ANTHONY: I said not, cousin, that for an undoubted rule, worldly
prosperity were always displeasing to God or tribulation evermore
wholesome to every man--or else I meant not to say it. For well I
know that our Lord giveth in this world unto either sort of folk
either sort of fortune. "He maketh his sun to shine both upon the
good and the bad, and his rain to fall both on the just and on the
unjust." And on the other hand, "he scourgeth every son that he
receiveth," yet he beateth not only good folk that he loveth, but
"there are many scourges for sinners" also. He giveth evil folk
good fortune in this world to call them by kindness--and, if they
thereby come not, the more is their unkindness. And yet where
wealth will not bring them, he giveth them sometimes sorrow. And
some who in prosperity cannot creep forward to God, in tribulation
they run toward him apace. "Their infirmities were multiplied,"
saith the prophet, "and after that they made haste." To some that
are good men, God sendeth wealth here also; and they give him great
thanks for his gift, and he rewardeth them for the thanks too. To
some good folk he sendeth sorrow, and they thank him for that too.
If God should give the goods of this world only to evil folk, then
would men think that God were not the Lord thereof. If God would
give the goods only to good men, then would folk take occasion to
serve him but for them. Some will in wealth fall into folly: "When
man was in honour, his understanding failed him; then was he
compared with beasts and made like unto them." Some men with
tribulation will fall into sin, and therefore saith the prophet,
"God will not leave the rod of the wicked men upon the lot of
righteous men, lest the righteous peradventure extend and stretch
out their hands to iniquity." So I deny not that either state,
wealth or tribulation, may be matter of virtue and matter of vice
also.
But this is the point, lo, that standeth here in question between
you and me: not whether every prosperity be a perilous token, but
whether continual wealth in this world without any tribulation be a
fearful sign of God's indignation. And therefore this mark that we
must shoot at, set up well in our sight, we shall now aim for the
shot and consider how near toward, or how far off, your arrows are
from the mark.
VINCENT: Some of my bolts, uncle, will I now take up myself, and
readily put them under my belt again! For some of them, I see well,
are not worth the aiming. And no great marvel that I shoot wide,
while I somewhat mistake the mark.
ANTHONY: Those that make toward the mark and light far too short,
when they are shot, shall I take up for you.
To prove that perpetual wealth should be no evil token, you say
first that for princes and prelates, and every man for others, we
pray all for perpetual prosperity, and that in the common prayers
of the church, too.
Then say you secondly, that if prosperity were so perilous and
tribulation so profitable, every man ought to pray God to send
others sorrow.
Thirdly, you furnish your objections with examples of Solomon, Job,
and Abraham.
And fourthly, in the end of all, you prove by experience of our own
time daily before our face, that some wealthy folk are good and
some needy ones very wicked. That last bolt, since I say the same
myself, I think you will be content to take up, it lieth so far
wide.
VINCENT: That will I, with a good will, uncle.
ANTHONY: Well, do so, then, cousin, and we shall aim for the rest.
First must you, cousin, be sure that you look well to the mark, and
that you cannot do so unless you know what tribulation is. For
since that is one of the things that we principally speak of,
unless you consider well what it is, you may miss the mark again.
I suppose now that you will agree that tribulation is every such
thing as troubleth and grieveth a man either in body or mind, and
is as it were the prick of a thorn, a bramble, or a briar thrust
into his flesh or into his mind. And surely, cousin, the prick that
very sore pricketh the mind surpasseth in pain the grief that
paineth the body, almost as far as doth a thorn sticking in the
heart surpass and exceed in pain the thorn that is thrust in the
heel.
Now cousin, if tribulation be this that I call it, then shall you
soon consider this: There are more kinds of tribulation
peradventure than you thought on before. And thereupon it followeth
also, since every kind of tribulation is an interruption of wealth,
that prosperity (which is but another name for wealth) may be
discontinued by more ways than you would before have thought. Then
say I thus unto you, cousin: Since tribulation is not only such
pangs as pain the body, but every trouble also that grieveth the
mind, many good men have many tribulations that every man marketh
not, and consequently their wealth is interrupted when other men
are not aware. For think you, cousin, that the temptations of the
devil, the world, and the flesh, soliciting the mind of a good man
unto sin, are not a great inward trouble and grief to his heart? To
such wretches as care not for their conscience, but like
unreasonable beasts follow their foul affections, many of these
temptations are no trouble at all, but matter of their bodily
pleasure. But unto him, cousin, that standeth in dread of God, the
tribulation of temptation is so painful that, to be rid of it or to
be sure of the victory, he would gladly give more than half his
substance, be it never so great. Now if he who careth not for God
think that this trouble is but a trifle, and that with such
tribulation prosperity is not interrupted, let him cast in his mind
if he himself come upon a fervent longing for something which he
cannot get (as a good man will not), as perchance his pleasure of
some certain good woman who will not be caught. And then let him
tell me whether the ruffle of his desire shall not so torment his
mind that all the pleasures that he can take beside shall, for lack
of that one, not please him a pin! And I dare be bold to warrant
him that the pain in resisting, and the great fear of falling, that
many a good man hath in his temptation, is an anguish and a grief
every deal as great as this.
Now I say further, cousin, that if this be true, as indeed it is,
that such trouble is tribulation, and thereby consequently an
interruption of prosperous wealth, no man meaneth precisely to pray
for another to keep him in continual prosperity without any manner
of discontinuance or change in this world. For that prayer, without
other condition added or implied, would be inordinate and very
childish. For it would be to pray either that they should never
have temptation, or else that if they had they might follow and
fulfil their affection. Who would dare, good cousin, for shame or
for sin, for himself or any other man, to make this kind of prayer?
Besides this, cousin, the church, you know, well adviseth every man
to fast, to watch, and to pray, both for taming of his fleshly
lusts and also to mourn and lament his sin before committed and to
bewail his offence done against God, as they did at the city of
Nineve, and as the prophet David did for his sin put affliction to
his flesh. And when a man so doth, cousin, is this no tribulation
to him because he doth it himself? For I know you would agree that
it would be, if another man did it against his will. Then is
tribulation, you know, tribulation still, though it be taken well
in worth. Yea, and though it be taken with very right good will,
yet is pain, you know, pain, and therefore so is it, though a man
do it himself. Then, since the church adviseth every man to take
tribulation for his sin, whatsoever words you find in any prayer,
they never mean, do you be fast and sure, to pray God to keep every
good man (nor every bad man neither) from every kind of tribulation.
Now he who is not in a certain kind of tribulation, as peradventure
in sickness or in loss of goods, is not yet out of tribulation. For
he may have his ease of body or mind disquieted (and thereby his
wealth interrupted) with another kind of tribulation, as is either
temptation to a good man, or voluntary affliction, either of body
by penance or of mind by contrition and heaviness for his sin and
offence against God. And thus I say that for precise perpetual
wealth and prosperity in this world--that is to say, for the
perpetual lack of all trouble and tribulation--no wise man prayeth
either for himself or for any man else. And thus I answer your
first objection.
Now before I meddle with your second, your third will I join to
this. For upon this answer will the solution of your examples
fittingly depend.
As for Solomon, he was, as you say, all his days a marvellous
wealthy king, and much was he beloved with God, I know, in the
beginning of his reign. But that the favour of God continued with
him, as his prosperity did, that cannot I tell, and therefore will
I not warrant it. But surely we see that his continual wealth made
him fall into wanton folly, first in multiplying wives to a
horrible number, contrary to the commandment of God, given in the
law of Moses, and secondly in taking to wife among others some who
were infidels, contrary to another commandment of God's written
law. Also we see that finally, by means of his infidel wife, he
fell into maintenance of idolatry himself. And of this we find no
amendment or repentance, as we find of his father. And therefore,
though he were buried where his father was, yet whether he went to
the rest that his father did, through some secret sorrow for his
sin at last--that is to say, by some kind of tribulation--I cannot
tell, and am content therefore to trust well and pray God that he
did so. But surely we are not so sure, and therefore the example of
Solomon can very little serve you. For you might as well lay it for
a proof that God favoureth idolatry as that he favoureth
prosperity; for Solomon was, you know, in both.
As for Job, since our question hangeth upon prosperity that is
perpetual, the wealth of Job, which was interrupted with so great
adversity, can, as you yourself see, serve you for no example. And
that God gave him here in this world all things double that he
lost, little toucheth my matter, which denieth not prosperity to be
God's gift, and given to some good men, too; namely, to such as
have tribulation too.
But in Abraham, cousin, I suppose is all your chief hold, because
you not only show riches and prosperity perpetual in him through
the course of all his whole life in this world, but after his death
also. Lazarus, that poor man, who lived in tribulation and died for
pure hunger and thirst, had after his death his place of comfort
and rest in Abraham's--that wealthy man's--bosom. But here must you
consider that Abraham had not such continual prosperity but what it
was discontinued with divers tribulations.
Was it nothing to him, think you, to leave his own country, and at
God's sending to go into a strange land, which God promised him and
his seed forever, but in all his life he gave him never a foot? Was
it no trouble, that his cousin Loth and himself were fain to part
company, because their servants could not agree together? Though he
recovered Loth again from the three kings, was his capture no
trouble to him, think you, in the meanwhile? Was the destruction of
the five cities no heaviness to his heart? Any man would think so,
who readeth in the story what labour he made to save them. His
heart was, I daresay, in no little sorrow, when he was fain to let
Abimelech the king have his wife. Though God provided to keep her
undefiled and turned all to wealth, yet it was no little woe to him
in the meantime. What continual grief was it to his heart, many a
long day, that he had no child begotten of his own body? He that
doubteth thereof shall find in Genesis Abraham's own moan made to
God. No man doubteth but Ismael was great comfort unto him at his
birth; and was it no grief, then, when he must cast out the mother
and the child both? As for Isaac, who was the child of the promise,
although God kept his life, that was unlooked for. Yet while the
loving father bound him and went about to behead him and offer him
up in sacrifice, who but himself can conceive what heaviness his
heart had then? I should suppose (since you speak of Lazarus) that
Lazarus' own death panged him not so sore. Then, as Lazarus' pain
was patiently borne, so was Abraham's taken not only patiently
but--which is a thing much more meritorious--of obedience
willingly. And therefore, even if Abraham had not far excelled
Lazarus in merit of reward (as he did indeed) for many other things
besides, and especially for that he was a special patriarch of the
faith, yet would he have far surpassed him even by the merit of
that tribulation well taken here for God's sake too. And so serveth
for your purpose no man less than Abraham!
But now, good cousin, let us look a little longer here upon the
rich Abraham and Lazarus the poor. And as we shall see Lazarus set
in wealth somewhat under the rich Abraham, so shall we see another
rich man lie full low beneath Lazarus, crying and calling out of
his fiery couch that Lazarus might, with a drop of water falling
from his finger's end, a little cool and refresh the tip of his
burning tongue. Consider well now what Abraham answered to the rich
wretch: "Son, remember that thou hast in thy life received wealth,
and Lazarus likewise pain, but now receiveth he comfort, and thou
sorrow, pain, and torment." Christ described his wealth and his
prosperity: gay and soft apparel with royal delicate fare,
continually day by day. "He did fare royally every day," saith our
Saviour; his wealth was continual, lo, no time of tribulation
between. And Abraham telleth him the same tale, that he had taken
his wealth in this world, and Lazarus likewise his pain, and that
they had now changed each to the clean contrary--poor Lazarus from
tribulation into wealth, and the rich man from his continual
prosperity into perpetual pain. Here was laid expressly to Lazarus
no very great virtue by name, nor to this rich glutton no great
heinous crime but the taking of his continual ease and pleasure,
without any tribulation or grief, of which grew sloth and
negligence to think upon the poor man's pain. For that ever he
himself saw Lazarus and knew that he died for hunger at his door,
that laid neither Christ nor Abraham to his charge. And therefore,
cousin, this story of which, by occasion of Abraham and Lazarus,
you put me in remembrance, well declareth what peril there is in
continual worldly wealth; and contrariwise what comfort cometh of
tribulation. And thus, as your other examples of Solomon and Job
nothing for the matter further you, so your example of rich Abraham
and poor Lazarus hath not a little hindered you.