A CAMPAIGN OF EFFECTIVE WARFARE
Several authors of recent books, and lately also able lecturers, have
done much to awaken people to a realisation of the dangers of our ever
recurrent summer plague of flies. The advent of the petrol motor-car and
other automobile vehicles has at the most but very slightly improved the
state of affairs within town areas, where mews were formerly much more
numerous. The public press has followed suit, but something more in the
way of a sustained effort for hygienic reform is desirable. The terrible
European war should not preclude consideration of the subject, for the
scourges of fly-borne contagion have ever followed armies and rivalled
the casualties of the very battlefield. Bands of enthusiasts everywhere
should keep going a veritable anti-fly campaign as one of the most
urgent needs of practical sanitation. Otherwise active support of the
cause will soon languish and be obliterated amongst the multitudinous
ever-changing questions of the day, political and other, which, as
newspaper editors are persuaded, have the attention of the public for
the time being. In spite of the incontestible prospects of universal
benefit it may not be easy to engage a large body of public support
without something like an organised propagandist movement.
If any readers of this booklet are disposed to join and form a central
body with a view of ultimately founding an association for promoting the
work of fly extermination, the writer will be glad to find or meet with
an honorary secretary and helpers who will work in the cause and
economise in the necessary expenditure of all contributions received.
After the preliminary efforts of starting such an association, its work
will be not only to urge the local sanitary authorities everywhere to
adopt the best possible course of action, but also to incessantly move
public opinion to compel Parliament to pass laws, capable of
administration, for the public welfare in this matter.
The present booklet had its origin very many years ago in the author's
idea of writing an account of the house-fly and its kindred, which would
be interesting and more truthful than much then to be found in current
literature. Such off-hand inconsiderate writing, as appears in the
"Elements of Entomology," by W. S. Dallas, F.L.S., requires to be
controverted; therein it is stated that the house-fly, which is
"troublesome, does very little actual damage, for our only real grounds
of complaint are to be summed up in the tickling sensation which its
feet cause," &c. "In its larvæ state, however, it lives inoffensively
enough in dung." It has now seemed timely to publish my long-delayed
work, re-written with the object of more urgently interesting the
general public in the cause of the anti-fly campaign. Still, the author
trusts that both the deeper and the less entomologically inclined nature
students will find therein not only useful, but also some novel
information, given with not too much entomological technicality.
There is no English work sufficiently modern and comprehensive for a
study of our native flies. In 1776, Moses Harris, who originated or
elaborated the study of wing patterns, published his "Exposition of
English Insects," in which more than 300 flies are figured and
described; they have the old Linnæan classification and nomenclature, of
course, and the work is scarce. All later attempts by English authors in
the way of a more comprehensive student's guide book have been left
incomplete. Another excellent, but expensive work, Curtis's "Genera of
British Insects," contains about 250 illustrations and descriptions of
flies; but most of these are rather rarities, and the amateur in search
of a facile guide to the commoner objects of the country-side will be
apt to be disappointed. For the sake of readers possibly eager of
advancing further in the study, and in the absence of any commendable
guide book, a short appendix has been added to the present work, for
help in identifying more numerous species and those of many families and
genera not mentioned in the foregoing pages. With the leave of the
Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne Natural History Society
some valuable plates of illustrations are herewith reprinted, and
explanatory notes are added, mainly from the volume of the Society's
transactions for 1906, a most valuable work and compilation by the late
Rev. W. J. Wingate, of Bishop Auckland. This learned entomologist has
succeeded in giving a marvellously comprehensive amount of clear
condensed guidance. It is a great privilege that the present booklet has
been allowed to borrow from such a source of knowledge, valuable far
beyond the locality of its authorship.
Other illustrations which have been borrowed appear with the leave of
His Majesty's Office of Works, out of Reports to the Local Government on
Public Health and Medical Subjects.
[Illustration:
FLY CHART.
PLATE I. (APPENDIX)
]
APPENDIX
INDEX TO TERMS AND SYMBOLS
OF THE
WINGATE FLY CHART, _PLATE_ I.
This Index, together with the following "Table of Wing-cells and Veins,"
the "Glossary," and _plates_, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII, will explain
the theoretical Diagram entitled The Fly Chart, illustrating
characteristic features and exterior parts, by the study of which the
reader may learn to differentiate all the sixty families which contain
species native to Great Britain.
A = the Head, comprising nine regions and parts (A, I to A, IX).
A, I, the Vertex, which contains (1) the Ocellar Triangle; (2) the
Ocelli; (3) the Vertical Triangle, a coloured patch surrounding the
ocellar triangle; (7) the Vertical Orbit, the sides of the vertex close
to the compound eyes. The Bristles hereabouts are (4) the Vertical
(inner and outer); (5) the Post-vertical; and (6) the Ocellar.
A, II, the Compound Eyes, large and often hairy.
A, III, the Frons is the forehead between the eyes; it contains (1) the
Frontal Stripe; (2) the Frontal Orbits at the sides of the frontal
stripe; (3) the Frontal Lunule (_plate_ VII, 5) a crescent immediately
above the antennæ. The Bristles hereabouts are (4) one pair of Frontal;
a row, or rows of (5) Fronto-orbital; and (6) Lower Fronto-orbital. The
(7) Eye Margin is a narrow, often glistening, white line close to the
eye.
A, IV, Antennæ, jointed processes springing from between the eyes just
below the frons; those with numerous joints are illustrated in _plate_
II, others in _plate_ III. The Frontal Suture in the middle of the face
is a little pit in which short antennæ often lie close together. The (1)
Basal Joints are the two next the head; (2) the Flagellum, all the
joints, when numerous, taken together; (3) the First Joint is next the
head; (4) the Second Joint; (5) the third Joint (_plate_ III, 1-9) is
sometimes ringed; (6) the Arista, or Seta, is a plume, spine, or bristle
springing from the third joint at some point of its upper surface
between the base and the tip.
A, V, the Face is the region above the so-called mouth and below the
antennæ; the ridges bounding the face on each side are (1) the Facialia;
here are (2) the Facial Bristles; (3) the Mystax (_pl._ VI, _fig._ 28)
is peculiar.
A, VI, the Cheeks, spaces at the sides between A, II and A, V (I).
A, VII, the Jowls, parts below A, VI and the so-called mouth.
A, VIII, the Mouth, more or less of a cavity into which (3) the
Proboscis (the jointed sucking trunk) can be sometimes partly withdrawn;
the proboscis has a basal joint called the Rostrum (a snout); the other
joint is called the Haustellum (a pump) and has the tip variously
adapted as for mere surface suction, or for deep insertion, or for
piercing. (1) the Peristome is the region surrounding the mouth; (2) the
Vibrissæ are strong bristles close to the sides of the mouth, or A, V
(I); (4) the Palpi, two feelers (or perhaps smelling organs) attached to
the proboscis.
A, IX, the Back of the Head; here (I) Post-orbital Bristles are
sometimes found, that is to say, behind the eyes, A, II.
B = the Thorax, the middle portion of the fly bearing the organs of
locomotion.
B, I, the Dorsum. The diagram on _plate_ VI, _fig._ 40 illustrates the
upper surface of this region; this part is bounded in front by (_a_) the
Neck; behind by (_b_) the Scutellar Suture (15) or Seam; at the sides by
(_c_) the Dorso-pleural Sutures (9-9) running from the front corners to
the front of the Wing Bases; by (_d_) the Wing Bases (10-10); and by
(_e_) the Scutellar Bridges, which are ridges (11-11) running with right
and left inclines to the root of (6) the Scutellum. The Dorsum is
crossed by (8) the Dorsal Suture, behind which are the Alar Regions
(5-5); here on each side is a ridge (12-12) the Alar Frenum; rows of
minute bristles on the centre are termed Acrostichal.
B, II, the Sides, or Pleuræ, specified separately in connection with—
B, III, the Breast, or Sternum; (1) the Prothorax is below the shoulder
and above the fore-leg; (2) the Meso-pleura is contiguous to the
prothorax and the shoulder; here in the upper front corner is the
"Stigma," a prominent respiratory orifice, below which the large
Stigmatical Bristle may be found; the (3) Ptero-pleura is below the
wings and behind the meso-pleura; (4) the Meta-pleura is "a more or less
tubercular piece below the region between the root of the wing and the
haltere"; (5) the Sterno-pleura is above the middle leg and below the
Sterno-pleural Suture, where it bounds the meso-pleura; (6) the
Hypo-pleura is behind the sterno-pleura and above the hind leg.
B, IV, the Meta-Notum is the part of the thorax behind and beneath B, I
(6), the scutellum.
C = Appendages of the thorax.
C, I, Fore-legs, Mid-legs, and Hind-legs; every leg has nine joints
[particularised illustrations on _plate_ VII]; (1) Coxæ are the joints
attached to the body; (2) Trochanters very small and inconspicuous; (3)
Femora or Thighs; (4) Tibiæ or Shins; (5) First Tarsal Joint or
Metatarsus; (6) Second Tarsal Joint; (7) Third; (8) Fourth; (9) Fifth
Tarsal Joint; (10) the Knees are where the Thighs and Shins join; (11)
Claws, Foot-pads, and Empodium are appendages of the fifth tarsal joint.
C, II, Wings [_see_ Table of wing-cells and veins]; the quarters of the
wing are the Fore and the Hind Basal Regions and the Fore and the Hind
Apical Regions. The Stigma is a thickened portion of the wing at the
middle of the fore margin.
C, III, the Halteres.
C, IV, Squamæ are scale-like appendages beneath the wings and above the
halteres; they seem to have some attachment to the roots of the wings; a
small inner lobe is called the antisquama, but it is a feature not of
much use in classifying and differentiating species.
D = the Abdomen has numerous ringed sections; in the Sub-order,
Cyclorrhapha in eight segments, but commonly divided into four or five
conspicuous segments and three or four more smaller, less visible, and
much modified in the sexual terminal segments.
D, I, the first abdominal segment is the Basal Segment.
D, II, the last of those more visible is the Anal Segment or Anus.
D, III, the abdominal termination, _see plate_ VI, _fig._ 17.
D, IV, the chief segments consist each of an Upper Plate joined to an
Under Plate by Membranous Sides, often concealed.
D, V, Abdominal Bristles, _see plate_ VI, _fig._ 41.
E = Bristles, Hairs, etc.; fine short furry hairs are called Pubescence;
"Hairs" are longer and stronger; Bristles are still stronger; but a very
thick bristle is called a Spine, if on the costa, and a Spur, if on the
leg; the larger bristles on B or on D are called Macrochætæ.
F = Stripes and Bands; a long marking, when parallel (or nearly so) to
the major axis of the body, leg, or wing, is called a Stripe; when lying
at right angles (or nearly so) it is called a Band. For "frontal stripe"
_see_ A, III (1).
O = Cells of the wing [_see_ the following Table]; the rib-like nervures
are termed Veins; these divide the area of the wing into more or less
twelve compartments called Cells or Areolets.
V = Longitudinal Veins [_see_ the following Table]; two groupings within
the margin can be recognised; the principal veins of the Fore Region are
numbered, 1, 2, and 3, whilst those of the Hind Region are numbered, 4,
5, 6 and 7 respectively; some have branches, _a_, _b_, _c_, etc., when
sections (separately referred to) may have index numerals attached.
X = Cross-Veins [_see_ the following Table]; one very significant X-vein
termed X, 4 (or the Discal X) in the middle of the wing connects the
longitudinal V, 4 to the V, 3, which are thus to be identified even in
very abnormal patterns.
The cross-veins and cells are symbolised by having attached to the
letters X and O respectively the indicative and qualifying figures and
letters belonging to the V upon which they rest, that is to say, the V
(or part of V) which is the lower boundary.
TABLE OF WING CELLS AND VEINS
O, 1.—Costal Cell (undivided), or Costal Areolet.
O, 1_a_^1.—The Humeral Cell }
O, 1_a_^2.—Second Costal Cell } Costal Cell, when divided.
O, 1_b_.—Subcostal Cell }
O, 2.—Marginal Cell (resting on V, 2).
O, 3.—Submarginal Cell (resting on V, 3).
O, 4^1.—Cell resting on 4^1 (the 1st part of V, 4), a "basal" cell.
O, 4^2.—Cell resting on 4^2 (the 2nd part of V, 4).
O, 4_b_.—Cell resting on 4_b_ (a lower branch of V, 4).
O, 5^1.—Cell resting on 5^1 (the 1st part of V, 5), a "basal" cell.
O, 5^2.—Cell resting on 5^2 (the 2nd part of V, 5), a "discal" cell.
O, 5^3.—Cell resting on 5^3 (the 3rd part of V, 5), a "marginal" cell.
O, 6.—The Anal Cell.
O, 7.—The Axillary Cell.
O, 8.—The Subaxillary Cell.
O, 9.—The Alula, or Axillary Lobe.
V, _c_ (or C).—The Costal Vein, or Costa, bounding the front Margin.
V, _c_1_a_.—Part of the Costa (often ciliated and spined) reaching to
the end of V, 1_a_.
V, 1_a_.—The upper branch of the V, 1.
V, 1_b_.—The lower branch of the V, 1.
V, 2.—Second (longitudinal) Vein.
V, 2_b_.—Lower branch of V, 2.
V, 3.—Third or Cubital Vein.
V, _s_.—The "Vena Spuria," a thickening of the wing (characteristic of
Syrphidæ), an imperfect V between V, 3 and V, 4 crossing X, 4.
V, _h_.—A "Hang" V (or Appendix) a more or less irregular incomplete V.
V, 4.—Fourth Vein, often much branching.
V, 5.—Fifth Vein.
V, 6.—The Anal Vein.
V, 7.—The Axillary Vein.
X, 1_a_.—The Humeral Cross-vein, connecting V, 1_a_ to V, _c_.
X, 1_b_.—The Subcostal X-vein, connecting V, 1_b_ to V, 1_a_.
X, 2.—Cross-vein connecting V, 2 to V, 1_b_.
X, 4.—Discal, Middle, or Central X-vein.
X, 5^1.—Lower Cross-vein, connecting V, 5^1 to V, 4.
X, 5^2.—Lower Marginal Cross-vein, connecting V, 5^2 to V, 4 (or to some
branch of V, 4).
X, 6.—Anal Cross-vein.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS WITH INDEX
REFERENCES
Abdomen D
Acrostichal B, I
Alar frena B, I (12-12)
Alula, or Axillary lobe O, 9
Anal Vein V, 6
Antennæ, or Horns A, IV
Anus D, II
Apical Region C, II
Arista, or Seta [_plate_ III] A, IV (6)
Axillary Vein V, 7
Basal Region C, II
Breast, or Sternum B, III
Bristles, Spines, Hair, etc. E
Calcar, Spur, or Thorn E
Cells of Wings, or Areolets O
Cheeks or Genæ A, VI
Costa V, _c_
Coxæ, or body-joints C, I (1)
Cubital Vein V, 3
Dorsum [_plate_ VI] B, I
Empodium, claws and pads C, I (11)
Eye Margin A, III (7)
Face and Facialia A, V
Femora, or Thighs C, I (3)
Forceps [_plate_ VI, _fig._ 17]
Frons A, III
Frontal Lunule [_plate_ VII, 5] A, III (3)
Frontal Stripe A, III (1)
Frontal Suture A, IV
Halteres C, III
Hang Vein, or Appendix V, _h_
Hypo-pleura B, III (6)
Jowls A, VII
Knees C, I (10)
Meso-pleura B, III (2)
Meta Notum B, IV
Meta-pleura B, III (4)
Meta-tarsus C, I (5)
Mouth A, VIII
Mystax A, V (3)
O = Cell of wing C, II
Ocelli A, I (2)
Ocellar Triangle A, I (1)
Orbits A, I (7) and A, III (2)
Palpi A, VIII (4)
Peristome A, VIII (1)
Pleuræ, or Side regions B, II
Proboscis A, VIII (3)
Prothorax B, III (1)
Ptero-pleura B, III (3)
Scutellum B, I (6)
Scutellar Bridges B, I (11-11)
Shoulders or Humeri [_plate_ VI, 40] B, I (1-1)
Squamæ, or Calyptræ C, IV
Sterno-pleura B, III (5)
Stigma of Pleura B, III (2)
Stigma of Wing C, II
Stripe or Band F
Sutures A, IV, and B, I
Tarsi, or Tarsal (foot) Joints C, I (5-9)
Tibiæ, or Shins C, I (4)
Thorax B
Trochanter C, I (2)
V = longitudinal Veins C, II
Vena Spuria V, _s_
Vertex, or Crown A, I
Vibrissæ, or Mouth Bristles A, VIII (2)
X = Cross-Veins of Wings C, II
ALPHABETIC LIST OF FAMILIES
Name Family Analytic
No. Ref.
Agromyzidæ LIII 127, 138
Anthomyidæ XXXIII 74
Asilidæ XVIII 40
Astiadæ LV 126
Bibionidæ IV 11
Bombylidæ XIX 42
Borboridæ LVI 106
Braulidæ LIX 143
Cecidomyidæ II 3
Chironomidæ VI 14
Chloropidæ LI 111
Conopidæ XXIX 54, 60
Cordyluridæ XXXIV 82
Culicidæ IX 18
Cyrtidæ XXII 38
Dixidæ X 19_a_
Dolicopodidæ XXIV 50, 65
Drosophilidæ L 114, 131
Empidæ XXIII 45, 49, 66_a_
Ephydridæ XLIX 113
Geomyzidæ XLVIII 132
Helomyzidæ XXXVI 80
Heteroneuridæ XXXVII 78
Hippoboscidæ LVIII 144
Leptidæ XVII 31, 37
Limnobidæ XII 23
Lonchæidæ XLIII 92
Lonchopteridæ XXV 51
Micropezidæ XL 103, 109
Milichidæ LII 129
Muscidæ XXXII 73
Mycetophilidæ III 10
Nycteribidæ LX 145
Œstridæ XXX 62
Opomyzidæ XLV 139
Orphnephilidae VII 19_b_
Ortalidæ XLI 87, 104
Phoridæ LVII 140
Phycodromidæ XXXV 89, 116
Phytomyzidæ LIV 68, 125
Piophilidæ XLVII 120
Pipunculidæ XXVII 58
Platypezidæ XXVI 53
Psilidæ XXXIX 101, 135
Psychodidæ VIII 16
Ptychopteridæ XI 21
Pulicidæ I 0
Rhyphidæ XIV 8
Sapromyzidæ XLIV 93
Scenopinidæ XXI 44
Sciomyzidæ XXXVIII 86, 95
Sepsidæ XLVI 83, 102, 121, 136
Simulidæ V 13
Stratiomyidæ XV 28
Syrphidæ XXVIII 59
Tabanidæ XVI 30
Tachinidæ XXXI 72
Therevidæ XX 43
Tipulidæ XIII 24
Trypetidæ XLII 97
PLATE II
_Family Type-Forms of Antennæ in the first section, or Flies
with many-jointed Antennæ—NEMOCERA_
II.—CECIDOMYIDÆ
1. Epidosis longipes, ♂
2. Asphondylia sarothamni
III.—MYCETOPHILIDÆ
3. Sciara thomæ
4. Mycetophila cingulum
5. Mycetobia pallipes
6. Macrocera lutea
IV.—BIBIONIDÆ
7. Bibio marci, ♀
8. Scatopse notata
V.—SIMULIDÆ
9. Simulium reptans
VI.—CHIRONOMIDÆ
10. Chironomus plumosus
11. Ceratopogon femoratus, ⚲
12. Clunio marinus
IX.—CULICIDÆ
13. Mochlonyx velutinus
14. Corethra plumicornis, ♀
XII.—LIMNOBIDÆ
15. Limnophila dispar
16. Rhipidia maculata, ⚲
17. Erioptera flavescens
18. Trichocera hiemalis
XI.—PTYCHOPTERIDÆ
19. Ptychoptera contaminata
XIII.—TIPULIDÆ
20. Tipula gigantea
21. Ctenophora pectinicornis
XIV.—RHYPHIDÆ
22. Rhyphos cinctus
[Illustration: PLATE II. (APPENDIX).]
PLATE III
_Family Type-Forms of Antennæ in the second section, or Flies with three
or few-jointed Antennæ_
XV.—STRATIOMYIDÆ
1. Pachygaster atra
2. Oxycera pulchella
3. Stratiomys chamæleon
4. Sargus cuprarius
5. Beris chalybeata
6. Nemotelus uliginosus
XVI.—TABANIDÆ
7. Chrysops cæcutiens
8. Hæmatopota pluvialis
9. Tabanus bovinus
XVII.—LEPTIDÆ
10. Chrysopilus auratus
11. Leptis scolopacea
12. Atherix ibis
13. Symphoromyia melaena
14. Spania nigra
XVIII.—ASILIDÆ
15. Leptogaster cylindrica
16. Dioctria œlandica
17. Isopogon brevirostris
18. Laphria marginata
19. Asilus crabroniformis
XIX.—BOMBYLIDÆ
20. Anthrax hottentota
21. Bombylius major
XX.—THEREVIDÆ
22. Thereva annulata
XXI.—SCENOPINIDÆ
23. Scenopinus fenestralis
XXIII.—EMPIDÆ
24a. Empis livida
24b. Empis borealis
25. Ardoptera irrorata
26. Ocydromia glabricula
27. Stilpon lunata
28a. Clinocera stagnalis
28b. Clinocera lota
29. Hybos grossipes
30. Tachista arrogans
31. Chersodromia hirta
32. Cyrtoma spuria
XXIV.—DOLICHOPODIDÆ
33. Psilopus wiedemanni
34a. Dolichopus longicornis
34b. Dolichopus discifer
35. Chrysotus gramineus
36. Rhaphium longicorne
37. Medeterus diadema
XXV.—LONCHOPTERIDÆ
38. Lonchoptera lutea
XXVI.—PLATYPEZIDÆ
39. Platycnema pulicaria
40. Platypeza picta
XXVII.—PIPUNCULIDÆ
41. Chalarus spurius
42. Pipunculus campestris
XXVIII.—SYRPHIDÆ
43. Volucella bombylans
44. Xylota sylvarum
45. Orthoneura elegans
46. Chrysotoxum arcuatum
XXIX.—CONOPIDÆ
47. Myopa buccata
48. Physocephala rufipes
XXXI.—TACHINIDÆ
49. Zophomyia temula
50. Sarcophaga carnaria
XXXII.—MUSCIDÆ
51. Calliphora vomitoria
XXXIV.—CORDYLURIDÆ
52. Coniosternum obscurum
53. Scatophaga stercoraria
XXXVIII.—SCIOMYZIDÆ
54. Tetanocera ferruginea
LVI.—BORBORIDÆ
55. Borborus nitidus
XXX.—ŒSTRIDÆ
56. Hypoderma bovis
LVII.—PHORIDÆ
57. Phora incrassata
[Illustration: PLATE III. (APPENDIX).]
PLATE IV
_Family Type-Forms of the Wings of NEMOCERA_
II.—CECIDOMYIDÆ
1. Cecidomyia rosaria
2. Lasioptera rubi
3. Catocha latipes
III.—MYCETOPHILIDÆ
4. Sciara thomæ
5. Mycetophila cingulum
6. Macrocera lutea
IV.—BIBIONIDÆ
7. Bibio pomonæ
V.—SIMULIDÆ
8. Simulium reptans
VI.—CHIRONOMIDÆ
9. Ceratopogon illustris
10. Chironomus plumosus
11. Tanypus monilis
VIII.—PSYCHODIDÆ
12. Psychoda sexpunctata
IX.—CULICIDÆ
13. Culex annulatus
X.—DIXIDÆ
14. Dixa maculata
XI.—PTYCHOPTERIDÆ
15. Ptychoptera contaminata
XIV.—RHYPHIDÆ
16. Rhyphus cinctus
XII.—LIMNOBIDÆ
17. Dicranomyia stigmatica
18. Rhipida maculata
19. Symplecta punctipennis
20. Erioptera fuscipennis
21. Limnophila nemoralis
22. Trichocera hiemalis
XIII.—TIPULIDÆ
23. Nephrotoma dorsalis
24. Dolichopeza sylvicola
25. Pachyrrhina crocata
26. Tipula gigantea
[Illustration: PLATE IV. (APPENDIX).]
PLATE V
_Family Type-Forms of the Wings in the second section, or
Flies with few-jointed Antennæ_
XV.—STRATIOMYIDÆ
1. Sargus cuprarius
XVI.—TABANIDÆ
2. Tabanus bovinus
XVII.—LEPTIDÆ
3. Leptis scolopacea
XVIII.—ASILIDÆ
4. Asilus crabroniformis
5. Isopogon brevirostris
XIX.—BOMBYLIDÆ
6. Bombylius major
7. Anthrax hottentota
XX.—THEREVIDÆ
8. Thereva nobilitata
XXI.—SCENOPINIDÆ
9. Scenopinus fenestralis
XXIII.—EMPIDÆ
10. Empis livida
11. Ocydromia glabricula
12. Stilpon lunata
XXII.—CYRTIDÆ
13. Acrocera globulus
XXIV.—DOLICHOPODIDÆ
14. Dolichopus plumipes
15. Medeterus diadema
XXV.—LONCHOPTERIDÆ
16. Lonchoptera lutea, male. The dotted line shows V, 6 in the female.
XXVI.—PLATYPEZIDÆ
17. Platypeza picta
XXVII.—PIPUNCULIDÆ
18. Verralia aucta
XXVIII.—SYRPHIDÆ
19. Syritta pipiens
19-1/2. Eumerus sabulonum
20. Eristalis tenax
21. Brachyopa bicolor
XXIX.—CONOPIDÆ
21-1/2. Physocephala rufipes
XXX.—ŒSTRIDÆ
22. Gastrophilus equi
23. Œstrus ovis
XXXI.—TACHINIDÆ
24. Gymnosoma rotundatum
25. Cercomyia thoracica
26. Dexiosoma caninum
27. Sarcophaga carnaria
XXXII.—MUSCIDÆ
28. Calliphora erythrocephala
29. Mesembrina meridiana
XXXIII.—ANTHOMYIDÆ
30. Anthomyia pluvialis
XXXIV.—CORDYLURIDÆ
31. Scatophaga stercoraria
XXXVIII.—SCIOMYZIDÆ
32. Tetanocera ferruginea
XXXIX.—PSILIDÆ
33. Psila fimentaria
XLII.—TRIPETIDÆ
34. Tephritis corniculata
LVII.—PHORIDÆ
35. Phora rufipes
XL.—MICROPEZIDÆ
36. Micropeza corrigiolata
LI.—CHLOROPIDÆ
37. Centor cereris
LIV.—PHYTOMYZIDÆ
38. Chromatomyia affinis
LVI.—BOBORIDÆ
39. Limosina fontinalis
LVIII.—HIPPOBOSCIDÆ
40. Hippobosca equina
[Illustration: PLATE V. (APPENDIX).]
PLATE VI
1. Head of Mycetophila to show the position of the two ocelli.
2. Fore-leg of Dilophus
3. Fore-leg of Bibio
4. Palpus of Limnobia
5. Palpus of Tipula
6. Palpus of Anopheles
7. Palpus of Culex
8. Foot of Dilophus
9. Foot of Leptis
10. Foot of Asilus
11. Foot of Thereva
12. Profile of Eumerus
13. Profile of Syritta
14. Profile of Helophilus
15. Profile of Volucella
16. Profile of Rhingia
17. End of abdomen of Dolichopus 4 (_a_) the forceps (_b_) the pennis
(_c_) the lamellæ
18. Head of Psarus, viewed from above, showing frontal process
19. Shape of the proboscis in Empis
20. Shape of the proboscis in Hilara
21. Shape of the proboscis in Ocydromia
22. Shape of the proboscis in Euthyneura
23. Hind leg of Ramphomyia pennata
24. Hind leg of Sphœrocera subsultans
24-1/2. Palpus of Lispe tentaculata
25. Leg of Limnophila—tibia spurred
26. Leg of Erioptera—tibia not spurred
27. Head and double-jointed proboscis of Myopa
28. Head of Asilus—front view 4 (_a_) the hollowed vertex (_b_) the
mystax
29. Head of Drymia
30. Head and proboscis of Stomoxys calcitrans
31. Dorsum of Culex—no cross-seam
32. Dorsum of Tipula—cross-seams (_a_—_a_), (disregarding characters
other than cross-seams)
33. Dorsum of Muscid (disregarding characters other than cross-seams)
34. Extremity of abdomen of Pedicia rivosa
35. Head of Stenopteryx sunk in shoulders
36. Foot and claws of Hippobosca
37. Puparium of Calliphora
38. T-shaped emergence-orifice in the pupa of Dixa—dorsal aspect
39. A mummy-pupa (Tipula)
40. Diagram of the Dorsum 4 (1-1) Humeri or Shoulders
(2) Præ-sutural Central Region
(3) Post-sutural Central Region
(4-4) Post-humeral Region
(5-5) Alar Regions
(6) The Scutellum
(7) The Neck
(8) Dorsal Suture
(9-9) Dorso-pleural Sutures
(10-10) Wing bases
(11-11) Scutellar Bridges
(12-12) The Alar Frena
(13-13) Inner rows of Dorso-central Bristles
(14-14) Outer rows of Dorso-central Bristles
(15) The Scutellar Suture
41. Diagramatic Chætotaxy of an Abdominal Segment 4 (1-1) Side
Fore-marginal bristles
(2-2) Side Hind-marginal bristles
(3) Central Fore-marginal bristles
(4) Central Hind-marginal bristles
(5) Discal bristles
[Illustration: PLATE VI. (APPENDIX).]
PLATE VII
1. Profile of Dorycera graminum
2. Profile of Trigonometopus frontalis
3. Profile of Platystoma seminationis
4. Profile of Ceroxys crassipennis
5. Head of Chilosia maculata ♂
6. Fore-leg of Platychirus manicatus, ♂ (5 should be 6).
7. Fore-leg of Platychirus peltatus, ♂
8. Fore-leg of Platychirus scutatus, ♂
9. Fore-leg of Platychirus albimanus, ♂
10. Fore-leg of Platychirus clypeatus, ♂
11. Platychirus, ♂ and ♀, quadrate spotting
12. Melanostoma mellinum, ♀ triangular spotting
13. Larva of Microdon
14. Wing of Helomyza pallida
15 & 16. Diagram of a fly's leg. _Vide_ C, I, on page 91.
15. As viewed from behind
16. As viewed, horizontal section (through A-B) 4 (_b.f._) base of femur
(_t.f._) tip of femur
(_b.t._) base of tibia
(_t.t._) tip of tibia
(1) upper or outer side
(2) under or inner side
(3) hinder side
(4) fore side
(5) upper fore side
(6) upper hind side
(7) under hind side
(8) under fore side
17 & 18. Base of wing, illustrating the difference in O, 6^1
respectively in
17. Urophora
18. Trypeta
19. Profile of Drosophila
20. Profile of Ceratomyza denticornis
21. Profile of Tichomyza fusca
22. Antennæ of Notophila cinerea; note the "thorn" on second joint
23. Antennæ of Hydrellia griseola
24. Antennæ of Tichomyza fusca
25. Profile of Hydrellia griseola
26. Profile of Ochthera mantis
27. Wing of Borborus equinus
28. Wing of Limosina sylvatica
29. Section of a collector's net, showing 4
(_a_) the small end of a large net;
(_b_) a detachable muslin bag;
(_c_) elastic closing the bag;
(_d_) transparent celluloid end
30. A small bag, closed and detached
31. Box for carrying bags
[Illustration: PLATE VII. (APPENDIX).]
NUMBERED LIST OF FAMILIES,
_Together with references to the Analytical Table and Notes._
The sequence of the numbering indicates some proximity of
relationship, in most cases at least, in respect of some particulars.
Nos. Refs. FAMILIES—Notes
I —. PULICIDÆ: fleas regarded as flies with atrophied or undeveloped
wings. About 30 native species.
II 3. CECIDOMYIDÆ: mostly gall-gnats, minute and midge-like, or very
frail, slender and gnat-like. _Cecidomyia destructor_ is the notorious
Hessian-fly, injurious to cereal crops.
III 10. MYCETOPHILIDÆ: fungus-gnats; 34 genera; many common species. The
marvellous "army-worm," the larvæ of _Sciara militaris_, which (being
not a feeder on fungi) may be classified either separately or as
belonging to this family, has been observed travelling in Continental
forests in millions, described as massed together with a viscous mucus
in bands said to be as large as 5 or 6 inches wide, 1 inch deep, and 50
or more feet long!
IV 11. BIBIONIDÆ: 40 species of small and medium sizes; commonly the
males are black, but the females of some species coloured; _Bibio
marci_, of a largish size, pubescent, and black, sometimes appears in
great numbers on fine spring days, as likewise do some smaller black
species of the same genus; ocelli absent; semi-blind.
V 13. SIMULIDÆ: midge-like flies, mostly with wings, limbs, and bodies
of short length; the largest, _Simulium reptans_, only 2-3 mm., is
common; its larvæ are aquatic. Some foreign species are called
sand-flies and are much dreaded poisonous blood-suckers.
VI 14. CHIRONOMIDÆ: midges and many small, slender and gnat-like flies;
_Ceratopogon pulicaris_, _C. bipunctatus_, and _C. varius_ are our
commoner native blood-sucking midges, of which the larvæ have been found
under the damp bark of decadent trees; the larvæ of some others are
aquatic, as also are all those of the long slender non-blood-sucking
species, including those of the very common harlequin-fly, _Chironomus
plumosus_, as also of several congerers, including _Ch. dorsalis_, of
which the larvæ are known as "pond blood-worms."
VII 19_b_. ORPHNEPHILIDÆ (darkness-loving): all foreign flies, except
one rare.
VIII 16. PSYCHODIDÆ: minute moth-like flies; they have been named
owl-midges from a peculiar manner of holding their wings in repose.
IX 18. CULICIDÆ: the true gnats or mosquitoes; 5 genera, 18 native
species; three common, including _Culex pipiens_; larvæ abundant about
marshy land and everywhere in water from which _fish are absent_, even
in brackish water, but particularly in the stagnant water of small pools
and vessels.
X 19_a_. DIXIDÆ: a few small and gnat-like flies; larvæ aquatic.
XI 21. PTYCHOPTERIDÆ: larvæ in shallow muddy pools.
XII 23. LIMNOBIDÆ: 32 genera and more than 100 species; generally marsh
and fen slender flies, large and small, rather resembling "crane-flies";
the larvæ live some in decaying vegetable matter, some in fungi, some
are aquatic, and some are unknown; two species called "winter-gnats,"
genus _Trichocera_, are very common.
XIII 24. TIPULIDÆ: true crane-flies or daddy-long-legs; about 60
species; larvæ (leather-jackets) underground in turf, or in decadent
matter.
XIV 8. RHYPHIDÆ: three native species; slender and of medium size; larvæ
in rotting vegetable matter.
XV 28. STRATIOMYIDÆ: 12 genera, 40 or more species; proboscis imperfect;
wings rather small in comparison with the body, which is free from
hairiness; a few are those large and conspicuously bright-coloured
flies, which are called "soldier-flies"; the larvæ of the genus
_Stratiomys_ are known as "star-tailed" maggots.
XVI 30. TABANIDÆ: breeze-flies; ocelli absent; the short well-developed
proboscis of the blood-sucking female pierces the skin of mammalia; the
abdomen is somewhat pubescent, never hairy; semi-blind; larvæ in damp
earth, predaceous.
XVII 31, 37. LEPTIDÆ: a family of few species resembling some Empidæ
rather than the flies of any preceding family. _Leptis scolopacea_ is a
large fly, common in meadows, yellowish body with black spots.
XVIII 40. ASILIDÆ: the "robber-flies," which are more boldly voracious
than any other raptorial flies, preying on winged insects, large and
small; terrestrial predaceous larvæ.
XIX 42. BOMBYLIDÆ: furry, hovering, bee-like flies, mostly very
long-tongued; bodies very rotund but with legs singularly thin; larvæ,
some parasitic on the larvæ of ground bees, some unknown.
XX 43. THEREVIDÆ: non-raptorial flies; smaller, shorter, and more feeble
than Asilidæ; though differing much in wing-pattern superficially like
some Leptidæ or some Empidæ.
XXI 44. SCENOPINIDÆ: a very limited family of smallish flies.
_Scenopinus fenestralis_, the "window-fly" was formerly thought to breed
amidst old carpets and musty neglected clothing, but its larvæ have been
found to be therein predaceous devourers of the larvæ of clothes-moths
and fleas; larvæ of other species feed on fungi.
XXII 38. CYRTIDÆ: quite unlike any of the preceeding or succeeding
families; flies with diminutive heads and large rotund abdomens;
proboscis very short or obsolete; the larvæ of some are said to be
parasitic on spiders.
XXIII 45, 49, 66_a_. EMPIDÆ: an extensive family; about 200 species,
mostly of small sizes; of slender habit, and of dull colours; there are
30 genera and the characteristics of some are peculiar; the life-history
and habits of most are unrecorded; though with bodies of feeble
appearance, some have the proboscis well developed and are predaceous on
small insects. Amongst the most curious are some species of the genus
_Hilara_, of which the males have the first tarsal joint of the fore-leg
thickened and flattened; some species of this genus, not very uncommon,
fly and float about carrying "veils" or small cob-web-like attachments.
XXIV 50, 65. DOLICHOPODIDÆ: long-legged; a large family of 42 genera;
some species of medium size but mostly small, amongst which latter
bright metallic colours, often golden green, are common. The
life-history of only a few is known.
XXV 51. LONCHOPTERIDÆ: a few small slender flies with long pointed
wings.
XXVI 53. PLATYPEZIDÆ: small flies; the peculiar broad flat larvæ of some
of the genus _Platypeza_ have been found in fungi.
XXVII 58. PIPUNCULIDÆ: small and uncommon flies with abnormally large
eyes.
XXVIII 59. SYRPHIDÆ: a most interesting group of 51 genera;
"hover-flies," and other various, conspicuous, large and medium sized
flies (only a few small), very distinctly characterised and
differentiated; the wings show the "vena spuria," and the face is
without a "frontal suture." The larvæ are very diversified; some are
terrestrial, some aquatic, some insectivorous, some parasitic or
commensal in the nests of _Hymenoptera_.
XXIX 54, 60. CONOPIDÆ: the wings show no "vena spuria"; the known larvæ
are parasitic on _Hymenoptera_ and _Orthoptera_.
XXX 62. ŒSTRIDÆ: a few very distinct species; proboscis and mouth parts
atrophied; very hairy except one very rare; parasites of mammalia.
XXXI 72. TACHINIDÆ: 100 genera, more than 250 native species; with great
difficulty classed in divisions, which may rank as separate families;
stoutness of body and abundance of strong hairs, or rather _bristles_,
are so generally apparent that many species may be guessed to belong to
this family rather than to the closely related Muscidæ. Many of the
larvæ are parasitic on various insects.
XXXII 73. MUSCIDÆ: 15 genera, comprising 36 native species, mostly very
common, and many superabundant throughout summer by reason of rapid
breeding.
XXXIII 74. ANTHOMYIDÆ: 4 sub-families (MYDÆINÆ, ANTHOMYINÆ, HOMALOMYINÆ,
CŒNOSINÆ), 36 genera, and nearly 300 native species; difficult to
characterise, but many rather resemble the lesser house-fly in size, and
more or less in appearance, habit, and life-history, but some seem
attracted rather more to flowers and others drawn only towards dung.
XXXIV 82. CORDYLURIDÆ: 29 genera; absence of squamæ apparent; otherwise
generic features and general sizes and bodily shapes of species vary
considerably. The yellow cow-dung fly, _Scatophaga stercoraria_, is the
commonest species of this large family.
XXXV 89, 116. PHYCODROMIDÆ: sea-shore flies.
XXXVI 80. HELOMYZIDÆ: 8 genera; the costa of wings very "pectinate";
wings large and abdomen small.
XXXVII 78. HETERONEURIDÆ: 3 native species; smallish elongated wings;
the larvæ, which live in rotten wood, can jump, somewhat like the
cheese-hopper maggots.
XXXVIII 86, 95. SCIOMYZIDÆ: 11 genera; slender flies with tinted
brownish wings; larvæ aquatic.
XXXIX 101, 135. PSILIDÆ: 4 genera.
XL 103, 109. MICROPEZIDÆ: 6 native species.
XLI 87, 104. ORTALIDÆ: about 20 species; smallish flies; some common in
pastures; legs short and stout.
XLII 97. TRIPETIDÆ: numerous small species; larvæ in stems of plants, or
galls thereon, some leaf-miners.
XLIII 92. LONCHÆIDÆ: some are of a plump figure and a dark metallic blue
or green, others more slender and yellow, grey, or black.
XLIV 93. SAPROMYZIDÆ: 21 species.
XLV 139. OPOMYZIDÆ: 5 species; life-history unknown.
XLVI 83, 102, 121, 136. SEPSIDÆ: several are common small dung-flies,
with black bodies, somewhat ant-like.
XLVII 120. PIOPHILIDÆ: the "cheese-hopper" maggots are larvæ of
_Piophila casei_; seven other species.
XLVIII 132. GEOMYZIDÆ: 12 species.
XLIX 113. EPHYDRIDÆ: nearly 100 species; life-history of few known.
L 114, 131. DROSOPHILIDÆ: larvæ leaf-miners. The pale yellow
"fruit-fly," _Drosophila fenestrarum_, loves the cider-press and
fermenting fruit.
LI 111. CHLOROPIDÆ: numerous family; in the genus _Chlorops_ are many
beautiful little flies.
LII 129. MICHILIDÆ: 2 native species.
LIII 127, 138. AGROMYZIDÆ: some are leaf-miners.
LIV 68, 125. PHYTOMYZIDÆ: leaf-miners.
LV 126. ASTIADÆ: 2 species; life-history unknown.
LVI 106. BORBORIDÆ: first tarsal joint (C, 1, 5) of hind leg
conspicuously thick and short; small species of the genera _Borborus_
and _Spherocera_ often abound in the dung-pits of mews. The larvæ of
some have been found on rotting potatoes and on confervæ.
LVII 140. PHORIDÆ: a numerous family of small flies; 6 genera.
LVIII 144. HIPPOBOSCIDÆ: the females of some shed their wings, and all
live a lice-like life attached to animals.
LIX 143. BRAULIDÆ: eyeless and with strangely atrophied body appendages;
found in bee-hives.
LX 145. NYCTERIBIDÆ: wingless parasites on bats; with small heads held
in a curious posture.
ANALYTICAL TABLE OF FAMILIES
ORDER—DIPTERA
1 (141). Insects with the head distinct from the thorax, with one pair
of wings, one pair of halteres, 5-jointed tarsi, proboscis not spirally
coiled; with a well defined pupal stage intermediate between the larval
stage and the perfect insect.
1-1/2 (52-1/2). Frontal lunule absent.
SUB-ORDER I. ORTHORRHAPHA (comprising 25 families); flies with
"mummy-pupæ," _see plate_ VI, figs. 38 and 39.
2 (25). Antennæ many-jointed (_plate_ II).
NEMATOCERA (thread-horns)—
3 (4). Vein endings round the margin (_plate_ IV, figs. 1, 2, 3) not
more than 6.
CECIDOMYIDÆ, II
4 (3). Vein endings more than 6.
5 (20). Thorax (_plate_ VI, 31) without B, I, 8 conspicuous.
6 (15). Costa ending at apex of wing (_plate_ IV, 4-11).
7 (12). Ocelli as in _plate_ I, or as in _plates_ VI, I and II, 4.
8 (9). Discal cell (O, 4_b_ or O, 5^2) present (_plate_ IV, 16).
RHYPHIDÆ, XIV
9 (8). Discal cell absent (_plate_ IV, 4-7).
10 (11). Antennæ long (_plate_ II, 3-6); or, if short, coxæ elongated.
MYCETOPHILIDÆ, III
11 (10). Antennæ as in _plate_ II, 7 and 8; coxæ not elongated.
BIBIONIDÆ, IV
12 (7). Ocelli absent.
13 (14). Antennæ (_plate_ II, 9) shorter than B; wings (_plate_ IV, 9)
broad.
SIMULIDÆ, V
14 (13). Antennæ (_plate_ II, 10, 11) longer; wings narrow (_plate_ IV
9-11).
CHIRONOMIDÆ, VI
15 (6). Costa (_plate_ IV, 12-14) around hind margin.
16 (17). Wings held roof-like, hairy; X only at base (_plate_ IV, 12).
PSYCHODIDÆ, VIII
17 (16). Wings flat over D; X on middle of wing.
18 (19). Veins hairy (_plate_ IV, 13).
CULICIDÆ, IX
19 (18). Veins bare.
19_a_ (19_b_). Antennæ long; V, 4 and V, 2 forked; X, 4 (_plate_ IV, 14)
ending in V, 2.
DIXIDÆ, X
19_b_ (19_a_). Antennæ very short but 11-jointed; no veins forked.
ORPHNEPHILIDÆ, VII
20 (5). Thorax (_plate_ VI, 32) with a strong cross seam.
21 (22). V, 6 absent (_plate_ IV, 15).
PTYCHOPTERIDÆ, XI
22 (21). V, 6 present.
23 (24). V, 1_a_ ending in costa and (_plate_ IV, 17-22) united to V,
1_b_ by X, 1_b_; last joint of palpi (_plate_ VI, 4) never whip-like.
LIMNOBIDÆ, XII
24 (23). V, 1_a_ ending in V, 1_b_; and, except for X, 1_a_ at its base,
not united by X (_plate_ IV, 23-26); palpi (_plate_ VI, 5).
TIPULIDÆ, XIII
25 (2). Antennæ short, 3-jointed (_plate_ III); 3rd joint sometimes
ringed.
BRACHYCERA (short-horns)—
26 (140). Wing veining normal; X-veins present.
27 (32). Third antennal joint ringed; A, IV, 6, if present (_plate_ III,
1-9) apical.
28 (29). Costa ending at apex of wing (_plate_ V, 1).
STRATIOMYIDÆ, XV
29 (28). Costa around the hind margin (_plate_ V, 2).
30 (31). Squamæ very large.
TABANIDÆ, XVI
31 (30). Squamæ very small.
_Part of_ LEPTIDÆ, XVII (genus Xylophagus)
32 (27). Third joint of antennæ (_plate_ III, 10-55) not ringed.
33 (55). Arista terminal or wanting (_plate_ III, 10-26, 28-32, 35-40,
48)
34 (46). V, 3 forked (_plate_ V, 3-10, 13).
35 (45). O, 6^1 long, extending (or nearly) to hind margin, or entirely
wanting (_plate_ V, 3-9, 13).
36 (39). C, I, (II) much enlarged, appearance of 3 foot-pads (_plate_
VI, 9)
37 (38). Squamæ small, not covering C, III; O, 6^1 long and distinct
(_plate_ V, 3); long bodied flies, head of normal proportions.
_Part of_ LEPTIDÆ, XVII
38 (37). Squamæ very large, hiding the halteres; O, 6^1 absent (_plate_
V, 13); short round-bodied flies with very small heads.
CYRTIDÆ, XXII
39 (36). Empodium small, only 2 foot-pads apparent (_plate_ VI, 10, 11).
40 (41). Vertex hollowed out between the eyes (_plate_ VI, 28).
ASILIDÆ, XVIII
41 (40). Vertex flat or raised, eyes not protruding.
42 (43) (44). V, 4 ending in 3 branches (_plate_ V, 6, 7) between V, 3
and V, 5.
BOMBYLIDÆ, XIX
43 (42) (44). V, 4 ending in 4 branches (_plate_ V, 8) between V, 3 and
V, 5.
THEREVIDÆ, XX
44 (42) (43). V, 4 ending in 2 branches (_plate_ V, 9); antennæ (_plate_
III, 23) without A, IV, 6.
SCENOPINIDÆ, XXI
45 (35). O, 6^1 short (_plate_ V, 10) not nearly reaching hind margin.
_Part of_ EMPIDÆ, XXIII
46 (34). V, 3 not forked (_plate_ V, 11-12, 14-17).
47 (52). Alulæ absent or rudimentary.
48 (51). Apex of the wing rounded.
49 (50). X, 4 placed generally beyond X, 5^1, at most only a little
before it; V, 5 with 2 X-veins bounding a discal cell (_plate_ V, 11);
or, if only one, then X, 5 is placed before, or, at most (_plate_ V, 12)
only a little beyond X, 4.
_Part of_ EMPIDÆ, XXIII
50 (49). X, 4 placed very near the base of the wing; V, 5 with only one
X-vein placed far beyond X, 4; no discal cell (_plate_ V, 14, 15).
_Part of_ DOLICHOPODIDÆ, XXIV
51 (48). Apex of the wing (_plate_ V, 16) pointed.
LONCHOPTERIDÆ, XXV
52 (47). Alulæ present.
52-1/2 (1-1/2). Frontal lunule (_plate_ VII, 5) present.
SUB-ORDER II. CYCLORRHAPHA (families XXVI—LX); flies which escape from a
puparium, formed of the indurated larval skin, through a circular
orifice made by pushing off its head end (_plate_ VI, 37).
PROBOSCIDEA—
53 (54). Antennæ (_plate_ III, 39, 40) with a long seta or bristle.
PLATYPEZIDÆ, XXVI
54 (53). Antennæ (_plate_ III, 48) with a short seta or spine.
_Part of_ CONOPIDÆ, XXIX
55 (33). Arista dorsal (_plate_ III, 27, 33, 34, 41-47, 49-55).
56 (61). O, 6^1 long (_plate_ V, 18-21-1/2) extending nearly to hind
margin: D without strong bristles (macrochætæ).
57 (60). Proboscis of moderate length (_plate_ VI, 12-16) generally
retracted.
58 (59). Vena spuria (_plate_ V, 18) absent; A, II very large; O, 4^2
open.
PIPUNCULIDÆ, XXVII
59 (58). Vena spuria present (_plate_ V, 19-21); O, 4^2. closed; A, II
moderate.
SYRPHIDÆ, XXVIII
60 (57). Proboscis projecting far in front, very thin and long, often
double-kneed (_plate_ VI, 27); no vena spuria (_plate_ V, 21-1/2).
_Part of_ CONOPIDÆ, XXIX
61 (56). O, 6^1 short, not nearly reaching margin, or absent (_plate_ V,
12, 22-39) abdomen often with strong bristles.
62 (63). Proboscis and palpi atrophied.
ŒSTRIDÆ, XXX
63 (62). A, VIII, 3 and 4 distinctly present.
64 (67). X, 5^1 absent, X 5^2 present, _i.e._, only one X-vein on V, 5
and that beyond X, 4.
65 (66). X, 4 very near base of wing (_plate_ V, 14, 15); X, 5 far
beyond X, 4.
_Part of_ DOLICHOPODIDÆ, XXIV
66 (65). X, 4 more towards middle of wing (_plate_ V, 12, 36, 37) nearer
X, 5.
66_a_ (66_b_). Proboscis directed straight downwards.
_Part of_ EMPIDÆ, XXIII (genus Stilpon)
66_b_ (66_a_). A, VIII, 3 retracted [ordinary Muscid type] pass on to
108 of this table.
67 (64). X, 5^1 present, that is, a X-vein on V, 5 before, or under X,
4; or no X-veins on V, 5.
68 (69). No X-veins on V, 5.
_Part of_ PHYTOMYZIDÆ, LIV
69 (68). At least X, 5^1 present, generally also X, 5^2.
70 (75). Squamæ distinctly present though sometimes small.
MUSCIDÆ CALYPTERÆ—
71 (74). V, 4 angled or bent towards V, 3 (_plate_ V, 24-29).
72 (73). D with E (macrochætæ and hairs) on middle segments; otherwise
A, IV, 6 is bare or bare on the tip-half (_plate_ III, 49-50).
TACHINIDÆ, XXXI
73 (72). D without macrochætæ though often with rather strong hairs; A,
IV, 6 fully plumed or combed (_plate_ III, 51).
MUSCIDÆ, XXXII
74 (71). V, 4 going straight or nearly straight to margin (_plate_ V,
30).
ANTHOMYIDÆ, XXXIII
75 (70). Squamæ absent or rudimentary.
MUSCIDÆ ACALYPTERÆ—
76 (105). V, 1_a_ distinctly present, nearly as thick as V, 1_b_, which
generally ends in the fore margin at or beyond the middle of the wing
(_plate_ V, 31, 32, 34).
77 (84). Vibrissæ present (_plate_ VIII, 2) together with more or less
hair.
78 (79). V, 4^4 four or five times as long as V, 4^3 (_i.e._, X, 5^2
nearer X^4 than to wing margin).
HETERONEURIDÆ, XXXVII
79 (78). V, 4^4 about equal to V, 4^3, or only a little longer.
80 (81). Costa with spines in addition to the ciliation (_plate_ VII,
14).
HELOMYZIDÆ, XXXVI
81 (80). Costa without a row of spines, only ciliated.
82 (83). A, III (5) present, or, if absent, then body never shining
black.
CORDYLURIDÆ, XXXIV
83 (82). Fronto-orbital bristles absent; body always shining black.
_Part of_ SEPSIDÆ, XLVI
84 (77). Vibrissæ absent; mouth with short hairs or bare (_plate_ VII,
1, 3, 4); or, if the hairs are strong, all of same length and strength.
85 (88). A, IV very long and horizontal; A, IV (4) as long or longer
than A, IV (5) of which the upper edge is concave (_plates_ III, 54;
VII, 1).
86 (87). Profile not triangular; face perpendicular or slightly
retreating.
_Part of_ SCIOMYZIDÆ, XXXVIII
87 (86). Profile triangular; A, V retreating (_plate_ VII, 1) almost
horizontally.
_Part of_ ORTALIDÆ, XLI
88 (85). Antennæ not long, or, if long, drooping; A, IV (4) shorter than
A, IV (5) of which the upper edge is straight or convex.
89 (90). Brown or black shore flies with flat horny thorax and with
strong mouth hairs.
_Part of_ PHYCODROMIDÆ, XXXV
90 (89). Otherwise than 89.
91 (94). O, 5^1 and O, 6^1 very small and indistinct.
92 (93). Only one fronto-orbital bristle on each side; tibiæ all without
the præ-apical bristle.
LONCHÆIDÆ, XLIII
93 (92). A, III (5) on each side; the præ-apical E on some of the C, I
(4).
SAPROMYZIDÆ, XLIV
94 (91). O, 5^1 and O, 6^1 fairly large and quite distinct.
95 (96). Hind tibiæ with a præ-apical bristle.
_Part of_ SCIOMYZIDÆ, XXXVIII
96 (95). Hind tibiæ without the præ-apical bristle.
97 (98). A, III (6) present and close to A, II; V, 1_a_ sharply bent up
at its end (_plate_ V, 34). Wings usually spotted; ovipositor
protruding.
TRYPETIDÆ, XLII
98 (97). Lower fronto-orbital bristles absent; V, 1_a_ gently bent up.
99 (104). Legs long; abdomen narrow and long, contracted at base.
100 (103). V, 4 straight or nearly so. Shining black species.
101 (102). V, 6 reaching to the wing margin; abdomen narrow, more than
twice as long as the thorax.
_Part of_ PSILIDÆ, XXXIX
102 (101). V, 6 not nearly reaching margin; D rather broad.
_Part of_ SEPSIDÆ, XLVI
103 (100). V, 4 much bent towards V, 3. Brown species.
_Part of_ MICROPEZIDÆ, XL (genus Calobata)
104 (99). Legs normal; D comparatively short and broad, never contracted
at base.
_Part of_ ORTALIDÆ, XLI
105 (76). V, 1_a_ absent or rudimentary, much thinner than V, 1_b_,
which latter ends at or before the middle of the fore margin.
106 (107). Hind C, I (5) thickened and shorter than the next joint.
BORBORIDÆ, LVI
107 (106). Hind metatarsus longer than and not thicker than C, I(6).
108 (115). X, 5^1 absent, X, 5^2 present (_i.e._ only one X-vein on V, 5
and that placed beyond X, 4 (_plate_ V, 36).
109 (110). Legs long and thin; abdomen very long.
_Part of_ MICROPEZIDÆ, XL (genus Micropeza)
110 (109). Legs short and strong; D oval or elliptical.
111 (112). A, III (6) absent; A, IV (5) round, or, if lengthened, then A
in profile is triangular.
CHLOROPIDÆ, LI
112 (111). A, III (6) present; A, IV (5) generally long or oval; A in
profile never triangular.
113 (114). Head square; face strongly convex (_plate_ VII, 21); O, 6^1
absent. Not orange coloured species.
EPHYDRIDÆ, XLIX
114 (113). Head round or semi-circular; face not arched (_plate_ VII,
19); O, 6^1 present, or, if absent, then the species orange coloured.
_Part of_ DROSOPHILIDÆ, L.
115 (108). X, 5^1 present, or, if absent, then X, 5^2 also absent
(_i.e._, either two X-veins or no X-veins on V, 5) (_plate_ V, 33, 38).
116 (117). Scutellum of the male extraordinarily long and squared off
behind; costa thickened from the end of V, 1 to the wing tip.
_Part of_ PHYCODROMIDÆ (genus Thyreophora)
117 (116). B, I (6) usually short, and somewhat triangular; costa
normal.
118 (133). Mouth bristles present.
119 (122). Fronto-orbital bristles absent.
120 (121). Wings without a black spot near the tip.
PIOPHILIDÆ, XLVII
121 (120). Wings with a black spot near the tip.
_Part of_ SEPSIDÆ, XLVI
122 (119). Fronto-orbital bristles present.
123 (128). X, 5^2 before middle of wing (both X, 4 and X, 5^2 near the
base and exceedingly near together) or no X-vein on V, 5.
124 (127). X, 5^2 immediately under X, 4 (or nearer the base), or X, 5^1
and X, 5^2 both absent (_plate_ V, 38).
125 (126). Arista bare or nearly so.
_Part of_ PHYTOMYZIDÆ, LIV
126 (125). Arista with long hairs on one side.
ASTIADÆ, LV
127 (124). X, 5^2 present and placed further from base than X, 4.
_Part of_ AGROMYZIDÆ, LIII
128 (123). X, 5^2 at or beyond the middle; X, 4 and X, 5^2 neither very
near to the wing base nor to one another.
129 (130). Arista bare; body short and broad.
MILICHIDÆ, LII
130 (129). Arista plumose, combed, or pubescent, or, if bare, then the
body always narrow and long.
131 (132). Arista thinly but long haired, plumose, or combed.
_Part of_ DROSOPHILIDÆ, L
132 (131). Arista thickly and short haired, pubescent, or bare.
GEOMYZIDÆ, XLVIII
133 (118). Mouth bristles absent.
134 (137). O, 5^1 and O, 6^1 large and very prominent.
135 (136). Antennæ moderately long or very long, male genitalia not
prominent.
_Part of_ PSILIDÆ, XXXIX
136 (135). Antennæ short; male genitalia prominent, and club-shaped.
_Part of_ SEPSIDÆ, XLVI (genus Tetanura)
137 (134). O, 5^1 and O, 6^1 small and not very prominent.
138 (139). Light grey or silvery species.
_Part of_ AGROMYZIDÆ, LIII
139 (138). Orange or brownish-red species.
_Part of_ OPOMYZIDÆ, XLV
140 (26). Wings with two short very thick veins (in fore-basal region)
whence spring a few very fine unbranched veins. X-veins absent (_plate_
V, 35).
PHORIDÆ, LVII
141 (1) (52-3/4). Body of a horny or leathery nature; head sunk into a
hollow in the thorax (_plate_ VI, 35). No proper proboscis or palpi;
claws very large (_plate_ VI, 36). Perfect insect parasitic.
EPROBOSCIDEA—
142 (145). Head fairly large; wings sometimes shed or absent.
143 (144). Eyes, ocelli, scutellum, halteres, and wings all absent; last
tarsal joint combed with bristles.
BRAULIDÆ, LIX
144 (143). Eyes and scutellum present; last tarsal joint with well
developed claws.
HIPPOBOSCIDÆ, LVIII
145 (142). Head small, when at rest thrown back upon the dorsum; always
wingless.
NYCTERIBIDÆ, LX
INDEX
Air-sacks, breathing by, 46
ANTHOMYIDA, 10, 17
_Asilus crabroniformis_, 55
Aphides, plant-lice, etc., 8
Beelzebub, Lord-of-flies, 2
BIBIONIDÆ, semi-blindness of, 108
Birds, food for, 80
Black death, 2
Blood-sucking flies, kinds of—
genus, _chrysops_, 24
genus, _hæmatobia_, 16
genus, _hæmatopota_, 23
genus, _lyperosia_, 17
genus, _tabanus_, 23
genus, _therioplectes_, 23
Blood-sucking midges and gnats
—common species—
_ceratopogon pulicaris_, 108
_ceratopogon bipunctatus_, 108
_ceratopogon varius_, 108
(also others of the same genus and of the allied genus, _anopheles_)
_culex pipiens_, 108
Blue-bottles, 12, 18, 33, 36, 51
_Borborus equinus_, 34
Bot-fly of the horse, 26
Breeze-flies, "blinden," 10, 23, 29, 69
Bridgewater Treatises, 1
Cabbage-fly, 17
_Calliphora erythrocephala_ } _see_ blue-bottles
_Calliphora vomitoria_ } _see_ blue-bottles
Celery-fly, 17
Chelifers, 55
_Chrysops cæcutiens_, 24
_Chrysops relicta_, 24
_Conops flavipes_, 22
Contagion, fly-borne, 84
CORDYLURIDA, 10
Cow-dung fly, the yellow, 19
Crane-flies, or Daddy-long-legs, 109
Cremation of refuse, 41, 61, 65, 70
_Cyrtoneura simplex_, 17
DIPTERÆ, nearly 3,000 species, 10
Dragon-flies, 55
Drone-flies, 20, 22
Dun-flies, _see_ Gad-flies
Dust-bins, preferably open, 65, 70
Dust destructor furnace, imperative, 65
Economic value of the fly, 41
Egg-traps, domestic refuse as, 65, 72
EMPIDÆ, 54
_Empusa muscæ_, 56
_Eristalis tenax_, 21
Exclusion from rooms, 76
_Fannia canicularis_, 7
_Fannia scalaris_, 14, 18
Filth-flies, 51
Fleas, 108
Flecked flesh, 29
Fly chart, the Wingate, 88
Fly-traps, 66
Forest (or spider) fly, 22
Fungus-flies, 51
Futurist's Credo, 39
Gad-flies, 23
Garden pests, vegetarian, 17
Gargantuan jokes, 32
_Gastrophilus_, _see Œstrus_
Gentles, apparatus for breeding, 80
Gentles, green, 82
_Glossina morsitans_, 62
Green-bottle flies, 20
Grey blow-flies, 19
_Hæmatobia stimulans_, 16
_Hæmatopota crassicornis_, 23
_Hæmatopota italica_, 23
_Hæmatopota pluvialis_, 23
Hibernation, 15, 80
HIPPOBOSCIDÆ, 22
Horse-flies, _see_ Forest-flies
House-fly fungus, 56
House-fly, larva of, 35
House-fly, wing pattern of, 12
Hover-flies, 20
Human intestinal myiasis, 25, 26
Humble Creatures, 1, 34
_hydrotæa dentipes_, 17
_hydrotæa irritans_, 17
Instar, pupa, or chrysalid, 40
Larvæ, _see_ Maggots
Lesser house-fly, larva of, 36
Lesser house-fly, wing pattern, 12
Louse-fly, tick, or ked, 22
_Lucilia Cæsar_, 20
_Lucilia sericata_, 20
_Lyperosia irritans_, 17
Maggots, feeding in company, 36
Maggots, insectivorous, 21
Maggots, jumping or hopping, 111, 112
Maggots, myiasic possibilities, 28, 37, 82
Maggots, parasitic on _lepidoptera_, etc., 111
Maggots, predaceous, 109
Maggots, "rat-tail," 21
Maggots, "star-tail," 109
Meal-worms, 80
_Merodon narcissi_, 21
Messengers of peril, 78
Metamorphosis, 37
MICRODON, 22
_Musca corvina_, 14, 17
_Muscina stabulans_, 18, 27
Nostril-fly of the sheep, 4, 26, 28
Ocelli, visual importance of, 45
Odour of humanity, attracted by, 33
Œstrid flies, egg-laying aggressions, 31, 69
_Œstrus hominis_, discredited, 28
_Œstrus (Gastrophilus) equi_, 27
_Œstrus (Gastrophilus) hæmorrhoidalis_, 26
_Œstrus nasalis_ 4
_Œstrus ovis_, 28
(_Œstrus ovis hypoderma_) _bovis_, _see_ worble-flies
(_Œstrus ovis hypoderma_) _lineatum_, _see_ worble-flies
Onion-fly, 17
Owl-midges, moth-like, 109
Pestering flies, commoner kinds of—
_cyrtoneura simplex_, 17
_fannia canicularis_, 7
_fannia scalaris_, 18
_musca domestica_, 7
_musca corvina_, 17
_muscina stabulans_, 18
and other ANTHOMYIDÆ
Poisons, effective insecticide, 73
_Polietes lardaria_, 18
Pond blood-worms, 108
Robber-flies, 54, 109
Root-fly, the, 17
_Sarcophaga carnaria_, 19
_Scatophaga stercoraria_, 19
Scavenging services, 78
_Scenopinus fenestralis_, 110
Sex differentiation, 45
Soldier-flies, 22, 109
Spiders, flies parasitic on, 110
Stable-fly, 12, 13, 16, 51
Stable manure, 67
_Stomoxys calcitrans_, 12, 13, 16, 51
STRATIOMYIDÆ, 22, 109
Swallow, attracted to breed, 53
Syrphidæ, 20
_Syrphus_, 21
TABANIDÆ, 10, 22, _see also_ blood-sucking flies
TACHINIDÆ, 10, 19
_Therioplectes_, _see_ blood-sucking flies
TIPULIDÆ, 109
Traps for flies, some ineffective, 72
Turnip-fly, a beetle, 17
Veins of wings, 11
Voltairean atheism, controversy of, 5
VOLUCELLA, 21
Warning signals, flies as, 78
Westminster Hospital and myiasis, 28
Window-fly, the, 110
Window screens, 77
Wingate's nomenclature symbols, 12
Wing patterns contrasted, 12
Worble-flies, 26, 28, 69
WOODS & SONS LTD., PRINTERS, LONDON, N.
Transcribers note.
This work is presented as is, with no changes to the spelling, except
for confirmed typos. Printer's errors, where obvious, and original
spelling have been retained.
Variations in hyphenation and compound words have been preserved.
Italicized words and phrases in the text version are presented by
surrounding the text with underscores.
The Caret character (^) is used to denote superscripts.
Table of Contents, List of Illustrations, etc. Discrepancies: many of
the items in the front matter sections do not match the titles in the
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End of Project Gutenberg's The Book of the Fly, by G. Hurlstone Hardy