Vine vigorous to medium, hardy, very productive. Canes medium to

short, intermediate in number, medium to slender, moderately dark

brown. Leaves of average size and thickness, healthy, rather light

green, slightly glossy; veins well defined, distinctly showing

through the thick bronze pubescence of the lower surface. Flowers

open medium early, nearly fertile; stamens upright. Tendrils

continuous; diaphragm below medium to thin.

Fruit ripens about with Hartford or a little earlier, appears to

keep fairly well, inclined to shatter. Clusters variable in size,

averaging medium to small, of mean length, slender to medium,

cylindrical to slightly tapering, usually single-shouldered, loose

to medium in compactness. Berries intermediate in size, roundish to

slightly oval, black, covered with rather thick blue bloom,

inclined to shatter from cluster soon after ripening, of average

firmness. Skin intermediate in thickness and toughness, adheres

slightly to the pulp, contains a small amount of wine-colored

pigment, astringent. Flesh juicy, rather tough, fine-grained, foxy,

mild next the skin to slightly tart at center, good in quality but

not equal to the best varieties. Seeds intermediate in size, medium

to short, rather blunt, light brown; raphe buried in a shallow

groove; chalaza small, central to slightly above center, circular,

moderately distinct.

CAMPBELL EARLY.

(Labrusca, Vinifera.)

=1.= _Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt._, =1892-3=:48. =2.= _Rural N. Y._,

=52=:829. 1893. _fig._ =3.= _Ib._, =53=:666. 1894. =4.= _Bush.

Cat._, =1894=:98. _fig._ (Frontispiece). =5.= _Rural N. Y._,

=55=:419, 658. 1896. _fig._ =6.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._, =1897=:11,

48. =7.= _Rural N. Y._, =57=:182, 642. 1898. =8.= _Ib._, =58=:546,

786. 1899. =9.= _Mich. Sta. Sp. Bul._, =27=:9. 1904.

CAMPBELL (9).

Probably no American grape has ever been more favorably received than

Campbell Early, or after introduction has been disseminated more

rapidly. The fact that it came from a grape-breeder who had already

given viticulture several valuable varieties, with the statement that

this was the result of years of experimenting and the greatest triumph

of a life devoted to improving grapes, gave warrant for the enthusiasm

with which it was received. Nor did first impressions belie the oft-made

statement that Campbell Early represented a phenomenal advancement in

grape culture. Bunch, berry and vine seemed to indicate that this was

the best black American grape under cultivation. Nearly two decades have

passed since Campbell Early was introduced, and though admitted by all

to be a good grape, yet it has hardly met the expectations of the

grape-growers who from almost every state and territory welcomed the

newcomer.

[Illustration: CAMPBELL EARLY]

The preeminently meritorious qualities of Campbell Early are: High

quality when mature; freedom from foxiness and from acidity about the

seeds; small seeds which easily part from the flesh; earliness of

maturity, ripening nearly a fortnight before Concord; large size and

attractive appearance of bunch and berry (the color-plate does not do

the Campbell Early justice as to size of berry and bunch); comparative

hardiness of the vine; and good shipping and keeping qualities. Campbell

Early falls short chiefly in not being adapted to as many soils and

conditions as are some of the varieties with which it must compete and

in all but localities well adapted to it the variety lacks

productiveness. In other words it is somewhat lacking in that elasticity

of constitution so characteristic of Concord. Its reputation for quality

has suffered, and to the detriment of the variety, because it attains

its full color before it is ripe and is therefore often marketed in an

unripe condition. The fruit is quite variable in size as grown under

different conditions and somewhat so as grown in the same vineyard,

ranging in size of bunch from very large to small, differing somewhat in

shape and with some compact and with some loose clusters. The color of

the berry is not as attractive as that of Concord as it has less of the

waxy bloom which makes the last named sort so handsome.

But the weaknesses attributed to Campbell Early do not wholly explain

why so good a variety has seemingly failed to meet expectations. Can it

be that the fault is with the American grape-grower more than with the

grape? American growers are not yet willing to give varieties of grapes

the particular care that each may need for its best development, but

seemingly prefer to grow those sorts which are cosmopolitan as to

environment and which will thrive under a general treatment. It cannot

be that the consumers of this fruit care for less than a dozen of the

several hundred American grapes; or that under the varied conditions of

half a continent over which grow a score of species of wild grapes but a

meager half dozen varieties can be grown for commercial purposes. If our

grape-growers were willing to give the Campbell Early, and a score of

other sorts of superior merit, the special care that European

vineyardists give the hundreds of varieties they successfully grow, our

viticulture would not long remain confined to the culture of a few

grapes of mediocre quality.

The name commemorates the services to viticulture of the originator of

the variety, Geo. W. Campbell[170] of Delaware, Ohio, who devoted a long

and active life to the improvement of the grape. The variety is a

seedling of Moore Early pollinated by another production of Campbell's,

which was a seedling of Belvidere pollinated by Muscat Hamburg. Campbell

Early bore for the first time in 1892, and was soon after introduced by

George S. Josselyn of Fredonia, New York. It is now known and grown

throughout the grape regions of eastern America.

Vine vigorous to medium, hardy, productive to very productive.

Canes of average length and number, somewhat thick, dark

reddish-brown, surface often roughened with small warts; nodes

intermediate in size, flattened; internodes medium to short;

diaphragm of mean thickness; pith of average size; shoots

pubescent; tendrils intermittent, rather short, trifid to bifid.

Leaf-buds intermediate in size, inclined to long, slender to

medium, pointed to conical, open early. Young leaves heavily tinged

on lower surface and along margin of upper surface with bright

carmine. Leaves medium to large, thick to medium; upper surface

green, slightly glossy, intermediate in smoothness; lower surface

bronze to pale green, heavily pubescent; veins distinct; lobes

often three in number but usually entire, terminal lobe acute;

petiolar sinus rather shallow, medium to wide; basal sinus usually

pubescent; lateral sinus varying from medium wide to a mere notch,

frequently dentate; teeth shallow to medium, narrow. Flowers

fertile, open in mid-season; stamens upright.

Fruit variable in season, extending through a long period, becomes

marketable somewhat earlier than Worden, keeps and ships unusually

well. Clusters variable in size ranging from very large to medium,

rather long and broad, tapering to cylindrical, frequently

single-shouldered, usually two bunches per shoot, compact to

slightly loose; peduncle short to medium, thick; pedicel below

average in length and thickness, covered with small numerous warts;

brush long, light wine color. Berries somewhat variable in size,

usually large, roundish to slightly oval, dark purplish-black,

rather dull as the season advances, covered with heavy blue bloom,

persistent, moderately firm. Skin medium to thin, tough, does not

crack, adheres slightly to the pulp, contains a small amount of

dark red pigment, somewhat astringent. Flesh greenish, translucent,

juicy, varying from rather tough to nearly soft, slightly coarse,

not foxy, somewhat vinous, nearly sweet from skin to center,

quality good and improves by hanging on the vines, superior to

Concord. Seeds separate readily from the flesh, one to four,

average three, of medium size and length, rather broad, light

brown, often with yellowish tips; raphe obscure; chalaza

intermediate in size, slightly above center, oval, obscure.

CANADA.

(Riparia, Labrusca, Vinifera.)

=1.= _Horticulturist_, =22=:363, 365. 1867. _fig._ =2.= _Rec. of

Hort._, =1868=:44. =3.= Downing, =1869=:533. =4.= _Bush. Cat._,

=1883=:79. _fig._ =5.= _N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt._, =10=:494. 1891. =6.=

_Ib._, =17=:527, 548, 554, 559. 1898. =7.= _Traité gen. de vit._,

=5=:182. 1903.

ARNOLD'S NO. 16 (1, 2, 5). _Arnold's No. 18_ (3, 4, 7).

Canada is justly considered the most desirable of Arnold's several

hybrids of Riparia and Vinifera and is well known in Europe as well as

in America. In France when American varieties were being largely used in

the reconstruction of the vineyards destroyed by phylloxera, Canada was

one of the prime favorites, because of its short period for fruit

development and maturity and the comparatively high quality of the wine

which could be made from it. In America it has never gained great

popularity on account of its susceptibility to fungal diseases. In this

respect as in some others, it shows Vinifera more than Riparia

parentage; thus in shape, color and texture of foliage, in the flavor of

the fruit, and in the seeds there are decided indications of Vinifera

while the vine, especially in the slenderness of the shoots, and the

bunch and berry, shows Riparia. If, as is surmised, there is some

Labrusca in Clinton, the Riparia parent of Canada, there are no

discernible traces of the first named species in this variety. Canada

and Brant, its full brother, are often confused with each other but

there are numerous minor differences in buds, foliage, canes, in the

shape of the bunch, in the seeds and in the time of ripening which a

reading of the descriptions of the two varieties will reveal. Canada has

little value as a dessert fruit but makes a very good red wine, having,

according to the French, a most agreeable bouquet, but in America it is

surpassed by other wine grapes in so many characters that it can

probably never attain a place in this country for other than breeding

purposes.

The grape to which Arnold[171] gave the name Canada is a seedling of

Clinton, a Labrusca-Riparia hybrid, fertilized by Black St. Peters, a

variety of _Vitis vinifera_. Arnold planted the seed which produced

Canada and its brother Brant about 1860. During the decade that followed

the variety was sent out as _Arnold No. 16_, but as it became more

widely distributed the name was changed to Canada.

Vine medium to very vigorous, hardy, not always healthy, usually

productive. Canes long, numerous, variable in size but averaging

slender, nearly ash-gray at internodes to reddish-brown at nodes,

covered with a slight blue bloom; nodes enlarged, not flattened;

internodes above medium to short; diaphragm of average thickness,

rather large; shoots strongly pubescent; tendrils intermittent,

nearly short, trifid to bifid.

Leaf-buds intermediate in size, short, of average thickness,

conical to obtuse, open rather late. Young leaves pale green with

faintest trace of carmine, prevailing color green on upper and

lower sides. Leaves intermediate in size, medium to thin; upper

surface light green, nearly smooth; lower surface pale green,

hairy; veins obscure; lobes five in number, often obscure, terminal

lobe acute to acuminate; petiolar sinus deep, medium to narrow;

basal sinus variable in depth and width; lateral sinus usually deep

and narrow when well defined; teeth deep, wide. Flowers

occasionally on plan of six, somewhat fertile to partly sterile,

open moderately early; stamens upright.

Fruit ripens in mid-season or later, keeps fairly well. Clusters

intermediate in size, long to medium, rather slender, uniform,

often strongly cylindrical, sometimes single-shouldered, very

compact; peduncle short, slender; pedicel long, slender, nearly

smooth; brush short, light brown. Berries not uniform, average

medium to small, roundish when not compressed by compactness of

cluster, attractive purplish-black to black, glossy, covered with

heavy dark blue bloom, persistent, firm. Skin thin, does not crack,

rather tough, adheres but slightly to the pulp, contains a slight

amount of pigment, not astringent. Flesh rather dark green, very

juicy, fine-grained, somewhat tender when fully ripe, spicy,

pleasant vinous flavor, nearly sweet to agreeably tart, ranking

medium to above in quality. Seeds separate readily from pulp, one

to three, average two, intermediate in size and breadth, of average

length, blunt, light brown; raphe completely obscure; chalaza

intermediate in size, slightly above center, oval, distinct,

somewhat obscure.

[Illustration: CANADA]

CANANDAIGUA.

(Labrusca, Vinifera.)

Canandaigua has not been generally distributed and would not be

mentioned here were it not for its exceptional keeping qualities. To

test the keeping qualities of grapes in common storage, 265 varieties

were put in the fruit house at this Station in the fall of 1907. The

test ended April 16, 1908, when it was found that Canandaigua was in the

best condition of all varieties. Its quality is very good at picking

time but seems, if anything, to improve in storage, and it was as good

at the end of the test as at the beginning. Its vine characters are

those of Labrusca-Vinifera hybrids and such, as the variety grows on the

Station grounds, as make it the equal of the average cultivated hybrid

of these two species. The characters of the fruit, too, show plainly an

admixture of Vinifera and Labrusca so combined as to make the grapes

very similar to the best of such hybrids. The variety is quite worthy of

trial.

Canandaigua is a chance seedling found by E. L. Van Wormer of

Canandaigua, New York, growing among wild grapes. Its high quality and

handsome appearance attracted his attention and the vine was put under

cultivation, after which its long-keeping qualities were discovered.

Vines were sent to this Station for testing in 1897. All of its

characters indicate that it is a hybrid between Labrusca and Vinifera.

Vine vigorous, doubtfully hardy, medium to productive. Tendrils

semi-continuous to semi-intermittent, bifid, dehisce early. Leaves

large to medium, thin. Flowers sterile or sometimes partly fertile,

open in mid-season; stamens reflexed. Fruit ripens after

mid-season, keeps unusually well. Clusters variable in size,

usually heavily single-shouldered, loose to medium. Berries large

to medium, slightly oval to roundish, black, covered with a fair

amount of blue bloom, persistent. Flesh firm, sweet and rich, good

in quality, improving as the season advances. Seeds often long,

with enlarged neck; raphe shows as a partially obscured cord in a

medium deep groove; chalaza above center, distinctly pear-shaped.

CAPTAIN.

(Lincecumii, Rupestris, Labrusca, Vinifera.)

=1.= _Rural N. Y._, =60=:637. 1901. =2.= _Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt._,

=1904=:306. =3.= _Munson Cat._, =1906=-7:16.

Captain has not made a good showing in the Station vineyard and we have

no reports of it from other parts of the State. The clusters are large

and long but very loose and unattractive in appearance, and the fruit

ranks low in quality. We are forced to conclude, judging from the

several seasons the variety has fruited on these grounds, that it is of

little value in New York. The breeding of Captain is such that it could

hardly be expected to thrive in this latitude.

Captain was produced by T. V. Munson from seed of America fertilized

with R. W. Munson.

Vine vigorous, hardy, moderately productive. Canes long to medium,

numerous, covered with rather thick blue bloom; tendrils

intermittent, bifid and trifid. Leaves very large to medium, thick,

not pubescent but very hairy along ribs. Flowers semi-fertile, open

rather late; stamens upright. Fruit ripens later than Concord, does

not keep long although it ships well. Clusters large to above

medium, long, slender, sometimes double-shouldered, very loose.

Berries very large to below medium, inclined to roundish, black,

covered with heavy blue bloom, persistent. Skin contains a large

amount of purplish-red pigment. Flesh medium juicy, coarse, tender,

lacks character, tart from skin to center, fair in quality. Seeds

numerous, separate easily from the pulp.

CARMAN.

Lincecumii, Vinifera, Labrusca, Bourquiniana?

=1.= _Gar. Mon._, =28=:304. 1886. =2.= _Rural N. Y._, =50=:221,

_fig._, 643, 690. 1891. =3.= _Ib._, =51=:147, 607, 774. 1892.

_fig._ =4.= Husmann, =1895=:127. =5.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._,

=1897=:20. =6.= _N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt._, =17=:548, 554. 1898. =7.=

_Tex. Sta. Bul._, =48=:1149, 1154. 1898. _fig._ =8.= _Mo. Sta.

Bul._, =46=:38, 43, 45, 49. 1899. =9.= _Rural N. Y._, =59=:674,

690, 752, 770, 802, 819. 1900. =10.= _Ga. Sta. Bul._, =53=:41, 51,

52, 54. 1901.

The Carman is another grape having the characters of three

species--_Vitis lincecumii_, _V. labrusca_ and _V. vinifera_--and hence

of interest to grape improvers at least. In the twenty-three years it

has been known in New York it has not become popular with grape-growers

chiefly because it ripens too late for this region and when ripe does

not attain the high quality ascribed to it elsewhere. Its most valuable

character is that of long keeping, whether while hanging on the vine or

after harvesting.

[Illustration: CARMAN]

T. V. Munson of Denison, Texas, raised Carman from seed of a wild

Post-oak grape taken from the woods, pollinated with mixed pollen of

Triumph and Herbemont. It was introduced in 1892 and placed on the

American Pomological Society fruit catalog list in 1897. The variety

was named in honor of E. S. Carman, for many years editor of the

_Rural New Yorker_, and a plant-breeder of note.

Vine very vigorous to medium, hardy, lacking in productiveness.

Canes long, numerous, thick, brown to reddish-brown; nodes but

slightly enlarged, flattened; internodes long to medium; diaphragm

somewhat thick; pith above medium size; shoots very pubescent;

tendrils intermittent, long, trifid.

Leaf-buds rather large, nearly short, thick, conical to obtuse,

open rather late. Young leaves slightly tinged with rose on upper

and lower sides. Leaves in good condition until injured by frost,

large, thick; upper surface light to dark green, somewhat glossy,

older leaves rugose; lower surface pale green, pubescent; veins

indistinct; terminal lobe acute to obtuse; petiolar sinus deep to

narrow; basal sinus often absent or shallow; lateral sinus medium

to shallow when present; teeth intermediate in depth and width.

Flowers on plan of five or six, fertile or nearly so, open very

late; stamens upright.

Fruit ripens just before Catawba, an excellent keeper. Clusters

variable in size, of average length and breadth, tapering to

cylindrical, frequently single-shouldered, usually compact;

peduncle above medium length and thickness; pedicel short, slender,

smooth with very slight swelling at point of attachment to berry;

brush short, slender, wine-colored. Berries inferior in size,

roundish to slightly oblate, dark purplish-black to black, glossy,

covered with a fair amount of blue bloom, persistent, firm. Skin

rather thin, tough, nearly free from pulp, contains little or no

pigment, not astringent. Flesh yellowish-green, not juicy, somewhat

tender when fully ripe, has some Post-oak flavor, vinous, spicy,

sweetish at skin to tart next the seeds, good to very good. Seeds

separate easily from pulp, one to four, average two or three,

small, of mean length and breadth, blunt, brownish; raphe sometimes

cord-like; chalaza intermediate in size, slightly above center,

oval to pear-shaped, distinct.

CATAWBA.

(Labrusca, Vinifera.)

=1.= Adlum, =1823=:109, 139. =2.= Ib., =1828=:173. =3.= Ib.,

=1828=:176. =4.= Prince, =1830=:175. =5.= Ib., =1830=:180. =6.= _U.

S. Pat. Off. Rpt._, =1845=:312, 938, 939. =7.= _Ib._, =1847=:462,

463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 469. =8.= _Mag. Hort._, =15=:513. 1849.

=9.= _West. Hort. Rev._, =1=:15. 1850. =10.= _U. S. Pat. Off.

Rpt._, =1851=:48, 49, 51. 11. _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._, =1852=:54.

=12.= Buchanan, =1852=:23, 71, 96, 106. =13.= Elliott, =1854=:244.

=14.= Hooper, =1857=:274. =15.= _Horticulturist_, =16=:120. 1861.

=16.= _Mag. Hort._, =28=:506. 1862. =17.= _Ib._, =29=:73. 1863.

=13.= _Gar. Mon._, =5=:73, 74, 184. 1863. =19.= _N. Y. Ag. Soc.

Rpt._, =1864=:42. =20.= Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., =1867=:43. =21.=

Fuller, =1867=:220, 241, 248. =22.= _Gar. Mon._, =9=:214. 1867.

=23.= _Horticulturist_, =23=:298. 1868. _fig. of leaf._ =24.=

Downing, =1869=:533. =25.= Barry, =1872=:421. =26.= _Gar. Mon._,

=14=:167. 1872. =27.= _Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt._, =1875-6=:72, 73.

=28.= _Bush. Cat._, =1883=:80. _fig._ =29.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._,

=1883=:118. =30.= _Am. Gard._, =12=:581. 1891. =31.= _Gar. and

For._, =8=:487. 1895. =32.= _N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt._, =15=:432. 1896.

=33.= _Ib._, =17=:527, 540, 543, 544, 548, 552. 1898. =34.= _Ev.

Nat. Fruits_, =1898=:53. =35.= _N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt._, =18=:367,

374, 386, 396. 1899. =36.= _Mo. Sta. Bul._, =46=:38, 43, 44, 45.

1899. =37.= _Kan. Sta. Bul._, =110=:235. 1902. =38.= _Rural N. Y._,

=61=:722. 1902. =39.= _Traité gen. de vit._, =6=:282. 1903.

_Arkansas_ (13). _Catawba Tokay_ (4, 13, 18, 24, 39). _Cherokee_

(15). _Fancher_ (?24, 39). _Keller's White_ (39). _Lebanon

Seedling_ (13, 18). _Lincoln_ (9). _Mammoth Catawba_ (39). _Mead's

Seedling_ (39). _Merceron_ (39). MICHIGAN (16, 17). _Michigan_ (24,

39). MUNCY (3). MUNCY PALE RED (5). _Muncy, pale red?_ (4). _Omega_

(39). _Red Muncy_ (4?, 13, 18, 24, 28, 39). _Rose of Tennessee_

(18). _Saratoga_ (?24, 39). _Singleton_ (13, 18, 28,?39). _Tekomah_

(39). TOKAY (1). _Tokay_ (4, 28, 39). _Virginia Amber_ (18). _White

Catawba_ (39).

From many points of view the Catawba is the most interesting of our

American grapes. The elasticity of constitution which enables it to

adapt itself to many environments and therefore to succeed in a vast

region; its possible existence for centuries in the wild state, for the

records of a century have not divulged the secret of its origin, of its

ancestry, or of its introduction; its high quality and attractive

appearance which give it intrinsic value as a table grape and for making

wine; the fact that it was our first great American grape and that after

a century it is still one of the four leading varieties of grapes

cultivated in eastern America and that after this lapse of time it is

the chief of all northern varieties for wine-making; all these make

Catawba of prime interest to the grower of American grapes. The Catawba,

too, has had the rare distinction of having a poet, Longfellow, sing its

praises:

"Very good in its way is the Verzenay

Or the Sillery, soft and creamy,

But Catawba wine has a taste more divine,

More dulcet, delicious and dreamy.

There grows no vine, by the haunted Rhine,

By the Danube or Guadalquiver,

Nor island or cape, that bears such a grape

As grows by the beautiful River."

[Illustration: CATAWBA]

In Chapter II, American Grapes, we have seen how important a part the

Catawba played in the first grape regions of this country. It is still

the leading grape along the shores of Lake Erie in northern Ohio, and

about the Central Lakes of New York. In the latter region immense areas

are devoted to this variety, the product going to the general market and

to the wine-cellars where it is the chief sort used in the making of

champagne. Its characters are such that it is not too much to say that

did it but ripen two weeks earlier in the other grape regions of New

York, the Chautauqua, Hudson and Ontario regions, the Catawba would

rival the Concord. Because of late ripening in New York this variety is

at its best only about the Central Lakes and on land extending back from

the water to an altitude of one hundred feet above the lake surface;

here as fine Catawbas are grown as anywhere in the world. As to soil, it

thrives in sand, gravel or clay provided there be an abundance of food

and humus, good drainage and plenty of bottom heat.

Of all the commercial grapes grown in New York Catawba is the best

keeper, lasting until March or later. Because of its fine quality it

often brings a higher price than other varieties and its reputation as a

dessert grape would be still better were it not too often picked before

fully ripe and therefore sour and unpalatable. The Catawba is the

standard red grape in the markets, and other red varieties are often

sold under its name. It makes a good light-colored wine, which as has

been said, is largely used as a base for champagne. The vine is

vigorous, hardy and productive but the foliage and fruit are susceptible

to fungi and this constitutes the chief defect of the variety and

accounts for the decline and the passing out of Catawba in many of the

grape regions of the past in the United States and its unpopularity in

some of the grape regions of the present. In its botanical characters,

in its adaptation, and in its susceptibilities it suggests _Vitis

vinifera_ crossed with _Vitis labrusca_, a possibility to be discussed

in a later paragraph.

The characters of Catawba seem readily transmissible to its offspring

and, beside having a number of pure-bred descendants which more or less

resemble it, it is one of the parents of a still greater number of

cross-breeds which, as a rule, inherit many of its characters. As with

Catawba, most of its progeny show Vinifera characters; as intermittent

tendrils, the Vinifera color of foliage, a vinous flavor wholly or

nearly free from foxiness, and the susceptibilities of Labrusca-Vinifera

hybrids to certain insects, fungi, and environmental conditions.

Catawba was introduced by John Adlum of the District of Columbia about

1823. Adlum secured cuttings of this variety from a Mrs. Scholl of

Clarksburgh, Montgomery County, Maryland, in the spring of 1819. This

vine had been planted by Mrs. Scholl's husband, who had since died. He

had always called it Catawba, but the family did not know from what

source it had been secured. Owing to the statement of a German priest

that it was the same as the Tokay of Hungary, Mr. Adlum called it by

that name. Some years later, when he found this to be a mistake, he

changed the name back to Catawba. Adlum found the same variety on a

trellis on land belonging to a Mr. J. Johnston, near Fredericktown,

Maryland. He also found a similar variety on a farm of his in Lycoming

County, Pennsylvania, which he introduced under the name of Muncy. Later

these two varieties were judged to be identical. Neither Adlum nor

Prince was able to trace the origin of Catawba, though both were among

the chief viticulturists of their day, were instrumental in distributing

this variety, and had correspondents in all parts of the Union.

In 1850, S. Mosher of Saloma Springs, Kentucky, wrote an article in the

_Western Horticultural Review_, giving an account of the finding of the

original vine by Dr. Solomon Beach, in 1821, on the farm of William

Murry, about ten miles from Asheville, Buncombe County, North Carolina.

The Murrys informed Beach that the grape was an old variety in the

neighborhood and that cuttings and roots had been sent to various

places. This story was later confirmed by Ravenel, who talked with a son

of the original Murry and was told that General Davy, in 1807, then

United States Senator from South Carolina, had secured some of the vines

and had carried some of them to Washington. This would account for its

falling into the hands of Adlum. It must be said, however, that it

appears strange that none of the many correspondents of Adlum or Prince,

some of whom lived not very far from where the Catawba was supposed to

have been found, had heard of this variety. That the Murrys had a vine

growing on their farm of peculiar excellence, is probable; that it was

Catawba is by no means certain. All that can be said is that the origin

of Catawba is not positively known.

Catawba was introduced into the grape region around Cincinnati by

Longworth in 1825. The favorable reports of the variety from this region

undoubtedly did much to secure its early and wide distribution. In most

sections it was compared with the Alexander or Cape grape, and proved

itself easily the superior in both vine and fruit characters. Up to the

time of the introduction of Concord, Catawba was the most popular

American grape cultivated. After that time, the earlier season and

superior vine of the former variety enabled it to supplant Catawba in

many sections. The Catawba was placed on the grape list in the first

American Pomological Society fruit catalog in 1852.

The species to which Catawba belongs is uncertain. It is generally

classed as Labrusca, but practically all of those who have raised large

numbers of seedlings of the variety are of the opinion that it has some

Vinifera blood in its composition. The general appearance of the vine

would indicate Labrusca, but the vinous flavor of the fruit, the

susceptibility to mildew, the appearance of occasional seeds, and the

character of the seedlings, many of which resemble Vinifera more than

the parent, all indicate that there is a strain of Vinifera present.

Vine vigorous to medium, hardy, productive, subject to mildew in

unfavorable seasons. Canes of average length, numerous, rather

thick, moderately dark brown with slight ash-gray tinge; nodes

enlarged, sometimes slightly flattened; internodes of mean length;

diaphragm rather thin; pith rather large; shoots slightly

pubescent; tendrils continuous, of fair length, bifid to trifid.

Leaf-buds intermediate in size and thickness, short, conical to

nearly obtuse, open moderately late. Young leaves tinged rose

carmine on upper and lower sides. Leaves large, of average

thickness; upper surface rather light green, dull, moderately

smooth; lower surface grayish-white, heavily pubescent; veins well

defined; lobes sometimes three, terminal lobe acute; petiolar sinus

deep, narrow to medium; basal sinus often lacking; lateral sinus of

average depth, narrow; teeth rather shallow, narrow. Flowers

fertile, open rather late; stamens upright.

Fruit late, one of the best keepers, lasting until March or later.

Clusters large to medium, rather long, usually broad, nearly

cylindrical to tapering, single-shouldered to sometimes

double-shouldered, rather loose to compact; peduncle of average

length, rather slender; pedicel variable in length, intermediate in

thickness, covered with but few small, inconspicuous warts,

considerably swollen at point of attachment to berry; brush short,

pale green. Berries intermediate in size, oval to roundish, dull

purplish-red, covered with a moderate amount of lilac bloom, not

inclined to drop from pedicel, firm. Skin rather thick, variable in

toughness, slightly adheres to pulp, with no pigment, somewhat

astringent. Flesh green, translucent, juicy, fine-grained, slightly

tough to soft, depending upon age, vinous, often sprightly with

some foxiness, sweet and rich, very good in quality. Seeds separate

easily from flesh, frequently abortive, average two, medium size,

broad, often with a short prominent neck, distinctly notched,

blunt, brownish; raphe obscure; chalaza large, above center, oval

to nearly roundish, rather distinct.

CAYUGA.

(Labrusca, Vinifera?)

=1.= _Rural N. Y._, =45=:265. 1886. _fig._ =2.= _N. Y. Sta. An.

Rpt._, =11=:617. 1892. =3.= _Bush. Cat._, =1894=:100. =4.= _Ga.

Sta. Bul._, =53=:41, 54. 1901. _fig._

_Sharon_ (3).

Cayuga is probably a descendant of Isabella through Adirondac. It

resembles its parent in both its good qualities and its faults. The

first are beauty, quality and earliness of fruit; the second lack of

vigor, susceptibility to fungi and lack of hardiness. Although known

since 1886, the Cayuga was never widely distributed in New York and is

now rarely found.

The variety was originated by D. S. Marvin, Watertown, New York, from

seed of Adirondac. Marvin, in a personal letter, says that the usually

imputed parentage of Eumelan crossed with Adirondac is a mistake, and

refers to another variety. Bush gives Sharon as a synonym of Cayuga but

this appears to be an error.

Vine not vigorous, lacks in hardiness, an uncertain bearer,

unproductive. Tendrils continuous, bifid. Leaves medium to small,

inclined to dark green, thick. Flowers vary from nearly fertile to

almost sterile, open in mid-season; stamens upright. Fruit ripens

as early as Champion. Clusters variable in size, usually short and

not shouldered, not uniform in compactness. Berries medium to large

but some years often small and seedless, much like Isabella in

shape, unattractive in color, ranging from dull reddish-purple to

blackish, covered with blue bloom. Flesh tender, vinous, mild from

skin to center, variable in flavor and quality, ranking from fair

to very good. The seed-coat is often rough and warty.

CENTENNIAL.

(Labrusca, Aestivalis, Vinifera.)

=1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._, =1881=:66. =2.= _Bush. Cat._, =1883=:81.

=3.= _N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt._, =9=:330. 1890. =4.= _Ill. Sta. Bul._,

=28=:263. 1893. =5.= _Bush. Cat._, =1894=:101. _fig._ =6.= _Mass.

Hatch. Sta. Bul._, =37=:12, 15. 1896. =7.= _Ark. Sta. Bul._,

=39=:28. 1896. =8.= _N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt._, =17=:527, 548, 552.

1898. =9.= _Tex. Sta. Bul._, =48=:1149, 1154. 1898. =10.= _Mo. Sta.

Bul._, =46=:38, 45, 46. 1899. =11.= _Ga. Sta. Bul._, =53=:41. 1901.

=12.= _Kan. Sta. Bul._, =110=:247. 1902.

CONTINENTAL (1) but incorrectly.

Centennial is now scarcely heard of though at the time of its

introduction, shortly after the Centennial of 1876, it was looked upon

as a valuable acquisition. Its chief meritorious attributes are high

quality and attractive appearance; while its faults, which greatly

outweigh its merits, are lack of vigor, susceptibility to fungi, and

lack of hardiness. Centennial is much like Delaware and is surpassed by

it in nearly all respects.

The variety was originated by D. S. Marvin, of Watertown, New York. It

is a cross between a Labrusca seedling of Marvin's and a seedling of

Eumelan. It was first fruited in 1875, and was introduced in 1882 by the

originator. Vines were received by this Station in 1883. The tenderness

and lateness of ripening of Centennial, as well as its botanical

characters, indicate Vinifera blood.

The following description is a compilation from several sources:

Vine vigorous, somewhat tender, fairly productive. Leaves rounded,

slightly three-lobed, smooth. Clusters medium to small, compact,

tapering or cylindrical, sometimes slightly shouldered. Berries

medium to small, pale red or amber color with thin white bloom,

adhere firmly to pedicel. Skin rather thick, tough. Flesh tender,

juicy, sweet, resembling Delaware in flavor, good to very good.

About the same season as Concord.

CHALLENGE.

(Labrusca, Vinifera?)

=1.= _Am. Jour. Hort._, =4=:72. 1868. =2.= _Ib._, =7=:102. 1870.

=3.= _Bush. Cat._, =1883=:82. =4.= _Ill. Sta. Bul._, =28=:259.

1893. =5.= _Mo. Sta. Bul._, =46=:38, 43, 45, 46. 1899. =6.= _Ga.

Sta. Bul._, =53=:41. 1901. =7.= _Kan. Sta. Bul._, =110=:238. 1902.

Some years ago Challenge was considered an excellent dessert grape,

being of good quality, hardy, and fairly healthy. Small plantations of

it still exist in New York, but it is rapidly passing out of

cultivation.

Challenge was originated about 1860 by Archer Moore, of Hammonton, New

Jersey. He supposed it to have come from seed of Concord fertilized by

Royal Muscadine. The variety was introduced by William F. Bassett of the

same place. We do not have a vine of Challenge growing on the Station

grounds, and the description written below is compiled from various

sources.

Vine very vigorous; shoots slender, long. Leaf of medium size, dark

green. Clusters rather large, compact, tapering, usually

shouldered. Berries medium in size, round, pale red to

reddish-purple in color with very thin bloom and inconspicuous

dots, juicy, slightly acid; quality medium to good; not separating

readily from the seeds. Season shortly after Concord.

CHAMPION.

(Labrusca.)

=1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._, =1871=:69. =2.= _Am. Hort. An._,

=1871=:83. =3.= _Horticulturist_, =30=:151. 1875. =4.= _Mich. Pom.

Soc. Rpt._, =1875=:88, 295. =5.= _Gar. Mon._, =20=:47. 1878. =6.=

_Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt._, =1879=:93. =7.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._,

=1879.= =8.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._, =1881=:36. =9.= _Bush. Cat._,

=1883=:82. =10.= _Ib._, =1883=:138. =11.= _Tenn. Sta. Bul._, Vol.

=9=:172. 1896. =12.= _N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt._, =17=:527, 528, 548,

552, 554. 1898. =13.= _Miss. Sta. Bul._, =56=:11. 1899. =14.=

Budd-Hansen, =2=:374. 1902.

_Beaconsfield_ (6, 8, 9, 11). _Champion_ (10). EARLY CHAMPION (5).

_Early Champion_ (9, 11). _Tallman?_ (5). TALLMAN SEEDLING (1, 2).

TALMAN'S SEEDLING (10). _Talman's Seedling_ (9, 11). _Talman's

Seedling_ (4). _Talman_ (10).

Champion is still a favorite early grape with some commercial growers

after having been grown for a generation, though its poor quality should

have driven it from cultivation years ago. Champion and Hartford are

rivals as early market grapes and for the distinction of being the

poorest in quality of all commonly cultivated grapes. The variety under

consideration is sourer and less agreeable to the taste than many wild

grapes. The characters which have kept it in cultivation are earliness,

good shipping qualities, though it does not keep well, productiveness,

attractive appearance, and a vigorous hardy vine. The hardiness of the

vine and its short season of fruit development and maturity make it a

good variety for northern and cold climates. This grape is best, in

appearance of fruit, in quality, and in the quantity produced, on a

comparatively light sandy soil. As grape consumers become more

appreciative of quality, Champion will be grown less and less.

The origin of Champion is unknown. It was first grown about 1870 in New

York. In 1871 Elliott acknowledged receipt of specimens of this variety

from William Chorlton of Staten Island. It was at that time generally

known as Tallman or Tallman's Seedling. At about the same time it was

being propagated and sold by R. J. Donnelly and J. I. Stone of

Charlotte, Monroe County, as Champion. Although many efforts have been

made, no one has succeeded in tracing the variety to the original vine.

At one time it was stated to have originated in the vicinity of New

Orleans, Louisiana, but later the southern Champion was found to be a

different variety. This variety was early introduced into Canada where

it was known as Beaconsfield, owing to its being first planted in that

country in a large vineyard owned by a gentleman of that name.

[Illustration: CHAMPION]

Vine vigorous to very vigorous, hardy, productive to very

productive. Canes intermediate in length and number, of average

size, rather dark brown; nodes enlarged, flattened; internodes

medium to below in length; diaphragm thick; pith nearly large;

shoots pubescent; tendrils continuous, inclined to long, bifid.

Leaf-buds of medium size, short, rather thick, obtuse to conical,

open in mid-season. Young leaves strongly tinged on lower side and

along margin of upper side with carmine, making the prevailing

color rose carmine. Leaves medium to large, intermediate in

thickness; upper surface dark green, dull, rugose; lower surface

dull gray often with trace of bronze, slightly downy; veins

indistinct; lobes usually three, often obscurely five, terminal

lobe acute; petiolar sinus deep to medium, of average width; teeth

of fair depth, shallow. Flowers fertile, open medium early; stamens

upright.

Fruit ripens early, three weeks or more before Concord and about a

week before Hartford, ships well but does not keep well, as its

season is very short. Clusters medium to small, of mean length and

breadth, blunt, cylindrical to slightly tapering, usually not

shouldered, medium to compact; peduncle short, rather thick;

pedicel inclined to short, covered with small inconspicuous warts;

brush whitish tinged with brown. Berries medium to above in size,

roundish, dull black covered with a moderate amount of blue bloom,

not always persistent, somewhat soft. Skin thick, tender, adheres

considerably to the pulp, contains a fair amount of light purplish

pigment, astringent. Flesh light green, translucent, juicy,

fine-grained, tender, foxy, rather sweet next the skin, agreeably

tart at center, poor in quality. Seeds slightly adherent, one to

five, average three, large, somewhat broad and long, blunt, light

brown; raphe obscure; chalaza of fair size, slightly above center,

circular, obscure.

CHAUTAUQUA.

(Labrusca.)

=1.= _N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt._, =11=:618. 1892. =2.= _Ib._, =13=:602.

1894. =3.= _Bush. Cat._, =1894=:102. =4.= _N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt._,

=17=:528, 548, 554. 1898.

In appearance Chautauqua is very similar to Concord, its parent, but it

ripens a few days earlier and is of slightly better quality though it

does not differ in these respects sufficiently to make it more than an

easily recognized strain of Concord. Inasmuch as it originated, and for

fifteen years has been known, in the region where the Concord reigns

supreme, and has not yet come into prominence, it is fair to assume that

it has some weakness and that the parent will remain dominant.

Chautauqua is a volunteer seedling of Concord found in a Concord

vineyard near Brocton, Chautauqua County, New York, by H. T. Bashtite

who sent vines of it to this Station in 1892.

Vine medium to vigorous, not always hardy, not productive. Tendrils

continuous, mostly trifid. Leaves large, irregularly roundish, dark

green; lower surface tinged with bronze. Flowers semi-fertile to

nearly fertile, open in mid-season or earlier; stamens upright.

Fruit ripens in mid-season or a few days earlier. Clusters medium

to large, rather broad, sometimes single-shouldered, intermediate

in compactness. Berries unusually large, roundish to slightly oval,

dark purplish-black, covered with abundant blue bloom, shatter

badly. Skin thin, very astringent. Flesh rather tough, vinous,

sweet at skin to acid at center, good to very good in quality. The

pulp separates readily from the few broad and plump seeds.

CLEVENER.

(Labrusca, Riparia, Aestivalis?)

=1.= _N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt._, =10=:494. 1891. =2.= _Ib._, =11=:618.

1892. =3.= _Rural N. Y._, =52=:381. 1893. =4.= _Bush. Cat._,

=1894=:103. =5.= _N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt._, =17=:528, 548, 554. 1898.

There are two Cleveners discussed in American viticultural literature,

the origin and history of both of which are briefly set forth below. In

these general observations we need to consider but the northern one of

the two grapes. This variety has long been grown in New Jersey and in

New York and in both States is highly esteemed as a wine grape, the

resulting wine being well flavored and of a dark inky-red color. The

fruit is remarkable in coloring very early and in ripening very late.

The vine is hardy, very vigorous, succeeds in various soils and since it

bears grafts well it seems an excellent sort upon which to graft

varieties which do not thrive on their own roots. It is self-sterile and

must be planted with some other variety to set fruit well. Clinton makes

an excellent pollenizer because it blooms at the same time, and because

two wine grapes may be thus grown together. In spite of its good

qualities, Clevener is hardly holding its own in the commercial

vineyards of the State and it is not a desirable fruit for the amateur

who wants a table grape.

The Clevener here described has been raised in the vicinity of Egg

Harbor, New Jersey, for about forty years, but its place and time of

origin are unknown. It is generally considered to be a Riparia but the

continuous tendrils and other botanical characters indicate a strong

admixture of Labrusca blood and possibly Aestivalis or Bicolor as the

shoots and canes show considerable bloom.

The other variety under the name Clevener is a southern grape strongly

resembling Rulander or Louisiana. Opinions differ as to whether it be

of Aestivalis or Bourquiniana blood. This variety is unknown in New

York and of its origin and history there is no information.

Vine a rampant grower, hardy, medium to productive, somewhat

subject to attacks of leaf-hoppers. Canes long, numerous, rather

thick, dark reddish-brown, covered with a slight amount of bloom;

tendrils continuous, bifid. Foliage very healthy; leaves unusually

large, intermediate in thickness, dark green with well defined ribs

showing through the thin pubescence of the under surface. Flowers

sterile, open very early; stamens reflexed.

Fruit ripens late, and appears to keep well. Clusters do not always

fill well, small to medium, rather short and slender, irregularly

tapering, often with a medium-sized single shoulder, variable in

compactness. Berries small to medium, roundish to slightly

flattened, black, rather glossy, covered with blue bloom,

persistent, firm. Skin rather tough, thinnish and inclined to

crack, adheres slightly to the pulp, contains an unusually large

amount of dark purplish-red pigment. Flesh reddish-green,

moderately juicy, rather tender and soft, fine-grained, very

slightly aromatic, spicy, neither so sprightly nor so high-flavored

as other varieties of the same season, not good enough in flavor

and quality in general for dessert purposes. Seeds separate rather

easily from the pulp, intermediate in size and length, medium to

above in width, notched, nearly sharp-pointed, dark brown; raphe

shows as a very small cord; chalaza large, at center or slightly

above, irregularly oval, distinct.

CLINTON.

(Riparia, Labrusca.)

=1.= Adlum, =1823=:140. =2.= Ib., =1828=:176. =3.= Prince,

=1830=:179. =4.= Rafinesque, =1830=:11. =5.= _N. Y. Ag. Soc. Rpt._,

=1841=:388. =6.= _Horticulturist_, =2=:121, 341. 1847. =7.= _Ib._,

=8=:120. 1853. _fig._ =8.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._, =1860=:82. =9.=

_Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._, =1862=:90. =10.= _Gar. Mon._, =5=:335. 1863.

=11.= Strong, =1866=:332. =12.= Husmann, =1866=:50, 102. =13.=

Fuller, =1867=:219. =14.= _U. S. D. A. Rpt._, =1869=:85. _fig._

=15.= _Bush. Cat._, =1883=:82. =16.= _Can. Hort._, =11=:43. 1888.

=17.= _Bush. Cat._, =1894=:103, 104. _fig._ =18.= _Ev. Nat.

Fruits_, =1898=:75. =19.= _N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt._, =17=:528, 540,

544, 548, 554, 559. 1898. =20.= _Rural N. Y._, =59=:7, 306. 1900.

WORTHINGTON (1, 2, 3, 4). _Worthington_ (15, 17).

Clinton is now but little grown, its place having been taken by better

varieties of its type. It has historical interest if not intrinsic

value, for it played an important part in the beginning of American

viticulture. Most viticulturists have ascribed to Clinton the

distinction of being the first cultivated "variety of _Vitis riparia_"

but without question this honor belongs to the Worthington of Adlum and

Prince, with a strong probability that Clinton may be Worthington

renamed. But it was as Clinton that _Vitis riparia_ was disseminated for

general culture and it is the name Clinton that stands at the parental

head of the long list of grapes now under cultivation from this species;

and so, in spite of its being the usurper of Worthington's honor, and

whether or not it be the older variety under an assumed name, it is

probably best that Clinton continue to be considered the first of its

race.

Clinton came into prominence, and brought the species to which it

belongs to the notice of grape-growers, because of its vigor, hardiness

and fruitfulness; and, later, its popularity was added to because of its

immunity to phylloxera. The vine is so vigorous that its growth is rank

and because of this and the straggling habit of growth it is very

difficult to keep under control on trellises and in most situations

needs a great deal of room. It can be grown in as high a latitude as any

of our native grapes but it blooms so early in the spring that the

blossoms are often caught by late frosts in northern climates. The

immunity of Clinton to phylloxera led to its being planted very largely

in France some years ago but it has now been discarded for better direct

producers in that country. The defects of the variety are: The fruit is

too small and sour and the seeds and skins too prominent for a market

grape and the wine is not of high quality, being too raucous, though the

harshness disappears somewhat with age. The fruit colors early in the

season but does not ripen until late and therefore suffers greatly from

birds. A slight touch of frost is supposed to improve its flavor. This

variety is so sensitive to calcareous soils that where lime or chalk

abounds the vines often die out after a few years. Clinton bears grafts

well, making a quick and firm union with Labruscas and Viniferas, and

roots very freely from cuttings.

This variety has been much used in grape-breeding and its blood can be

traced in many valuable varieties, among which are most of the desirable

wine grapes for the North. The offspring of Clinton are usually very

hardy and this, taken with other desirable characters, makes it an

exceptionally good starting-point for breeding grapes for northern

latitudes. Its seedlings often show intermittent characters and

otherwise indicate a strong strain of Labrusca.

[Illustration: CLINTON]

Clinton began to attract attention in New York about 1840. J. W.

Bissell, of Rochester, in the _Horticulturist_ of January, 1848, writes

that the vine from which cuttings were taken was found by L. B.

Langworthy, in the garden of a Mr. Peebles above Waterford on the

Hudson. The name Clinton was given by Langworthy, who introduced it to

the trade around Rochester about 1835. There were other cultivated

varieties growing in the Peebles garden and the Clinton was not supposed

to be a seedling. Although this account of the origin of the Clinton was

published in the then most popular horticultural publication in the

United States, there were no denials nor corrections made in any of the

succeeding numbers. In 1863 there appeared in the _Elmira Advertiser_ an

account of the origin of this variety in which it was stated that the

seed from which this variety had sprung was planted by Hugh White, then

a member of Congress, in his father's garden in Whitesboro, in 1819. Two

years later, so the story runs, when he was a junior in Hamilton

College, Clinton, New York, White transplanted the vine east of the

house of Dr. Noyes, with whom he then boarded. There were no denials of

this report, probably on account of the fact that the introducer at

Rochester was dead; and the account and Whitesboro as the place of

origin were later generally accepted by horticultural writers. In 1852

the Ohio Pomological Society determined that the Worthington and the

Clinton grapes were identical. Later this was generally accepted by

viticulturists as being correct. The Worthington is an old sort known to

Adlum and Prince, and was said by the latter to have originated in the

vicinity of Annapolis, Maryland.

Clinton was placed on the grape list of the American Pomological Society

fruit catalog in 1862, where it has since been retained.

Clinton is usually considered a Riparia, as most of the botanical

characters indicate this species. However, occasional canes with

continuous tendrils are characteristic of Labrusca.

Vine a rank grower, healthy, hardy, productive. Canes long,

numerous, slender to medium, brown to reddish-brown; nodes

enlarged, slightly flattened; internodes of average length;

diaphragm thick to medium; pith large; shoots smooth; tendrils

usually intermittent but sometimes continuous, bifid.

Leaf-buds rather large and short, thick, obtuse to conical, open

early. Young leaves very faintly tinged with carmine on lower side

only. Leaves hang until very late in the season, medium to small,

thin; upper surface dark green, smooth; lower surface pale green,

not pubescent; veins indistinct; petiolar sinus deep, medium to

narrow, often urn-shaped; basal and lateral sinuses shallow to

medium when present; teeth of average depth, rather wide. Flowers

fertile, open early; stamens upright.

Fruit colors early but is not edible until after mid-season.

Clusters medium to small, of fair length, slender, cylindrical,

uniform, usually single-shouldered, compact; peduncle medium to

short, intermediate in thickness; pedicel nearly short, very

slender, almost smooth; brush tinged with red. Berries small to

medium, roundish to slightly oval, dark purplish-black to black,

glossy, covered with rather thick blue bloom, adhere well to

pedicel, firm. Skin very thin, tough, nearly free from pulp,

contains considerable wine-colored pigment, somewhat astringent.

Flesh darkish green, very juicy, fine-grained, slightly tough and

solid, with some Riparia flavor, spicy, vinous, too tart for

dessert use. Seeds adherent, average two in number, intermediate in

size, short, blunt, brownish; raphe obscure; chalaza of average

size, above center, pear-shaped to long oval, distinct. Must,

93°-98°.

CLOETA.

(Lincecumii, Rupestris, Labrusca, Vinifera.)

1. _Rural N. Y._, =60=:637. 1901. 2. _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._,

=1903=:83. 3. _Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt._, =1904=:306.

Cloeta comes from T. V. Munson and is of the same parentage as Captain.

Munson says of it:[172] "Probably the best of all American black

grapes." But it does not sustain this high standard on the Station

grounds nor would it do so, we think, in other parts of the North.

Munson further states that it "requires hot, dry weather to acquire high

quality" and this explains why it does not succeed in this latitude as

it does in Texas.

The variety was produced from seed of America pollinated by R. W. Munson

and was introduced by the originator in 1902.

Vine very vigorous, hardy, produces fair to good crops, susceptible

to attacks of mildew. Canes long, numerous, covered with

considerable blue bloom; tendrils intermittent, bifid. Leaves small

to above medium, rather thick. Flowers bloom in mid-season; stamens

upright. Fruit ripens after mid-season, does not keep well.

Clusters medium to small, not uniform, frequently

single-shouldered, intermediate in compactness. Berries medium to

small, oval to roundish, black, covered with a fair amount of blue

bloom, very persistent, not firm. Skin very thin and tender,

contains a large amount of wine-colored pigment. Flesh somewhat

tough and solid, sweet at skin to acid at center, spicy, medium to

above in quality. The numerous small seeds are usually not notched.

COLERAIN.

(Labrusca.)

=1.= _Rural N. Y._, =47=:759. 1888. _fig._ =2.= _Bush. Cat._,

=1894=:105. =3.= _Rural N. Y._, =53=:616. 1894. =4.= _N. Y. Sta. An.

Rpt._, =14=:278. 1895. =5.= _N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt._, =17=:528, 548, 554.

1898. =6.= _Rural N. Y._, =58=:23. 1899. =7.= _Mich. Sta. Bul._,

=169=:165. 1899.

Colerain is one of the numerous white seedlings of Concord and one of

the few of these seedlings of sufficient merit to be kept in

cultivation. It has the characteristic foliage and habit of growth of

its parent but is earlier by at least a week, is of much higher quality

and lacks somewhat the foxiness of most Labruscas. Colerain is sprightly

and vinous and neither seeds nor skins are as objectionable as in the

parent variety; the fruit hangs well to the vine and keeps as well as

most of the varieties of its class but owing to its tender pulp does not

ship well. It is reported to be more or less unproductive in some

localities. While Colerain has not attained commercial importance, it is

recognized as well worthy a place in home vineyards, and for this reason

and because it is one of the best if not the best of the white seedlings

of Concord it is given the honor of a color-plate and full description

in _The Grapes of New York_.

David Bundy of Colerain, Belmont County, Ohio, produced Colerain from

seed of Concord planted in 1880. The variety was soon after introduced

by the Colerain Grape Company of Colerain, Ohio.

Vine medium to vigorous, usually hardy, healthy, not always

productive. Canes intermediate in length and number, slender, dark

reddish-brown; nodes of average size, flattened; internodes medium

to below; diaphragm thick; pith rather large; shoots pubescent;

tendrils continuous, rather short, bifid.

Leaf-buds small, short, slender, pointed to nearly conical, open

moderately late. Young leaves lightly tinged on lower side and

along margin of upper side with a faint trace of carmine. Leaves of

average size, nearly thick; upper surface light green, dull,

moderately smooth; lower surface slightly bronze, downy; veins

rather distinct; leaf not lobed, terminus acute; petiolar sinus

shallow to medium, usually wide; basal and lateral sinuses very

shallow when present; teeth shallow, of average width. Flowers

fertile, opening in mid-season or earlier; stamens upright.

Fruit ripens a week or more earlier than Concord, keeps fairly well

but does not ship well. Clusters attractive, averaging medium in

size and length, somewhat slender, blunt, tapering to nearly

cylindrical, irregular, usually strongly shouldered, moderately

compact; peduncle medium in length and thickness; pedicel

intermediate in length, inclined to slender, nearly smooth; brush

of average length, green. Berries usually below Niagara in size but

somewhat variable, roundish to slightly oval, light green, slightly

glossy, covered with thin gray bloom, usually rather persistent.

Skin unusually thin, tender, adheres to pulp, contains no pigment,

slightly astringent. Flesh pale green, translucent, juicy,

fine-grained, tender and soft when fully ripe, somewhat foxy,

vinous, sweet, good in quality. Seeds separate easily from the

pulp, few in number, usually one to three, averaging two, rather

small and broad, notched, short to medium, nearly plump, brownish;

raphe obscure; chalaza of average size, slightly above center,

circular to nearly oval, showing only as a depression.

COLUMBIAN IMPERIAL.

(Labrusca, Riparia.)

=1.= _Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt._, =1893-4=:30. =2.= _Bush. Cat._,

=1894=:105. =3.= _Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt._, =1894-5=:67, 70. =4.= _N.

Y. Sta. An. Rpt._, =18=:374, 387, 395. 1899. =5.= _Mo. Sta. Bul._,

=46=:38, 43, 44, 45, 49. 1899. =6.= _Mich. Sta. Bul._, =169=:166,

169. 1899. =7.= _Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt._, =1899=:57. =8.= _Ga. Sta.

Bul._, =53=:42. 1901.

COLUMBIAN (3, 6). _Imperial_ (3). JUMBO (1). _Jumbo_ (2, 3).

Columbian Imperial is a showy, reddish-black, Labrusca-Riparia hybrid

chiefly remarkable for the great size of its berries; though the vine is

so exceptionally healthy and vigorous as to give it prominence for these

characters. The variety has remarkably thick, leathery leaves which seem

almost proof against either insects or fungi. The quality of the fruit,

however, is very inferior and the clusters are uneven as to the number

of berries and these shell off readily. The only possible value of the

variety is for exhibition purposes and for breeding to secure the

desirable characters named above. Columbian Imperial is a frequent

adornment of the salesbook of the fruit tree agents and the panegyrics

heaped upon it by misinformed or unscrupulous salesmen have given it a

rather wide distribution in the gardens of the amateur where it has no

place whatever.

The parentage of Columbian Imperial is unknown. The fruit was originated

by J. S. McKinley, Morgan, Orient P. O., Ohio, in 1885. It was

introduced by the Columbian Grape Company, of Kingston, Ohio, under the

name Columbian, also by J. R. Johnson of Dallas, Texas, under the name

Columbian Imperial. Supposed by many to be of Labrusca-Riparia blood.

The Labrusca shows plainly; the Riparia little, if at all.

Vine vigorous to very vigorous, healthy, hardy, variable in

productiveness. Canes long, numerous, thick to medium, dark

reddish-brown, unusually heavily pubescent and spiny; tendrils

continuous, long, bifid.

[Illustration: COLERAIN]

Leaves healthy, variable in size, green, very thick; lower surface

of young leaves pale green shading into bronze on older leaves with

little, if any, pubescence. Flowers, strongly self-fertile; upright

stamens. Fruit ripens late. Clusters medium in size, sometimes

shouldered, and of average compactness. Berries large, roundish to

slightly oval, dull reddish-black covered with thin lilac or faint

blue bloom, not very persistent, firm. Skin thick, tough, contains

no pigment. Flesh moderately juicy, tough, nearly sweet at skin to

decidedly acid at center, with no pronounced aroma, fair to good in

quality. Seeds adhere to the pulp, large to medium, plump, broad to

medium, intermediate in length, rather blunt.

CONCORD.

(Labrusca.)

=1.= _Mag. Hort._, =18=:490, 522. 1852. =2.= _Ib._, =19=:524, 542.

1853. =3.= _Horticulturist_, =9=:124, 188, 236, 399, 515. 1854.

=4.= _Mag. Hort._, =20=:63, _fig._, 431, 553. 1854. =5.= _Am. Pom.

Soc. Cat._, =1854.= =6.= _Ib._, =1858=:233. =7.= Grant, =1864=:7,

12. =8.= _Gar. Mon._, =11=:39. 1869. =9.= _Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt._,

=1872=:47. =10.= _Bush. Cat._, =1883=:83, 84, _fig._, 147. =11.=

_Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt._, =1891=:335. =12.= _Meehan's Mon._, =4=:47.

1894. =13.= _N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt._, =17=:528, 540, 543, 544, 548,

552. 1898. =14.= _Ev. Nat. Fruits_, =1898=:72. =15.= _Mo. Hort.

Soc. Rpt._, =1900=:360. =16.= _Traité gen. de vit._, =6=:178. 1903.

BULL'S SEEDLING (1).

The Concord is known by all. The most widely grown of the grapes of this

continent, it also represents the dominant type of our native species

and with its offspring, pure-bred and cross-bred, furnishes seventy-five

per ct. or more of the grapes of eastern America. In New York,

approximately seventy-five per ct. of all the grapes grown are Concords

alone. The preeminently meritorious character of Concord, which has

enabled it to take first place in American viticulture, is the

elasticity of its constitution whereby it adapts itself to varying

conditions; thus the Concord is grown with more or less profit in every

grape-growing State in the Union and to an extent not possible with any

other grape. It succeeds on a greater number of soils than any other

variety. In the Chautauqua grape region there are six distinct types of

soil upon which grapes are grown and the Concord is the leading grape on

each of them.

A second character which commends Concord as a commercial variety is its

high degree of fruitfulness, as it gives large crops year in and year

out. Added to the above points of superiority are hardiness; ability to

withstand the ravages of both diseases and insects; comparative

earliness and therefore certainty of maturity in northern regions; fair

size of bunch and berry, good color, and an abundance of bloom, making a

most handsome grape. The Concord leaves out and blossoms somewhat late

in the spring and does not therefore often suffer from spring frosts and

the fruit is not easily injured by late frosts and hangs well on the

vine.

The Concord is not, however, without faults. Its quality is not high,

the grapes lack richness, delicacy of flavor and aroma, and have a foxy

taste disagreeable to many; on the other hand, the fruit is sprightly

and refreshing and does not cloy the appetite as do richer grapes. The

seeds and skin of Concord are objectionable, the seeds being large and

abundant and difficult to separate from the flesh and the skin is tough

and unpleasantly astringent. The Concord does not keep nor ship well as

compared with grapes having Vinifera blood and it rapidly loses flavor

after ripening; the skin is inclined to crack and the berries to shell

from the stems after picking. Concord is but slightly resistant to

phylloxera and in calcareous soils is subject to chlorosis. It requires

a rich soil and thrives best on a virgin soil; thus, in the Chautauqua

region of this State, much concern is now felt because of the failing

vineyards, most of which should not as yet have reached their prime.

While Concord is grown in the South, it is essentially a northern grape,

becoming susceptible to fungi in southern climates and suffering from

phylloxera in dry, warm soils.

Concord is a table grape and, to use an oft quoted expression coined by

Horace Greeley, it is "the grape for the millions." It can be produced

so cheaply that no other grape can compete with it in the markets. The

dominance of Concord is not wholly desirable for viticulture, as by

keeping out better varieties, the consumer is prevented from obtaining

grapes high in quality; and by giving the grower a feeling of

sufficiency in having this sort, other varieties do not receive the

consideration they deserve. The variety is used somewhat for making red

wines and a white wine as a base for champagne but it is a poor wine

grape, as much sugar must be added to attain the amount of alcohol

necessary for a good wine and the foxy taste is not a pleasant flavor.

Grape juice is made almost entirely from Concords and during the past

few years many carloads of grapes have been used in the Chautauqua

region for this purpose.

[Illustration: CONCORD]

The botanical characters of Concord indicate that it is a pure-bred

Labrusca; thus the seed with obscure raphe and chalaza, the pubescence

on the under surface of the leaf, the flesh characters of the fruit, the

continuous tendrils, the diaphragm, all belong to _Vitis labrusca_.

There are those, however, who maintain that it is possibly a

Labrusca-Vinifera hybrid, basing their claim upon the upright stamens,

the characters of some of the seedlings, and the opinion expressed by

Bull that a Catawba vine growing near by had fertilized the seed from

which Concord was raised.

Concord is a virile variety, having begotten a great number of valuable

offspring, both as pure-breeds and as cross-breeds. To these it has

seemingly transmitted its characters to a high degree. The reader who

takes the pains to look them up will find that many of these, even of

the pure-breeds, are white and that they are usually of higher quality

than the parent, indicating a white ancestor of Concord in which high

quality was possibly correlated with the light color.

The seed of a wild grape was planted in the fall of 1843 by E. W.

Bull[173] of Concord, Massachusetts, from which fruit was borne in 1849.

The wild grape from which the seed came had been transplanted from

beside a field fence to the garden in which there was at least another

grape, the Catawba, and the wild vine was open to cross-pollination. One

of these seedlings was named Concord and the variety was exhibited

before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in the fall of 1852. The

new grape was introduced in the spring of 1854 by Hovey & Co., of

Boston. From the time of its introduction the growth of this variety in

popularity was phenomenal. In 1854, the year of its introduction, it was

placed on the grape list of the American Pomological Society fruit

catalog as one of the "new varieties which promise well." In 1858 it was

placed on the regular list of recommended sorts where it has since been

retained. Husmann states, in the winter of 1855, that he secured buds at

Hermann, Missouri, from Soulard of Galena, Illinois. In other words,

its culture had spread halfway across the continent in the brief period

of a year. Before 1860, vineyards of Concord had been planted in

Chautauqua County, this State. In 1865 it was awarded a prize by the

American Institute known as the Greeley prize, from its donor, Horace

Greeley, as the best grape for general cultivation.

Vine vigorous to very vigorous, hardy, healthy, usually productive

of heavy crops. Canes above medium length, of average number, above

mean thickness, rather dark reddish-brown to brown; nodes enlarged,

flattened; internodes medium to long; diaphragm rather thick; pith

large to medium; shoots pubescent; tendrils continuous, long,

bifid, sometimes trifid.

Leaf-buds medium to nearly large, short, below average thickness,

conical to pointed, open in mid-season. Young leaves lightly tinged

on lower side and along margin of upper side, prevailing color

rose-carmine. Leaves large to medium, thick; upper surface dark

green, slightly glossy, rather smooth; lower surface light bronze,

heavily pubescent; veins distinct; lobes three when present,

terminal lobe acute; petiolar sinus variable averaging medium in

depth and width; basal sinus usually lacking; lateral sinus obscure

and frequently notched; teeth shallow, medium to narrow. Flowers

fertile, open in mid-season or earlier; stamens upright.

Fruit ripens about mid-season, keeps from one to two months.

Clusters rather uniform, large to medium, intermediate in length,

wide, broadly tapering, usually single-shouldered, sometimes

double-shouldered, medium to rather compact; peduncle short to

medium, thick; pedicel of average length, thick, nearly smooth;

brush intermediate in length, pale green. Berries medium to large,

roundish, slightly glossy, black covered with abundant blue bloom,

not always persistent, firm. Skin of average thickness, moderately

tough, slightly adherent to pulp, contains a small amount of

wine-colored pigment, somewhat astringent. Flesh pale green,

translucent, juicy, rather fine-grained, somewhat tough and solid,

slightly foxy, sweet at skin, inclined to tartness next the seeds,

good in quality. Seeds rather adherent, one to four in number,

average three, nearly large, broad, distinctly notched, plump,

blunt, brownish; raphe obscure; chalaza of fair size, slightly

above center, oval, nearly obscure. Must 70°-80°.

COTTAGE.

(Labrusca.)

=1.= _Am. Jour. Hort._, =4=:327, 334. 1868. =2.= _Horticulturist_,

=26=:22. 1871. =3.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._, =1879.= =4.= _Am. Pom.

Soc. Rpt._, =1881=:36. =5.= _Rural N. Y._, =52=:655. 1893. =6.=

_Ill. Sta. Bul._, =28=:253. 1893. =7.= _Bush. Cat._, =1894=:108.

=8.= _Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt._, =1895=:131. =9.= _N. Y. Sta. An.

Rpt._, =17=:528, 545, 547, 554. 1898. =10.= _Mich. Sta. Bul._,

=169=:169. 1899.

[Illustration: COTTAGE]

In vine and fruit Cottage greatly resembles its parent, Concord, having,

however, remarkably large, thick, leathery leaves well shown in the

color-plate. It is noted, too, for its strong, branching root system.

With good foliage and good roots it is not surprising that it is a

vigorous, thrifty grower--if anything surpassing its parent in vigor of

growth. The canes are so rough as to be almost spiny indicating,

seemingly, outbursts of growth-force. The Cottage is of better quality

than its parent having far less foxiness and a richer, more delicate

flavor. It is given credit, too, of being a better shipper and a better

keeper and is from one to two weeks earlier. Its good qualities are

offset, however, by the fact that it lacks in soil adaptability, is

comparatively unproductive, and ripens unevenly. It blooms much earlier

than Concord. Cottage is recommended as an early grape of the Concord

type for the garden and a standard variety for northern localities. The

variety is widely distributed in varietal vineyards.

Cottage is another of E. W. Bull's seedlings, having been produced by

him from seed of Concord. It was introduced in 1869 and in 1879 it was

placed on the grape list of the American Pomological Society fruit

catalog, where it has since been retained.

Vine vigorous, healthy, hardy, produces average crops. Canes often

rough and hairy, long to medium, numerous, of fair thickness,

rather dark brown, nodes slightly enlarged, not usually flattened;

internodes intermediate in length; diaphragm thinnish; pith of

average size; shoots very pubescent; tendrils continuous, of mean

length, usually bifid.

Leaf-buds small to medium, short, of fair thickness, conical to

pointed, open moderately early. Young leaves tinged on lower side

and faintly at the margin with red, making the prevailing color

pale green with light carmine tinge. Leaves large, thick; upper

surface dark green, glossy, smooth to slightly rugose; lower

surface tinged with heavy bronze, with some pubescence; veins

distinct; leaf usually not lobed, with terminus acute to acuminate;

petiolar sinus usually deep and wide; teeth shallow, wide. Flowers

fertile, open medium early; stamens upright.

Fruit ripens one or two weeks earlier than Concord, does not keep

well. Clusters above medium to small, below average length,

moderately broad, cylindrical to slightly tapering, sometimes

single-shouldered, rather compact; peduncle somewhat long,

intermediate in size; pedicel short, thick, covered with few,

inconspicuous, small warts, wide at point of attachment to berry;

brush dark red. Berries of average size, roundish, dull black, not

glossy, covered with heavy blue bloom, drop badly from pedicel,

firm. Skin rather thick, somewhat tender, slightly adherent to

pulp, contains considerable dark purplish-red pigment, slightly

astringent. Flesh juicy, tough, rather solid, foxy, agreeably

sweet next the skin, tart at seeds, good to medium. Seeds separate

somewhat readily from pulp, numerous, one to four, often four,

above medium in size, rather broad, intermediate in length, blunt,

light brown; raphe does not show; chalaza rather large, usually at

center, irregularly circular, obscure.

CREVELING.

(Labrusca, Vinifera?)

=1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._, =1858=:225. =2.= _Ib._, =1860=:79. =3.=

_Horticulturist_, =15=:538. 1860. _fig._ =4.= _Mag. Hort._,

=27=:103. 1861. =5.= _Horticulturist_, =17=:141. 1862. =6.= _Mag.

Hort._, =29=:72. 1863. =7.= Mead, =1867=:163. =8.= _Am. Pom. Soc.

Cat._, =1867=:45. =9.= _Am. Jour. Hort._, =4=:60. 1868. =10.=

Downing, =1869=:536. =11.= _Am. Jour. Hort._, =8=:143. 1870. =12.=

_Gar. Mon._, =13=:214, 279. 1871. =13.= _Bush. Cat._, =1883=:90.

=14.= _N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt._, =17=:528, 540, 544, 548, 554. 1898.

=15.= _Ib._, =18=:374, 387, 395. 1899. =16.= _Kan. Sta. Bul._,

=110=:240. 1902.

_Bloom_ (2, 3, 5, 13). _Bloomburg_ (10). CATAWISSA (5). _Catawissa_

(2, 6, 13). _Catawissa Bloom_ (10). _Columbia Bloom_ (2, 4).

_Columbia County_ (10). LAURA BEVERLY (9, 12). _Laura Beverly?_

(10).

Creveling was long a favorite early black grape for the garden, where,

if planted in good soil and kept well trained, it produces fine clusters

of large, handsome, very good grapes of the Isabella type. Under any but

the best of care, however, it is unproductive and sets loose, straggling

bunches. The wood is soft, long-jointed, reddish in color, with a large

pith and producing but few laterals. It is markedly self-sterile.

The origin of the Creveling is uncertain. It was first introduced to the

public about 1857 by F. F. Merceron of Catawissa, Pennsylvania. It is

said to have been in cultivation in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, some

years previous to the date given. The name Creveling came from a family

of that name, who cultivated the variety and may possibly have

originated it. It was placed upon the grape list of the American

Pomological Society fruit catalog in 1867 and dropped from their list in

1899. It is still widely cultivated in varietal vineyards.

Vine vigorous, not quite hardy, usually not very productive. Canes

long, above medium in number, rather thick, dark reddish-brown;

nodes slightly enlarged, flattened; internodes medium to long;

diaphragm thick; pith large; shoots glabrous; tendrils usually

continuous, long, trifid to bifid.

Leaf-buds rather large, short, thick, obtuse, open in mid-season.

Young leaves tinged on upper and lower sides with rose-carmine.

Leaves below medium to large, thick; upper surface dark green,

dull, slightly rugose; lower surface pale green, rather pubescent;

veins somewhat prominent; lobes usually three, sometimes obscurely

five, terminal lobe acute to blunt; petiolar sinus deep to

narrow, closed and sometimes overlapping; basal sinus very shallow

when present; lateral sinus rather shallow, narrow; teeth shallow,

of average width. Flowers sometimes on plan of six, sterile, open

in mid-season or earlier; stamens reflexed.

[Illustration: CREVELING]

Fruit ripens a few days later than Hartford, does not keep well.

Clusters resemble Isabella in general appearance, good size, medium

to long, rather broad, irregularly tapering, usually

single-shouldered the shoulder often being connected to the cluster

by a long stem, loose; peduncle long, rather slender, often with a

distinct reddish tinge; pedicel variable in length, thick, usually

with no warts, wide at point of attachment to berry; brush

intermediate in length, thick, dark wine-color. Berries medium to

large, oval, dull black, covered with heavy blue bloom, persistent,

rather firm. Skin thick, tough, adheres considerably to the pulp,

with a moderate amount of wine-colored pigment, astringent. Flesh

pale green, translucent, juicy, very stringy, tender, coarse,

somewhat foxy, sweet at skin to tart at center, good in quality.

Seeds separate rather easily, one to five in number, average two or

three, above medium in size, broad, slightly notched, intermediate

in length, blunt, light brown; raphe shows as a narrow groove;

chalaza of fair size, at center or slightly above, oval, obscure.

CROTON.

(Vinifera, Labrusca, Bourquiniana.)

=1.= _Am. Jour. Hort._, =5=:223, 224. 1869. _fig._ =2.= _Am. Hort.

An._, =1870=:91, 92. _fig._ =3.= _Horticulturist_, =25=:275. 1870.

=4.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._, =1871=:16. =5.= _Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt._,

=1872=:546. _fig._ =6.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._, =1883=:57. =7.=

_Bush. Cat._, =1883=:87. _fig._ =8.= _N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt._,

=17=:528, 545, 547, 554. 1898. =9.= _Ga. Sta. Bul._, =53=:42, 51.

1901.

The Croton is a feast both to the eye and the palate. The accompanying

color-plate does not do it justice as grown at its best, as it shows a

loose, straggling bunch, a characteristic of the variety only when

poorly grown. Unfortunately it has the fault of being difficult to grow

well, being adapted to but few soils and proving unfruitful, weak in

growth, precariously tender, and somewhat subject to mildew and rot in

unfavorable situations. But when well grown the consensus of opinion

among viticulturists is that it has few superiors among white grapes. It

has a sweet, delicate Vinifera flavor, with melting flesh which readily

separates from the few seeds. The fruit hangs on the vines until frost,

and keeps well into the winter. The Croton is among green grapes what

its parent, the Delaware, is among red grapes. In spite of its high

quality it has never become widely distributed, failing utterly as a

commercial variety, quality counting for but little in grape markets.

If this delicious fruit is to be saved to cultivation it must be by the

hands of the amateur.

Croton came from Stephen W. Underhill[174] of Croton Point, New York,

from seed of Delaware pollinated by Chasselas de Fontainbleau. The seed

was planted in the spring of 1863 and the vine fruited for the first

time in 1865. The grape was first exhibited at the Massachusetts

Horticultural Society meeting in 1868. It was placed on the grape list

of the American Pomological Society fruit catalog in 1871 but was

dropped in 1883, chiefly on account of its susceptibility to fungal

diseases.

Vine medium to vigorous, often somewhat tender, usually productive,

subject to disease in unfavorable locations. Canes long, numerous,

thick, rather dark reddish-brown; nodes enlarged, usually not

flattened; internodes medium to short; diaphragm very thick; pith

large; shoots glabrous; tendrils intermittent, long, bifid.

[Illustration: CROTON]

Leaf-buds large, prominent, long, of average thickness, conical,

open late. Young leaves tinged on lower side and at margin of upper

side with faint carmine. Foliage remains until late in the season;

leaves of medium size, intermediate in thickness; upper surface

light green, dull, nearly smooth to rugose; lower surface pale

green, slightly cobwebby or hairy; veins indistinct; lobes five in

number, terminal lobe blunt to acute; basal sinus of average depth,

rather narrow; lateral sinus inclined to deep and nearly narrow;

petiolar sinus medium deep, narrow, often closed and overlapping;

teeth inclined to shallow, wide. Flowers fertile, open late;

stamens upright.

Fruit ripens in mid-season or later, keeps fairly well. Clusters

not uniform, very large to medium, longish, rather slender,

irregularly tapering, often with an unusually heavy single

shoulder, very loose to medium; peduncle long, thick; pedicel

somewhat long, thick, covered with few, small, inconspicuous warts;

brush intermediate in length, greenish. Berries irregular in size

averaging about medium, roundish to slightly elongated, light

green, changing to yellowish-green, covered with thin gray bloom,

persistent, slightly soft. Skin thin, rather tough, adheres very

slightly to the pulp, contains no pigment. Flesh green, somewhat

transparent, very juicy, melting, vinous, pleasant flavor,

agreeably sweet, good to very good in quality. Seeds separate very

easily from the flesh, one to three, above medium in size, slightly

elongated, fair breadth, notched, rather sharply pointed, light

brown; raphe obscure; chalaza small, above center, irregularly

circular to oval, indistinct.

CUNNINGHAM.

(Bourquiniana.)

=1.= Prince, =1830=:191. =2.= _U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt._, =1845=:939.

=3.= _Gar. Mon._, =3=:83. 1861. =4.= _Am. Jour. Hort._, =3=:301.

1868. =5.= _Grape Cult._, =1=:34, 75. 1869. =6.= _Bush. Cat._,

=1883=:87, 88. fig. =7.= _Texas Farm and Ranch_, Feb. 8, =1896=:11.

=8.= _Tex. Sta. Bul._, =48=:1149, 1155. 1898. =9.= _Mo. Sta. Bul._,

=46=:38, 43, 45, 46, 50, 54. 1899. =10.= _Traité gen. de vit._,

=6=:268. 1903.

_Long_ (4, 6, 7, 9). _Long No. 2_ (9). _Prince Edward_ (1).

The Cunningham is not known in New York and in fact has been cultivated

but little in America, but in France at one time it was one of the best

known American grapes, both as a direct producer and as a stock for

European varieties. It is not now largely grown in France, however,

having been superseded by better American varieties for the uses for

which it was formerly cultivated. It was much sought for by the French

as a stock for large Vinifera cions, the size of the vine giving an

opportunity for making a good graft. In the South, Cunningham is not

largely grown as there are several other varieties of its class superior

to it in quality of fruit and in vine characters as well. It seems

everywhere to have been an exceedingly capricious grower and very

particular as to soil and climate. It is said to make a deep yellow

wine of very good quality. It has little or no value as a table grape.

Cunningham originated in the garden of Jacob Cunningham of Prince Edward

County, Virginia, about the year 1812. Cuttings of this vine were sent

by Dr. D. N. Norton of Richmond to Prince in 1829. Prince introduced it

to the public. Its botanical characters mark it as an offshoot of the

Herbemont group of Bourquiniana.

The following description is a compilation from several sources:

Vine very vigorous, spreading, rather productive, somewhat

suceptible to mildew. Canes large and long, with stiff reddish

hairs at base; shoots showing considerable bloom; tendrils

intermittent, usually trifid. Leaves large, rather thick, roundish,

entire or slightly lobed; smooth and dark green above,

yellowish-green below and slightly pubescent; petiolar sinus

narrow, frequently overlapping. Clusters of medium size, long,

sometimes shouldered, very compact; peduncle short, strong; pedicel

long, slender. Berries small, purplish-black with thin, grayish

bloom. Skin thin, tough with considerable underlying pigment. Flesh

tender, juicy, sprightly or somewhat acidly sweet. Seeds two to

five, rather oval; beak short; chalaza distinct; raphe showing as a

ridge.

CYNTHIANA.

(Aestivalis, Labrusca.)

=1.= _U. S. D. A. Rpt._, =1863=:548. =2.= Husmann, =1866=:103. =3.=

Ib., =1866=:104. =4.= _Gar. Mon._, =11=:149. 1869. =5.= _Grape

Cult._, =1=:20, 239. 1869. =6.= _Ib._, =3=:2. 1871. =7.= _Am. Pom.

Soc. Cat._, =1881=:24. =8.= _Bush. Cat._, =1883=:88. _fig._ =9.=

_Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt._, =1891=:127, 131. =10.= _Ill. Sta. Bul._,

=28=:253. 1893. =11.= _Mo. Sta. Bul._, =46=:38, 43, 45, 46, 50.

1899. =12.= _Kan. Sta. Bul._, =110=:246. 1902. =13.= _Traité gen.

de vit._, =6=:274. 1903.

ARKANSAS (3). _Arkansas_ (8). _Norton_ (13). _Norton Virginia_

(13). _Norton's Virginia_ _Seedling_ (13). _Red River_ (2, 5, 6, 8,

13). _Vitis Nortoni_ (13).

Cynthiana is another southern grape impossible to grow in the North and

therefore of but general interest for this work. There has long been a

heated controversy as to whether this variety differs from Norton. The

botanical differences between the two varieties are not greater than

might be attributed to environment, soil, climate and culture; but side

by side the two grapes ripen at different times, and the quality of the

fruit, and more particularly of the wine, is such that the varieties

must be considered as distinct. The distinction should be maintained for

Cynthiana is the better grape of the two. It has been much grown in

France for its intrinsic value and in the reconstruction of vineyards

destroyed by phylloxera.

[Illustration: CYNTHIANA]

As the history given below shows, the variety is an old one but it, with

Norton, was condemned by the early vineyardists because it could be

propagated from cuttings only with the greatest difficulty. Like most of

its species, Cynthiana is somewhat particular as to soil and location,

preferring sandy or gravelly loams and not thriving on clays or

limestones. While very resistant to phylloxera, it is not now much used

as a resistant stock because of the superiority of varieties of

Rupestris and because it is not easily propagated. It is very resistant

to cryptogamic diseases, mildew, black-rot and anthracnose, and is a

strong, vigorous grower. Its cycle of vegetation is long, the buds

bursting forth early and the fruit maturing very late. It has no value

as a table grape but according to the _Bushberg Catalogue_[175] it is

the best American grape for red wine. So, too, according to Viala,[176]

the wine from Cynthiana is the best of all the red wines produced from

American vines. It is said by French wine-makers[177] to contain "an

excess of all the elements which constitute the best ordinary wines,

color, tannin, acidity, and bouquet," and therefore to make a splendid

base for blending with wine from varieties lacking in the above

elements.

Cynthiana was received, some time in the fifties by Prince of Flushing,

Long Island, from Arkansas where it is said to have been found growing

in the woods. It was sent by Prince to Husmann at Hermann, Missouri,

where it did so well and was so highly spoken of by Husmann and his

neighbors that it soon became known to grape-growers. It was placed upon

the grape list of the American Pomological Society fruit catalog in

1881, where it still remains. Like Norton, Cynthiana is often considered

pure Aestivalis, although a strain of some other blood, probably

Labrusca, is apparent. Because of the similarity of this variety and

Norton the one is often grown as the other.

Vine vigorous, healthy, hardy, usually a good yielder. Canes medium

to nearly long, numerous, of average size, dark brown to

reddish-brown, sometimes with faint ash-gray tinge, surface covered

with thick blue bloom; nodes enlarged, flattened; internodes short

to medium; diaphragm rather thin; pith of medium size; shoots

slightly glabrous; tendrils intermittent to continuous, above

medium in length, bifid.

Leaf-buds small, short, slender, pointed to conical. Leaves

variable in size, thick, firm; upper surface dark green, dull,

rugose; lower surface slightly tinged with blue, faintly pubescent,

cobwebby; veins distinct; lobes variable in number, terminal lobe

acute; petiolar sinus deep, narrow, closed and sometimes

overlapping; basal sinus shallow; lateral sinus rather shallow and

narrow; teeth shallow, of average width; stamens upright.

Fruit ripens very late and keeps well. Clusters medium to small,

rather long, intermediate in breadth, tapering to cylindrical, not

very uniform, often single-shouldered, compact; peduncle above

medium length, small; pedicel rather short and slender, covered

with numerous warts, enlarged at point of attachment to berry;

brush short, thick, wine-colored. Berries small, roundish, black,

covered with a moderate amount of blue bloom, persistent, firm.

Skin thin, tough, rather adherent to the pulp, contains a slight

amount of purple pigment, astringent. Flesh darkish green,

translucent, juicy, tough and solid, spicy, rather tart, poor in

quality as a dessert grape. Seeds separate with difficulty from the

pulp, one to six, average three, small, of mean breadth, short,

blunt, dark brown; raphe distinct, cord-like; chalaza small,

slightly above center, circular, distinct. Must 98°-118°.

DAISY.

(Labrusca, Vinifera.)

=1.= _Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt._, =1886=:187. =2.= _N. Y. Sta. An.

Rpt._, =10=:495. 1891. =3.= _Ib._, =13=:602. 1894. =4.= _Bush.

Cat._, =1894=:111. =5.= _N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt._, =17=:528, 548, 554.

1898.

Daisy is an unimportant seedling of Goethe. The only reason for its

distribution was its delicate, spicy, pleasant flavor. It is probably

not worth perpetuating.

Dr. J. Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas, is supposed to have originated

Daisy from seed of Goethe. On account of the fruit characters, Bush

questions the parentage but as it grows at this Station the reputed

parentage appears to be quite probably correct.

Vine intermediate in vigor, not hardy nor productive, an uncertain

bearer. Tendrils continuous, bifid to sometimes trifid. Leaves

small to medium, light green; lower surface slightly pubescent.

Flowers nearly self-sterile, open in mid-season; stamens upright.

Fruit ripens with Concord or soon after, does not keep well.

Clusters of medium size, rather loose. Berries medium to small,

distinctly oval, somewhat darker red than Agawam, covered with thin

lilac bloom, persistent, not firm. Flesh soft and tender, vinous,

sweet, of pleasant flavor, good in quality. Seeds few, medium in

length, usually with a slightly enlarged neck; chalaza above

center, often with radiating ridges.

DELAWARE.

(Labrusca, Bourquiniana, Vinifera.)

=1.= _Horticulturist_, =8=:492. 1853. _fig._ =2.= _Ib._, =9=:98.

1854. =3.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._, =1856=:214. =4.= _Horticulturist_,

=12=:562. 1857. =5.= Downing, =1857=:336. _fig._ =6.=

_Horticulturist_, =13=:58, 179. 1858. =7.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Cat._,

=1858=:233. =8.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._, =1858=:65. =9.= _Gar. Mon._,

=1=:75, 164. 1859. =10.= _Ib._, =2=:13, 26, 117, 176. 1860. =11.=

_Horticulturist_, =16=:16, 21, 33, 119. 1861. =12.= Fuller,

=1867=:221. =13.= _Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt._, =1872=:48. =14.= _Ib._,

=1873=:64. =15.= _Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt._, =1882-3=:28. =16.= _Bush.

Cat._, =1883=:91. _fig._ =17.= _Am. Hort. Soc. Rpt._, =1885=:139.

=18.= _Amer. Gard._, =12=:584. 1891. =19.= _Ill. Sta. Bul._,

=28=:259. 1893. =20.= _N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt._, =15=:430, 431, 432,

433. 1896. =21.= _Ib._, =17=:528, 540, 543, 544, 545, 547, 554.

1898. =22.= _Amer. Gard._, =20=:622. 1899. =23.= _Mich. Sta. Bul._,

=169=:169. 1899. =24.= _Amer. Gard._, =22=:481. 1901. =25.= _Traité

gen. de vit._, =6=:186. 1903.

_French Grape_ (10, 14). _Gray Delaware_ (25). _Heath_ (5).

_Italian wine grape_ (5, 8, 13, 14, 16). _Ladies Choice_ (8, 11).

_Powell_ (1, 14). _Red Riesling_, incorr. (5). _Rose Colored

Delaware_ (25). _Ruff_ (9, 14). _Traminer_, incorr. (5). _Wine

Grape_ (11).

Delaware is the American grape _par excellence_. Its introduction raised

the standard of quality in our viticulture to that of the Old World, for

there is no variety of _Vitis vinifera_ more richly or more delicately

flavored or with a more agreeable aroma than the Delaware. This variety

is rightly used wherever American grapes are grown as the standard

whereby to gauge the quality of other grapes. Added to high quality it

is endowed with a constitution which enables it to withstand climatic

conditions to which all but the most hardy varieties will succumb, and

so elastic as to adapt it to many soils and conditions, and to bear

under most situations an abundant crop. All of this makes it, next to

the Concord, the most popular grape for garden, vineyard and wine-press,

now grown in the United States. As with the Concord, its introduction

gave American grape-growing a great impetus and it is a question whether

or not, with its high quality, it has not had a more beneficial effect

on the viticulture of the country than the Concord.

Beside the qualities named above for the Delaware, it matures

sufficiently early to make its crops certain, is attractive in

appearance, keeps well on the vine and in the package, ships well and is

more immune than other commercial varieties to black-rot. Its faults

are: The small size of the vine, slowness of growth, susceptibility of

the foliage to mildew, its capriciousness in certain soils, and the

small size of the berries. The first two faults make it necessary to

plant the vines more closely than other commercial varieties stand. It

succeeds best in deep, rich, well-drained, warm soils but even on these

it must receive good cultivation, close pruning, and in some cases the

fruit must be thinned. It is, too, a necessity, where mildew is

abundant, to spray with bordeaux mixture which keeps the disease well in

check. Birds are very fond of this variety and it suffers in particular

from the depredations of robins.

Delaware is the best American table grape and as such commands a premium

in all of the markets, selling oftentimes for double the price of

Concord. It is also much sought for by wine-makers both for Delaware

wine and for blending in making champagne or other wines of high

quality. It is grown North and South and westward to the Rocky

Mountains, and is now proving especially profitable in many southern

locations as an early grape to ship to northern markets. The Delaware is

an especially desirable grape to cultivate in small gardens because of

its delicious and handsome fruit, its compact habit of growth, and when

in health, its ample and lustrous green, delicately formed leaves which

make it one of the most ornamental of the grapes.[178]

Delaware is the parent of an interesting but not particularly valuable

progeny; none of the pure-bred offspring nearly equal the parent though

many of them inherit its fine color and high quality. Among its

cross-bred offspring are some notable varieties, all of which are

described in their proper places in this work. An interesting fact

regarding the pure-bred progeny of Delaware is that, so far as we have

records, it seems to have given very few black grapes though there are

often white or rose-colored seedlings among them. Even in its cross-bred

offspring, red, or some tint of it greatly predominates, indicating

power in the transmission of color and suggesting the value of this

variety in breeding red grapes.

[Illustration: DELAWARE]

The Delaware grape was first brought to notice by Abram Thompson, editor

of the _Delaware Gazette_ of Delaware, Ohio. In the summer of 1849 he

saw fruit of this variety which had been brought into town from one of

the neighboring farms. An investigation disclosed that the variety was

being raised on the farms of a Mr. Warford and of a Mr. Heath, near the

banks of the Scioto River, a few miles from the town of Delaware, and

that Warford had brought the variety from the State of New Jersey more

than twenty years before. It was known in this neighborhood under the

name of Heath, or Powell. Thompson sent fruit of the variety to A. J.

Downing who gave it the name Delaware, after the town from which the

samples had been sent. Thompson also brought it to the notice of the

Ohio Pomological Society in the autumn of 1851. It was found that the

Delaware vines secured by Warford could be traced back to the garden of

Paul H. Provost, a Swiss of Frenchtown, Kingswood Township, Hunterdon

County, New Jersey. Provost, at this time, was dead, and definite

information was very difficult to secure as to where he had obtained his

vines. One account was that they had been received from a brother

residing in Italy, and in deference to this story, the variety was

locally known as the Italian wine grape. Another story was to the effect

that they had been brought to Provost's place by a German who had been

in this country only a short time but who had spent this interval with

Hare Powell of Philadelphia. Whether the German secured the vines from

the Old Country or from Powell is uncertain. There was a report that

they had been secured from Powell and that he in turn had received them

from Bland of Virginia. All of the stories as to how the vines came into

Provost's garden lack supporting evidence and some were of the opinion

that it had grown in the garden as a seedling.

The Delaware at once attracted great attention and the horticultural

journals were full of conflicting accounts of its history and of warm

discussions as to its botany. In 1856 it was placed on the grape list of

the American Pomological Society fruit catalog as "a new variety which

promises well;" two years later it was placed on the list of recommended

sorts.

There is still a difference of opinion as to the botany of this variety.

The theory advanced by many when it was first introduced, that it is a

pure Vinifera, has been abandoned. Millardet and others considered the

Delaware a hybrid between Vinifera, Labrusca, Cinerea and Aestivalis.

Munson holds that it is of Labrusca-Bourquiniana origin with a probable

slight admixture of Vinifera. He further states that he considers

Elsinburgh probably one of the parents. Historically this is

corroborated by the fact that Elsingburgh originated in New Jersey not

far from where Provost lived.

Vine not a strong grower, hardy except in unfavorable locations,

fairly productive, somewhat subject to leaf-hoppers and mildew.

Canes medium to below in length, numerous, slender, rather light to

medium dark brown; nodes slightly enlarged, not flattened;

internodes rather short; diaphragm intermediate in thickness; pith

small; shoots glabrous; tendrils intermittent, somewhat short,

bifid.

Leaf-buds rather small, of average length, slender, pointed to

conical, prominent, open early. Young leaves tinged on lower side

and along margin of upper side with a faint golden hue but the

prevailing color is light rose-carmine. Foliage not always healthy;

leaves medium to small, intermediate in thickness; upper surface

dark green, dull, smoothish; lower surface pale green, slightly

pubescent; veins inconspicuous; lobes three to five in number,

terminal lobe acute to acuminate; petiolar sinus of average depth,

narrow to medium; basal sinus shallow and narrow when present;

lateral sinus moderately deep, narrow; teeth shallow, of fair

width. Flowers fertile, open somewhat late; stamens upright.

Fruit ripens a few days earlier than Concord, keeps well. Clusters

medium to small, of average length, slender, rather blunt, often

cylindrical, regular, usually shouldered, compact; peduncle medium

to short, slender; pedicel short, slender, smooth; brush

intermediate in size, light brown. Berries uniform in size and

shape, small to medium, roundish, light red, covered with thin

lilac bloom, persistent, firm. Skin thin, moderately tough, adheres

somewhat to the pulp, contains no pigment, slightly astringent.

Flesh light green, translucent, juicy, tender, aromatic, vinous,

sprightly and refreshing, sweet to agreeably tart from skin to

center, best in quality. Seeds separate easily from the pulp, one

to four, average two, intermediate in size, rather broad, notched,

short, blunt, light brownish; raphe obscure; chalaza of medium

size, above center, circular. Must 100°-118°.

DELAWBA.

(Labrusca, Vinifera, Bourquiniana.)

=1.= _Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt._, =1891=:126. =2.= _U. S. D. A. Rpt._,

=1891=:393. =3.= _Bush. Cat._, =1894=:114, 115. _fig._ =4.= _Ga.

Sta. Bul._, =53=:42. 1901.

Of Delawba we can say but little, not having vines of it on the Station

grounds. It is an offspring of Delaware crossed with Catawba, as the

name indicates, and was introduced with the expectation that it would

take the place of one or the other or both of its parents. However, it

has made no impress upon the viticulture of this State though it has

been tested here and there in the several grape regions during the past

ten years. The fruit resembles Catawba, though not as attractive, the

berries averaging smaller, but it ripens almost as early as Delaware, a

great point in its favor. The vine, too, is more like Catawba than the

Delaware, being more vigorous and productive than the latter. The

reports of this variety indicate that it is very promising but it seems

not to be making headway as either a fancy or a commercial fruit

probably because of characters lacking in the fruit.

Dr. L. C. Chisholm of Spring Hill, Tennessee, produced the Delawba some

time about 1880 from seed of Delaware fertilized by Catawba. The variety

was introduced in 1895, after having received high encomiums from

various horticultural authorities. The following is a compiled

description:

Vine usually vigorous and productive, resembling Catawba very

closely, blooming with Concord. Cluster above medium to large,

moderately compact, cylindrical or slightly tapering, sometimes

slightly shouldered. Berries variable in size, ranging from above

medium to below, of amber color with lilac bloom; skin quite tough.

Not attractive in appearance. It is self-fertile and ripens its

berries evenly. Quality good to very good. Ripens shortly after

Delaware.

DEVEREAUX.[179]

(Bourquiniana.)

=1.= _Mag. Hort._, =9=:373. 1843. =2.= _U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt._,

=1853=:299. =3.= _Horticulturist_, =12=:458. 1857. =4.= _Gar.

Mon._, =2=:265. 1860. =5.= Downing, =1869=:531. =6.= _Grape Cult._,

=1=:17, 326. 1869. =7.= (?) _Bush. Cat._, =1883=:118. =8.= _Ib._,

=1894=:116. =9.= (?) _Texas Farm and Ranch_, Feb. 8, =1896=:11.

BLACK JULY (5). _Black July_ (8, 9). _Blue Grape_ (5, 8, 9).

_Devereux_ (5). _Hart_ (4, 5, 8). _Husson_ (5, 8, 9). _Lenoir_ (9,

incorr. 5, 8). LINCOLN (4, 7). _Lincoln_ (5,? 8, 9). _McLean_ (4,

5, 8, 9). _Sherry_ (5, 8, 9). _Sumpter_ (5, 9). _Thurmond_ (5, 8,

9). _Tuley_ (5, 8, 9).

The Devereaux is an old southern grape now nearly obsolete because of

its capriciousness as to location. When it can be grown it is of high

quality and makes a very good wine. The variety is of only historical

and botanical interest. In France the Devereaux was at one time

considered a valuable wine grape.

An article in the _Horticulturist_[180] for 1857 states that the

Devereaux was found in the woods over forty years before that date by

Samuel M. Devereaux, who lived near Sparta, Georgia. It has been

considerably confused with varieties which resemble it. The name

Lincoln, in particular, is a questionable synonym which Dr. Curtis of

Hillsboro, North Carolina, in a letter to the _Gardener's Monthly_ for

1860,[181] states was found near the junction of the South Fork and

Catawba Rivers by Dr. William McLean. It was known locally under the

names of McLean and Hart. Later it was sent to Longworth, who gave it

the name Lincoln.

The descriptions of this variety from various sources are conflicting.

That given below is copied from the _Bushberg Catalogue_.[182]

"Bunch long, loose, slightly shouldered; berry black, below medium,

round; skin fine, tender; flesh meaty, juicy without pulp, and

vinous; quality best. Vine a strong grower, and, when free from

mildew, moderately productive; wood long-jointed, purplish brown at

first, of deeper purplish red when ripe; with bi-forked,

intermittent tendrils--these, as also the leaf stalk, are tinged on

their base with a purplish brown hue, like the young canes; the

buds are covered with a russet down, unfolding with that rosy

complexion peculiar to the young, downy leaves of most Aestivalis.

The developed foliage is of medium size, entire (not lobed),

considerably wrinkled, turgid, with somewhat abundant hair tufts on

the lower veins."