Richmond, 506
_Richmond Villa Hamburgh_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186
Ricketts, James H., life of, 318, 319;
quoted, 269;
var. orig. by, 158, 169, 175, 242, 243, 257, 262, 269,
298, 302, 318, 319, 327, 357, 377, 402, 433, 434, 435,
455, 462, 464, 478, 493, 500, 501, 504, 505, 508, 519, 522
_Ricketts' Delaware Seedling No. 1_ (syn. of Raritan), 505
_Ricketts' Delaware Seedling No. 2_ (syn. of Putnam), 504
_Ricketts' No. 1_ (syn. of Downing), 242
_Ricketts' No. 37_ (syn. of Highland), 297
Riehl, E. A., var. orig. by, 255, 506
_Riehl's New Early Grape_ (syn. of Eclipse), 254
_Riehl's No. 10_ (syn. of Eclipse), 254
Riehl's Seedlings, 506
Riesenblatt, 506
_Riesling_ (syn. of Missouri Riesling), 349
_Riverbank_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117
_River grape_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117
_Riverside grape_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117
_Roanoke_ (syn. of Scuppernong), 399
Roanoke Red, 506
Robert Wylie, 506
Robeson, 507
Robeson, Mr., var. orig. by, 507
Robeson Seedling, 507
Robinson Unnamed Seedling, 507
Robusta, 507
Rochester, 388
_Rock grape_ (syn. of _V. rupestris_), 113
_Rock House Indian_ (syn. of Waterloo), 521
Rockingham, 507
Rockland Favorite, 507
Rockwood, 389
Roe, E. P., var. orig. by, 514
Roenbeck, 507
Roenbeck, Fred, var. orig. by, 439, 440, 462, 478
Rogers, A. D., quoted, 392
Rogers, Edward Staniford, life of, 390;
var. orig. by, 158, 170, 178, 263, 273, 276, 292,
330, 343, 346, 387, 390, 397, 424, 507, 508
Rogers' Hybrids discussed, 390
_Rogers' No. 1_ (syn. of Goethe), 276
_Rogers' No. 3_ (syn. of Massasoit), 343
_Rogers' No. 4_ (syn. of Wilder), 423
_Rogers' No. 5_, 507
_Rogers' No. 9_ (syn. of Lindley), 329
_Rogers' No. 13_, 507
_Rogers' No. 14_ (syn. of Gaertner), 272
_Rogers' No. 15_ (syn. of Agawam), 159
_Rogers' No. 19_ (syn. of Merrimac), 345
_Rogers' No. 22_ (syn. of Salem), 397
_Rogers' No. 24_, 507
_Rogers' No. 28_ (syn. of Requa), 387
_Rogers' No. 32_, 508
_Rogers' No. 39_ (syn. of Aminia), 170
_Rogers' No. 41_ (syn. of Essex), 263
_Rogers' No. 43_ (syn. of Barry), 178
_Rogers' No. 44_ (syn. of Herbert), 291
_Rogers' No. 53_ (syn. of Salem), 397
Rombrill, 508
Rommel, 393
Rommel, Jacob, life of, 352;
var. orig. by, 180, 260, 265, 270, 352, 434,
440, 441, 453, 456, 470, 475, 499, 518, 523, 525
_Rommel's Amber_ (syn. of Amber), 434
_Rommel's Etta_ (syn. of Etta), 265
_Rommel's No. 3_ (syn. of Etta), 265
_Rommel's No. 19_ (syn. of Black Taylor), 441
_Rommel's Taylor Seedling No. 10_ (syn. of Pearl), 499
_Rommel's Taylor Seedling No. 14_ (syn. of Montefiore), 351
Root worm (See Fidia)
Rosalie, 508
Roscoe, 508
Rose, 508
Rose, Alfred, var. orig. by, 167
Rose, Henry, mentioned, 84
Rose, Reuben, var. orig. by, 475
_Rose Colored Delaware_ (syn. of Delaware), 231
_Rose Grape_ (syn. of Bland), 441
_Rose of Tennessee_ (syn. of Catawba), 204
Roslyn, 508
Roswither, 508
Rot (See Black-rot)
_Rothrock of Prince_ (syn. of Alexander), 160
_Royal Isabella_ (syn. of Pierce), 500
Ruby, 508
Ruckland, 508
_Ruff_ (syn. of Delaware), 231
Rulander, 508
_Rulander_ (syn. of Louisiana), 331
Rupel, 509
Rupert, 509
Rustler, 509
Rusty Coat, 509
Rutland, 509
R. W. Munson, 394
Ryckman, G. E., cited, 78
_Saccharissa_ (syn. of La Crissa), 477
_Sacks of Wine_ (syn. of Harwood), 467
Sacksteder, J., var. orig. by, 475, 477, 478
_Sacrissa_ (syn. of La Crissa), 477
Sage, 395
Sage, Henry E., var. found by, 395
Saginaw, 509
St. Albans, 509
St. Augustine, 509
St. Catherine, 509
_St. Genevieve_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328
_St. Genevieve_ (syn. of Louisiana), 331
_St. Genevieve_ (syn. of Rulander), 508
St. Hilaire, 509
St. John, 509
St. Louis, 396
_Sainte-Helene_ (syn. of Isabella), 307
Salabra, 510
Salado, 510
Salem, 397
Salisbury, E. S., var. orig. by, 516
_Salisbury Violet_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186
Sally, 510
Salt Creek, 510
Saluda, 510
_Saluda_ (syn. of Isabella), 307
Salzer Earliest, 510
Salzer, John A., var. orig. by, 510
Samuels, 510
Samuels, M. M., var. orig. by, 520
Sanalba, 510
Sanborn, Jos. N., var. orig. by, 477
Sanbornton, 510
_Sanbornton_ (syn. of Isabella), 307
_Sanborton_ (syn. of Sanbornton), 510
_Sand-beach grape_ (syn. of _V. rupestris_), 113
_Sand grape_ (syn. of _V. longii_), 123
_Sand grape_ (syn. of _V. rupestris_), 113
San Jacinto, 510
Sanmelaska, 510
Sanmonta, 510
Sanrubra, 510
Santa Clara, 511
_Saratoga_ (syn. of Catawba), 204
_Saratoga_ (syn. of Fancher), 460
Saunders, Dr. William, var. orig. by, 323, 458
Saxe White Seedling, 511
Saxe, W. H., var. orig. by, 511
Schenck White, 511
Schiller, 511
Schmitz Seedling, 511
Scholl, Mrs., mentioned, 205
Schoonemunk, 511
Schraidt, Casper, var. orig. by, 190
_Schraidt's Seedling_ (syn. of Black Pearl), 189
Schroeder, Dr. H., var. orig. by, 437
_Schuylkill_ (syn. of Isabella), 307
_Schuylkill_ (syn. of Orwigsburg), 497
_Schuylkill Muscadel_ (syn. of Alexander), 160
_Schuylkill Muscadell_ (syn. of Alexander), 50
_Schuylkill Muscadine_ (syn. of Alexander), 160
_Schwarzeblauer Trollinger_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186
_Schwarzer Gutedel_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186
_Schwarzwelscher_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186
Scott, 511
_Scott_ (syn. of Ironclad), 306
Scott, Colonel, mentioned, 306
Scott, Gen. John, var. orig. by, 511
Scuppernong, 399
_Scuppernong_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 109
Scuppernong, origin of the word, 51
Secretary, 402
Secunda, 511
Seedlin, 511
_Seedling No. 502_ (syn. of Paradox), 498
Seeds, taxonomic value of, 103
Seelye, C. W., var. orig. by, 505
_Segar Box_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328
_Segar Box_ (syn. of Ohio (I)), 370
Segessman, G., var. orig. by, 511
Self-fertility, 104, 105
Self-sterility, 104, 105
Selma, 511
Senasqua, 403
Seneca, 511
Septimia, 512
Seward, 512
Sex, taxonomic value of, 104
_Shaker_ (syn. of Union Village), 415
Shala, 512
Sharon, 512
_Sharon_ (syn. of Cayuga), 208
Sharp Beak, 512
Shelby, 404
Shelley, Daniel, var. orig. by, 512
Shelley Seedling, 512
Shephard, Orlando, mentioned, 83
Shepherd, Mr., mentioned, 340
_Shepherd's Port Wine_ (syn. of York Madeira), 529
Sheppard, J, N., var. orig. by, 512
Sheppard Delaware, 512
Sheppard, 512
Sherman, 512
_Sherry_ (syn. of Devereaux), 235
_Sherry of the South_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328
Sheruah, 512
Shirland, W. W., mentioned, 83
Short, Miss R. R., var. orig. by, 524
Shull, J., var. orig. by, 512
_Shull No. 2_, 512
Shurtleff, Dr. S. A., var. orig. by, 512
Shurtleff Seedling, 512
Shuttleworth, mentioned, 148
Siglar, 513
Silkyfine, 513
Silvain, 513
Silver Dawn, 513
Simpson, J. H., mentioned, 113
Simpson, R., var. orig. by, 511
_Simpson's grape_ (syn. of _V. simpsoni_), 148
Sinawissa, 513
_Singleton_ (syn. of Catawba), 204
_Skunk grape_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150
_Skunnymunk_ (syn. of Schoonemunk), 511
_Skuppernong_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 109
Sloe, 513
Sluyter, Peter, quoted, 10
_Small German_ (syn. of York Madeira), 529
_Small grape_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138
Small Leaf, 513
_Smart's Elsingborough_ (syn. of Elsingburgh), 257
_Smart's Elsingburgh_ (syn. of Elsingburgh), 257
Smallwood, 513
Smallwood, E., var. orig. by, 513
Smith, Captain John, quoted, 31, 32
Smith, S. V., var. orig. by, 512
_Smooth Canyon Grape_ (syn. of _V. treleasei_), 122
Snelter, 513
Snelter, L., var. orig. by, 439, 513
Snow, Seward, var. orig. by, 356
Snowflake, 513
Solander Large Purple, 513
Solrupo, 513
Somerville, 513
Sophia, 513
Souland, 514
_Sour grape_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138
_Sour or Pungent Winter grape_ (syn. of _V. cordifolia_), 127
_Sour Winter grape_ (syn. of _V. cordifolia_), 127
_South California grape_ (syn. of _V. girdiana_), 136
South Carolina, 514
South Carolina, grapes in, 54
_Southern Aestivalis_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis bourquiniana_), 142
Southern Champion, 514
_Southern Fox grape_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 109
Southern region, 59, 60, 61
Spangler, A. M., var. orig. by, 461
Spaniards, American grape culture by, 6
_Spanish grape_ (syn. of _V. berlandieri_), 130
Species, blooming order of, 103;
botanical key to, 107, 108;
compared by Bartram, 98;
conspectus of, 107, 108;
resistance to Phylloxera, 5;
seed characters of, 103
Spencer, 514
Spencer, Henry B., var. orig. by, 434, 458, 509
_Sphaceloma ampelinum_ (See Anthracnose)
Spinosa, 514
Spofford, Dr., var. orig. by, 411
_Spofford Seedling_ (syn. of To-Kalon), 410
Spotswood, Alexander, mentioned, 8
Spotted Globe, 514
Springfield, 514
_Spring Mill Constantia_ (syn. of Alexander), 160
_Springstein_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328
Stayman, Dr. J., life of, 422;
quoted, 155, 422;
var. orig. by, 189, 230, 268, 337, 376, 378,
422, 423, 446, 450, 452, 460, 486, 491, 497, 499, 503, 513, 523
Stace, S., var. orig. by, 514
Stace White, 514
Standard, 405
Staples, Isaac, var. orig. by, 466
Stark-Star, 406
Steele, Paphro, var. found by, 285
_Steele's Seedling_ (syn. of Hartford), 284
Stelton, 514
Sterling, 514
Stetson, Amos W., var. orig. by, 444, 514
Stetson, Nahum, var. orig. by, 451
_Stetson No. 1_ (syn. of Cabot), 444
_Stetson's Seedling No. 4_ (syn. of Curtis), 451
Stetson's Seedlings, 514
Stewart, Philemon, mentioned, 365
Stewart, P., var. orig. by, 475, 515
Stinger, B. F., var. orig. by, 433
Stock, 112, 114, 121, 148
Stone, J. I., mentioned, 210
Storm King, 514
Strachey, William, quoted, 32
Stratton, Benjamin, var. orig. by, 467
Strawberry, 515
Striped Ruby, 515
Success, 515
Sugar Grape, 515
_Sugar grape_ (syn. of _V. rupestris_), 113
_Summer grape_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138
_Summer grape_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis lincecumii_), 141
Summer White, 515
Sumner, 515
_Sumpter_ (syn. of Devereaux), 235
_Sumpter_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328
Sunrise, 515
Superb, 407
Superior, 515
Supreme, 515
_Swamp grape_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138
Swatara, 515
Swedes, American grape culture by, 10
_Sweet Mountain grape_ (syn. of _V. monticola_), 116
_Sweet scented_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117
_Sweet scented grape_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117
_Sweet Winter grape_ (syn. of _V. cinerea_), 131
Sweetey, 515
Taft, 515
Talala, 516
Talequah, 516
_Tallman_ (syn. of Champion), 210
_Tallman's Seedling_ (syn. of Champion), 210
Tamala, 516
Tasker, Mr., mentioned, 50, 161
_Tasker's grape_ (syn. of Alexander), 160
Tatnall, Edward, var. orig. by, 470
Taylor, 408
Taylor, A., var. orig. by, 443
Taylor, Judge John, mentioned, 409
_Taylor Bullit_ (syn. of Taylor), 408
_Taylor's Seedling No. 14_ (syn of Montefiore), 351
Tekoma, 516
_Tekomah_ (syn. of Catawba), 204
Telegraph, 409
Tenderpulp, 516
Ten-Dollar-Prize, 516
Tendrils, continuous, 102;
intermittent, 102;
taxonomic value of, 102
Tennessee, 516
Tennessee, grapes in, 54
Tennessee Island, 516
Texas, 516
Texas Highland, 516
_Texas Panhandle Large Grape_ (syn. of _V. doaniana_), 137
_Texas Post-oak grape_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis lincecumii_), 141
Thacher, H., var. orig. by, 372
_The Beautiful_ (syn. of To-Kalon), 410
_The Black_ (syn. of Ohio (I)), 369
Themis, 516
Theodosia, 516
Theophile, 517
Thomas, 517
Thomas, Drury, var. found by, 517
Thompson, Abram, mentioned, 232
Thompson, David, var. orig. by, 460, 517
Thompson, Mr., var. orig. by, 517
Thompson, R. O., var. orig. by, 517
Thompson, W., var. orig. by, 514
Thompson Red Seedling, 517
Thompson's Seedlings, 517
Thompson Wine, 517
Thorne, Mr., var. orig. by, 267
_Thurmond_ (syn. of Devereaux), 235
_Thurmond_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328
Thurlow, Thomas C., var. orig. by, 459
Tinker, Dr. G. L., var. orig. by, 494
Tishomingo, 517
Togni, 517
To-Kalon, 410
_Tokay_ (syn. of Catawba), 204
_Tolman_ (syn. of Champion), 210
_Tolman's Seedling_ (syn. of Champion), 210
Tonkawa, 518
Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de, life of, 95;
mentioned, 118
_Traminer_ (syn. of Delaware), 231
Transparent, 518
Trask, 518
_Trask_ (syn. of Brighton), 191
Trask, Jas. W., var. orig. by, 507
Triumph, 411
Triumphant, 518
_Troller_ (syn. Black Hamburg), 186
Trollinger, 518
_Trollinger_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186
Trowbridge, 518
Troy, 518
_Troy Hamburg_ (syn. of Troy), 518
_True Frost grape_ (syn. of _V. cordifolia_), 127
_Tryon_ (syn. of York Madeira), 529
Tryone, 518
Tucker, Mr., var. orig. by, 473
_Tucker's Parker_ (syn. of Ithaca), 473
Tuckerman, 518
Tuckerman, J. B., var. orig. by, 442, 511, 518
_Tuley_ (syn. of Devereaux), 235
_Turkey grape_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis lincecumii_), 141
Tuskahoma, 518
_Two-colored-leaved vine_ (syn. of _V. bicolor_), 144
_Typhlocyba comes_ (See Grape leaf-hopper)
Tyrker, mentioned, 30
U. B., 518
Uhland, 518
Uller Mammoth, 518
Ulrey, 519
Ulster, 414
_Ulster Prolific_ (syn. of Ulster), 414
Una, 519
_Uncinula necator_ (See Powdery mildew)
Underhill, 519
Underhill, Dr. A. K., var. orig. by, 519
Underhill, Robert, life of, 226;
mentioned, 23, 24
Underhill, R. T., life of, 226;
mentioned, 24
Underhill, Stephen W., life of, 26;
var. orig. by, 184, 185, 226, 404, 473
Underhill, William A., life of, 226;
mentioned, 24
_Underhill's Celestial_ (syn. of Underhill), 519
_Underhill's seedling_ (syn. of Underhill), 519
_Underhill's 8-8 Hybrid_ (syn. of Black Defiance), 184
_Underhill's 8-12_ (syn. of Black Eagle), 185
Undine, 519
Union village, 415
Universal, 519
_Uno_ (syn. of Juno), 475
Urbana, 519
_Urbana_ (syn. of Logan), 481
Ursula, 519
_Uva Fragola_ (syn. of Isabella), 307
Vahl, Martin, cited, 126;
life of, 125
Valencia, 519
Valentine, 519
_Valentines_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186
Valhallah, 519
Valiant, W., var. orig. by, 524
Valk, Dr. William W., mentioned, 56;
var. orig. by, 433
_Valk's Seedling_ (syn. of Ada), 433
Valle, John, var. orig. by, 464, 493
_Valle's White Concord_ (syn. of Golden Concord), 464
_Valley grape_ (syn. of _V. girdiana_), 136
Valverde, 519
VanDeman, 519
Van Deman, H. E., quoted, 371
Vanderburgh, 519
Van Lindley, J., var. orig. by, 315
Van Wormer, E. L., var. found by, 201
_Variable grape_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150
Venango, 520
Vergennes, 416
Vergil, quoted, 2, 3, 303
Vermont, 520
Vermont Giant, 520
Vermorel, 520
_Vernet_ (syn. of Isabella), 307
Vesta, 520
_Vevay_ (syn. of Alexander), 160
Viala, 520
Viala, P., cited, 229
Vialla, 520
Vibert, M., var. orig. by, 503
Victoria, 418, 520
_Victoria_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186
Villars, Charles, cited, 20
Vine and Olive Colony, 20, 21
Vine Arbor, 520
_Vine Wood grape_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis lincecumii_), 141
Vinita, 520
Vinland, 29
Vinrouge, 520
Virginia, 521
Virginia, grapes in, 8, 14, 31, 32, 33, 38;
wine in, 8, 40
_Virginia Amber_ (syn. of Catawba), 204
_Virginia grape_ (syn. of _V. rubra_), 125
_Virginia Muscadell_ (syn. of Bland), 441
_Virginia Seedling_ (syn. of Norton), 366
Viticulture of New York, 68
Vitis, characters of, 28
classification of, 107, 108
classified by Rafinesque, 100
described by Linnaeus, 95, 96;
by Marshall, 96;
by Michaux, 97;
by Nuttall, 98, 99;
by Tournefort, 95;
by Walter, 96, 97
distribution of, 26
genus of, 95
number of species of, 106
sexual status of, 104
_Vitis acerifolia_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 109
_aestivalis_, 108, 138;
(syn. of _V. bicolor_), 144;
(syn. of _V. riparia_), 117
_Vitis aestivalis bourquiniana_, 142
_lincecumii_, 140
var. _bicolor_ (syn. of _V. bicolor_), 145
_canescens_ (syn. of _V. cinerea_), 131
_canescens_ (syn. of _V. cinerea canescens_), 133
_cinerea_ (syn. of _V. cinerea_), 131
_Lincecumii_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis lincecumii_), 141
_monticola_ (syn. of _V. berlandieri_), 130
_Americana_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138
_angulata_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 109
_araneosus_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138
_Argentifolia_ (syn. of _V. bicolor_), 144
_Arizonensis_ (syn. of _V. arizonica_), 133
_arizonica_, 107, 133
_arizonica glabra_, 134
_Arizonica_ var. _glabra_ (syn. of _V. arizonica glabra_), 134
_baileyana_, 107, 129
_berlandieri_, 107, 130
_bicolor_, 108, 144
_blanda_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150
_blandi_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150
_Bourquina_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis bourquiniana_), 142
_Bourquiniana_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis bourquiniana_), 142
_bracteata_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138
_californica_, 107, 135
_Californica_ (syn. of _V. arizonica_), 133
var. _Girdiana_ (syn. of _V. girdiana_), 136
_callosa_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117
_Canadensis aceris folio_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117
_candicans_, 108, 147;
as stock, 148
_coriacea_, 148
_Florida form_ (syn. of _V. candicans coriacea_), 148
_canina_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150
_caribæa_, 108, 146
_Caribea_ (syn. of _V. candicans coriacea_), 148
_caribea_ var. _coriacea_ (syn. of _V. candicans coriacea_), 148
_champini_, 107, 124
_cinerea_, 107, 131
_canescens_, 133
_floridana_, 133
var. _canescens_ (syn. of _V. cinerea canescens_), 133
_Floridana_ (syn. of _V. cinerea floridana_), 133
_cordifolia_ 107, 127; (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117
_coriacea_ (syn. of _V. berlandieri_), 130
_foetida_, 128
_helleri_, 129
_sempervirens_, 129
_cordifolia_ var. (syn. of _V. cordifolia helleri_), 129
_foetida_ (syn. of _V. cordifolia foetida_), 128
_Helleri_ (syn. of _V. cordifolia helleri_), 129
_riparia_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117
_sempervirens_ (syn. of _V. cordifolia sempervirens_), 129
_coriacea_ (syn. of _V. candicans coriacea_), 148
_dimidiata_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117
_diversifolia_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis lincecumii_), 140
_doaniana_, 108, 137
_ferruginea_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150
_Floridana_ (syn. of _V. munsoniana_), 112
_Floridana_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 109
_girdiana_, 108, 136
_hyemalis_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117
_Illinoensis_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117
_incisa_ (syn. of _V. cordifolia_), 127;
(syn. of _V. riparia_), 117;
(syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 108
_incisifolia_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis lincecumii_), 141
_intermedia_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138;
(syn. of _V. riparia_), 117
_labrusca_, 4, 102, 108, 149
_Labrusca_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138;
(syn. of V. _cordifolia_), 127
_labrusca_ var. _aestivalis_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138
_Labrusca var._ _alba_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150
_nigra_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150
_rosea_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150
_labruscoides_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150
_latifolia_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150
_linsecomii_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis lincecumii_), 140
_longii_, 107, 123
_longii microsperma_, 123
_luteola_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150
_Missouriensis_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117
_monosperma_ (syn. of _V. rubra_), 125
_monticola_, 107, 116;
(syn. of _V. berlandieri_), 130
_multiloba_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis lincecumii_), 140
_munsoniana_, 107, 112
_muscadina_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 108
_Mustangensis_ (syn. of _V. candicans_), 147
_Nortoni_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138;
(syn. of Cynthiana), 228
_Novo Mexicana_ (syn. of _V. longii_), 123;
var. (syn. of _V. longii microsperma_), 123
_Nuevo Mexicana_ (syn. of _V. longii_), 123
_obovata_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150
_occidentalis_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138;
(syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150
_odoratissima_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117;
(syn. of _V. riparia præcox_), 121
_Palmata_ (syn. of _V. rubra_), 125
_peltata_ (syn. of _V. munsoniana_), 112;
(syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 109
_prolifera_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150
_pullaria_ (syn. of _V. cordifolia_), 127
_riparia_, 107, 117;
(syn. of _V. arizonica_), 133
var. _palmata_ (syn. of _V. rubra_), 125
_præcox_, 121
_rotundifolia_, 50, 51, 107, 108
_rubra_, 107, 125
_rugosa_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150
_rupestris_, 70, 71, 107, 113, 114
_dissecta_, 115
var. _dissecta_ (syn. of _V. rupestris dissecta_), 115
_serotina_ (syn. of _V. cordifolia_), 127;
(syn. of _V. riparia_), 117
_simpsoni_, 108, 148
_Solonis_ (syn. of _V. longii_), 123
var. _microsperma_ (syn. of _V. longii microsperma_), 123
_sylvestris_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138;
(syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150
_Virginiana_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 149
_taurina_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 149;
(syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 108
_tenuifolia_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117
_Texana_ (syn. of _V. monticola_), 116
_treleasei_, 107, 122
_verrucosa_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 108
_vinifera_, 3, 4, 25, 108, 154
_americana_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138
_sylvestris americana_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 149
_Virginiana_ (syn. of _V. baileyana_), 129;
(syn. of _V. cordifolia_), 127; (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117
_virginiana_ (syn. of _V. rubra_), 125
_Virginiensis_ (syn. of _V. rubra_), 125
_vulpina_ (syn. of _V. aestivalis_), 138;
(syn. of _V. cordifolia_), 127;
(syn. of _V. labrusca_), 149;
(syn. of _V. riparia_), 117;
(syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 108
var. _cordifolia_ (syn. of _V. cordifolia_), 127
_præcox_ (syn. of _V. riparia præcox_), 121
Vivie, M., var. orig. by, 521
Vivie Hybrid, 521
_Vivie's Hartford_ (syn. of Vivie Hybrid), 521
Waddel, 521
Waddel, John F., var. orig. by, 521
Waldo, J. B., var. orig. by, 521
Waldo Seedling, 521
Wales, 521
Wallis, Henry, cited, 396;
mentioned, 295
Walter, 419
Walter, Thomas, life of, 96
Waneta, 521
Wapanuka, 421
Ward, Edmund, var. orig. by, 446
Warder, J. A., mentioned, 311;
var. orig. by, 452
Warmita, 521
_Warner's_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186
_Warner's Black Hamburgh_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186
_Warner's Hamburgh_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186
Warren, 521
_Warren_ (syn. of Herbemont), 288
_Warren_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328
_Warrenden_ (syn. of Herbemont), 288
_Warrenton_ (syn. of Herbemont), 288
_Warty grape_ (syn. of _V. rotundifolia_), 109
Washington, 521
_Washington_ (syn. of Doder), 454
_Washington_ (syn. of Eumelan), 266
Washita, 521
Wasserzieher, Otto, var. orig. by, 363
Waterloo, 521
Waterman, N. M., var. orig. by, 445
Watertown, 521
_Watertown_ (syn. of Laura), 478
Watova, 522
Waubeck, 522
Waverly, 522
W. B. Munson, 522
Webb Grape, 522
Webb, Samuel, var. orig. by, 522
Weeks, Dr. Cyrus, var. orig. by, 522
Weeks Seedling, 522
Weidmeyer, Wm., var. orig. by, 518
_Weissholziger Trollinger_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186
Weller, Sidney, var. orig. by, 466
_Weller's Halifax_ (syn. of Halifax), 466
Wells, 522
_Wells_ (syn. of Spencer), 514
Wells, Mr., var. orig. by, 522
_Wells Seedling_ (syn. of Arkansaw), 435
_Wells' Seedling_ (syn. of Wells), 522
_Wells White_ (syn. of Spencer), 514
_Welscher_ (syn. of Black Hamburg), 186
_Wemple_ (syn. of Cuyahoga), 451
Wemple, Mr., var. found by, 451
_Wemple's Seedling_ (syn. of Cuyahoga), 451
Western Beauty, 522
Western region, 59, 60, 61
Wetumka, 522
Wewoka, 522
Wheaton, 522
Wheaton, John C., var. orig. by, 481, 522
White, Nelson Bonney, life of, 364;
var. orig. by, 166, 172, 364, 369, 374, 437, 440, 472, 476, 495
White, Hugh, mentioned, 215
White Ann Arbor, 523
White Beauty, 523
White Cape, 523
_White Catawba_ (syn. of Catawba), 204
White Clinton, 523
White Cloud, 523
White Delaware, 523
_White Delaware_ (syn. of White Clinton), 523
White Elizabeth, 523
White English, 524
_White Fox_ (syn. of _V. labrusca_), 150
_White grape_ (syn. of _V. monticola_), 116
Whitehall, 524
_White Herbemont_ (syn. of Herbemont), 288
White Imperial, 422
_White Isabella_ (syn. of White Elizabeth), 523
White Jewel, 524
_White Moline_ (syn. of Newburgh Muscat), 493
White Mountain, 524
White Muscadine, 524
_White Muscadine_ (syn. of Scuppernong), 399
_White Muscat of Newburgh_ (syn. of Newburgh Muscat), 493
White Musk, 524
_White's Northern Muscadine_ (syn. of White Northern Muscat), 524
White Northern Muscat, 524
White Norton, 524
White Rose, 524
_White Scuppernong_ (syn. of Scuppernong), 399
White Sugar, 524
White Tennessee, 524
White Ulster, 524
_White Virginia Seedling_ (syn. of White Norton), 524
Wier, D. H., var. orig. by, 477
Wilcox, 525
Wilder, 423
Wilder, Marshall P., quoted, 391;
var. orig. by, 489
_Wild Grape_ (syn. of _V. californica_), 135
_Wild green Muscadine_ (syn. of Scuppernong), 399
Wilding, 525
Wilkins, O. Fitzalwyn, var. orig. by, 525
Wilkins Seedling, 525
Willard, 525
Williamson, 525
Williamsport, 525
William Wine, 525
Willie, 525
_Willie Bell_ (syn. of Bell), 181
Willis, 525
Willis Fredonia, 525
Willis Large Black, 525
Wilmington, 526
_Wilmington Red_ (syn. of Wyoming), 431
_Wilmington White_ (syn. of Wilmington), 526
Winchell, 425
Winchell, C. E., mentioned, 426
Winchester, 526
Windsor, 526
Wine, 53, 62;
color of, 62, 63;
how made, 62, 63;
kinds of, 63;
production of in U. S., 63, 64
Winedrop, 526
_Wine Grape_ (syn. of Delaware), 231
_Wine grape_ (syn. of V. vinifera), 154
Wine House, 526
Wine King, 526
Wineland, 30
Wine-making, 55;
premiums for, 7
Wingworth, G., var. orig. by, 509
_Winne_ (syn. of Alexander), 160
Winona, 526
Winslow, 526
Winslow, Charles, var. orig. by, 526
Winslow, Governor Edward, quoted, 35
_Winter grape_ (syn. of _V. berlandieri_), 130
_Winter grape_ (syn. of _V. bicolor_), 145
_Winter grape_ (syn. of _V. cordifolia_), 127
_Winter grape_ (syn. of _V. riparia_), 117
Winter Wine, 526
Winthrop, John, mentioned, 13
Witherbee, J. G., var. found by, 157
Witt, 526
Witt, Michael, var. orig. by, 526
_Wolfe_ (syn. of York Madeira), 529
Wood, William, quoted, 35
Woodbury, 526, 527
Woodbury, D. B., var. orig. by, 526
_Woodbury White_ (syn. of Woodbury), 526
Woodcock Seedling, 527
Woodford, 527
Woodriver, 527
Woodruff, 427
Woodruff, C. H., var. orig. by, 428, 494, 523
Woodruff, W. W., var. orig. by, 459
_Woodruff's No. 1_ (syn. of Etawa), 459
_Woodruff Red_ (syn. of Woodruff), 427
Woodson, 527
_Woodward_ (syn. of Isabella), 307
Woodward, A. W., var. orig. by, 386
Woodward, W. A., var. found by, 511
_Wooly Riparia_ (syn. of _V. longii_), 123
Worden, 429
Worden, Schuyler, var. orig. by, 430
_Worden's Seedling_ (syn. of Worden), 429
_Worthington_ (syn. of Clinton), 213
_Wylie_ (syn. of Lenoir), 328
Wylie, Dr. A. P., life of, 182, 183;
var. orig. by, 182, 462, 463, 474, 486, 491, 500, 506, 527, 528
Wylie's Seedlings, 527, 528
Wyman, 527
_Wyman_ (syn. of To-Kalon), 410
_Wyman's Seedling_ (syn. of Wyman), 527
Wynant, 527
Wyoming, 431, 527
_Wyoming Red_ (syn. of Wyoming), 431
Xenia, 528
Xlnta, 528
Yellow-leaf (See Chlorosis)
_Yellow Muscadine_ (syn. of Scuppernong), 399
Yoakum, 528
Yomago, 528
Yonkers, 528
_Yonkers Honey Dew_ (syn. of Honey Dew), 469
York Claret, 528
York Lisbon, 529
_York Lisbon_ (syn. of Alexander), 160
York Madeira, 529
Young, Frank L., var. orig. by, 483
Young America, 529
_Youngken's Honey Dew_ (syn. of Honey Dew), 469
_Yunker's Honey Dew_ (syn. of Honey Dew), 469
Zane, 529
Zane, Mr., var. orig. by, 529
Zelia, 529
Zinnia, 529
Zita, 529
Zoe, 529
* * * * *
FOOTNOTES:
[1] De Candolle, Alphonse. _Origin of Cultivated Plants_: 191. 1882.
[2] Translation of Dryden.
[3] Perhaps the most marked distinguishing feature between ancient and
modern grape-growing is the training of vines to trees as indicated in
the above verse. Pliny says of this practice: "In Campania they attach
the vine to the poplar; embracing the tree to which it is thus wedded,
the vine grasps the branches with its amorous arms, and as it climbs,
holds on with its knotted trunk till it has reached the very summit; the
height being sometimes so stupendous that the vintager when hired, is
wont to stipulate for his funeral pile and grave at the owner's
expense."
[4] Bailey gives the following interpretation of the word "fox" and its
derivatives as applied to grapes: "The term fox-grape was evidently
applied to various kinds of native grapes in the early days, although it
is now restricted to the _Vitis labrusca_ of the Atlantic slope. Several
explanations have been given of the origin of the name fox-grape, some
supposing that it came from a belief that foxes eat the grapes, others
that the odor of the grape suggests that of the fox--an opinion to which
Beverly subscribed nearly two centuries ago--and still others thinking
that it was suggested by some resemblance of the leaves to a fox's
track. William Bartram, writing at the beginning of this century, in the
Medical Repository, is pronounced in his convictions: 'The strong,
rancid smell of its ripe fruit, very like the effluvia arising from the
body of the fox, gave rise to the specific name of this vine, and not,
as many have imagined, from its being the favourite food of the animal;
for the fox (at least the American species) seldom eats grapes or other
fruit if he can get animal food.' I am inclined to suggest, however,
that the name may have originated from the lively foxing or intoxicating
qualities of the poor wine which was made from the wild grapes. At the
present day we speak of 'foxiness' when we wish to recall the musk-like
flavor of the wild _Vitis labrusca_; but this use of the term is of
later origin, and was suggested by the name of the grape." Bailey, L. H.
_Evolution of Our Native Fruits_: 5. 1898.
[5] The phylloxera (_Phylloxera vastatrix_ Planch.) has four forms: the
leaf-gall form, the root form, the winged form, and the sexual form.
Individual leaf insects produce from 500 to 600 eggs, the root insect
about 100, the winged insect from 3 to 8, and the sexual insect but 1.
The last is laid in the fall on old wood; the following spring a louse
hatches from it and at once goes to the upper surface of a leaf and
inserts its beak. The irritation thus produced causes a gall to form on
the lower side of the leaf. In fifteen days the louse becomes a
full-grown wingless female and proceeds to fill the gall with eggs after
which it dies. In about a week females hatch from the eggs and migrate
to form new colonies. Several generations of females occur in a summer.
At the approach of winter the lice go into the ground where they remain
dormant until spring when they attack the roots forming galls analogous
to those on the leaves and passing through a series of generations
similar to those above ground. In the fall of the second year some of
the root forms give rise to winged females which fly to neighboring
vines. These lay eggs in groups of two or four on the wood of the grape.
The eggs are of two sizes; from the smaller size, males hatch in nine or
ten days; from the larger, females. In the sexual stage no food is taken
and the insects quickly pair. The female produces an egg which fills its
entire body and after three or four days lays it, this being the winter
egg, the beginning of the cycle.
There are no remedies worthy the name and the only efficient preventive
is to graft susceptible varieties on resistant stocks. Species are
resistant about in the order named: _V. rotundifolia_, _V. riparia_, _V.
rupestris_, _V. cordifolia_, _V. berlandieri_, _V. cinerea_, _V.
aestivalis_, _V. candicans_, _V. labrusca_, _V. vinifera_.
[6] Delaware wrote as follows: "In every boske and hedge, and not farr
from our pallisade gates we have thousands of goodly vines running along
and leaving to every tree, which yealds a plentiful grape in their
kinde. Let me appeale, then, to knowledge if these naturall vines were
planted, dressed and ordered by skilfull vinearoons, whether we might
not make a perfect grape and fruitfull vintage in short time?"
Delaware's Relation. _Brown's Genesis of the United States._ 1611.
[7] Discourse of the Old Company, _British State Papers_, Vol. III:40
See _Virginia Magazine of History_, Vol. I:159.
[8] Laws and Orders of Assembly, Feb. 16, 1623. _McDonald Papers_, Vol.
I:97. Va. State Library.
[9] The clause in this act reads: "That all workers upon corne and
tobacco shall this spring plant five vyne plants per pol, and the next
year, before the first day of March, 20 per pol, upon penaltie to
forfeite one barrell of corne for every one that shall make default."
[10] Roger Beverly, writing a century later, describes the early
grape-growing in Virginia as follows: "The Year before the Massacre,
_Anno_ 1622, which destroyed so many good projects for Virginia; some
French vignerons were sent thither to make an experiment of their vines.
These people were so in love with the country, that the character they
then gave of it in their letters to the company in England, was very
much to its advantage, namely: 'That it far excelled their own country
of _Languedoc_, The vines growing in great abundance and variety all
over the land; that some of the grapes were of that unusual bigness,
that they did not believe them to be grapes, until by opening them they
had seen their kernels; that they had planted the cuttings of their
vines at Michaelmas, and had grapes from those very cuttings, the spring
following. Adding in the conclusion, that they had not heard of the like
in any other country.' Neither was this out of the way, for I have made
the same experiment, both of their natural vine, and of the plants sent
thither from England." _Beverly's Virginia_, Second Edition: 107. 1722.
[11] Fiske, John. _Old Virginia and Her Neighbors._ Vol. II:372, 385.
[12] _American Farmer_, Baltimore, 11:35. 1829-30. _Ib._, 12:396.
1830-31.
[13] Dankers, Jasper, and Sluyter, Peter. _Journal of a Voyage to New
York in 1679-80_: 130.
[14] _Documents Relating to the Colonial History of the State of New
York_, Holland Documents, 1603-1656. Vol. I:277.
[15] The grant of the bounty is recorded in Volume II, _Deeds of New
York_, page 87, on file in the office of the Secretary of State at
Albany. It runs as follows:--
"Whereas Paul Richards an inhabitant of this Citty of New York hath made
knowne to mee his intent to plant vines at a certaine Plantation that
hee hath upon Long Island, called the little ffiefe, which if it
succeed, may redound very much to the future benefitt and advantage of
the inhabitants within this Government; and in regard, it will require
much labour and a considerable charge to provide vines and to p'pare the
ground and make it fitt for production of wines; ffor an Encouragemt to
the said Paul Richards in his proceedings therein, I have thought fitt
to grant unto him these following privileges (viz.)
"That all wines of the growth of such vines as the said Paul Richards
shall plant, or cause to bee planted at the place aforesaid, shall be
free from any kind of impositions for ever if sold in grosse, and not by
retaile:
"That the said Paul Richards, his heirs, executors, or assignes shall
have the privilege to have such wines sold by retaile in any one house
in New York for the term of thirty years to come, from the time of the
first selling of his wines, free from all imposts or excise:
"That every person who shall hereafter for thirty years to come, plant
vines within any place in this Government, shall upon the first yeares
improvement pay unto the said Paul Richards, his heirs, executors, or
assignes, five shillings for every acre so planted as an acknowledgement
of his being the first undertaker and planter of vines in these parts.
For the confirmacon of the privileges above specified, I have hereunto
put my hand and seale.
"Given at ffort James in New York this 10th day of January, 1664. RIC.
NICOLLS."
[16] Bellomont's letter is as follows: "As to propagating vines in these
plantations to supply all of the dominions of the Crown, I can easily
make that appear. In the first place Nature has given us an index in
these Plantations that points to us what may be done in that by the help
of art. There grows wild grapes in all of the woods here in very great
abundance; I have observed them in many places but especially above
Albany on the side of the Hudson river where the vines all along twine
around great trees and fair clusters of grapes appear sometimes above 30
foot from the ground. I have eaten of the wild grapes which I thought
tastefull enough, only somewhat harsh as an effect of their wildness."
Then follows an account of how the French had previously made wine in
Canada but that the Court of France had forbade its being made fearing
that it might be prejudicial to the wine trade of the French. Earl of
Bellomont to the Lords of Trade, Nov. 28, 1700. _Documents Relating to
Colonial History of the State of New York_, 4:787.
[17] Francis Higginson wrote in 1630: "excellent Vines are here up and
downe in the Woods. Our Governour hath already planted a Vineyard with
great hope of encrease."
[18] Bellomont records that a company of French immigrants had made good
wine in Rhode Island toward the close of the 17th century but they were
driven out of the Colony by the English and the industry ceased. _N. Y.
Col. Doc._, 4:787.
[19] _American Farmer_, Baltimore, 10:387. 1828-29.
[20] _American Farmer_, Baltimore, 10:387. 1828-29. _Ib._, 11:172.
1829-30.
[21] Vol. I:117-198. 1769-71.
[22] All that is known of the life of Edward Antill is found in
_Johnson's Rural Economy_ where he is spoken of as "Mr. Antill, late of
Middlesex County, New-Jersey, a gentleman who cultivated the grape with
sedulous attention." _Johnson's Rural Economy_: 164. 1806.
[23] Legaux's paper is found as a treatise on the cultivation of the
vine in _The True American_ of March 24, 1800. The article contains
about 2000 words, the main part of it being "A Statement of the Expense
and Income of a Vineyard, Made on Four Acres of Land, situated in
Pennsylvania, in the 40th Degree of Latitude."
Of Legaux's life, little is known, other than that he was a French
vine-grower with an experimental vineyard, as he says in the above
article, at "Spring Mill, 13 miles N. N. W. from Philadelphia." Johnson
speaks of Legaux as a philanthropist; McMahon calls him a "gentleman of
Worth and Science"; while Rafinesque accuses him of fraud and deception
in the matter of calling the native grapes Bland and Alexander,
_Madeira_ and _Cape_.
Judging the man from his article in _The True American_ and from the
words of his contemporaries, he was a capable, enthusiastic and
intelligent grape-grower. His philanthropy is more doubtful. It is true
that he distributed many grape plants but as he himself says to "fellow
citizens possessing pecuniary means." That he practiced deceit in the
matter of the introduction of the Alexander as the Cape is probable.
However, his deceit, if such it were, may be forgotten and he should be
remembered as the chief disseminator of the Alexander, the first
distinctive American variety of commercial value.
[24] _The True American_, March 24, 1800.
[25] Johnson, S. W., _Rural Economy_: 156. New Brunswick, N. J., 1806.
[26] John James Dufour, born in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, in
1763, came to America in 1796 to engage in grape-growing and
wine-making. An account of his work is given in the text. In 1826 Dufour
published the _Vine Dresser's Guide_, which became the authority on the
culture of this fruit at that time. Dufour must be remembered for this
book, for the dissemination of the Cape or Alexander grape, and as one
of the pioneer vineyardists and wine-makers of the New World.
[27] Dufour, John James. _Vine Dresser's Guide_: 307. 1826.
[28] _U. S. Statutes at Large_, 3:374.
[29] _American State Papers_, Public Lands, 3:396.
[30] For fuller accounts of this dramatic episode in French and American
history, and in American agriculture, see: _The Napoleonic Exiles in
America_, J. S. Reeves, Johns Hopkins University Studies, 23 Series, pp.
530-656; _The Bonapartists in Alabama_, A. B. Lyon, _Gulf State
Historical Magazine_, March, 1903; _The French Grant in Alabama_, G.
Whitfield Jr., _Ala. Hist. Soc._, Vol. IV; _The Vine and Olive Colony_,
T. C. McCorvey, _Alabama Historical Reports_, April, 1885.
[31] The last official account of this colony in the records of the
United States Government is found in _American State Papers_, Vol. III.
"In a letter of Frederick Ravesies to the treasury department dated
January 18, 1828, is the following: 'We have suffered severely from the
unparalleled drought of the last summer; many of our largest and finest
looking vines, which had just commenced bearing luxuriantly, were
totally killed by the dry hot weather. Yet, notwithstanding this
misfortune, the grantees, with increased diligence, are using every
exertion to procure others which are thought to be more congenial to the
soil and climate, and are now generally engaged in replanting.'" Quoted
from _Studies in Southern and Alabama History_, 1904:131.
[32] William Robert Prince, fourth proprietor of the Prince Nursery and
Linnæan Botanic Garden, Flushing, Long Island, was born in 1795 and died
in 1869. Prince was without question the most capable horticulturist of
his time and an economic botanist of note. His love of horticulture and
botany was a heritage from at least three paternal ancestors, all noted
in these branches of science, and all of whom he apparently surpassed in
mental capacity, intellectual training and energy. He was a prolific
writer, being the author of three horticultural works which will always
take high rank among those of Prince's time. These were: _A Treatise on
the Vine_, _Pomological Manual_, in two volumes, and the _Manual of
Roses_, beside which he was a lifelong contributor to the horticultural
press. All of Prince's writings are characterized by a clear, vigorous
style and by accuracy in statement. His works are almost wholly lacking
the ornate and pretentious furbelows of most of his contemporaries
though it must be confessed that he fell into the then common fault of
following European writers somewhat slavishly. During the lifetime of
Wm. R. Prince, and that of his father Wm. Prince, who died in 1842, the
Prince Nursery at Flushing was the center of the horticultural nursery
interests of the country; it was the clearing-house for foreign and
American horticultural plants, for new varieties and for information
regarding plants of all kinds.
[33] Prince, Wm. R. _A Treatise on the Vine_: 337. 1830.
[34] Nicholas Longworth, known as the "father of American grape
culture", was born in 1783, in Newark, New Jersey. At an early age he
went West making his home in Cincinnati where he became a lawyer,
banker, and a man of large business affairs in what was then the far
frontier. From his boyhood Longworth was interested in horticulture and
as a young man became greatly interested in native grapes. He was one of
the men to whom John Adlum sent the Catawba and he became its
disseminator and a promoter for the region in which he lived, making
this grape the first great American grape and Cincinnati the center of
the foremost grape-growing region of the Continent. He was the first
vineyardist to make wine on a large scale and perfected methods of
making wine from the native grapes so that the product was comparable to
that from the best wine cellars of Europe. Longworth introduced the
first cultivated variety of the wild black raspberry, _Rubus
occidentalis_, under the name of the Ohio Everbearing. His interest in
the strawberry was second only to that in the grape and he not only did
much to encourage its cultivation in America but also, after a long
controversy with horticulturists and botanists, fully established the
fact that many varieties of this fruit are infertile with themselves and
that under cultivation infertile varieties must have sorts planted near
them capable of cross-pollinating them. Longworth took a deep interest
in horticulture generally and gathered about him a group of pioneer
horticulturists who did much for American fruit-growing in the middle of
the nineteenth century, in many respects molding and guiding the
horticulture of that time in this country. Longworth wrote much for the
contemporary horticultural magazines and published two small books,
"_The Cultivation of the Grape and Manufacture of Wine_" and "_Character
and Habits of the Strawberry Plant_." He died in 1863, aged 80, at
Cincinnati, one of the most distinguished, enterprising and wealthy
citizens of his State. For further discussion of his life see Bailey's
_Evolution of Our Native Fruits_: 61-65. 1898.
[35] Probably the northern part of the vine region of France; the Jura
mountains are in the east central part.
[36] _Transactions New York State Agricultural Society_, 6:689. 1846.
[37] Fuller, Andrew S. _Record of Horticulture_: 21. 1866.
[38] There is a wild grape vine (probably _Vitis aestivalis_) near
Daphne, Alabama, on the shores of Mobile Bay, known as the "General
Jackson vine" because of General Jackson having camped under it during
the war with the Seminole Indians in 1817-18, which for age and size is
truly remarkable. Mr. E. Q. Norton of Daphne writes of this vine as
follows: "There is little known regarding the Jackson grape vine beyond
the fact that the oldest man living here when I came here--20 years
ago--told me that the Indians told him when he came here as a boy--90
years ago--that the vine was at that time an old one, which had been
growing longer than any of them could remember. It was 27 inches through
the trunk, four feet above the ground, when I measured it ten years
since, and the vines were running over the surrounding trees for many
rods. The grapes were very small, quite hard and not very juicy."
[39] The following is an account of the discovery of grapes in Vinland
translated from the Icelandic manuscript by Reeves:
"When they had completed their house Leif said to his companions, 'I
propose now to divide our company into two groups, and to set about an
exploration of the country; one half of our party shall remain at home
at the house, while the other half shall investigate the land, and they
must not go beyond a point from which they can return home the same
evening, and are not to separate. Thus they did for a time; Leif
himself, by turns, joined the exploring party or remained behind at the
house. * * *
"It was discovered one evening that one of their party was missing, and
this proved to be Tyrker the German. Leif was sorely troubled by this,
for Tyrker had lived with Leif and his father for a long time, and had
been very devoted to Leif, when the latter was a child. Leif severely
reprimanded his companions, and prepared to go in search of him, taking
twelve men with him. They had proceeded but a short distance from the
house, when they were met by Tyrker, whom they received most cordially.
Leif observed at once that his foster-father was in lively spirits. * *
* Leif addressed him, and asked: 'Wherefore art thou so belated,
foster-father mine, and astray from the others'. In the beginning Tyrker
spoke for some time in German, rolling his eyes, and grinning, and they
could not understand him; but after a time he addressed them in the
Northern tongue: 'I did not go much further [_than you_], and yet I have
something of novelty to relate. I have found vines and grapes.' 'Is this
indeed true, foster-father?' said Leif. 'Of a certainty it is true',
quoth he, 'for I was born where there is not lack of either grapes or
vines.' They slept the night through, and on the morrow Leif said to his
shipmates: 'We will now divide our labours, and each day will either
gather grapes or cut vines and fell trees, so as to obtain a cargo of
these for my ship.' They acted upon this advice, and it is said, that
their after-boat was filled with grapes. A cargo sufficient for the ship
was cut, and when the spring came, they made their ship ready, and
sailed away; and from its products Leif gave the land a name, and called
it Wineland." _Finding of Wineland the Good_: 66. Oxford University
Press, London, 1890.
[40] Winsor, Justin. _Narrative and Critical History of America_, Vol.
III:61.
[41] First Voyage to Virginia, _Hakluyt's Voyages_, 3:301-306.
[42] _Hakluyt's Voyages_, 3:311.
[43] Discourse of Thomas Hariot, _Hakluyt's Voyages_, 3:326.
[44] _Smith's History of Virginia_, 1:122 (1629) Reprint 1819.
[45] _Works of Capt. John Smith_, p. 502.
[46] Bruce, Philip Alexander. _Economic History of Virginia in the
Seventeenth Century_, Vol. 1:219. 1896.
[47] Report of Francis Maguel, Spanish Archives, _Brown's Genesis of the
United States_: 395. 1610.
[48] _The History of Travaile into Virginia_: 120. 1610, printed 1849.
[49] Anonymous. _A Perfect Description of Virginia._ 1649, Peter Force's
Tracts, Vol. II, 1838.
[50] "Grape vines of the English stock, as well as those of their own
production, bear most abundantly, if they are suffered to run near the
ground, and increase very kindly by slipping; yet very few have them at
all in their gardens, much less endeavor to improve them by cutting or
laying. But since the first impression of this book, some vineyards have
been attempted, and one is brought to perfection, of seven hundred and
fifty gallons a year. The wine drinks at present greenish, but the owner
doubts not of good wine, in a year or two more, and takes great delight
that way.
"When a single tree happens in clearing the ground, to be left standing,
with a vine upon it, open to the sun and air, that vine generally
produces as much as four or five others, that remain in the woods. I
have seen in this case, more grapes upon one single vine, than would
load a London cart. And for all this, the people till of late never
removed any of them into their gardens, but contented themselves
throughout the whole country with the grapes they found thus wild."
Beverly, Robert. _The History of Virginia_: 260. 1722, Reprint, 1855.
[51] "Will fox," _i. e._ intoxicate. See footnote on page 4.
[52] _New English Canaan_, 1632. Reprinted in _Force's Tracts_, 1838.
[53] _Vine_, much differing in the fruit, all of them very fleshy, some
reasonably pleasant; others have a taste of Gun Powder, and these grow
in swamps, and low wet Grounds. Josselyn, John, Gent. _New England's
Rarities_: 66. London, 1672.
[54] Speaking of the Horne-bound tree (probably hornbeam from his
description) he says: "This Tree growing with broad spread Armes, the
vines winde their curling branches about them; which vines affoard great
store of grapes, which are very big both for the grape and Cluster,
sweet and good: these be of two sorts, red and white, there is likewise
a smaller kind of grape which groweth in the Islands which is sooner
ripe and more delectable; so that there is no knowne reason why as good
wine may not be made in those parts, as well as in _Burdeuax in France_;
being under the same degree. It is a great pittie no man sets upon such
a venture, whereby he might in small time inrich himselfe, and benefit
the Countrie, I know nothing which doth hinder but want of skilfull men
to manage such an employment; For the countrey is hot enough, the ground
good enough, and many convenient hills lye towards the south Sunne, as
if they were there placed for the purpose." Wood, William. _New
England's Prospect_: 20. London, 1634.
[55] Lawson, John. _History of North Carolina_: 169-171. 1714, Reprint
1860.
[56] Lawson, John. _History of North Carolina_: 141. 1714, Reprint 1860.
[57] _Ib._: 184-189.
[58] Beverly, Robert. _History of Virginia_: 105-107. 1722, Reprint
1855.
[59] _Transactions American Philosophical Society_, 1:191-193. 1769-71.
[60] _The True American_, Philadelphia, March 24, 1800.
[61] But little is known of Dr. James Mease other than that he was one
of the editors of _The Domestic Encyclopedia_, a Fellow of the _American
Philosophical Society_ and Vice-President of the _Philadelphia
Agricultural Society_. That he was a student of American grapes is shown
in his letter of transmissal of Bartram's paper to the _Medical
Repository_ in which he says: "It is my present intention to publish the
description of one species of vine every year in Latin and English, with
a coloured plate, and I had made arrangements for the publication of the
first fascicle last year; but the very unfavourable season, which had
prevented the ripening of the species (Bland's Grape) I had resolved
first to describe, obliging me to defer the task until the present year,
when I hope the weather will prove more favourable. Medical gentlemen,
and others fond of natural history, and anxious to have the description
of American vines and their classification completed, will have it much
in their power to assist my undertaking. I have taken measures to have
the _Bull_ or Bullet grape of Carolina and Georgia sent me; but I shall
nevertheless be much indebted for any specimens of the plant that may be
transmitted."
[62] The same year, 1804, Mease published Bartram's paper, with some
omissions, in the _Medical Repository_ (Second Hexade, 1:19) under the
heading, "Account of the Species, Hybrids, and other Varieties of the
Vine of North-America. By Mr. William Bartram, of Pennsylvania." The
same paper was again published in 1830 in Prince's _A Treatise on the
Vine_, pp. 216-220.
[63] Bartram states that "bull" is an abbreviation of bullet; the grapes
being so called because they were of the size of a bullet. He held that
the name "_taurina_" applied to the species was not proper.
[64] _Johnson's Rural Economy_: 155-197. New Brunswick, N. J., 1806.
[65] _McMahon's Gardening_: 226-241. Philadelphia, Pa., 1806.
[66] _American Farmer_, 8:116. Baltimore, 1826.
[67] Adlum, John. _Cultivation of the Vine_: 149. Second Edition,
Washington, 1828.
[68] John Adlum, a native of Pennsylvania, was born in 1759 and died at
Georgetown, D. C., in 1836. Adlum was one of the first men to see
clearly the possibility of improving the wild grapes of America and of
bringing them under cultivation. He published accounts of this fruit in
his _Cultivation of the Vine_ and in the agricultural papers of his
time, thereby aiding in bringing it into public notice as a cultivated
plant. At "The Vineyard", near Georgetown, he established an
experimental plantation of grapes from which he distributed many vines,
chief of which were those of the Catawba, a variety for whose
dissemination he is largely responsible. Adlum tried without avail to
have the national government found an experimental farm for the culture
of grapes and his effort was one of the first to secure governmental aid
in agricultural experimentation. Beside his work with the grape, Adlum
was deeply interested in other phases of agriculture and in the
scientific movements of his time. He was a soldier of the Revolution, a
brigadier-general in the militia of Pennsylvania, a county judge, and a
civil engineer and surveyor. In spite of his work in the early part of
the last century for agriculture and for his State and country, Adlum
was practically unknown to the present generation until a sketch of his
life and work appeared in Bailey's _The Evolution of Our Native Fruits_
from which this sketch is written. Adlum's memory is perpetuated in the
name of the beautiful climbing fumitory of one of the Northern Atlantic
States, _Adlumnia cirhosa_, bestowed upon him by his contemporary,
Rafinesque. (For a more complete account of Adlum's life, see Bailey's
_Evolution of Our Native Fruits_, pp. 50-61.)
[69] Adlum, John. _Cultivation of the Vine._ Preface. 1823.
[70] For a full account of Dufour's attempts to grow European grapes see
Bailey's _Evolution of Our Native Fruits_, pp. 21-42.
[71] Rafinesque has also preserved for us the names of many of the
vine-growers of his time. The following is his list: "Wishing to
preserve the names of the public benefactors who had in 1825 established
our first vineyards, I herewith insert their names. They are independent
of the vineyards of York, Vevay, and Vincennes.
"In New York, George Gibbs, Swift, Prince, Lansing, Loubat, etc.
"In Pennsylvania, Carr, James, Potter, J. Webb, Legaux, Echelberger, E.
Bonsall, Stoys, Lemoine, Rapp.
"In Delaware, Broome, J. Gibbs, etc.
"In Maryland, Adlum, W. Bernie, C. Varle, R. Sinclair, W. Miles, etc.
"In Virginia, Lockhart, Zane, R. Weir, Noel, J. Browne, J. Duling, etc.
"In Carolina, Habersham, Noisette, etc.
"In Georgia, Maurick, James Gardiner, S. Grimes, Checteau, M'Call.
"In New Jersey, Cooper at Camden. Another at Mount Holly.
"In Ohio, Gen. Harrison, Longworth, Dufour, etc.
"In Indiana, Rapp of Harmony, the French of Vincennes.
"In Alabama, Dr. S. Brown, at Eagleville."
Continuing, he gives an idea of grape production in 1830:--"The average
crop of wine with us is 300 gallons per acre. At York, where 2700 vines
are put on one acre, each vine has often produced a quart of wine, and
thus 675 gallons per acre, value $675 in 1823, besides $200 for 5000
cuttings. One acre of vineyard did then let for $200 or 300, thus value
of the acre about $5000: This was in poor soil unfit for wheat, and for
mere Claret.
"Now in 1830, that common French Claret often sells only at 50 cents the
gallon, the income must be less. I hope our claret may in time be sold
for 25 cents the gallon, and the table grapes at one cent the lb. and
even then an acre of vineyard will give an income of $75, and be worth
$1000 the acre.
"The greatest check to this cultivation is the time required for grapes
to bear well, from 3 to 6 years: our farmers wishing to have quick
yearly crops; but then when a vineyard is set and in bearing, it will
last forever, the vines themselves lasting from 60 to 100 years, and are
easily re-placed as they decay.
"The next check is the precarious crops if badly managed. Every year is
not equally plentiful and sometimes there is a total failure when rains
drown the blossoms; but an extra good crop of 500 or 600 gallons
commonly follows and covers their loss." Rafinesque, C. S. _American
Manual of the Grape Vines._, Philadelphia. 1830. pp. 43-45.
[72] Tradition relates that the first Scuppernong vine known by
civilized man was found on the coast of North Carolina by Amadas and
Barlowe in 1584 and was transplanted by them to Roanoke Island. An old
vine of great diameter of stem and spread of vine, gnarled in trunk and
branch, evidently of great age, is known as the "Mother Scuppernong" and
is supposed to be the vine transplanted in 1584.
[73] Calvin Jones writing June 17, 1817, in the _American Farmer_,
=3=:332, from Raleigh, North Carolina, gives the following account of
the name Scuppernong: "This grape & wine, had the name of Scuppernong,
given to them by Henderson & myself, in compliment to Jas. Blount, of
Scuppernong, who first diffused a general knowledge of it in several
well written communications in our paper--and it is cultivated with more
success on that river, than in any other part of the state, perhaps,
except the Island of Roanoke." It is worthy of note that Scuppernong is
largely a sea-board name for _Vitis rotundifolia_ and is not commonly
applied to it outside of the Atlantic States.
[74] There is some evidence to show that the Clinton contains Labrusca
blood.
[75] Buchanan, Robert. _Grape Culture_: 61. 1850.
[76] British Parliamentary Papers (Library of Congress), Vol. 30. 1859.
[77] _American Pomological Society Report_ for 1852:45.
[78] _Horticulturist_, 6:445. 1851.
[79] _Horticulturist_, 6:444. 1851.
[80] _American Pomological Society Report_ for 1852:45.
[81] _Magazine of Horticulture_, 11:134. 1845.
[82] Nuttall says: "It is probable that hybrids betwixt the European
Vine (_Vitis vinifera_) and those of the United States would better
answer the variable climates of North America, than the unacclimated
vine of Europe. When a portion of the same industry shall have been
bestowed upon the cultivation of the native vines of America, which has
for so many ages and by so many nations, been devoted to the
amelioration of _Vitis vinifera_, we cannot imagine that the citizens of
the United States will be longer indebted to Europe for the luxury of
wine. It is not however in the wilds of uncultivated nature that we are
to obtain vines worthy of cultivation. Were this the case, Europe would
to the present have known no other Malus than the worthless austere
crab, in place of the finest apple; no other Pyrus than the acerb and
inedible Pyraster or stone Pear, from which cultivation has obtained all
the other varieties. It is from seed that new and valuable varieties are
invariably to be obtained. There is however at the present time, a
variety of one of the native species cultivated under the name of
'Bland's grape', a hybrid no way in my opinion inferior to some of the
best European grapes."
[83] "People who have a good deal of leisure time, ought to make those
experiments which take many years to know the result. If any where in
the United States a public Botanic garden should be established, there
would be the proper place, to have a corner of it appropriated solely
for the purpose of trying the raising of new species of grapes, either
by seeds or grafts; and if there was a green or hot house, several
species of the best grapes, and even a male plant of the most vigorous
indigenous ought to be introduced in it, and trained so that the
crossing of the breed may be easily done, by bringing two different
sorts of grapes together in time of blossoming, and sow the seeds. I
think we may anticipate some very good results from such an
arrangement." _Vine Dresser's Guide_: 228. 1826.
[84] Of hybridization he says: "In all attempts at artificial
fecundation, I would recommend that one of the varieties selected be of
native origin, as there exists no want of hybrids between European
varieties alone; a large proportion of those now in cultivation having
been doubtless produced by natural admixture of the pollen, in the
vineyards where they originated. For the purpose of hybridizing, the
varieties of _Vitis aestivalis_ should be selected in preference to
those of _Vitis labrusca_, on account of the much higher vinous
properties of the former; and there cannot exist a doubt but that we may
readily produce well acclimated hybrids between the native and foreign
varieties, without the trouble of continuing the course of reproduction
for many generations, although such reproduction from species so
dissimilar may continue to present additional modifications of
character." _A Treatise on the Vine_: 253-254. 1830.
[85] U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Special Report, No. 36. 1880.
[86] Wine is the fermented juice of the grape. When the juice or must of
the grape is exposed to temperatures ranging from 55° to 65°F. the
micro-organisms which accompany the fruit, the yeast of the wine-maker,
are transformed from a comparatively dormant state to one of great
activity. The action of the organisms on grape must is called
fermentation and through it certain physical and chemical changes take
place whereby the must is changed in taste and in color, and a part or
all of its sugar is changed into alcohol. The methods of making wine
differ in different countries and in different localities depending upon
the climate, kind of grapes grown, condition of growth, and the kind of
wine produced, yet the principles and chief processes are much the same
and may be briefly described as follows:
In general grapes are not picked for wine-making until they have reached
full maturity thus insuring a higher sugar content, richness of flavor
and perfect color. It is customary to determine the composition of the
must as to sugar and acid content by various instruments devised for the
purpose and if it lack sugar this ingredient is added; if it be too acid
water is added; or the composition may be otherwise changed depending
upon a number of circumstances though manifestly reputable wine-makers
change the natural grape juice as little as possible. Soon after
harvesting the grapes are crushed. The ancient method, which still
prevails in many parts of Europe, was to tramp the grapes with bare feet
or wooden shoes. Tramping is for most part superseded by mechanical
crushers which break the skins but do not crush the seeds. For some
wines the stems of the grapes are removed; for others it is essential
that the grapes be not stemmed. Stemming may be done by hand, by a rake
over a screen, or by specially devised machines. If white wine is to be
made the juice is separated from skins and pulp at once; if red wine is
desired fermentation takes place in the crushed grapes or marc.
Fermentation is carried on in large tanks or vats varying in capacity
from 1000 gallons to 10,000 gallons or more. Some wine-makers prefer
open vats, others keep them closed. The duration of fermentation depends
upon many conditions and varies from two or three to fifteen or twenty
days, depending upon the amount of sugar in the must, the temperature,
activity of ferments, etc., etc. Wine-makers observe several distinct
stages of fermentation which must be closely watched and controlled. A
most important influence is exerted on fermentation by temperature. The
limits below which and above which fermentation does not take place are
55° and 90°F. In general it is desirable that fermentation take place at
temperatures ranging about 70°. When it is found that the sugar is
practically all converted into alcohol, or that such conversion has
proceeded far enough, the new wine is drawn or pumped from the
fermenting vats into casks or barrels where it ages though it may
require special treatment for clearing. Before bottling it is usually
necessary to rack the wine into new barrels twice or three times to stop
secondary fermentations which invariably take place.
Special treatments result in several distinct classes of wine. Thus we
can divide wine into _red_ and _white_ as to color. Red wines are
produced from colored grapes the color being extracted in the process of
fermentation. White wines are made from light colored grapes or if from
colored fruit the must is not allowed to ferment on the marc and so
extract the color. We may again divide wines into _dry_ and _sweet_. Dry
wines are those in which the sugar is practically all converted into
alcohol. Sweet wines are those which retain more or less sugar. These
are often fortified by the addition of alcohol. A third division is that
of _still_ and _sparkling_ wines. Still wines are those in which the
carbonic acid gas formed by fermentation has wholly escaped. Sparkling
wines retain a greater or less amount of this carbonic acid gas.
All of the above classes are further divided into well marked types
according to their color and taste, their alcoholic content, and the
countries in which they are produced. The following are the leading
wines made from native grapes: _Catawba_, _Delaware_, _Concord_,
_Norton's Virginia_, _Ives_, _Scuppernong_, _Iona_, _Claret_, _Port_ and
_Champagne_. Of these _Claret_, _Norton's Virginia_ and _Ives_ are red
dry wines. _Catawba_, _Delaware_, _Iona_ and _Scuppernong_ may be either
dry or sweet white wines. _Port_ is a red sweet wine.
[87] Vol. 22: No. 3:22.
[88] Champagne obtains its name from the fact that it is chiefly
produced in the Province of Champagne in France. Its special
characteristic is that during fermentation, which is usually brought
about in the bottle, the carbonic acid gas generated is absorbed by the
wine. When the bottle is opened the gas is disengaged and the wine
effervesces or "sparkles". Good champagne requires grapes of high
quality and of special adaptability; the fruit must be well ripened,
free from decayed berries, and clean. The first fermentation takes place
during a period of several months in the regular receptacles for this
purpose after which the wine from several varieties of grapes is
blended. Good champagne usually contains some old wine. After bottling,
the wine is held at slightly different temperatures for varying lengths
of time to secure proper fermentation in the bottle until at the end of
several months it is held at a comparatively low temperature in which
the bottles remain from three to four years. The bottles must then
receive some treatment which will remove the sediment which has been
formed by fermentation. This is usually done by placing them in racks
cork down at about an angle of 45 degrees or a little more. By
dexterously shaking and jarring the bottles the sediment is loosened and
deposited in the neck of the bottle. Lastly the sediment is disgorged by
skillfully withdrawing the cork, a small portion of the wine being
wasted in the operation. The bottles are then filled with a dosage of
rock-candy dissolved in an old dry wine, the amount used determining the
sweetness of the champagne. The bottles are then corked, wired, capped,
labelled and cased, after which the champagne is ready for the market.
[89] _Champagne: Decrease in Imports and Increase in Domestic
Production_, April 25, 1907, p. 427.
[90] Grape juice is made from clean, sound but not over-ripe grapes. The
juice is pressed out by machinery in commercial practice but in the home
manufacture of the product, the grapes may be pressed by the hands. If a
light-colored juice is desired the liquid is extracted without heating
the grapes; for a red juice the pulp is heated before pressing and the
grapes must be dark in color. In either case the heating is done in a
double boiler so that the juice does not come in direct contact with the
fire. The proper temperature ranges from 180° F. to 200° F. and must
never exceed the 200° mark if the flavor of uncooked grapes is desired.
After heating, the juice is allowed to settle for twenty-four hours in a
glass, crockery or enameled vessel after which it is carefully drained
from the sediment and strained through some sterilized filter. In home
practice several thicknesses of flannel, previously boiled, will do for
a filter. The liquid is then filled into clean bottles leaving room for
expansion in the second heating. The bottled juice is now heated a
second time after which it is immediately corked and sealed. The
principles involved in making grape juice are the same as those observed
in canning fruit and the operation may be varied in the former as it is
in the latter if only certain fundamental processes are followed.
[91] A raisin is a dried and cured grape. Raisin-making is a simple
process. The grapes are arranged on shallow trays, and placed in the sun
to dry, being turned now and then by placing an empty tray on a full one
and turning both over after which the top tray is removed. When the
grapes are properly dried they are put in bins to sweat preparatory to
packing and shipping. The finishing touch in the drying is sometimes
given in curing-houses, however, to avoid injury from rain or dust.
Seeding, grading, packing and selling are now separate industries from
growing and curing. At present all raisins are made from varieties of
the Old World grape, no American sort having been found suitable for
raisin-making. A variety adapted for making a raisin, something better
than simply a "dried grape", must have a large percentage of sugar and
solids, a thin skin, and a high flavor. American grapes lack in sugar
content and have a skin so thick and tough that the fruit does not cure
properly for a good raisin. The raisin industry in the United States is
carried on only in California, the great bulk of the crop coming from
the San Joaquin Valley and a few of the southern counties of that State.
Formerly the raisins used in this country were wholly imported; now this
product of the grape is exported and in increasing quantities. The
annual production of raisins is in the neighborhood of 100,000,000
pounds.
[92] According to Bartram, the aborigines of eastern America made
raisins from the wild grapes. He describes the process they used as
follows: "The Indians gather great quantities of wild grapes which they
prepare for keeping, by first sweating them on hurdles over a gentle
fire, and afterwards dry them on their bunches in the sun and air, and
store them up for provisions."
[93] Tarr, R. S., _Cornell_ (_N. Y._) _Exp. Sta. Bul._, 109. 1896.
[94] Burke, R. T. Avon, and Marean, Herbert, Field Operations, Bureau of
Soils, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 1901.
[95] Tarr, R. S., _Cornell_ (_N. Y._) _Exp. Sta. Bul._, 109. 1896.
[96] Burke, R. T. Avon, and Marean, Herbert, Field Operations, Bureau of
Soils, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 1901.
[97] Elijah Fay was born in Southborough, Massachusetts, in 1781. He
moved to Brocton, Chautauqua County, New York, in the fall of 1811. The
early history of not only the viticulture but of the horticulture of the
Chautauqua region is interwritten with that of the Fay family. Elijah
Fay's children and grandchildren inherited a love of horticulture from
their ancestor and several of them, as mentioned in the text, have been
noted for their horticultural work in this region. Lincoln Fay, a nephew
of Elijah Fay, one of the first men to grow and sell grape vines in the
region, originated the Fay currant which was afterwards introduced by
him and his son Elijah H. Fay. Of the Fay family, noted in the annals of
grape-growing in this region, only G. E. Ryckman and L. R. Ryckman,
grandchild and great-grandchild of Elijah Fay, are now living. Elijah
Fay lived to the ripe age of eighty, dying in 1860. His memory should be
long cherished as one of the founders of the viticulture of New York.
[98] The writer is indebted to Mr. G. E. Ryckman of this firm, for the
information given here.
[99] _The Grape Belt_, 16: No. 20, Feb. 26, 1907.
[100] _The Grape Belt_, 16: No. 20, Feb. 26, 1907.
[101] The grape-vine fidia (_Fidia viticida_ Walsh) is a robust beetle,
a quarter of an inch in length, brown in color but whitened by a thick
covering of yellowish-white hairs. The beetle lays its eggs in the
cracks and crevices of the bark of the grape vines well above ground.
The eggs are produced in large numbers, often as many as several hundred
to the vine. Upon hatching, the larvae quickly worm their way into the
ground and begin to feed upon the fibrous roots of the vine, passing
from these to the larger roots. Possibly the chief damage is done on the
larger roots which are often entirely stripped of bark for a length of
several feet. The larvae attain their full size, a half inch in length,
by the middle of August, and then hibernate until the following June.
The winter is spent in earthen cells. After about two weeks as pupae in
June, the full grown beetles emerge from the ground and begin to feed
upon the upper surface of the leaves, eating out the cellular tissue,
thus skeletonizing the foliage. The adults disappear the succeeding
August. The most efficient means of checking the fidia so far found is
an application of an arsenical spray applied during the time the beetles
are feeding on the foliage.
[102] Grape-vine flea-beetle (_Haltica chalybea_ Ill.).--The adult
insects are shining steel-blue flea-beetles measuring about one-fifth of
an inch in length. They live during the winter under the bark of the old
vines or in rubbish in the fields. They emerge from their winter
quarters during the first warm days of spring, and feed upon the opening
buds and young leaves. Egg-laying begins late in April or early in May.
The eggs are placed singly near the buds or upon the leaves and hatch in
about ten days. The young larvae are dark brown in color but soon become
prominently marked with black dots and patches. They are full grown in
from three to four weeks at which time they measure about a quarter of
an inch in length. They feed on the leaves devouring only the soft parts
at first, but finally eating irregular holes through the leaves. When
ready to pupate they go a short distance into the ground. The adults
emerge during the latter part of June or early in July. They probably
feed during all of the summer, finally seeking shelter for the winter as
above indicated.
The vines should be sprayed with paris green, one pound to fifty gallons
of water, just before the buds begin to swell or with some other
arsenite. Much pains should be taken to make this application thorough.
Later when the worms appear on the leaves, paris green may be applied at
the usual strength, one pound to 150 gallons of lime and water, or
combined with bordeaux mixture. Both upper and under surfaces of the
leaves should be covered. Applications of arsenicals for the grape-vine
fidia will help greatly to keep this insect in check.
[103] Grape leaf-hopper (_Typhlocyba comes_ Say).--There are several
species of leaf-hoppers which attack the grape but this species is
probably the most common in this State. These little leaf-hoppers are
often erroneously called thrips. The adult insects measure about
one-eighth of an inch in length. They vary greatly in color but the
prevailing color is usually light yellowish-green. The back and wings
are ornamented with bright red, yellow and brown. They are found upon
the vines from spring until fall. They feed together, sucking the sap
from the leaves, principally from the under surface, causing them to
turn brown in patches. The eggs are deposited singly in the tissue of
the under surface of the leaves. The young resemble the adults in form
but are not provided with wings and are green or yellowish-green in
color. There are several broods during the season. Some of the adults of
the last brood hibernate in any convenient rubbish about the vineyard.
Treatment for young hoppers should be made early in July. To obtain the
best results use whale-oil soap at the rate of one pound to ten gallons
of water, directing the spraying with the hand. Vineyards and adjacent
land should be kept as free as possible from grass and weeds as they
afford shelter to the insect.
[104] Grape berry moth (_Polychrosis viteana_ Clem.).--The young
caterpillars feed within the grapes finally causing them to turn dark
colored and to wither. This injury is sometimes mistaken for the
black-rot. After devouring the soft parts of one grape the caterpillar
goes to another, fastening the two together by a silken thread. This may
be continued until several in a bunch have been destroyed by one
caterpillar. The young caterpillars are very light green in color with a
brown head. When full grown they measure about one-fourth of an inch in
length and are dark olive green in color tinged slightly with red. The
cocoon is formed on a leaf and is partially composed of two small pieces
cut out of the leaf. The adults of the spring brood emerge in from
twelve to fourteen days. The fore-wings have a bluish tinge and are
marked with brown, while the posterior wings are dull brown. The moths
are small measuring nearly half an inch from tip to tip when the wings
are spread. The eggs are probably laid late in June or early in July.
There are two broods annually in this State. As the caterpillars spend
most of their lives within the grape berries, spraying does not entirely
control the pest. Yet the arsenicals applied for the grape-vine fidia
will help much in keeping it in check. Picking and destroying the
infested fruit and the leaves containing the cocoons helps much.
[105] For a full account of the geology of these lakes and the valleys
in which they lie, see the _Physical Geography of New York State_ by
Ralph S. Tarr. New York. 1902.
[106] Black-rot (_Guignardia bidwellii_ (Ell.) V. & R.) usually appears
first on the leaves where it forms circular, reddish-brown spots on
which black pimples, or spore cases, develop. Within these spore cases,
at maturity, are the summer spores. These are distributed by the
elements to the growing parts of the plant and form new centers of
infection. The diseased berries show analogous circular spots bearing
spores and as the disease progresses the grapes wither, turn black, and
become hard and shrivelled, sometimes clinging to the vine until the
following spring. Growing shoots are attacked as well as leaves and
fruit. During the winter and spring the resting spores are formed,
usually upon the shrivelled berries.
Treatment consists of destroying as far as possible all diseased fruit,
old leaves and prunings and in spraying thoroughly with bordeaux mixture
as follows:--
1. Just as the pink tips of the first leaves appear.
2. From ten days to two weeks after the first spraying.
3. Just after the blossoming.
4. From ten to fourteen days after the third spraying.
5. After an interval of from ten to fourteen days from the fourth
spraying.
[107] Downy mildew (_Plasmopara viticola_ (B. & C.) Berl. & De Toni) is
a troublesome fungus attacking all of the tender growing parts of the
grape. It does most damage to the leaves, upon the upper surface of
which it produces greenish-yellow spots of irregular outline. At the
same time a loose white downy growth appears on the under side of the
leaves. This growth consists of short filaments bearing spores, the
summer spores, which are carried by the elements to other growing parts
of the plant, thus spreading the disease. Affected berries, if young,
first show a brown spot, and become covered with the gray down which
distinguishes the fungus. On older berries the fungus causes a
brown-purple spot which spreads until it takes in the whole berry, which
then becomes soft and often falls, or they may become hard and persist.
At this stage the disease is commonly known as "brown rot". The winter,
or resting, spores are produced in the tissue of fruit and leaves and
with a thick protective covering. The winter spores are dark, almost
black, in color. Downy mildew spreads and does most damage in hot wet
weather. Spraying with bordeaux mixture as indicated for black-rot will
keep downy mildew in check.
[108] Powdery mildew (_Uncinula necator_ (Schw.) Burr.) is caused by a
fungus which lives on the surface of the leaves. It subsists by means of
sucker-like organs which penetrate the walls of the surface layer of
cells. The vegetative portion of the parasite consists of fine white
filaments which spread over the surface of the leaves, shoots and fruit.
In the summer these filaments send up short, irregular stalks upon which
large numbers of barrel-shaped spores are produced in chain-like
arrangement. These are the summer spores of the fungus. They are borne
in greatest quantity on the upper surfaces of the leaves and give the
leaf a gray, powdery appearance--hence the name, powdery mildew.
Affected leaves finally become light brown and often fall. Diseased
fruits are gray in color, scurfy, become specked with brown, fail to
develop and often burst on one side thereby showing the seeds. The
winter or resting spores are borne in sacs, in the latter part of the
season. The spore sacs, in their turn, are borne in small, black,
spherical spore cases, each furnished with a number of slender
appendages having curled tips. The powdery mildew, unlike most other
fungus troubles of the grape, is most prevalent in hot dry weather. The
disease is combatted by dusting with flowers of sulphur or by spraying
with bordeaux mixture as for black-rot.
[109] Anthracnose (_Sphaceloma ampelinum_ De By.).--This disease attacks
any of the tender portions of the growing vine. When the leaves are
affected dark spots are first formed on their surface. As the disease
advances these spots enlarge, and irregular cracks are often formed
through the dead tissue. Frequently many of these small cracks run
together, forming a long irregular slit through the leaf. Similar marks
are formed on the tender shoots, though they are not so noticeable. When
the fruit is attacked the disease is sometimes called bird's-eye rot.
Circular spots are formed on the surface of the berry. The spots may be
of different colors and usually have a dark border; as the spots enlarge
and eat in, a seed is often exposed in the center. In rotting the tissue
becomes hard and wrinkled. Sometimes the disease girdles the stem of a
fruit cluster, cutting off the supply of sap from the grapes beyond the
diseased line and causing them to shrivel and die.
Anthracnose does not spread as rapidly as some other vineyard diseases,
neither does it yield as readily to treatment. When a vineyard is badly
infested with anthracnose, it requires prompt attention and a careful
treatment to control the disease. It is not satisfactorily controlled by
bordeaux mixture alone. It is suggested that in addition to such
treatment with this mixture as is given for black-rot the plan be
followed which is advocated by certain European authorities, of applying
a warm saturated solution of copperas (iron sulphate) in spring when the
buds are swelling but before they begin to open. One per ct. or more of
sulphuric acid may be added to the solution before it is applied. This
solution must be handled with care as it is very caustic. It is applied
with swabs or if the acid is not used it may be sprayed. It is essential
that the work be done thoroughly, covering all the surface of the canes.
[110] Chlorosis or yellow leaf.--The name is applied to a grape disease
in which the foliage turns yellow, later becoming brown. It is common in
several parts of the State but more particularly in the Central Lakes
district. Chlorosis is more likely to appear in wet seasons. Some
varieties, as the Diamond, are much more susceptible than others. In
some seasons portions of the leaves may become yellow but eventually
regain their normal color so that at the close of the season the vine
appears to be in a healthy condition. In other instances the yellow
color extends over the entire leaf; brown, dead patches appear; the leaf
curls and eventually drops from the vine. If the vine loses its leaves
two or three seasons in succession it is likely to die. One striking
peculiarity of the disease is the fact that a badly diseased vine may
appear by the side of a perfectly healthy vine of the same variety.
The cause of chlorosis, as given by foreign investigators, is the
presence of a large amount of lime in the soil which prevents the roots
from taking up an amount of iron sufficient for satisfactory growth.
Their experiments seem to show that the difficulty may be overcome by
applying a small amount of sulphate of iron around affected plants. But
since there are a number of good American varieties that are not subject
to chlorosis, perhaps the better method to pursue is to plant only such
varieties as are known to be free from this trouble.
The standard varieties given in the following list are, so far as we
know, practically exempt from chlorosis: Moore Early, Concord, Winchell,
Delaware, Worden, Niagara, Catawba, Vergennes and Agawam.
[111] Tarr, R. S., _The Physical Geography of New York State_: 4. 1902.
[112] See _Story of the Vine_, E. R. Emerson: 198. 1902.
[113] Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, a French botanist of considerable
reputation in his day, was born at Aix, Provence, in 1656 and died in
1708. He was educated by the Jesuits for a priest but following a
natural inclination he later became a botanist. In 1683 he became
professor of botany at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. While occupying
this position he made trips through western Europe, Greece and Asia
Minor. His principal work, and the one quoted here, is _Institutiones
Rei Herbariae_ in three volumes, published in Paris in 1700. He was one
of the most prominent systematic botanists who preceded Linnaeus.
[114] Humphrey Marshall was born in the town of West Bradford,
Pennsylvania, in 1722, of Quaker parents. He was a cousin of John
Bartram, their mothers being sisters. Like Bartram, he had few
opportunities for education, not going to school after he was twelve
years of age. He was a stone-mason by trade, studying botany in his
leisure moments. In 1773 he started a botanic garden at Marshallton. In
1785 he published _Arbustrum Americanum, The American Grove, or An
Alphabetical Catalog of Forest Trees and Shrubs, Natives of the American
United States_. This work had been in preparation about five years
previous to its publication. It is said to be the first botanical work
of a native American. Marshall died in 1801.
[115] But little is known of the life of Thomas Walter. He was a native
of Hampshire, England, and migrated to St. John's Parish, South
Carolina, where he had a plantation on the Santee River. Here he died in
1788 at about the age of forty-eight years. His only publication of note
is the _Flora Caroliniana_, published in the year of his death. He must
have been in correspondence with European botanists of that time as his
herbarium is preserved in the British Museum.
[116] Grapes are not to-day considered dioecious but polygamo-dioecious,
a distinction which will be defined later.
[117] John Bartram was born near the village of Darby in Delaware (then
Chester) County, Pennsylvania, in 1699. Bartram is generally credited
with having established the first botanical garden in America. This
garden was founded about 1728, some four miles south of what was the
town of Philadelphia and is now a part of the Park System of that city.
He was bred a Quaker but owing to his liberal opinions was excluded from
that Society in 1758. During his life he was in correspondence with many
of the leading scientific men of Europe to whom he sent many specimens
of plants and other things of scientific interest. He made many trips
into various parts of the colonies, to Ontario, Lake George, the
Carolinas, Florida and Georgia, in search of information. The last of
these journeys, that to the southern states, was made after he was
seventy years of age. Bartram is blamed by all of his contemporaries for
not having published more than he did. His death occurred in 1777.
William Bartram, son of John Bartram, was born in 1739 and died in 1823.
Much of his work was done in connection with his father under whom he
received his botanical training. His best known work is his _Travels in
the Carolinas, Georgia and Florida_ (1791), in which he gives an
interesting account of that region, including descriptions of a number
of new southern plants. His article on grapes which is here quoted was
published in the _Domestic Encyclopedia_, 1804, and also in the _Medical
Repository_ of the same year.
[118] Thomas Nuttall was born in Settle in Yorkshire, England, in 1786.
He migrated to the United States in 1807, making his home in
Philadelphia where he became acquainted with William Bartram and Dr.
Barton. It was largely owing to the influence of these men that he
turned his attention to botany. Nuttall was an extensive traveler and
made botanical expeditions into many parts of the country. He explored
the Middle West up to the Rocky Mountains and made a trip around the
Horn to California. From 1825 to 1834 he was connected with Harvard
College. In 1842 he was called to England by a bequest from an uncle
left to him conditional on his residing for nine months of each year in
England; compliance with this request caused a cessation of his
botanical work in America. He died at Nutgrove, Lancashire, in 1859.
Nuttall's first and probably greatest work was his _Genera of North
American Plants and Catalogue of the Species_, published in 1818.
Besides various accounts of his expeditions he made an addition of three
volumes to Michaux's _Sylva_ bringing that work up to six volumes.
[119] Constantine Samuel Rafinesque was born in Galata, a suburb of
Constantinople in European Turkey, in 1783. He was of French-German
descent, his father being a French merchant of Marseilles, and his
mother of Saxon parentage. In 1802 he came to Philadelphia. While here
he was busied with mercantile pursuits, occupying a position as clerk,
but studied botany out of office hours for amusement. In 1805 he went to
Sicily where he spent the next ten years. Here he commenced the
extensive series of publications which have made his name so well known
to scientists. In 1815 he returned to the United States, traveling about
from place to place for some time and finally settling in Lexington,
Kentucky, where he became a professor in Transylvania University. He
left Lexington in 1825, removing to Philadelphia, where he spent the
remainder of his life, dying in poverty in 1840. Rafinesque's biographer
gives 420 differently titled articles on nearly all scientific subjects
as the product of his pen. His monograph on grapes, entitled _American
Manual of the Grape Vine and The Art of Making Wines_, etc., was
published in Philadelphia in 1830.
[120] _Mo. Ent. Rpt._, =1874=:71.
[121] _Bush. Cat._, =1883=:9.
[122] _N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt._, =17=:518. 1898. _N. Y. Sta. Bul._ =157.=
1898.
[123] _Tex. Sta. Bul._, =56=:239. 1900.
[124] _Gar. and For._, =8=:47. 1895.
[125] W. Brennan, Gilgandra, N. S. W.
[126] André Michaux was a French botanist, born at Satory, Versailles,
in 1746. He took up the study of botany and made many trips to foreign
lands in behalf of the French Government. One of these was an expedition
to North America where he remained from 1785 to 1796 exploring the
country and gathering many botanical specimens through Canada, Nova
Scotia and the United States as far west as the Mississippi. His chief
works are _Histoire des chenes de l'Amerique Septentrionale (History of
the Oaks of North America)_, 1801; and _Flora Boreali Americana_, 1803.
He described and named _Vitis rotundifolia_, _V. aestivalis_, _V.
cordifolia_, _V. riparia_, and _V. rubra_, as well as giving much
information on other species. Michaux died on the Island of Madagascar
in 1802.
F. André Michaux was born at Versailles in 1770 and died at Vaureal in
1855. He was a son of André Michaux and also a botanist, and like his
father employed by the French Government to explore North America with a
view of introducing valuable plants into France. He published in
=18=10-13 a _Histoire des Arbres Forestieres de l'Amerique
Septentrionale_ which was later translated into English under the name
_North American Sylva_. He also published _A Voyage a l-ouest des Monts
Alleghanys_, 1804.
[127] For discussion of _Vitis vulpina_ see foot-note under _Vitis
riparia_.
[128] All grapes, other than the Rotundifolia, are in the South known as
"bunch grapes" because they are sold on the market in clusters, the
Rotundifolia being sold off the stems.
[129] _S. C. Sta. Bul._ =132. 1907.=
[130] _Bush. Cat._, =1894=:22.
[131] Husmann, =1895=:188.
[132] Husmann, G. C., _California Fruit Grower_, Mar. 14, 1908.
[133] Samuel Botsford Buckley was born in 1809, in Yates County, New
York, and was educated at Wesleyan University, where he graduated in
1836. In 1866 he was appointed State Geologist of Texas where he resided
until he died in 1884. Buckley traveled extensively in connection with
his work, explored the southwestern region of the Appalachian Mountains,
as well as the southwestern portion of the United States. He was at
great disadvantage in his publications in that they were prepared
without the benefit of a library. His articles on grapes were published
in the _Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences_ for
1861, and in the _United States Patent Office Report_ for the same year.
[134] The description of _Vitis vulpina_ by Linnaeus is so meager,
including the leaves only, that for many years botanists were in doubt
as to the species intended. Muhlenberg was the single exception when he
gave Linnaeus' Vulpina and Michaux's Cordifolia as synonymous. Whether
he did this from knowledge, or whether it was by chance, it is
impossible to say. He states no reasons and consequently received no
following among other botanists. Elliott supposed that Linnaeus intended
to describe the southern Rotundifolia and this view seems to have been
generally accepted.
In the late eighties or early nineties, Planchon first, and later
Britton, by referring to Linnaeus' specimens, determined that the
latter's Vulpina was the same as Riparia, and in accordance with
botanical rules, presented the name Vulpina as the correct name for this
species. Bailey, however, states (_Ev. Nat. Fr._, =1898=:102) that he
found two specimens in the Linnaeus collection labeled Vulpina, one of
which was the true Riparia and the other Cordifolia. Since a change of
the name would bring confusion to more than ninety years of botanical
and horticultural literature, it seems inadvisable to make one on such
contradictory evidence.
[135] Planchon is our authority for calling this Riparia.
[136] Translation from the Latin.
[137] Isadore Bush was born at Prague, Bohemia, in 1822. Bush was one of
those Germans who, taking part in the troubles of the Fatherland in
1848, found it necessary to seek a home in the New World. He went to
Missouri upon his arrival in the country and there spent the remainder
of his life. During the Civil War he was secretary to General Frémont
and at various times occupied many other positions of trust. He
established the Bushberg nursery which for many years was the leading
grape nursery of this country. With the aid of Engelmann and others he
wrote the _Bushberg Catalogue and Grape Manual_, a work which has passed
through many editions and has probably been more popular and useful than
any other book on American grapes published in the English language.
Bush died in St. Louis in 1898, having been a citizen of that place for
forty-nine years.
[138] Thomas Volney Munson, the well-known nurseryman, viticulturist,
and plant-breeder, was born near Astoria, Illinois, September 26, 1843.
He graduated from Kentucky University, Lexington, Kentucky, in 1870. His
nursery has for thirty-one years been located at Denison, Texas. Munson
has introduced more hybrid grapes than any other man in America and
probably in the world. He has paid great attention to grape botany,
particularly to the southwestern species. Monographs on grapes, from his
hand, have appeared in the proceedings of various horticultural
societies and in horticultural journals. Bulletins written by him have
been issued by the United States Department of Agriculture and the Texas
Experiment Station. He has at present a book ready for publication
entitled _Foundations of American Grape Culture_. The varieties produced
by Munson are particularly successful in the Southwest where conditions
are such that most of our northern varieties fail. The most valuable of
those that have been thoroughly tested are Brilliant, America, Carman,
Gold Coin and Rommel.
[139] See page 21.
[140] Jules Emile Planchon, a French systematic and horticultural
botanist, was born in Ganges (Herault) in 1823, and died at Montpellier
in 1888. Planchon was a writer of many valuable monographs on botanical
subjects and in combination with F. Sahut and J. Bazille discovered that
the cause of a mysterious and serious malady which had been affecting
the French vineyards for some years, was due to an insect on the roots,
the phylloxera. Later, he and C. V. Riley determined that this insect
was a native of America. Planchon was one of the first to suggest, and
always urged, the reconstitution of French vineyards by the use of
American stocks. During the later years of his life he was professor of
botany in the School at Montpellier. His most noted contribution to
grape literature is his monograph of the grape vine and other plants of
the Ampelopsis family which appeared as the second half of the fifth
volume of the continuation of De Candolle's _Prodromus Systematis
Naturalis_.
[141] Martin Vahl, a Norwegian, was born in 1749, and died in 1804. As a
pupil of the great Linnaeus, Vahl became a prominent worker in botany
and natural history in Denmark and was an author and writer of note on
these subjects, publishing much on botany. He traveled extensively, but
it does not appear that he visited North America, though he wrote three
large volumes on the flora of tropical America. It is probable that he
named and described _Vitis palmata_ from herbarium specimens.
[142] Jean Louis Berlandier was a Belgian pupil of the great De
Candolle, but left Europe about 1828 for America and became a druggist
in Matamoras, Mexico. He was one of the first botanists to explore
northern Mexico and Texas. In attempting to cross one of the small
streams south of the Rio Grande in 1851, he was drowned. Many of his
papers, plants and some paintings are preserved in the herbarium of
Harvard University and his services to botany are commemorated by the
genus Berlandiera, dedicated to him by De Candolle, and the species
_Vitis berlandieri_ here described.
[143] George Engelmann was born at Frankfurt-on-the-Main in 1809. He was
educated at the Universities of Heidelberg, Berlin and Wurzburg,
receiving a doctor's degree in medicine from the latter institution. In
1832 Dr. Engelmann sailed for America and spent some months in exploring
the forests of the Mississippi Valley studying the plants of the region,
having become deeply absorbed in botany. He soon after began the
practice of medicine in St. Louis where he spent the remainder of his
life, dying in 1884. Engelmann was one of the most patient and devoted
students of natural history of his time. He mastered several difficult
genera of plants, doing his work so well that his monographs will long
remain, not only authorities on the plants described, but models for the
systematic botanist. Among the genera to which he devoted his time was
Vitis, upon which he published several monographs. These appeared in
various publications, particularly the _Proceedings of the Academy of
Science of St. Louis_ in 1860, the _American Naturalist_ for 1868,
Riley's reports as entomologist of Missouri for 1872 and 1874, and the
third and all later editions of the _Bushberg Catalogue_.
[144] George Bentham was born near Plymouth, England, in 1800. His
father was a man of considerable wealth and the son was privately
educated. Early in life he showed an inclination toward botany, writing
a book on _The Plants of the Pyrenees and Lower Languedoc_ which was
published when he was only twenty-six years old. For a time he studied
law in which he showed considerable talent and where his original views
attracted some attention. Later, however, he gave his attention to
botany almost exclusively, joined the London Horticultural Society and
the Linnaean Society, and was more or less closely connected with the
workers at Kew. In connection with J. D. Hooker he wrote the _Genera
Plantarum_. Others of his well-known works are _Flora Australiensis_ and
_Handbook of the British Flora_. Bentham died in 1884.
[145] This name has been spelled "Lincecumii" and "Linsecomii." Buckley
tells us (_U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt._, =1861=:486) that this grape was named
in honor of "Dr. Gideon Linsecom" of Long Point, Washington County,
Texas. Engelmann changed the spelling to Lincecum without giving any
reason for the change. Munson states that a daughter of Dr. Lincecum
says that her father always spelled his name Lincecum. It is
inconceivable that Buckley did not know how to spell his friend's name.
There is other corroborative evidence that Buckley was either a poor
penman, or did not read proof, or both. In his Latin description of this
species nearly every other word is misspelled, and the mistakes are
those of a printer rather than of one whose Latin is weak, such as
"totis" for "lobis," etc. Munson says that on the different herbarium
specimens of this species collected by Buckley, the name is spelled both
ways but he is not able to tell which are in Buckley's hand. As the
original error seems to be one by the printer or amanuensis it does not
seem desirable to perpetuate it. We have consequently adopted the
spelling of Engelmann and Munson.
[146] Liberty Hyde Bailey was born in 1858 in South Haven, Michigan. He
graduated from the Michigan Agricultural College in 1882 and then
studied botany for two years with Asa Gray at Harvard University. He
became professor of horticulture at his Alma Mater in 1885 and resigned
in 1888 to accept the Chair of Horticulture in Cornell University, a
position which he filled until 1904 when he became Director of the
Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station and Dean of the New
York State College of Agriculture. In 1907 he was given the degree of
Doctor of Laws by the University of Wisconsin. Dr. Bailey is known as a
teacher and experimenter but is better known for his horticultural and
botanical writings. He has published many popular books on agricultural
subjects. The best known of these are: _The Nursery Book_; _The Rule
Book_; _Principles of Vegetable Gardening_; _Garden Making_; _The
Pruning Book_; _The Survival of the Unlike_; _The Evolution of Our
Native Fruits_. Besides these popular, or semi-popular works he has
published two cyclopedias: _The Cyclopedia of American Horticulture_ and
_The Cyclopedia of American Agriculture_. Dr. Bailey's position in
American horticultural literature is unique in that he represents the
botanical side of horticulture. He has written monographs on several of
our cultivated fruits, notably grapes and plums, both appearing in _The
Evolution of Our Native Fruits_.
[147] _Am. Gard._, =12=:584. 1891.
[148] John Eaton Le Conte was born near Shrewsbury, New Jersey, in 1784
and died at Philadelphia in 1860. In 1817 he entered the army as a
topographical engineer, and in 1831 was retired with the grade of major.
Le Conte early became interested in natural history and his military
expeditions gave him ample opportunity for studying the flora and fauna
of eastern America. He published a number of important botanical papers,
one of which was _The Vines of North America_ published in 1854-55. His
contributions to the genus Vitis will be found under that head.
[149] Augustin Pyramus De Candolle was born at Geneva, Switzerland,
1778, and died at Turin, Italy, in 1841. He came of an ancient French
family which had been driven out of Provence in the middle of the
sixteenth century owing to their religion. He began his scientific
studies at the College of Geneva, but later removed to Paris where he
attended courses of lectures on natural science under the greatest
scientists of that day. His best known works are: _Historia plantarum
Succulentarum_; _Synopsis plantarum in flora Gallica descriptarum_; and
_Prodromus Systematis regni vegetabilis_ (1824-), this last being only
about two-thirds completed at the time of his death.
Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyrame De Candolle was born in Paris, France, in
1806. Like his father, whose life is sketched above, he became a noted
botanist. His most important works have been translated into English and
are as follows: _Geographical Botany_, 1855; _Origin of Cultivated
Plants_, 1883; and the _Memoirs_ of his father, 1862. He died in Geneva,
Switzerland, in 1893.
[150] The name Labrusca is an old one originally applied to a grape
growing wild in Italy. Engelmann states that this grape is still known
to the Italians by the name Brusca. It was probably applied to the
American species by Linnaeus under the mistaken supposition that our
northern Fox grape was the same as the wild Italian species.
[151] Carl von Linne, better known in the Latin form of Carolus
Linnaeus, was born in 1707 at Rashult in the province of Smäland,
Sweden. His father, a minister, endeavored to educate his son to follow
the same profession. In this he failed, as Linnaeus from his earliest
years took no interest in the classical studies then taught. His father
was finally induced to educate young Linnaeus as a physician. Linnaeus
was the greatest systematist in the history of botany. His general
system, though much modified, is still in use. Although he named many
species of plants, it was not as a traveler and explorer but as a
recipient of the results of travels of others that the specimens were
secured from which the descriptions were made. Linnaeus died at Upsala,
Sweden, in 1778. His herbarium after his death was sold and finally
became the property of the Linnaean Society of London, where the
specimens are frequently used by botanists from various parts of the
world for purposes of comparison.
[152] Husmann, =1895=:189.
[153] _Grape Cult._, =1=:4. 1869.
[154] _U. S. D. A. Rpt._, =1862=:198.
[155] _Gar. and For._, =2=:584. 1889.
[156] Numbers in parentheses designate authors or publications cited in
the list of references.
[157] Adlum, John. _Cultivation of the Vine_: 149. 1828.
[158] Downing, =1872=:119 app.
[159] _Traité gen. de vit._, =5=:201. 1903.
[160] _Bush. Cat._, =1883=:71.
[161] _Bush. Cat._, =1894=:89.
[162] Dr. A. P. Wylie was a southern hybridizer. His life was one of
exceptionally varied usefulness. Besides being a physician he worked
with many different plants, producing new varieties of cotton, peach,
nectarine, magnolia and other species. His hybrids were produced chiefly
during the sixties and early seventies. His method of testing hybrid
grapes was unique; as soon as the fruit from the cross-fertilized
blossoms ripened, the seeds were planted and the seedlings forced the
first winter in a hothouse. In the spring it was planted by the side of
a mature vine outside and the seedling grafted by inarching on the
established vine. In this manner, his son writes us, he frequently
secured fruit the second summer. In 1873 he suffered the irreparable
misfortune of losing his residence by fire. This destroyed all of his
seeds and also his seedlings, which were in an adjacent hothouse. The
number of Dr. Wylie's grape seedlings cannot be accurately told as many
of them were never disseminated. Of his better known sorts there are
Berckmans, Dr. Wylie, Mrs. McClure, and Peter Wylie, the best known of
which is the first. Dr. Wylie was the first man to hybridize the _Vitis
rotundifolia_ with other species of grapes. Unfortunately these hybrids
appear to have been lost to cultivation. He died at his home in Chester,
South Carolina, in 1877.
[163] _Tex. Sta. Bul._, =48=:1153. 1898.
[164] _Mag. Hort._, =1863=:67.
[165] Fuller, =1867=:237.
[166] _Bush. Cat._, =1883=:75.
[167] Downing, =1869=:532.
[168] Jacob Moore was born in Brighton, New York, in 1835. He early
engaged in the nursery business and about 1860 began to experiment in
hybridizing grapes, his first production of note being Diana Hamburg
which proved too tender to be of value in New York. In 1873 he sold the
Brighton to its introducer, the grape having come from a union of Diana
Hamburg and Concord. In 1882 Moore's third grape of note, the Diamond,
was introduced, its parents being Concord, fertilized by Iona. One other
grape completes his list of varieties of this fruit--the Geneva, a
Vinifera-Labrusca hybrid from seed planted in the spring of 1874. Beside
these grapes, Moore was the originator of the Ruby, Red Cross and
Diploma currants and the Bar-seckel pear. Jacob Moore died in January,
1908, having devoted a life to the improvement of fruits and having
spent a patrimony of no small amount and all of his earnings in carrying
on experiments in horticulture. It saddens one to know that after having
devoted a half century to the enrichment of agriculture, poor Moore
should have passed his last years in comparative poverty, and that they
were embittered with the thought that, unlike the inventor, the producer
of new fruits can in no way protect the products of his originality,
even though they added millions to the wealth of the country as have his
fruits.
[169] Advertising circular sent out by Wm. B. Brown in 1899.
[170] George W. Campbell was born in Cortlandville, New York, in 1817.
The family moved to Ohio in 1821. In early life Campbell was a printer
and editor, as his father had been before him. In 1849 he moved from
Sandusky, Ohio, to Delaware in the same State and it was in the latter
place that his attention was first turned to horticulture as a
livelihood, although he had been interested in it as an amateur much
earlier. He was a continuous member of the American Pomological Society
from the time of its organization in 1850 until his death. He raised
thousands of seedling grapes, of which the following were given names:
Campbell Early, Concord Chasselas, Concord Muscat, Juno, Lady, Purity,
Triumph, White Delaware. All of these are practically obsolete in the
North except Campbell Early and Lady.
Campbell died at his home in Delaware, Ohio, in 1898. For many years
before his death he had been the leading writer and speaker in the North
on the culture of the grape and on grape-breeding, and his work had a
marked influence on the improvement of viticulture.
[171] Charles Arnold was born in Bedfordshire, England, in 1818. In 1833
he removed to Paris, Ontario. He was an enthusiastic hybridizer in many
lines, producing a white wheat, the Ontario apple, and the American
Wonder pea. In 1853 he established the Paris Nurseries. Of his numerous
seedling grapes he gave names to Autuchon, Brant, Canada, Cornucopia and
Othello. He was for many years prominent in the agricultural and
scientific associations of his adopted country. His object in crossing
grapes was to secure varieties sufficiently hardy and early for the
Canadian climate. In this he was in a measure successful but his crosses
are so susceptible to mildew and rot that their culture has been
generally abandoned in both Canada and the United States. He died at his
home in Paris, Canada, in 1883.
[172] _Cat._, =1908=:18.
[173] Ephraim W. Bull was born in Concord, Massachusetts, in 1805 and
died in 1895. He will long be remembered by grape-growers as the
originator and introducer of the Concord grape, the history of which is
given in the above account of that variety. Bull grew many other
seedlings, none of which attained a reputation among growers unless it
be Cottage. Ephraim Bull's ninety years were spent in the quiet of his
Concord home and he would have remained unknown by others than his
neighbors, who honored and loved him, had it not been for his fortunate
discovery of the Concord grape, which must always give him a place in
the history of American grape culture. The grape which has added
immensely to the wealth of a nation, brought its originator scarcely a
year's competence. As a partial recompense for his great service to
horticulture and to the nation, the memory of Ephraim W. Bull should
live long.
[174] No one family has furnished so many members who have been
prominent in American grape-growing as the Underhills. The first of this
remarkable family, Robert Underhill, was born in Yorktown, Westchester
County, New York, in 1761. During his early life he appears to have been
engaged in various enterprises. At one time he was part owner and
conductor of a flouring mill at the head of navigation on the Croton
River; later he sold his interest in this business and in 1804 removed
to Croton Point, which he had previously bought. Here, during the War of
1812, the supply of watermelons from the South being cut off, he planted
eighty acres of melons, and it is said that as many as six vessels were
lying off Croton Point at one time waiting for the melons to mature.
Among other of his ventures was the growing of castor beans, and toward
the end of his life he became interested in viticulture. An account of
his operations cultivating grapes is given in the first part of this
work. Robert Underhill died at Croton Point in 1829. After his death his
two sons, William Alexander Underhill and Robert T. Underhill, bought
from their father's estate the two hundred and fifty acres comprising
Croton Point. Their holdings were not in common, William A. Underhill
having about one hundred and sixty-five acres and his brother the
balance.
R. T. Underhill was born on the Croton River in 1802 and died in 1871 at
Croton Point. William A. Underhill was born at the same place as his
brother in 1804, and died suddenly while on a trip to New York City in
1873. The first three Underhills were pioneer vineyardists in this
State, and were men of great enterprise and initiative, contributing
much to American viticulture by precept and example; but none of them
was an originator of new varieties.
Stephen W. Underhill, son of William A. Underhill, was born at Croton
Point in 1837. In his boyhood he became familiar with the grape-growing
operations of his father and uncle, and about 1860 became interested in
hybridizing as a means of originating new varieties. Most of his work
was done between 1860 and 1870. He originated Black Defiance, Black
Eagle, Croton, Irving, Senasqua and many other named and unnamed sorts.
Of his varieties it may be said that they generally show too many
Vinifera weaknesses for profitable commercial sorts. S. W. Underhill is
still living at Croton-on-Hudson, a short distance from Croton Point,
the scene of the labors of three generations of the Underhill family.
Since the death of his father, in 1873, he has devoted himself almost
exclusively to brick-making, an occupation in which his father had been
interested.
[175] _Bush. Cat._, =1883=:89.
[176] _Traité gen. de vit._, =6=:278. 1903.
[177] _Ib._, p. 279.
[178] The grape vine in the vineyard is not ornamental, but only because
its beauty is marred by the formal shapes in which it must be trained to
meet the purposes of the cultivator. But as a festoon for an arbor, or
for hiding a neglected building, for the porch of the farmhouse, or for
any place where a bold or picturesque effect is wanted, or for giving an
expression of strength, no vine surpasses some of the varieties of our
native grapes. Properly planted they are not only beautiful in
themselves but attractive through their suggestiveness. To sit under
one's own vine and fig tree is the ancient idea of a life of peace,
contentment and security; and this association with the patriarchal use
of the vine is one of the charms of the grape.
[179] Often incorrectly spelled Devereux.
[180] _Horticulturist_, =12=:458. 1857.
[181] _Gar. Mon._, =2=:265. 1860.
[182] _Bush. Cat._, =1894=:116.
[183] After the above was in type we received a communication from
Ricketts stating that Downing came from seed of Concord fertilized by
Muscat Hamburg. If this is true it is difficult to account for the
apparent Aestivalis characters.
[184] This variety was named after Dutchess County, New York, and the
spelling is as given in this text and not "Duchess" as usually spelled.
[185] Andrew Jackson Caywood was born near Modena, Ulster County, New
York, in 1819. During his early life he was a mason and contractor and
engaged in building operations in Orange and Ulster counties. When about
twenty-five years of age he became interested in fruit culture and was
soon one of the leading fruit-growers in his section. Caywood's
grape-breeding work appears to have started about 1850, while he still
lived at Modena. In 1861 he removed to Poughkeepsie, and about 1865,
what was probably his first grape, the Walter, was brought to the
attention of the public. In 1877 he removed to Marlboro, where for many
years he conducted a nursery business in connection with fruit raising,
first under the firm name of Ferries & Caywood, and later as Caywood &
Son, his son Walter having entered the business. Caywood's last years
were clouded with financial troubles and failing health. In 1889 he died
at his home in Marlboro. No record is available of Caywood's productions
nor his manner of work. He appears to have differed from the
grape-breeders of his day in that he produced second rather than first
generation hybrids. Of these his most important productions are:
Dutchess, Metternich, Nectar, Poughkeepsie, Ulster and Walter, though he
raised many others, most of which were never named nor disseminated.
Caywood's years of unremitting labor in improving grapes will long make
his name prominent in American viticulture.
[186] John Burr was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, in 1800. In early
life he removed to Ohio, where, although he was engaged in mercantile
pursuits, he passed his leisure time in experimenting with strawberries.
In this work he was quite successful, producing Burr's Pine and Burr's
Seedling, once popular sorts. In 1858 Burr moved to Kansas and soon
after began breeding grapes. For this work he was a believer in natural
pollination and planted the varieties which he desired to use as parents
in close proximity that they might pollinate each other. Burr at first
used Concord, Hartford, Isabella, and other grapes of this class as
parents, but later he destroyed all of the seedlings of these and used
Delaware, Goethe, Salem, Catawba, and other Vinifera hybrids. He did not
take trouble to note from which variety the seed came but mixed and
planted all together. The records of the parentage of his productions
are consequently usually unsatisfactory. Most of his grape productions
were introduced to the public by Stayman & Black, a nearby nursery firm.
Of Burr's many seedlings he gave names to the following: Cochee, Early
Victor, Eclipse, Evaline, Ideal, Iola, Jewel, Magnate, Matchless,
Mendota, Omega, Osage, Osee, Paragon, Peola, Primate, Pulasky, Seneca,
Superior, Standard, Supreme, and White Jewel. Burr died at his home in
Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1892.
[187] _Traité gen. de vit._, =6=:192. 1903.
[188] _Cat._, =1907-8=:18.
[189] This variety was named Glenfeld by Mr. Magee, its originator, not
Glenfield as it is frequently spelled.
[190] _Tex. Sta. Bul._, =56=:267. 1900.
[191] Munson regards them as identical.
[192] Dr. C. W. Grant was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, in 1810.
Early in life he became a Doctor of Medicine but soon became
dissatisfied with that profession as it was then practiced, and entered
dentistry. He settled in Newburgh, New York, where he built up a very
large dental practice. Dr. Grant was an enthusiastic amateur
horticulturist and numbered among his friends such men of national note
as A. J. and Charles Downing, Horace Greeley, Henry Ward Beecher, W. C.
Bryant, Donald G. Mitchell and others like these who were interested in
rural pursuits. He bought Iona Island in the Hudson River and planted
thereon a commercial vineyard. On the death of his wife in 1856 he gave
up his dental practice and took up his residence on Iona Island. Here
for twelve years he grew grapes and conducted a grape nursery.
Unfortunately Dr. Grant's business experience was not such as to enable
him to make a success of a commercial nursery. In 1868 he retired from
active pursuits and returned to his old home at Litchfield, where he
died in 1881. Dr. Grant's chief interest to grape-growers lies in the
fact that he was the originator of Iona and Israella and the introducer
of Anna and Eumelan. He was one of the first and a most ardent
grape-breeder, working especially toward improving the quality of
commercial varieties of grapes.
[193] On account of criticisms of the justice of the award, Grant
returned the prize to be competed for a second time. At the second trial
it went to Concord on vine characters.
[194] _Sou. Agr._, =2=:552. 1829.
[195] In 1889 Munson sent out a grape under the name Jaeger and in 1890
he introduced the variety here described under the name Hermann Jaeger,
at the same time withdrawing the former variety from further
dissemination. As the first named Jaeger is apparently obsolete there
seems to be no objection to shortening the name so as to conform in
nomenclature with the recommendations of the American Pomological
Society.
[196] James H. Ricketts was born in Oldbridge, Middlesex County,
Massachusetts, in 1830, the family moving to Indiana while Ricketts was
still a child. When a young man Ricketts learned the trade of
bookbinding in Cincinnati and later practiced this art in New York City.
In 1857 he established a bookbinding business at Newburgh, New York;
here he became interested in raising fruit, devoting to it such time as
could be be spared from his business. In 1861 he started his work in
grape improvement, reading all the books then published on this subject
in order to prepare himself to carry on the work intelligently. His
first production was Raritan which he says he thought not much
improvement. In 1862, he built a glass house in order that he might have
Vinifera vines for crossing with natives outside. His first production
of foreign cross-breeds was the Charles Downing, now known as Downing.
Ricketts produced many hundred seedlings, and for ten or twelve years
exhibited them at various fairs, horticultural society meetings and
other places, where their magnificent appearance and fine flavor
attracted universal and favorable attention and made him the recipient
of many medals and prizes. Unfortunately Ricketts, like many other
American grape-breeders, fell into financial difficulties, and in 1877
lost his vineyard and home by foreclosure. In 1888, he moved to
Washington, D. C., to work at his trade but has again started to improve
grapes and is now growing a number of new varieties which will probably
be shown to the public in the near future.
[Illustration: JEFFERSON]
Ricketts' seedlings are characterized by a large size of bunch and
berry, and by high quality. Unfortunately it has been the experience of
growers in nearly all grape regions that the vine characters of his
varieties are not equal to those of the fruit, the vines being subject
to mildew and other Vinifera weaknesses. However, Ricketts produced
magnificent specimens of his grapes, year after year, under conditions
which every one admits were less favorable than those of the average
grape-grower. The secret of his success seems never to have been
discovered. This anomaly is so striking that Campbell did not hesitate
to suggest that the fault was with the American grape-grower rather than
with Ricketts' grapes or the location of the vineyard. The best known of
his varieties are: Advance, Bacchus, Don Juan, Downing, Eldorado, Empire
State, Highland, Jefferson, Lady Washington and Secretary. Besides these
he produced many others, some of which were named but many of which were
known only under numbers.
[197] _Amer. Farmer_, =11=:237, 412. 1829-30.
[198] The illustrations in _The Grapes of New York_, unless otherwise
mentioned, are life-size; but it must be remembered that when objects
having three dimensions are reproduced on a flat surface there is
seemingly a considerable reduction in size. Allowance should be made for
this illusion in comparing fruit with illustration.
[199] _Bush. Cat._, =1883=:120.
[200] Downing, =1857=:341.
[201] Pronounced Reezling.
[202] Jacob Rommel was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1837. The
family moved to Hermann, Missouri, in 1838 where his father, Jacob
Rommel, Sr., engaged in the nursery business and became interested in
grape-growing and wine-making. In 1860 the younger Rommel removed to
Morrison where he entered into partnership with H. Sobbe to grow nursery
stock and cultivate grapes. At this time much dissatisfaction was felt
among the grape-growers of the Middle West with the standard varieties
then grown, most of which were table grapes secured from the East, and
were poorly adapted to wine-making and to Missouri conditions. To remedy
this defect Rommel originated many new varieties, using Taylor chiefly
as a parent. Among others he produced Amber, Beauty, Black Delaware,
Elvira, Etta, Faith, Montefiore, Pearl, Transparent and Wilding.
Rommel's seedlings are characterized by extreme vigor and
productiveness. They were not designed for table grapes and they lack
the qualities to recommend them as such. In 1900 Rommel retired from
business and removed to Chamois, Missouri, where he still lives.
[203] Nelson Bonney White was born in the town of Putney, Windham
County, Vermont, in 1824. During his younger years he lived for a time
in Ohio and in New York but finally settled in Norwood, Massachusetts.
White was a cabinet maker by trade, but coming under the influence of E.
S. Rogers at the time when Rogers' hybrids were causing a stir in New
England, he took up grape-breeding as a pastime. He is probably the
oldest grape-breeder of note now alive, as he has been engaged in this
occupation over fifty years. His best known productions are August
Giant, Amber Queen, and Norfolk. Two other of his varieties,
International and King Philip, are very highly spoken of but have not
yet been distributed.
[204] _Horticulturist_, =16=:286. 1861.
[205] _Mag. Hort._, =9=:430. 1843.
[206] _Traité gen. de vit._, =6=:166. 1903.
[207] _U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt._, =1855=:308.
[208] A. J. Caywood, of Marlboro, New York, published the claim that
this variety was originated by him, that he had named it Hudson but had
delayed sending it out on the advice of several grape experts till it
had been further tested. For this purpose Caywood says he sent the
variety to about sixty men, among them J. W. Prentiss. Those who
examined fruit from the two original vines said they were certainly very
similar if not identical.
[209] Edward Staniford Rogers was born in the old family mansion on
Essex Street, Salem, Massachusetts, June 28, 1826, and died in Peabody,
Massachusetts, March 29, 1899. He was the son of Nathaniel Leverett
Rogers, an old-time Salem merchant, who, with his brothers John and
Richard, was engaged in the maritime trade. Edward Rogers was educated
in Master Ira Cheever's school, a famous Salem school of the day, and,
later, he made several voyages in his father's ships as clerk and
supercargo and, finally, passed a number of years in the counting-room
of the firm in Salem. After his father's death, Mr. Rogers lived in the
old family home with his brother and their mother, and in the garden
back of the house, quite large for a city lot, he indulged his natural
taste for horticulture and conducted his experiments in grape
hybridization.
By temperament Mr. Rogers was quiet and retiring and so generous that he
gained practically no profit from his horticultural productions, for he
freely gave cuttings and rooted plants of the hybrids he raised to
friends and visitors before his own stock was by any means large. Mr.
Rogers possessed literary ability and was an extensive reader, but could
rarely be drawn into conversation excepting among his most intimate
friends who were wont to "drop in" at his long, low greenhouse in the
garden or at his office, extemporized in the old colonial barn at the
rear of the house. After the death of his mother the old house was sold
and the brothers removed to another house in Salem and some years later,
after the death of his brother, Mr. Rogers bought the place, his last
home, in Peabody, Massachusetts, where he cultivated trees and flowers
for pleasure and experiment. An accident which resulted in a permanent
lameness prevented much physical labor during his last years and
probably in a measure hastened his death.
[210] In the eastern portion of the Southern States, the section where
this variety originated and where it is still most largely grown,
Scuppernong is applied only to a white variety of _Vitis rotundifolia_.
Unfortunately in many portions of the South and in the North, the word
Scuppernong is apparently taken as meaning a grape of the southern Fox
or Rotundifolia class; thus we find some writers using such
contradictory expressions as White Scuppernong, Green Scuppernong, and
Black Scuppernong. In the South, at least, this use of the term appears
to have arisen in the last fifty years, usage previous to that time
being practically unanimous in recognizing that the Scuppernong was the
white Rotundifolia which had been selected at an early day for
cultivation on account of certain superior cultural characters
distinguishing it from the rest of the species.
[211] _Amer. Farmer_, =3=:332. 1822.
[212] _S. C. Sta. Bul._, =132=:17, 18. 1907.
[213] Dr. Joseph Stayman was born in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, in
1817. The family was of German descent and had long been identified with
the Mennonites of the region of his birthplace. Stayman's father was a
farmer and miller and during early life the son was engaged in these
occupations. In 1839 he accompanied his parents to Ohio, where he was
engaged in the milling business with his father for a time and later
entered the lecture field and studied medicine. In 1849 he married and
established his home in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, removing two years later
to Abingdon, Illinois. For several years he practiced medicine but in
1858 purchased a nursery which was the beginning of his connection with
the fruit business. In 1860 he removed to Leavenworth, Kansas, where he
lived the remainder of his life, dying at his home in that city in 1903.
Dr. Stayman was a man of great originality and had varied interests. In
plant-breeding he worked with strawberries, apples, raspberries and
grapes, producing among others the Clyde strawberry, the Stayman apple
and a host of varieties of grapes. Of his named sorts of grapes there
are: Black Imperial, Cherokee, Concordia, Daisy, Darwin, Exquisite,
Marsala, Mary Mark, Mrs. Stayman, Osceola, Oscaloosa, Oswego, Ozark,
Pawnee, Perfection, Prolific, Snowflake, White Beauty, White Cloud and
White Imperial.
Stayman and John Burr were neighbors and friends, and held similar
opinions as to the best methods of procedure in originating new
varieties. Neither believed in artificial pollination but grew the
several varieties from which crosses were desired in close proximity and
then planted seed from the best developed fruits. Their methods
certainly gave them varieties with a high standard of excellence.
Stayman may be regarded as one of the leading viticulturists of the
Great Plains region. He was, too, one of the pioneers of America in
breeding fruits. His many contributions to our lists of fruits make his
name memorable to fruit-growers and lovers of fine fruits.
* * * * *
Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:
suspectible=> susceptible {pg 136}
while the the chalaza=> while the chalaza {pg 119}
suceptible=> sucseptible {pg 228}
Must 888=> Must 88° {pg 261}
Must 808=> Must 80° {pg 314}
1889 and it still retained=> 1889 and is still retained {pg 329}
possiby=> possibly {pg 346}
apperance=> appearance {pg 469}
goverment=> government {pg 521}
Munson' scrosses=> Munson's crosses {pg 493}
enlongated=> elongated {pg 500}
Brillant, 193=> Brilliant, 193 {pg 540 index}
selfsterility of, 104;=> self-sterility of, 104; {pg 546 index}
means of dstribution of, 27;=> means of distribution of, 27; {pg 553}