.Q., 37;
publishes weekly journal, 38;
effect of leaflet campaign, 40;
work impaired by reactionary tendencies within Italian Government,
40, 205;
weakness of declaration made at Versailles meeting of June 3, 1918,
41;
effect of propaganda, desertions, 43-4;
recommendations of Inter-Allied Policy Committee, 173-6
B
Baker, Lieut.-Col. B. Granville, 37, 48
Balfour, Mr. A. J., reply to Lord Northcliffe’s memorandum on policy
to be adopted against Austria, 33;
against Bulgaria, 139
Beaverbrook, Lord, 17, 148
Bissolati, Signor, 25
Borgese, Professor, 38, 150;
on inter-Allied co-operation, 165
Bulgaria, propaganda against:
policy submitted to Foreign Office, 134-9;
Mr. Balfour’s reply, 139;
Ludendorff on effect of, 142
C
Cinematograph films, use for propaganda purposes, 197
Cockerill, Brig.-Gen. G. K., 52, 149
Comert, M., 150
Congress of the Oppressed Hapsburg Nationalities at Rome:
resolutions, 25-6
Cunliffe-Owen, Sir H., in charge of propaganda against Turkey, 13, 150
D
Denbigh, Col. the Earl of, 10
Department of Propaganda in Enemy Countries (Crewe House):
Lord Northcliffe appointed Director, 8;
personnel of advisory committee, 10;
two main branches, 11;
co-operation of other Government Departments, 15, 19;
expenditure during “intensive” campaign (Sept.-Dec. 1918), 18;
production work centralised at Crewe House, 91-2;
good effect of, 93;
inter-Allied Conference: list of delegates, 149;
propaganda to cease during period of Armistice, 234
Austro-Hungarian Section, 11, 12
German Section, 12, 13
Peace terms propaganda, 202 _et seqq._;
Lord Northcliffe’s article published in _The Times_ and circulated
throughout the World, 218-230.
Work against Turkey, 13
_Deutsche Tageszeitung_, tribute to propaganda staff, 121
Diaz, General, on effect of propaganda work on Italian front, 45
Donald, Mr. Robert, 10
F
Franklin-Bouillon, M., 148
Fyfe, Mr. H., succeeds Mr. H. G. Wells as head of German Section, 13,
90
G
Gallenga-Stuart, Signor, 148.
Germany:--
Allied propaganda against, early neglect of, 50-2;
use of leaflets, 52;
effect, 53;
suspension of distribution by aeroplane: reasons, 54: use of
balloons, 55-7;
Mr. H. G. Wells’s memorandum on policy, 61 _et seqq._;
Lord Northcliffe’s letter to Mr. Balfour, 81;
summary of British Labour War Aims distributed: effect, 89;
use of aeroplanes resumed, 97;
leaflets circulated among submarine crews: effect, 99;
use of “trench newspaper,” 100;
German press comments, 105 _et seqq._;
rewards offered for leaflets, 117-8;
admission of Allied superiority, 120;
basis for peace negotiations, 212 _et seqq._;
Lord Northcliffe’s article, 218 _et seqq._
German propaganda, methods, 3 _et seqq._;
reasons for failure, 4;
organisation set up, 6
Gramophone records of Czech and Slav songs used on Italian front, 39
Gruss, Major, 37
Guest, Mr. S. A., propaganda campaign, 14, 39, 51, 98;
methods, 103
H
Hall, Rear-Adm. Sir R., 17, 149
_Hansa_, article quoted, 123.
Headlam-Morley, Dr. J. W., 13, 60
Hellingrath, General von, 121
Hindenburg, Marshal von, on effect of propaganda on German troops,
93-4;
manifesto on, 106-15
Hudson, Mr. H. K., 10, 15
Hutier, General von, manifesto; attack on Lord Northcliffe, 115-7
J
Jones, Sir Roderick, 10, 150
K
Keeley, Mr. James, 150;
on need for inter-Allied co-operation, 170
Kent, Mr. C. S., financial controller of Crewe House, 18
Kerry, Major, the Earl of, 16, 91, 149
Klobukowski, M., 150, 160, 171
_Kölnische Zeitung_, letter describing effect of leaflets, 119;
“Ten Commandments for German Women,” 127
_Kölnische Volkszeitung_, letters quoted, 125
Kupffer, Herr von, article quoted, 122
L
Lamprecht, Dr. Karl, 3
Lansing, Mr., 41, 42
League of Nations, 67, _et seqq._
_Le Courrier de l’Air_, 53, 59
Lichnowsky, Prince, his pamphlet used by Allies for propaganda, 104,
132, 142
Lloyd George, Mr. D., on success of propaganda against Austria, 50;
appreciation of Lord Northcliffe’s work, 235
Low, Sir Sidney, 10
Ludendorff, Gen., on failure of German propaganda, 5;
efforts to create organisation, 6;
order showing influence of propaganda on German population, 118;
value of good propaganda, 128;
comparison between British and German departments, 129-31;
on effect of propaganda on Bulgarian defeat, 142
M
Macdonogh, Lieut.-Gen. Sir George, 52, 106
Malinof, M., 141
Ministry of Information, 17
Mitchell, Capt. P. Chalmers, 16, 91, 92, 149, 209
N
Nicholson, Sir Charles, 10, 143, 149
Northcliffe, Lord, Mission to United States;
Chairman of London H.Q. of British War Mission;
declines seat in Cabinet;
appointed Director of Propaganda in Enemy Countries, 8;
anxiety to commence work against Austria, 35;
letter of appreciation from Mr. Lloyd George, 50;
on need for greater co-ordination, 151;
outline of policy, 156
Bulgaria, outlines policy against, 135-139
Enemy attacks on, 43, 105, 115-7, 125
Germany, outlines policy against, 81
Ludendorff, tribute, 130
Peace terms, article published in _The Times_ and circulated
throughout the world, 218-230
Rechberg, Herr A., tribute, 127
Resignation, letter to Mr. Lloyd George, 234;
Mr. Lloyd George’s reply, 235
_The Times_, leading article on propaganda work quoted, 129
O
O’Grady, Mr. James, 10
Ojetti, Capt., 37
Onslow, Col. Lord, 199
Orlando, Signor, meeting with Dr. Trumbitch, 24
P
Pashitch, M., 23
Phillips, Mr. C. J., 15, 150
Poland, propaganda policy in regard to, 178-180
Prisoners of War, information for, 143
Propaganda, objects, 2;
axioms: truthful statements only to be made, 2;
necessity of co-ordination, 146;
inter-Allied conference at Crewe House, list of delegates, 149;
distribution devices, 54-59; 184-190
R
Rechberg, Herr A., tribute to Lord Northcliffe’s work, 127
_Rheinische-Westfälische-Zeitung_, article quoted, 121
Rome Congress, 25 _et seqq._
S
Scheurmann, Herr W., letter quoted, 126
Seton-Watson, Dr. R. W., 11, 12, 20, 24, 37, 49
Siciliani, Col., 37
Sonnino, Baron, 41, 42
Standing, Sir Guy, 17, 149
Steed, Mr. H. Wickham, 10, 20, 24, 39, 49, 149;
Co-Director of Austro-Hungarian Section, 11;
mission to Italy, 37
Stein, Gen. von, admission of superiority of Allies’ propaganda, 120
Stossinger, Herr F., 120
Stuart, Lieut.-Col. Sir Campbell, 10, 149, 204, 236
Swinton, Maj.-Gen., 51
T
_The Times_, leading article on Lord Northcliffe’s work quoted, 129
Torre, Dr., 24
Trumbitch, Dr., 23, 24
W
Wells, Mr. H. G., 10, 12, 60, 89, 90;
memorandum on propaganda policy against Germany, 61 _et seqq._
Wireless Telegraphy, used as means of disseminating information, 17,
103
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Transcriber’s notes:
Italic text is indicated with _underscores_, bold text with =equals=.
Small/mixed capitals have been replaced with ALL CAPITALS.
Underlining in the translation of leaflet 17, where it is used for
emphasis, has been marked as bold, but ignored elsewhere.
Evident typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected
silently. Inconsistent spelling/hyphenation has been normalised.
The usage of both Roumania & Rumania is the author’s.
A half-title page has been discarded.
A single footnote has been relocated at the end of the quoted passage
to which it refers.
To improve text flow, illustrations have been relocated as follows:
Photographs have been grouped between chapters.
Each “leaflet” has been moved to the appendix, to accompanying its
translation.
Redundant cross-references and reiterations of the leaflet number have
been discarded.
The explanatory text “Facsimile leaflets and translations” has been
appended to the appendix and table of contents.
Maps follow immediately after the appendix.