FAMILY STUDIES IN HEREDITY OF BUILD.
A. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM.
Our study of the mass relation in build between parental and filial
generation has followed the ordinary pre-Mendelian method of analysis
of heredity, a method that has proved rather sterile for prediction of
filial traits. It has, however, enabled us to formulate an hypothesis in
Mendelian language. It now remains to use our data in Mendelian fashion,
to seek a test of the hypothesis.
In this study we shall not use all of the families listed in the main
tables of the Appendix, because some of them are for various reasons not
adequate for Mendelian analysis; for example, in some cases the ancestry
is insufficiently known, so that the gametic nature of the parents can
not be inferred. It is considered preferable to analyze a few of the more
completely known families than to rest content with the mass statistics.
I shall take up in order the more significant matings.
B. DISCUSSION OF SPECIAL MATINGS.
The asterisk immediately preceding the reference letters means that the
family referred to is not included in the statistics of table 11.
†tb or †t, immediately following an index number in this study, signifies
that the person with that index number had active tuberculosis. The †
indicates death by the disease.
CLASS I. BOTH PARENTS SLENDER.
Mating 1. ONE PARENT IS VERY SLENDER, OF SLENDER STOCK, THE OTHER SLENDER.
We have only two fair cases falling into this category. The *Fun family
with the paternal formula 27, 29, 27 and the maternal formula 32, 27,
25; and the Sch-37 family with the paternal formula 29, 33±, 29 and the
maternal formula 27±, 29± †tb, 25. (In these formulas the indices of
father’s father, father’s mother, father, and similarly for the mother’s
side of the house are given in that order.) The full history of these
cases follows:
*FUN FAMILY. (Fig. 22.)
II 6, ♂, 170 cm. (67 inches) tall, and weighing 56 kg. (123 pounds);
build 1.9 (27); slender and of exclusively slender sibship and parentage;
married II 7, ♀, 167 cm. (66 inches) tall and weighing 50 kg. (110
pounds); build, 1.8 (25); very slender and of slender or medium sibship
and parentage. They have 2 children: (1) ♀, at 27 years, 165 cm. (65
inches) tall and weighing 54 kg. (118 pounds); build 1.9 (28), slender;
(2) ♂, at 24 years, 183 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighing 68 kg. (149
pounds), build 2.0 (29), slender.
Thus this mating of very slender × slender parents yielded only (2)
slender offspring. A slender × slender mating from the same family may be
added here.
I 1, ♂, 172 cm. (68 inches) tall and weighing 57 kg. (125 pounds); build
1.9 (27), slender. Married I 2, ♀, 157 cm. (62 inches) tall and weighing
50 kg. (110 pounds), build 2.0 (29), slender. They had 4 children: (1) ♂,
173 cm. (68 inches) tall, weighing 54 kg. (120 pounds); build 1.8 (26),
slender; (2) ♂, 173 cm. (68 inches) tall, weighing 60.4 kg. (133 pounds);
build 2.0 (29), slender; (3) ♀, 165 cm. (65 inches) tall, weighing 52 kg.
(115 pounds); build 1.9 (27), slender; (4) ♂, 170 cm. (67 inches) tall,
weighing 56 kg. (123 pounds); build 1.9 (27), slender.
Two slender parents have thus only (4) slender offspring (A: 034).
[Illustration: FIG. 22.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
FUN family.]
In this and the following pedigree charts the following symbolism is
adopted. The generations are marked at the left margin; members of
one fraternity are suspended from one horizontal line; square, males;
circles, females. The abbreviations: d. inf. (died in infancy), and d.
yg. (died young) are easily interpreted.
The degree of shading indicates the degree of build according to the
following scheme:
[Illustration]
SCH-37 FAMILY.
A family of German extraction living in Ohio. The Father, a farmer, who
in youth suffered from inflammation of the bowels and in middle age from
congestion of the brain, died at 69 years from tetanus and apoplexy.
Formula: 150/72 inches, build 2.0 (29). His father, a farmer, died
of apoplexy at 83 years. At 80 years his formula was: 150/72 inches;
build 2.0 (29). His mother, who in middle age was subject to stomach
trouble and “shingles,” died of old age at 83 years, having at 80 years
the formula 130/M; build 2.3 (33±). Thus, this side of the house is
prevailingly slender.
The Mother, who in youth was subject to hives, and in middle age to
asthma and eczema, has at 73 years the formula 94/63 inches; build 1.7
(25). Her father, a farmer, who always suffered from asthma and died of
it at 74 years, had at 70 years the formula 120/M; build 1.9 (27±). Her
mother, who died at 83 years of tuberculosis of intestine, had at 80
years the formula 110/M; build 2.0 (29±). This is a decidedly slender
family, more so than that of the paternal side. The five children:
1. Male, who in youth had measles, whooping-cough, hay-fever, colds,
and, in middle age, asthma and hemorrhoids, has at 47 years the formula
165/72.5 inches; build 2.2 (31).
2. Female, who in youth suffered from sore throat, colds, diphtheria,
and quinsy, and in middle age from sore throat; is quick-tempered and
astigmatic. At 42 years she has the formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30).
3. Female, who died at 7 years, accident.
4. Female, who in youth was subject to lung trouble and bronchitis,
weighed 160 pounds at 27 years, 7 pounds at birth. She has gradually
lost weight since 27 years, till at 37 years she has the formula 135/68
inches; build 2.1 (29).
5. Male, who in youth suffered from lung fever, has a nervous
temperament, at 30 years has the formula 137.5/72 inches; build 1.9 (27).
_Comment._—All but one of this fraternity of 4 who grew up are of
slender build (unadjusted). The exception is a man of 47 years who is of
slender-medium build (R: Sch-37).
To summarize: Of 10 progeny (who grew up) of these 3 matings all are
slender except 1 who falls just over the line into medium.
MATING 2. BOTH PARENTS ARE SLENDER, OF SLENDER STOCK.
Table 21 gives the progeny of matings of slender stock. Of the 5 matured
progeny, 4 are slender and 1 just over the line into medium. The details
of the families are given below.
TABLE 21. _Matings of two slender parents; together with their progeny._
[From Table VI.]
+-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--------------+
| | | | | | | | | | Offspring. |
| |FF|FM|F | Father’s |MF|MM|M | Mother’s +--+--+--+--+--+
| | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. |VS|S |M |F |VF|
+-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+
|Ker 5 |M |30|29| |M |27|29| | 1| | 1| | |
|Ste 9 |M | S|28| |S |31|28| | | 3| | | |
+-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+
KER-5 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction, living mostly in western United
States—Colorado, Texas, New Mexico.
The Father, who was an army officer, is a railroad official who suffered
in middle age from tropical fever. He has, at 51 years, the formula
150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who was a mechanic, died at
74 years from hardening of arteries, having had at 60 years the formula
160/M. His mother, who had 2 children, suffered in middle age from
typhoid; she died at about 47 years from pneumonia. At 40 years, her
formula 110/S; build probably about 2.1 (30). This side of the house is
prevailingly slender.
The Mother, who has had 4 children, suffered in middle age from neuritis.
She is living at 49 years. Formula, 115/63 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her
father, who was an army officer, suffered in middle age from heart
trouble and rheumatism. He died at 58 years from heart trouble. At 38
years his formula 160/M. Her mother, who had 2 children, was an invalid;
she died at 36 years from consumption. Formula 100/S; say about 2.0 (27).
This side of the house is prevailingly slender. Three children grew up:
1. Male, a railroad man, who in youth suffered from throat trouble and
pneumonia and who is very nervous, has at 21 years the formula 150/78
inches; build 1.7 (25).
2. Male, formerly a teacher, now in the army, has at 20 years the formula
158/71 inches; build 2.2 (31).
3. Male, is slender at 15 years.
_Comment._—The somewhat slender parents have 2 slender children and a
third who is in the army and has a slender-medium build (R: Ker-5).
STE-9 FAMILY.
A family of German extraction, paternal grandparents living first in
Germany, later in Alabama; maternal grandparents, parents, and children
living in Alabama. The Father, who is a farmer, and suffered in youth
from intermittent fever and in middle age from hay fever and gallstone
or intestinal trouble, is living at 52 years. At 40 years his formula
120/65.5 inches; build 1.9 (28). His father, who was a farmer, suffered
in middle age from intermittent fever. He died at 82 years from
congestion of bowels. At 60 years he was of medium build. His mother died
at 57 years from intermittent fever. At 55 years she was slender. This
side of the house should contribute a slender to medium tendency, unless
the Father’s weight is abnormally low, due to his intestinal trouble.
The Mother, who in youth suffered from “enlarged tonsils,” and in middle
age from bronchitis, is living at 50 years. At 40 years her formula
115/64.5 inches; build 1.9 (28). Her father, who was a blacksmith, died
at 32 years from “hemorrhage of lungs.” At 30 years he was slender. Her
mother, who in youth suffered from malarial fever and in middle age from
tumors, died at about 64 years from “intestinal trouble—tumors (?).” At
40 years her formula 140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31). The gametes from
this side of the house also should tend to produce slenderness in the
children. Four children grew up:
1. Male, an engineer, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis and
bronchitis, has at 27 years the formula 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (29).
2. Male, a teacher, who in youth suffered from bronchitis, has at 24
years the formula 145/70 inches; build 2.1 (30).
3. Female, a school teacher, who in youth suffered from malarial fever,
has at 22 years the formula 115/62.8 inches; build 2.0 (29).
4. Female, under 18 years, of slender build, but about average for her
age.
_Comment._—All 3 grown children have a slender build at present; it is
possible that build may be increased as they grow older (R: Ste-9).
MATING 3. OTHER SLENDER × VERY SLENDER MATINGS.
There are 3 matings of this type: (1) Nob-1, (2) Cod-1, (3) Jos-1 (table
22).
Of 7 grown and 4 immature children derived from this mating, 5 grown
children and 2 (or 3) adolescents are slender. In one mating (Jos-1) of
ethnically dissimilar parents (from Riga and Baden respectively), both
adult children are of much heavier build than either parent, i.e., of
medium to fleshy build. This might be explained as an example of the
extra-vigorous growth of hybrids; but we find few other examples of this
result in human hybrids. It seems more probable that both parents carry
1 or more factors for fleshiness and that all were combined in their
eldest son, causing him to develop fleshiness further than either of his
parents.
TABLE 22.—_Other matings of a slender and a very slender parent, together
with their progeny._
+-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--------------+
| | | | | | | | | | Offspring. |
| |FF|FM|F | Father’s |MF|MM|M | Mother’s +--+--+--+--+--+
| | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. |VS|S |M |F |VF|
+-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+
|R Cod 1|35|33|29| |30|30|25| | | 2| | | |
|R Jos 1| | |24| | | |27| | | | 1| 1| |
|R Nob 1| | |26| | M| M|24|Sui, Neur | 2| 1| | | |
| +--+--+--+ +--+--+--+ +--+--+--+--+--+
| Total| | | | | | | | | 2| 3| 1| 1| |
+-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+
COD-1 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction living in Ohio. The Father, a salesman,
suffered in youth from whooping-cough, measles, inflammatory rheumatism;
in middle age from mumps and smallpox. He is living at 45 years, having
the formula 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, a farmer, died at
56 years from influenza and heart trouble. At 45 years he had the formula
160/68 inches; build 2.4 (35). His mother, who suffered from indigestion,
died at 72 years from “sclerosis of liver.” At 45 years her formula was
135/64 inches; build 2.3 (33). Thus this side of the house is of medium
to slender build.
The Mother, who in youth had mumps, measles, hives, scarlet fever,
tonsillitis, and rheumatism, and in middle life sick headaches,
tonsillitis, and pneumonia, is living at 45 years, having the formula
95/62 inches; build 1.8 (25). Her father, a farmer, who in youth suffered
from malaria and indigestion and in middle age from heart trouble,
gravel, and indigestion, died at 80 years from pneumonia and heart
trouble, having the formula 150/71 inches; build 2.1 (30). Her mother,
who in youth had whooping-cough, mumps, erysipelas, asthma, pneumonia,
and in middle age measles, asthma, neuralgia, pneumonia, and a slight
attack of rheumatism, is living at 77 years. At 45 years her formula was
108/60 inches; build 2.1 (30). Thus this side of the house is slender to
very slender. The 2 children are:
1. Male, a druggist, who suffered from all the children’s diseases and
appendicitis, pneumonia, smallpox, rheumatism, and asthma, and loses 8
to 10 pounds in winter and gains it back in summer, has at 20 years the
formula 100/62 inches; build 1.8 (26).
2. Female, who in youth suffered from all the children’s diseases,
besides nervous nausea, pneumonia, and tonsillitis, has at 18 years the
formula 95/61 inches; build 1.8 (26).
_Comment._—Thus both children are of slender build (R: Cod-1).
JOS-1 FAMILY.
A family whose paternal and maternal grandparents lived in Baden and
Latvia respectively; parents and children living in Pennsylvania.
The Latvian Father, who in middle age suffered from a “touch” of typhoid,
has at 60 years the formula 112/68 inches; build 1.7 (24).
The Badenish Mother, who had three children, died at 54 years from
pneumonia, having the formula 120/67 inches; build 1.9 (27).
Of the two children who grew up:
1. Male, a civil engineer, has at 33 years the formula 180/68 inches;
build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55 years, 189/68 inches; build 2.9 (41).
2. Female, a student, has at 26 years the formula 150/69 inches; build
2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36).
_Comment._—The children exceed in build the stouter parent; probably a
result either of heterozygosis or multiple factors (R: Jos-1).
NOB-1 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction; paternal grandparents living in Illinois
and Minnesota, maternal grandparents living in Canada and Minnesota,
parents and children living in Illinois and Minnesota. The Father, a
livery-man, a very energetic, nervous man, is in middle age liable to
rheumatism. He has at 47 years the formula 140/74 inches; build 1.8
(26). His father, a farmer, who in middle age suffered from asthma,
colds, and heart trouble, died at 65 years from heart failure, having the
formula M/M. His mother, who had 11 children, suffered in middle age from
bronchitis. She is living at 77 years, having the formula M/M.
The Mother, who has had 7 children, has the formula 105/66 inches; build
1.7 (24). One of her brothers hung himself; one of her sisters was always
“sickly” and toward the end of her life “very peculiar.” Their father, a
farmer, suffered in middle age from heart trouble. He died from “dropsy
of heart.” At 60 years his formula was M/M. Their mother, who had 7
children, is living, now insane. At 61 years her formula was M/M.
The 7 children are:
1. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from adenoids and
tonsillitis, has at 21 years the formula 110/65 inches; build 1.8 (26).
2. Female, a bookkeeper, has at 19 years the formula 100/66 inches; build
1.6 (23).
3. Male, a student, has at 18 years the formula 112/67 inches; build 1.8
(25).
_Comment._—There are four children below 18 years. Of these, No. 4, at 14
years, is 18 pounds below standard; No. 5, at 12 years, 15 pounds below;
No. 6, at 8 years, 2 pounds below; and No. 7, at 5 years, 2 pounds above
standard.
Thus the entire family, omitting the 5-year-old, is below the standard
and mostly very slender or slender. In view of the fact that the parents
are, at around 45 years, still slender or very slender, it is doubtful
if the children’s weights should be adjusted; it is probably a family
characteristic not to put on weight in middle life. This family supports
the view that extreme slenderness is a recessive condition, or, at least,
is determined by prevailing recessive factors (R: Nob-1).
Mating 4. OTHER SLENDER × SLENDER MATINGS (included in table 23).
Since by hypothesis slender parents will rarely carry gametes with
more than 1 factor for fleshiness, it becomes important to consider
the remaining slender × slender matings, i. e., without special regard
to the grandparental conditions. A summary of the distribution of the
progeny of all slender × slender matings is given in Table VI (Appendix).
This shows that of 51 grown children (resulting from 24 matings), 5
are very slender, 35 slender, and 11 of medium build. Here is a great
preponderance of very slender and slender offspring—40 out of the 51,
and all of the 11 of medium build are below the middle class. There
clearly are factors which drive even these progeny of two slender parents
in some cases to become of slightly heavier build than their parents,
and this result is to be expected if fleshy build depends on several
zygotic factors, and slender build lacks all these factors but two. The
distribution of builds in the offspring of the selected slender (and
very slender) parents is shown in table 23. The percentage distribution
of the progeny is: 12 VS, 73 S, 13 M, 2 F. On any hypothesis we should
expect a large proportion of slender offspring. Close conformity to any
theoretical distribution is hardly to be expected in this table, owing to
the variety of matings included.
TABLE 23.—_Summary of selected slender × slender matings, and those of
very slender parents, together with their progeny._
+-----------------+----+----+----+----+----+
| | VS | S | M | F | VF |
+-----------------+----+----+----+----+----+
| Ada 4 | | 2 | | | |
| Cod 1 | | 2 | | | |
| Fel | | 1 | | | |
|*Fun (a) | | 2 | | | |
|*Fun (b) | | 4 | | | |
| Hay 4 | | 2 | | | |
| Hay 12 | | 1 | 1 | | |
| Hen 12 | 1 | 2 | 1 | | |
| Jos 1 | | | 1 | 1 | |
| Ker 5 | 1 | | 1 | | |
| Lan 4 | 1 | 1 | | | |
| Law 7 | | 1 | | | |
|*Leo (a) | 1 | 4 | | | |
|*Leo (b) | | 3 | | | |
| Lou 2 | 1 | 1 | | | |
| McA 2 | | 3 | | | |
| McC 11 | | 1 | 1 | | |
|*Mor | | 3 | | | |
| Nob 1 | 2 | 1 | | | |
|*Pal | 1 | | | 1 | |
| Ran 4 | 1 | 2 | | | |
| Sch 8 | | 1 | 1 | | |
| Sch 37 | | 3 | 1 | | |
| Sco 5 | | 2 | 1 | | |
| Shi 5 | | | 1 | | |
|*Smi | | 2 | | | |
| Ste 9 | | 3 | | | |
| Wil 23 | | 4 | 1 | | |
| You 9 | | 1 | | | |
| A 01:44 | | 1 | | | |
| A 01:19 | | 1 | | | |
| A 01:60 | | 1 | | | |
| A 01:63 | | 1 | | | |
| +----+----+----+----+----+
| Total 77| 9 |56 |10 | 2 | |
| Percentage 100|11.7|72.7|13.0| 2.6| |
| |
| Mean, 28.50 ± 0.24; S. D. 3.13 ± 0.17.|
+------------------------------------------+
Detailed family histories of these slender × slender matings are given
herewith.
ADA-4 FAMILY.
A family of old English American (Massachusetts and Ohio) stock, living
in Michigan and Kansas. The Father, a merchant, who in youth suffered
from brain fever, is living at 77 years, having had at 50 years the
formula 150/71 inches; build 2.1 (30). His 4 sibs are all tall. His
father, a farmer, died at 49 years from typhoid. At 40 years his formula
160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33). His mother, who had 6 children, and who
was always well, died at 65 years from pneumonia. At 40 years her formula
130/69 inches; build 1.9 (27). This side of the house is of prevailingly
slender to medium build.
The mother, who has had 3 children and who suffered in middle age from
rheumatism and colitis, is living at 66 years, having had at 50 years
the formula 120/66 inches; build 1.9 (28). Her father, a farmer, died
from paresis. At 45 years he had the formula 175/69 inches; build 2.6
(37). Her mother, who in middle age suffered from diphtheria, died at 73
years from paralysis. At 45 years her formula 130/68 inches; build 2.0
(28). This side of the house is prevailingly slender (though with 1 stout
grandparent). Two grown children:
1. Male, a photographer, who in youth suffered from tetanus, has at 25
years the formula 140/71 inches; build 2.0 (28).
2. Male, a teacher, has at 22 years the formula 130/70 inches; build 1.9
(27).
_Comment._—Both slender in the unadjusted build (R: Ada-4).
FEL-1 FAMILY.
A family of Scotch and Welsh extraction, living mostly in the mid-western
United States. The Father, who is a builder, and who has suffered from
several attacks of inflammation of the lungs, is living at 50 years,
having the formula 143/70.5 inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who
was in business, suffered from lung fever and was almost helpless from
rheumatism several years before he was killed in an accident. At 60 years
he had the formula 140/71 inches; build 2.0 (28). His father’s father, a
farmer, died from lung fever, became emaciated before death. At 38 years,
his formula 162/67 inches; build 2.5 (36). His father’s mother, who had
6 children, and who was always well, died at 89 years from old age. At
30 years her formula 96/60 inches; build 1.9 (27). His mother, who had 4
children, was liable to chronic neuralgia. She died at 68 from pneumonia.
At 30 years her formula 125/64.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). His mother’s
father, who died at 76 years from pneumonia, had the formula 168/77
inches; build 2.0 (28). A prevailingly slender family.
The Mother, who has only 1 child, has always been well. She is living
at 46 years, having the formula 110/62 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her
father, who was an expert machinist, always well, died at 43 years from
appendicitis. Formula, 200/69 inches; build 3.0 (42). Her mother, who
had but 1 child, was always well. She is living at 62 years, having the
formula 120/61 inches; build 2.3 (32). A slender mother, with medium to
stout parents.
The one child, a male, student, always well, has at 19 years the formula
125/68.5 inches; build 1.9 (27).
_Comment._—A slender child (D: Fel-1).
HAY-4 FAMILY.
A family of Scotch extraction; grandparents living in Massachusetts, New
York State, Kansas, and California. Parents living in Massachusetts,
California, Kansas, and Japan. The first two children were born in Japan,
but live in California, where the rest were born. The Father, who is a
rancher, has at 54 years the formula 155/73 inches; build 2.0 (29). His
father, who was an accountant, died at 67 years from apoplexy. Their
mother died from tuberculosis. Apparently a slender strain not very
resistant to tuberculosis.
The Mother, who in youth suffered from lung fever, has at 45 years the
formula 123/65.5 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her three sibs are tall. Their
father, who was a merchant, suffered in middle age from tuberculosis and
died from it. At 44 years he was tall and slender. Their mother, who in
middle age suffered from chronic indigestion, had at 71 years the formula
155/64 inches; build 2.7 (38). This side of the house is prevailingly
slender, with a possible tubercular diathesis. Six children:
1. Male, a forester, has at 23 years the formula 170/76.8 inches; build
2.0 (29).
2. Male, a student, at 21 years is 71.5 inches tall.
3. Female, at 18 years, has the formula 130/70 inches; build 1.9 (27).
There are 3 children under 18 years, 2 slender and 1 whose build is
unknown.
_Comment._—The children are slender, though they may develop into adults
of medium build (R: Hay-4).
HAY-12 FAMILY.
A family of English and Scotch extraction, living in Pennsylvania, West
Virginia, and Washington, D. C. The Father, who is a clerk, always well,
is living at 67 years. At 65 years his formula 150/74 inches; build 1.9
(27). Of his 6 sibs, 3 are slender and 3 of medium build. Their father,
who was State senator, suffered in middle age from typhoid. He died at 85
years from old age. At 75 years his formula was 135/68 inches; build 2.1
(29). Their mother, who had 8 children and was always well until at 42
years she died from dropsy, was of medium build. This side of the house
carries a tendency to slenderness.
The Mother underwent an operation at 63 years for tic douloureux. She
is living at 67 years. At 65 years her formula 108/64 inches; build
1.9 (27). Of her 9 known sibs, 3 are slender and 3 fleshy. One of the
corpulent brothers has 2 children, 1 corpulent and 1 medium. Their
father, who was a farmer, always well, died at 55 years from “congestion
of spine, result of accident.” At 50 years he was of medium build. Their
mother, who had 8 children, was always well, till at 71 years she died
from “adhesion of bowels—caused by rupture.” Formula, 90/64 inches; build
1.5 (22). A prevailing slender family, with some tendency to heavy build.
Four children:
1. Female, married, who in youth was liable to goiter, is at 38 years of
medium build.
2. Female, married, always well, is at 36 years slender.
3. Male, a clerk, always well, has at 31 years the formula 150/69 inches;
build 2.2 (32).
4. Male, a clerk, always well, has at 25 years the formula 135/71 inches;
build 1.9 (27).
_Comment._—Two of the children are slender, like both parents; 2 are
medium (R: Hay-12).
HEN-12 FAMILY.
A family of Scotch and Irish extraction. The grandparents on both sides
of the house were southerners. The family is now located in Florida, in
which State 4 children were born.
The Father, interested in farming, had at 40 years the formula 140/70
inches; build 2.0 (29). His father, who was killed in the Civil War, was
of medium build. The father’s mother died at 30 years from child-birth;
she was also, at 25 years, of medium build.
The Mother suffered with laryngitis in middle age and died of it at 29
years. Her formula then was 112/63 inches; build 1.9 (28). Her father, a
physician, and later a fruit grower, died at 75 from general debility. At
50 he was of medium build. Her mother died at 85 from old age, having at
50 a medium build. Four children are:
1. Female, at 25, has the formula 96/66± inches; build 1.5 (22).
2. Male, at 26, has the formula 146/69 inches; build 2.1 (31); adjusted
to 33 years, 151/69 inches; build 2.2 (32).
3. Female, at 25, has the formula 115/67± inches; build 1.8 (26±).
4. Male, at 22, has the formula 135/70± inches; build 1.9 (28±).
_Comment._—The children are all slender, except perhaps one of
slender-medium build (R: Hen-12).
LAW-4 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction, living mostly in Vermont and Minnesota.
The Father, who was a clerk, died at 25 years from “typhoid pneumonia,”
having the formula 150/74 inches; build 1.9 (27). One of his brothers
is tall, one very tall. Their father, a farmer, died at 74 years. At 50
years he was of medium build. Their mother, who had 5 children, suffered
in middle age from asthma; grew fleshy at 50; died at 65 years. Thus the
Father is a slender parent of medium to fleshy ancestry, who died young
from lung trouble.
The Mother suffered in youth from tonsillitis, erysipelas, and
diphtheria; in middle age from pneumonia and pleurisy. She is living at
45 years. At 22 years her formula 122/68 inches; build 1.8 (26). Two of
her sibs were tall. Their father, a farmer, suffered in youth from fever
and ague. He died at 69 years from paralysis. At 48 years his formula
165/68 inches; build 2.5 (36). Their mother, who had 5 children, suffered
in middle age from neuralgia. She died at 67 years from heart disease. At
45 years her formula 120/M; build 2.1 (30). A slender parent who has had
troubles of the respiratory tract. Two grown children:
1. Male, a salesman, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis and
diphtheria, has at 26 years the formula 155/74 inches; build 2.0 (28).
2. Female, married, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis and
diphtheria, has at 25 years the formula 110/67 inches; build 1.7 (25).
_Comment._—One child is slender; the other very slender (R: Law-4).
LAW-7 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction, living in New Jersey. The Father, a
clerk, and always well, has at 43 years the formula 129/65.5 inches;
build 2.1 (30). His father, who was a manufacturer, suffered in youth
from typhoid fever, and in middle age from pneumonia. He died of the
latter at 31 years; was of medium build. His mother, who had 4 children,
was always well. She is living at 65 years and is of medium build. This
side of the house brings in medium-slender elements.
The Mother has always been well. She is living at 42 years, having the
formula 115/64 inches; build 2.0 (28). Her father, who was a grain
dealer, died at 63 years from apoplexy; he was of medium build. Her
mother, who had 3 children, suffered in youth from pneumonia. She is
living at 68 years and is tall and slender. This side of the house is
prevailingly slender. Three children:
1. Female, a teacher, always well, has at 18 years the formula 128/63.5
inches; build 2.2 (32).
2 and 3. Two girls at 11 and 8 years who are below average build.
_Comment._—The one grown child is of medium build, somewhat stouter than
her Father; the other two children are rather slender for their ages (R:
Law-7).
LEO FAMILY. (Fig. 23.)
I 1, J. L. very slender, died of pneumonia. His wife, I 2, at 87 years is
slender and measures 141 cm. in stocking feet; she has two brothers who
are slender. There are 5 children:
II 4, ♂, was 183 cm. tall and very slender; he died at 63 years of
catarrh of stomach.
II 5, ♂, was short and slender; he died at 52 years of Bright’s disease.
II 6, ♀, single, is 165 cm. tall and weighs 51.7 kg. (65 inches and 114
pounds); index 1.9 (27), obviously slender.
II 3, ♀, slender.
II 7, ♂, always slender.
So far we have only slender persons to deal with. Now enters a change.
II 3 married a fleshy man who has a fleshy sister; all 3 children are
fleshy. Also II 7 married a woman whose index is 86.2 kg./114 cm., or
6.6 (190/60 inches, or 53). She has always been fleshy (except during an
attack of anemia). She had both slender and fleshy sibs. Their only child
(III 4) is a girl of 9 years. Her relative chest-girth is 57 per cent
instead of the 49 per cent expected at that age; that is, she is fleshy.
Thus the two marriages of this slender stock into fleshy lines result
altogether in 4 children, all fleshy; indicating dominance of fleshiness.
II 16, ♂, at 50 years is tall and slender. He has 1 slender and 4 fleshy
and very fleshy sibs. His father, I 5, was slender; his mother was short
and weighed 86 kg. (190 pounds). He married II 17, a slender woman; the 2
living children are tall and slender. Thus II 16 apparently did not carry
the gene for fleshiness from his mother (73: 676).
[Illustration: FIG. 23.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
the LEO family.]
LOU-2 FAMILY.
A family of Irish and English extraction, living mostly in New York
State. The Father, who is a doctor, suffered in middle age from “nervous
breakdown, indigestion, and stomach trouble”; is living at 60 years,
and has the formula 155/73 inches; build 2.0 (29). His three brothers,
who are living, are tall. Their father, who survives, is a farmer and
suffered in middle age from “nervousness.” Their mother died from
consumption “caused from taking care of son who died from same.”
The Mother, who is living at 50 years, has the formula 115/65 inches;
build 1.9 (27). Two children:
1. Female, a student (married), has at 25 years the formula 110/66.5
inches; build 1.8 (25).
2. Female, a student, has at 22 years the formula 120/68 inches; build
1.8 (26).
_Comment._—Both children are now slender, but may approach a medium
weight as they grow older (R: Lou-2).
MCA-2 FAMILY.
A Scotch-English family living chiefly in Ohio. The Father, a farmer,
had an attack of diphtheria in middle life, is energetic, and, at 62
years, has the formula 135/70 inches; build 1.9 (28). His sister died
of tuberculosis. Their father, somewhat easy-going, was a farmer, had
typhoid fever and died of cancer at 68 years. His formula, 135/72 inches;
build 1.8 (26). Their mother, of mediocre activity and mentality, died at
36 years, having borne 4 children. Two of her sisters died of pneumonia.
She was of medium build. This side of the house tends to slenderness.
The Mother, who once had typhoid fever and is physically active, has, at
60 years, the formula 120/65 inches; build 2.0 (28). Her father, who had
typhoid fever in the army and was very active, had the formula 180/74
inches; build 2.3 (33). The Mother’s mother, who was also very active,
was of medium build. This side of the house brings in a slender-medium
tendency. Three children:
1. Female, a teacher, who has had typhoid fever and her tonsils and
appendix removed, is energetic, and has a formula at 30 years of 109/64
inches; build 1.9 (27).
2. Male, a student and farmer, who has had diphtheria and typhoid fever,
energetic, at 28 years has the formula 135/69 inches; build 2.0 (28).
3. Male, student and farmer, who has always been well, energetic, weighed
9 pounds at birth, formula at 23 years, 138/69 inches; build 2.1 (29).
_Comment._—The unadjusted build of the children averages the same as the
parents and differs little from them; it is hardly probable that they
will reach the adjusted weight.
MCC-11 FAMILY.
A family of Scotch and English extraction, living in the Middle West and
northwestern United States. The Father, who is a proof-reader, suffered
in youth from fever and ague. He is living at 74 years, having at 48
years the formula 140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30). His father, who was a
farmer, died at 87 years from dysentery. At 40 years, his formula 160/T;
build say 2.3 (33). Their mother, who had 4 children, died at 29 years
“probably from effects of child-birth.” At 26 years she was of medium
build. This side of the house probably contributes a tendency to slender
or slender-medium build.
The Mother suffered in youth from tonsillitis and asthma; in middle age
from nervous prostration and abscess. She is living at 60 years, having
had at 36 years the formula 130/65.5 inches; build 2.1 (30). Her father,
who was a farmer and carpenter, suffered in middle age from internal
abscess and rheumatism. He died at 72 years from apoplexy. At 40 years he
was of medium build. Her mother, who had 4 children, died in child-birth,
at 27 years; she was of medium build. This side of the house, likewise,
contributes a tendency to slender or medium build. Two children:
1. Female, a student, who in youth suffered from tonsillitis and
nervousness, has at 28 years the formula 125/65.3 inches; build 2.1 (30).
2. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from asthma, enlargement of
liver, and attacks similar to epilepsy, has at 25 years the formula
180/74.3 inches; build 2.3 (33).
_Comment._—Both children are of medium or slender-medium build (R:
McC-11).
MOR FAMILY. (Fig. 24.)
IV 3, ♂, at 46 years is short and very slender. He married a tall,
slender woman; their son, at 22 years, is tall and slender.
IV 19, ♀ is tall, like her Father’s father, and very slender. She has 1
slender and 3 or 4 fleshy sibs and both of her parents were fleshy. Her
husband is 182 cm. (72 in.) tall and very slender. They have 3 children,
all tall and slender.
The Mother apparently carries no “fleshy” gametes (73: 690).
[Illustration: FIG. 24.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
MOR family.]
PAL FAMILY. (Fig. 25.)
III 2, J. T. C., ♂, at 64 years is of medium height and slender. One
of his sisters is slender and one (III 7) at 56 years is 157 cm. tall
(without shoes), weighs 74 kg. net, and has a chest-girth of 105 cm. net.
This gives a relative chest-girth of 67 per cent. This sister is thus
very fleshy. Their father (II 3) was of medium build, his wife rather
fleshy. J. T. C.’s wife, III 3, is of medium height and very slender,
though her two parents were of medium build.
The two surviving children are:
IV 1, ♀, at 43 years weighs 165 pounds and is 62 inches tall. She has
thus an index of build of 3.0 (43) and is fleshy.
IV 2, 34 years old is very slender; she is, however, an invalid and
bedridden. Here we have a well-authenticated record of two slender
parents with a fleshy daughter; obviously both of the slender parents
must have carried gametes with one or more genes for fleshiness; and a
combination of such genes induced fleshy build in the child.
_Comment._—A rather remarkable family in that a slender × very slender
mating has produced a fleshy child, as well as a very slender one. But
the slender Father doubtless carries 2 or possibly (and exceptionally) 3
zygotic factors for build (on the 6-zygotic factor hypothesis); for his
mother was fleshy and a sister very fleshy. On this hypothesis the very
slender Mother may contribute one such factor (73: 709).
[Illustration: FIG. 25.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
PAL family.]
RAN-4 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction, living in New York State and
Massachusetts. The Father, who is an editor, has at 58 years the formula
150/72 inches; build 2.0 (29).
The Mother has at 56 years the formula 130/66 inches; build 2.1 (30).
Her brother died at 55 years from tuberculosis; height 72 inches. Her
father, a minister, suffered in middle age from bronchial consumption and
died of it at 60 years. Her mother, who in youth suffered from dropsy and
consumption, in middle age from rheumatism, died at 96 years from heart
trouble. This side of the house is slender-medium; probably because of
tuberculosis. Three children:
1. Male, secretary of an insurance company, who in youth suffered from
hay fever, catarrh, and typhoid fever, has at 30 years the formula 140/72
inches; build 1.9 (27).
2. Female, has at 25 years the formula 130/69 inches; build 1.9 (27).
3. Female, a clerical worker, has at 24 years the formula 120/70 inches;
build 1.7 (25).
_Comment._—All 3 children are of slender build (one very slender) in
the unadjusted ratio. It seems a little doubtful whether, with the
inheritance they have, they will ever reach the medium build (R: Ran-4).
SCH-8 FAMILY.
A family of mixed German and American origin, living in Connecticut.
The Father, a master mechanic, always well, has at 51 years the formula
132/66 inches; build 2.1 (30). His father, a farmer, always well, died at
67 years from heart failure; formula 180/72 inches; build 2.4 (35). His
mother, who had 3 children and who was always well, died at 67 years of
heart failure. Formula, 115/63 inches; build 2.0 (29). This side of the
house is slender-medium.
The Mother, who has 3 children, has at 47 years the formula 120/64
inches; build 2.1 (29). Her two sisters are tall. Her father, a foreman
and always well, has at 73 years the formula 184/69 inches; build 2.7
(39). Her mother was of average stature. This side of the house might be
expected to help determine slenderness in the children. Three children:
1. Male, a stenographer, well, has at 21 years the formula 130/66 inches;
build 2.1 (30) (adjusted to 49 years, 144/66 inches; build 2.3 (33)).
2. Male, a student, always well, has at 19 years the formula 138/66
inches; build 2.3 (32) [adjusted to 49 years, 157/68 inches; build 2.4
(34)].
3. Female, at 13 years, is very slender, even for her age.
_Comment._—The children are slightly below (one is close to) average
build (R: Sch-8).
SCO-5 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction, living mostly in middle western United
States. The Father, a broker, who in middle age suffered from cirrhosis
of the liver, has, at 57 years, the formula 140/70 inches; build 2.0
(29). His father, a lumberman, died at 60 years from paralysis, having
the formula 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). His mother died at 75 years
from arterio-sclerosis; formula 100/64 inches; build 1.7 (24).
The Mother has at 49 years the formula 110/62 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her
father, a wholesale merchant, died at 63 years from sarcoma. His formula
170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36). Her mother, who has 2 children, has at 74
years the formula 90/61 inches; build 2.1 (24). Three children:
1. Male, a surveyor, has at 25 years the formula 150/68 inches; build 2.3
(32).
2. Male, a clerk, has at 23 years the formula 135/67 inches; build 2.1
(30).
3. Male, a student, has at 20 years the formula 125/65 inches; build 2.1
(30).
_Comment._—The unadjusted build of the children is only a point or two
greater than that of the parents (R: Sco-5).
SHI-5 FAMILY.
A family of English and German extraction. The Father’s parents were
born in England. The Mother’s parents were born in Germany. The parents
and their one child were born in New York City, where the family is now
settled.
The Father, inclined to indigestion in middle age, has, at 47, the
formula 143/70 inches; build 2.1 (29). His father, a dry-goods man, has
bronchial trouble in middle age. At 73 his formula is 145/70.5 inches;
build 2.0 (29). The Father’s mother, having borne 2 sons and 4 daughters,
died of kidney trouble and pneumonia at 52 years of age. Her formula, at
51, was 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36).
The Mother, who suffered from bronchitis in youth, at 46 has the formula
120/67 inches; build 1.9 (27). Her father died around the age of 35 from
wounds received in the Civil War. He was of medium build. Her mother at
71 years of age has the formula 85/56 inches; build 1.9 (27). One grown
child:
1. Female, at 19, has the formula 145/67 inches; build 2.3 (32).
_Comment._—The child is somewhat of heavier build than either parent and
may approach the build of her Father’s mother (R: Shi-5).
SMI FAMILY. (Fig. 26.)
II 9, M. E. S., ♀, at 74 years is 162.5 cm. (64 inches) tall without
shoes and weighs 48 kg. (106 pounds) net. Her index of build is 1.9 (27);
she is slender. All of her 6 sibs are fleshy or very fleshy and so are
their two parents (I 1, 2). Her husband was tall and slender. They had 4
children: (1) a boy, who died at 19 of “kidney trouble”; he was slender.
(2) and (3) died young; (4) female, at 33 is 172 cm. (68 inches) tall and
weighs 59 kg. (129 pounds) net; index 2.0 (28); she is slender. Thus the
mating of two slender persons (one arising in the midst of fleshy stock)
has resulted in 2 slender children (73: 736).
[Illustration: FIG. 26.—Pedigree chart of part of SMI family.]
WIL-23 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction, living in New York State and Connecticut.
The Father, who is a teacher, is living at 61 years. At 45 years he had
the formula 155/72 inches; build 2.1 (30). One of his sisters died from
“quick consumption.” His father, who was a farmer, always well, died at
61 years from pneumonia. At 45 years he was of medium build. His mother,
who had 10 children, was always well. She is living at 81 years. At 45
years she was of medium build. This side of the house might be expected
to determine medium build in children.
The Mother suffered in youth from pneumonia, in middle age from typhoid
fever and hernia. She is living at 63 years. At 45 years her formula
was 125/66 inches; build 2.0 (29). Her brother died at 55 years from
tuberculosis of larynx. Her father, who was a farmer, always well, died
at 83 years from “cancer of the face.” At 50 years he was of medium
build. Her mother, who had 5 children, was always well. She died at 67
years from typhoid pneumonia; was slender. Five children:
1. Male, a buyer, always well, has at 30 years the formula 145/73 inches;
build 1.9 (27).
2. Male, an electrical engineer, who in youth suffered from typhoid
fever, has at 29 years the formula 185/75 inches; build 2.3 (33).
3. Male, a physician and surgeon, who in youth suffered from typhoid and
in middle age from acute nephritis, has at 27 years the formula 145/72
inches; build 2.0 (28).
4. Female, a teacher, always well, has at 25 years the formula 138/69
inches; build 2.1 (29).
5. Male, who in youth suffered from typhoid fever, has at 22 years the
formula 150/74 inches; build 1.9 (27).
_Comment._—The unadjusted builds of 4 of the children is a little less
than the parental builds of 30 and 29. The adjusted builds are a point
or two higher. In the case of child No. 2 we have an exceptionally large
index of build for this fraternity of 2.3 (33). It is possible that the
tubercular tendency on both sides may have pulled down the hereditary
potentiality of one or both parents (R: Wil-23).
YOU-9 FAMILY.
A family of Pennsylvania Dutch blood; all born in and about Pennsylvania.
The Father, an educationalist, has had in middle age a nervous breakdown
and bronchial trouble. At 44 he has the formula 118/64 inches; build
2.1 (29). His father, a miller, died of old age at 76. At 68 he had
the formula 130/60 inches; build 2.5 (36). The Father’s mother having
had 7 sons and 4 daughters, died of old age at 82. When 75 she had the
formula 120/59 inches; build 2.4 (34). It is possible that the bronchial
trouble may have reduced the Father’s build somewhat below its normal
potentialities.
The Mother, inclined to nervous disorders, at 43 had the formula 98/59.5;
build 2.0 (28). Her father, a railroad man, had malarial fever in middle
age. At 70 he has the formula 160/66 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother
in youth had bronchial trouble and St. Vitus dance and in middle age,
asthma, pneumonia, rheumatism, nervous prostration, etc. She died at 64,
from a complication of diseases. At the time of her death she had the
formula 80/59 inches; build 1.6 (23). The two children are:
1. Female, has had bronchitis and encephalitis, at 19 has the formula
94/59.5 inches; build 1.9 (27).
2. Female, at 15 years is slender for her age.
_Comment._—Slender children from two slender parents (R: You-9).
A: 01-19 FAMILY.
A family of probable English extraction. The Father, a lawyer, is
troubled with catarrh, but otherwise his general health is pretty good.
At 20 years of age he had the formula 129.5/70 inches; build 2.0 (26).
The Mother has good general health, although troubled with palpitation of
the heart and headache. At 20 years she had the formula 106/61 inches;
build 2.0 (29).
The one daughter for whom data are given has had numerous children’s
diseases. Her general health is now good. At 18 years of age she has the
formula 114/64 inches; build 2.0 (28).
_Comment._—Parents and child are all slender (A: 011d-19).
A: 01-44 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction. The Father, a dentist, has good general
health, but habitual constipation. At 20 years of age he had the formula
140/68 inches; build 2.1 (30).
The Mother has occasional headaches. At the age of 18 her formula was
104/62 inches; build 1.9 (27).
The son has general good health, but is inclined to kidney trouble,
skin diseases, and headache, presumably from his eyes. At 18 he has the
formula 124/66; build 2.0 (29) A: (011d-19).
A: 01-60 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction with some Irish and Scotch blood in
addition.
The Father, a minister, has had pneumonia and dyspepsia, but his general
health is good. At 22 years he had the formula 132.5/68 inches; build 2.0
(29).
The Mother has had piles and slight attacks of rheumatism. Her general
health is very good. At 19 years she had the formula 110/64 inches; build
1.9 (27). The one child for whom data are available is:
1. Female, inclined to rheumatism and kidney trouble, like her Mother.
She has had practically all children’s diseases, and at 19 her formula is
108/65 inches; build 1.8 (26).
_Comment._—Both parents and their child are slender (A: 011d-60).
A: 01-63 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction. The Father, a teacher, is in good health.
At 45 his formula is 134/69 inches; build 2.0 (28).
The Mother’s health is generally good. She is inclined to some skin
trouble and is troubled with headache and habitual constipation. At 34
years she had the formula 97/59 inches; build 2.0 (28).
The one child is a son in general good health, although he has rheumatism
and constipation. He is also subject to frequent colds and grippe. At 19
years of age he has the formula 111/68 inches; build 1.7 (24).
_Comment._—Both parents and the child are of slender build (A: 011d-63).
SUMMARY OF S × S MATINGS.
The gametic constitution of slender parents is certainly very diverse.
Assuming that both slender parents produce only gametes of the type Abc,
their offspring would be exclusively of the type AAbbcc, which we may
take as a zygotic formula for slender progeny. Assume that in another
case both slender parents have the zygotic formula AaBbcc; then they
would each produce gametes ABc, Abc, aBc, and abc. Uniting at random,
these gametes would produce zygotes as follows:
Number of dominant factors 4 3 2 1 0
Proportions 6.25 25 37.5 25 6.25
Thus a very variable progeny would be produced: very slender, slender,
medium, and fleshy. Now it seems probable that the totals of table 23 are
a combination of these two kinds of matings and another which would yield
very slender, slender, and medium offspring in the proportions of 25, 50,
and 25, respectively.
Considering only the families of table 23 who have 3 or more children, we
get a total distribution for these children of:
VS S M
5 34 4
If we subtract from the S total the 16 children who belong exclusively
to slender fraternities, the children who remain have the distribution
5: 18: 4, which is fairly close to the 1: 2: 1 ratio of 6.75: 13.5:
6.75 which is to be expected from a mating of parents of the zygotic
constitution AAbbcc and AaBbcc respectively.
We conclude, therefore, that the S × S matings are gametically of two
kinds, one slightly, the other more greatly variable. The distribution
found is determined by a combination of these two kinds.
Also, the statistical results of the distribution of the progeny of S
× S matings are in harmony with the hypothesis that slender parents in
extreme cases carry not more than two zygotic factors for fleshy build.
The slender parent is, accordingly, to be regarded as one who carries
gametes with prevailingly recessive factors.
CLASS II. BOTH PARENTS FLESHY.
Next we turn to the matter of inheritance of fleshiness in fleshy stock.
That fleshiness may be a true hereditary character is indicated by the
existence of fleshy races of men. Examples are the South-Russian Jews,
especially of the female sex; and certain of the Chinese, who have
strikingly short legs. The matter is discussed in more detail at page 7.
The fact that the body reacts to food and climate must not blind us to
the constitutional factors that are probably present in racial obesity.
At any rate, it becomes of interest to inquire as to inheritance of
fleshiness in families characterized by the trait. For this purpose we
shall consider various matings between more or less fleshy parents.
Mating 1. ONE PARENT IS VERY FLESHY, THE OTHER FLESHY (OR VERY FLESHY) OF
FLESHY STOCK. (Table 24.)
From this mating of “pure” or nearly “pure” fleshy parents are derived
(table 24) 50 offspring: 2 S, 11 M, 23 F, 14 VF, or, in percentages, 4 S,
22 M, 46 F, 28 VF. This distribution of the total does not agree with the
4-zygotic-factor hypothesis (p. 41), which gives a filial distribution
of 50 F, 50 VF. It agrees better with the 6-factor hypothesis (p. 43),
assuming the proper dividing-line between fleshy and very fleshy to lie
somewhere in column 5, and the mating to be of the 5-factor × 4-factor
type. On this assumption we have a percentage of 17 M and F+83 VF. This
approaches the proportions found. Accordingly, the 6-factor hypothesis is
preferable.
The progeny are more variable than those derived from two slender parents
as 5.74 ± 0.39 is to 3.13 ± 0.17.
Details concerning the families included in table 24 are given below.
TABLE 24.—_Matings of a very fleshy parent and a fleshy parent of fleshy
stock, together with their progeny._
+-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--------------+
| | | | | | | | | | Offspring. |
| |FF|FM|F | Father’s |MF|MM|M | Mother’s +--+--+--+--+--+
| | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. |VS|S |M |F |VF|
+-------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+
|[3]Can |VF|VF|47|2VF | | |56| | | 1| | 4| |
| Ekb 1 |50|36|50|51, 52, 45 | | |38|All tall | | | | 2| 2|
| Faz 1 |F | |39|4F |F |F |57|1VF | | | | 1| 2|
| Flo 3 |42|42|44| |37|35|49| | | | 1| 6| |
| Gou A | | |37| |37|50|54|2F | | | 2| 1| 1|
| Lyn | | |38|1VF | | |50|1F | | | 4| 2| 1|
| McL A |39|36|38|VF,2; F5; F*M1|34|45|44|VF1; F5; M3 | | 1| 4| 4| 3|
| Nic 5 |VF|VF|41| |38|40|45| | | | | 1| 1|
| Whe | | |40| | | |52|1VF, 2F, 1S | | | | 2| 4|
| | | | | +--+--+--+--+--+
| | A, 40.33 ±.55 | | |Total 50| | 2|11|23|14|
| | S. D. 5.74 ± .39 | | |Percentage 100| | 4|22|46|28|
+-------+--------------------------+--+--+--------------+--+--+--+--+--+
[3] Also 4 younger children, 10 to one-half years, all fleshy for their
ages.
CAN FAMILY. (Fig. 27.)
A family of Italian extraction, living in a poorly furnished, very much
overcrowded, home in a poor Italian neighborhood in a factory city.
I 1, ♂, was tall and very fleshy; died of “heart disease.”
I 2, ♀, was tall and very fleshy and had a brother of similar build. This
very fleshy pair had 3 children, as follows:
II 1 and II 4 both very fleshy. II 5 at 46 years 171 cm. (67 inches) tall
(without shoes) and weighing 96 kg. (212 pounds) net; build 3.3 (47),
very fleshy. His chest-girth, 106 cm. net; relative chest-girth 62 per
cent. The result suggests that the parents were homozygous for fleshiness.
II 5 married II 6, who at 45 years is 152 cm. (60 inches) tall (in bare
feet) and weighs over 90 kg. (200 pounds), build 3.9 (56). Her net
chest-girth is 110 cm., relative chest-girth is 72. This very fleshy pair
has 9 surviving children, as follows: the eldest, III 3, a boy at 23
years is said to be slender (not seen), married, without children. The
second, III 5, ♂, at 22 years is fleshy, as he has always been; married,
without children. III 7, ♂, at 19 years is slender but was _fleshy_ until
the age of 18 years. III 8, ♂, at 17 years is short and fleshy. III 9, ♂,
at 12 years is short and fleshy. III 10, ♀, at 10 years is 136 cm. (53.5
inches) tall, and weighs about 45 kg. (100 pounds); build 2.5 (35). Her
chest-girth is 85 cm. net, relative chest-girth 63. This indicates a girl
of far above average relative chest-girth, fleshy. III 12 is a girl of 9
years with a relative chest-girth of 80 ÷ 135 or 59, fleshy. III 13 is a
boy of 5 years; his relative chest-girth is 68/112 or 61, fleshy. III 14
is a 6-months-old baby weighing 6.4 kg. or 14.1 pounds and very chubby.
_Comment._—Thus with the exception of the first (of whom no details were
obtained), all of the children are, or have been, fleshy; the fraternity
suggests that both parents are homozygous for fleshiness. The meaning of
the exceptional son is uncertain; various hypotheses may be entertained:
illegitimacy, poor health following a fleshy childhood, the possible
presence of a factor for slenderness in both parental gametes (73:652).
[Illustration: FIG. 27.—Pedigree chart of CAN family.]
EKB-1 FAMILY.
A family of Swedish extraction; parents emigrated to Illinois, where
all the children were born. The Father, a farmer, suffered in middle
age from dropsy and severe headaches. He is living at 56 years, having
the formula 225/67 inches; build 3.5 (50). He has 6 sibs: (1) brother,
dead, formula 250/70 inches; build 3.6 (51); (2) brother, 225/66 inches;
build 3.6 (52); (3) sister, 180/63 inches; build 3.2 (45). Others are
not described. Their father, a farmer, died at 79 years from “gangrene
subsequent to senile paralysis,” having a formula 170/M inches; build,
say 2.6 (36). Their mother died at 79 years from senile paralysis, having
the formula 200/M inches; build, say 3.5 (50).
The Mother, who in youth and middle age suffered from eczema, has at 51
years the formula 160/65 inches; build 2.7 (38). Two of her brothers and
one sister are tall and nervous. Of the 6 children, 4 survive as adults:
1. Male, a university instructor, nervous, has at 30 years the formula
190/70 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55 years, 202/70 inches, build
2.9 (41).
2. Male, a university instructor, who in youth suffered from
poliomyelitis, has at 28 the formula 200/68 inches; build 3.0 (43);
adjusted to 55 years, 212/68 inches, build 3.2 (46).
3. Female, who suffered in youth from headaches, has at 25 years the
formula 180/64 inches; build 3.1 (44); adjusted to 55 years, 196/64
inches, build 3.3 (48).
4. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from headaches, has at 22 years
the formula 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55 years, 197/68
inches, build 3.0 (43).
_Comment._—The Father is perhaps duplex for heavy build; all of the
children have a build that is above the average, and 2 of the 4 are very
fleshy. Thus, obesity runs through three generations without skipping any
(R: Ekb-1).
FAZ FAMILY. (Fig. 28.)
A family of Italian extraction, of the artisan class, living in
comfortable homes.
II 5, a man who was 183 cm. (72 inches) tall and weighed over 90 kg. (200
pounds); build 2.7 (39); fleshy now as “always.” The 4 others of his
fraternity and their father were all fleshy; data are lacking about the
mother’s build.
II 6, the consort of above, died at 66 of cerebral hemorrhage; was of
medium stature, say 160 cm. (63 inches) and weighed 100 kg. (225 pounds);
build 4.0 (57). This obese woman has a sister, who is 150 cm. (59 inches)
tall and weighs 90 kg. (200 pounds), build 4.0 (57), same as her sister.
Her relative chest-girth is 111 cm./150, or 74 per cent, a huge girth.
Two other living members of her fraternity are in Italy and their build
is unknown. The father of this fraternity (I 6) is fleshy, has 3 fleshy
sibs and 1 of medium build. The mother is also fleshy. This looks like a
“pure” fleshy strain.
There are 3 children: (1) ♀, 32 years, married, is 166 cm. (65 inches)
tall and weighs 97 kg. (214 pounds); build 3.6 (51); very fleshy. Her
relative net chest-girth is 105 cm./166 or 63. (2) She has a sister, II
14, 38 years, married, who is 156 cm. (61 inches) tall and weighs 78.5
kg. (173 pounds) net; build 3.3 (47), very fleshy. Her net relative
chest-girth is 105 cm./156, or 67. She has always been fleshy. (3) A man
of 22 was very fleshy up to the age of 17 years, but he is said now to be
tall and thin, though well. He is not married.
_Comment._—This result is difficult to interpret. A mating of two “pure”
strains of obesity produces 3 offspring, all of whom were fleshy before
adolescence and of whom 2 remain very fleshy; but 1 (at 22 years) is said
to have become “thin” since the age of 17 years. It seems probable that
he also should be recorded as essentially fleshy (73: 665).
[Illustration: FIG. 28.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
FAZ family.]
FLO-3 FAMILY. (Fig. 29.)
This is a family of which all grandparents and Father were born in north
Ireland; the children were born and reared in Greater New York. The
Father, a blacksmith and farmer, suffers from digestion troubles; at 63
his formula 185/65 inches; build 3.1 (44). His father, a blacksmith, died
at 40 of acute indigestion; his formula 204/70 inches; build 2.9 (42).
His mother, who died of pleurisy at 50 years, had the formula 200/69
inches; build 2.9 (42). Thus this side of the house is of stout build.
The Mother has at 60 years the formula 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49).
She is fat, good-natured, and a poor housekeeper. Her father, who was a
carpenter and killed by an accident at 47 years, had the formula 180/70
inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother, who died of old age at 75 years, had
the formula 140/63 inches; build 2.5 (35). No “direct” heredity appears
in the Mother’s obesity. The 7 children:
1. Male, a bookkeeper, who has spinal curvature, has at 38 years the
formula 140/60 inches; build 2.7 (39); but this is clearly abnormally
high, associated with his pathologically short stature.
2. Female, a musician, has at 36 years the formula 160/68 inches; build
2.4 (35); adjusted to 50 years, 173/68 inches; build 2.7 (37).
3. Male, a detective, fond of outdoor life, has at 32 years the formula
190/69 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 50 years, 200/69 inches; build
3.0 (42).
4. Male, an army officer, at 29 years 186/71 inches; build 2.6 (37);
adjusted to 50 years, 199/71; build 2.8 (39).
5. Male, a policeman, with a history of pneumonia, at 27 years. 200/72
inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 50 years, 215/72 inches; build 2.9
(42).
6. Female, a teacher, subject to indigestion, at 21 years, 131/65 inches;
build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 50 years, 150/65 inches; build 2.5 (36).
7. Male, in the automobile business, with a history of pneumonia, has at
20 years the formula 168/68 inches; build 2.6 (36); adjusted to 50 years,
187/68 inches; build 2.8 (40).
_Comment._—The build of the children is rather uniformly between 2.5 (36)
and 2.9 (42), mostly in the stout class, like the Father, but far below
the obese Mother (R: Flo-3).
[Illustration: FIG. 29.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
the FLO-3 family.]
GOU-A FAMILY.
A family of English extraction, living in Maine. The Father, at 36, had
the formula 160/67 inches; build 2.5 (37).
The Mother, at 60, had the formula 250/68 inches; build 3.8 (54). Her
eldest brother weighed 200 pounds at 60 years. Her youngest brother
weighed 220 pounds at 50 years. Her father had the formula 190/72
inches; build 2.6 (37), at 70 years. Her mother had, at 70 years, the
formula 225/66 inches; build 3.6 (50). Four grown children:
1. Female, at 48, has the formula 210/66 inches; build 3.4 (48).
2. Male, at 46, 160/68 inches; build 2.6 (35).
3. Male, at 44, 180/67 inches; build 2.8 (40).
4. Female, at 40, 140/66 inches; build 2.3 (32).
_Comment._—Obesity appears in three generations in the direct line
without a break; 2 of the 4 children are of medium build, less than
either parent (S: Gou-A).
LYN FAMILY. (Fig. 30.)
I 1, ♂, from Ireland, died at 54 of brain fever; was 173 cm. (68 inches)
tall and weighed 78 kg. (175 pounds); build 2.7 (38); fleshy. His sister
weighs 90 kg. He married I 2, an Irish woman, who died at 68 years. She
was 155 cm. (61 inches) tall and weighed 84 kg. (185 pounds); build
3.5 (50); very fleshy. She had a sister who was fleshy. The pair had 7
children who grew up:
(1) Male, fleshy; (2) ♂, of medium build; (3) ♂, died at 50 years, of
pneumonia, his stature 169 cm. (66.5 inches); weight 63.5 kg. (140
pounds); build 2.2 (31); medium; (4) ♂, died at 70 years, stature 173
cm. (68 inches); weight 72.5 kg. (160 pounds); build 2.4 (35); medium.
(5) ♂, died, at 37 years, of pneumonia; stature 173 cm. (68 inches);
weight 82 kg. (180 pounds); build 2.7 (39); fleshy. Married to a fleshy
woman, he has a child who is 165 cm. (65 inches) tall, weighs 72.5 kg.
(160 pounds); build 3.2 (46); very fleshy. (6) ♀, at 56 years, stature
160 cm. (63 inches), weight 63 kg. (139 pounds); build 2.4 (34); medium.
Her net relative chest-girth is 95/160 or 36 per cent. Though now of
medium build (or less), she used to be very fleshy, weighing over 80 kg.
(175 pounds); build 3.1 (44). She may properly be classified as of stout
build, secondarily reduced. (7) ♂, aged 54 years, is 178 cm. (70 inches)
tall; and weighs 103 kg. (227 pounds); build 3.2 (46); very fleshy. His
net relative chest-girth is 117 cm. / 178, or 66 per cent. This man has
always been fleshy; at 21 years he weighed 90 kg. (200 pounds).
_Comment._—This seems to be nearly a “pure” F × F mating. Of the progeny
4 are fleshy (or very fleshy) and 3 medium (73-684).
[Illustration: FIG. 30.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
the LYN family.]
MCL-A FAMILY. (Fig. 31.)
A family of Scotch extraction from Maine. The Father (II 9), at 77
years, had the formula 200/73 inches; build 2.6 (38). Of his 8 sibs: (1)
Brother, at 70 years, had the formula 170/69 inches; build 2.5 (36). (2)
Brother, at 75 years, 200/74 inches; build 2.6 (37). (3) Brother, at 65
years, 210/73 inches; build 2.8 (39). (4) Brother, at 78 years, 200/74
inches; build 2.6 (37). (5) Brother, at 71 years, 215/75 inches; build
2.7 (38). (6) Sister, at 75 years, 170/65 inches; build 2.8 (40). (7)
Sister, at 65 years, 200/67 inches; build 3.1 (45). (8) Sister, at 68
years, 190/66 inches; build 3.1 (44). Their father, at 85 years, 200/72
inches; build 2.7 (39). Their mother, at 80 years, 150/65 inches; build
2.5 (36).
The Mother (II 10), at 74 years, had the formula 190/66 inches; build
3.1 (44). Of her 9 sibs: (1) Brother, at 80 years, 170/70 inches; build
2.4 (35). (2) Brother, at 60 years, 200/77 inches; build 2.4 (34). (3)
Brother, at 55 years, 180/72 inches; build 2.4 (35). (4) Brother, at 70
years, 200/74 inches; build 2.6 (37). (5) Brother, at 80 years, 200/73
inches; build 2.6 (38). (6) Sister, at 60 years, 150/64 inches; build 2.6
(37). (7) Sister, at 65 years, 160/63 inches; build 2.8 (40). (8) Sister,
at 70 years, 175/64 inches; build 3.0 (43). (9) Sister, at 75 years,
180/63 inches; build 3.2 (45). Their father, at 70 years, 175/72 inches;
build 2.4 (34). Their mother, at 86 years, 200/67 inches; build 3.1 (45).
12 children:
1. Female, at 47 years, has the formula 180/63 inches; build 3.2 (45).
2. Male, at 22 years, 22/72 inches; build 2.7 (39); adjusted to 55+
years, 221/72 inches; build 3.1 (43).
3. Male, at 58 years, 180/72 inches; build 2.4 (35).
4. Male, at 50 years, 230/71 inches; build 3.2 (46).
5. Male, at 43 years, 160/72 inches; build 2.3 (31); adjusted to 55
years, 163/72 inches; build 2.2 (32).
6. Female, at 70 years, 130/66 inches; build 2.1 (30).
7. Female, at 38 years, 180/67 inches; build 2.8 (40); adjusted to 55
years, 189/67 inches; build 3.0 (42).
8. Female, at 65 years, 160/65 inches; build 2.7 (38).
9. Female, at 61 years, 180/63 inches; build 3.2 (45).
10. Female, at 54 years, 175/66 inches; build 2.8 (40).
11. Female, at 52 years, 125/64 inches; build 2.1 (31).
12. Female, at 50 years, 130/65 inches; build 2.2 (31).
_Comment._—Mother’s mother, Mother, and 3 children out of 12 have a build
of 3.1 to 3.2 (44 to 46), very fleshy; 3 children have a build of 2.1
(30 to 31), a lower index than any parent, uncle, aunt, or grandparent.
Evidently fleshy stock may yield gametes with not more than 2 or even
only 1 gamete for fleshy build. (See p. 43.) (S: McL-A.)
[Illustration: FIG. 31.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
the MCL-A family.]
NIC-5 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction; paternal grandparents born in
Massachusetts and Kentucky; family living mostly in Ohio. The Father,
a farmer, suffered in middle age from rheumatism and lupus. He is a
distant cousin of his wife. He died at 67 years, having at 60 years the
formula 175/65 inches; build 2.9 (41). His father, a farmer, died at 65
years from kidney trouble; was corpulent. His mother, who had 8 children,
died at 70 years; was corpulent.
The Mother, who has 2 children, suffered in youth from pneumonia. She is
living at 70 years, having the formula 165/60.5 inches; build 3.2 (45).
Her father, a farmer and surveyor, who died at 78 years, had a formula
175/M, and build, say, 2.7 (38). Her mother had 7 children and died at
78 years, having the formula 160/M; build, say, 28 (40). The 2 grown
children:
1. Male, a farmer, who in youth suffered from lung fever, has at 41 years
the formula 150/64 inches; build 2.6 (37); adjusted to 55 years, 154/64
inches; build 2.7 (38).
2. Female, married, has at 38 years the formula 190/61.3 inches; build
3.6 (51); adjusted to 55 years, 198/61.3 inches; build 3.7 (53).
_Comment._—There are 3 generations of corpulent persons; in the last
generation 1 is very fleshy and 1 fleshy (R: Nic-5).
WHE FAMILY. (Fig. 32.)
I 1, ♂, fleshy; his wife, I 2, fleshy; 3 children about whom something is
known.
II 1, ♂, fleshy; married a fleshy woman and had 5 children, none of whom,
it is said, are fleshy. II 2, ♂, died at over 75 years; fleshy. II 3,
♂, died at 80 years; was of medium weight. Thus, in this generation, 2
fleshy and 1 of medium build.
III 9, ♂, at 61 years has a stature of 160 cm. (63 inches) and weight
of 73 kg. (162 pounds); build 2.8 (40); fleshy. Nothing is known about
the build of his relatives. His wife is III 10, age 64, stature 156 cm.
(61 inches); weight 88 kg. (194 pounds); build 3.7 (52); very fleshy,
relative chest-girth 112/156, or 72 per cent. When she married at 29
years she weighed 160 pounds and did not begin to grow fleshy until 50
years. She had 4 sibs, about whose build something is known. (1) III 2,
♀, died at 70 of uterine cancer; stature 156 cm. (61 inches); weight over
90 kg. (200 pounds); build over 3.8 (54); very fleshy. (2) III 3, ♂, died
at 73 years of “heart trouble”; stature 153 cm (64 inches); weight 77 kg.
(170 pounds); build 2.9 (42); fleshy. He married a woman of medium build
and had a son who, at 45 years, has a stature of 163 cm. (64 inches) and
weight of 80 kg. (175 pounds); build 3.0 (43); fleshy. (3) III 6, ♀,
always slender. (4) III 7, ♂, died at 60 of diabetes; he weighed over 90
kg. (200 pounds), but became very thin of disease before his death. He
had 2 fleshy children; 1, indeed, quite obese.
The union of these two fleshy strains represented in III 9 and 10 has
produced 6 children, as follows: (1) IV 9, ♂, died at 33, was “fleshy”
and by a slender wife (whose mother was fleshy) has a fleshy little
daughter.[4] (2) IV 11, ♀, at 32 years, has stature 168 cm. (66 inches)
and weight 93 kg. (206 pounds); build 3.3 (48); very fleshy. Relative
chest-girth 119/168, or 73 per cent. (3) IV 12, ♂, at 30 years, has
stature 180 cm. (71 inches); weight 82 kg. (180 pounds); build 2.5
(36); medium; fleshy and growing fleshier. (4) IV 13, ♀, at 28 years,
stature 159 cm. (62.5 inches), weight 79 kg. (174 pounds); build 3.1
(44); very fleshy. Her relative chest-girth 107/159 or 68 per cent. She
was a slender child; at her marriage at 24 years she weighed 145 pounds
and began to gain after the birth of her second child. Married to a man
of build 35.4 or medium fleshy (who once weighed 200 pounds) and with
3 stout brothers and 5 slender sisters; they have 2 children, a son of
4 years who has a relative chest-girth of 56 per cent and is of medium
build, and a daughter who at 2 years has a relative chest-girth of 64 per
cent, which is above the average for that age.[4] (5) IV 14, ♀, at 26
years, stature 157 cm. (62 inches); weight 86 kg. (190 pounds); build 3.5
(49); very fleshy. Her relative chest-girth is 119/157, or 77 per cent.
(6) IV 15, ♀, at 23 years, stature 165 cm. (65 inches); weight 88 kg.
(194 pounds); build 3.2 (46); very fleshy.
[4] Not shown in figure 32.
_Comment._—This union of a fleshy and a very fleshy person (the latter of
a fleshy strain) produces 4 very fleshy and 2 fleshy progeny (including
1 medium near the fleshy line and growing fleshier). This approaches a
“pure line” of fleshiness (73:754).
[Illustration: FIG. 32.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
the WHE family.]
TABLE 25.—_Matings of two fleshy parents, both of fleshy stock, together
with their progeny._
[The indices of the build of the progeny have been adjusted.]
+------+----+----+----+------------+----+----+----+--------+--+-+-+-+--+
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | FF | FM | F | Father’s | MF | MM | M |Mother’s|VS|S|M|F|VF|
| | | | | sibs. | | | | sibs. | | | | | |
+------+----+----+----+------------+----+----+----+--------+--+-+-+-+--+
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|Dol 3 | 36 | 38 | 40 | | 37 | 41 | 40 | | | |5| | |
|Lan A | 37 | 37 | 37 |37, 36, 29 | 43 | 37 | 40 | 35 | |1| | | 1|
|Sle 2 | 36 | 40 | 39 | | 37 | 43 | 37 | | | | |2| |
|Thr 2 | 27 | 34 | 38 |VF3, F3, M3 | 38 | 38 | 40 | | | | |6| |
| +----+----+----+ +----+----+----+ +--+-+-+-+--+
|Total | | | | | | | | | |1|5|8| 1|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+------+----+----+----+------------+----+----+----+--------+--+-+-+-+--+
A, 37.57 ± 0.82.
S. D., 4.70 ± 0.52.
Mating 2. BOTH PARENTS FLESHY OF FLESHY STOCK. (Table 25, from Table
XIII.)
From this mating, as shown in table 25, there are 15 offspring, 1 S, 5
M, 8 F, 1 VF. In this case one-fifteenth of the offspring are slender,
which suggests a trihybrid ratio and that there are at least 3 pairs of
factors present for fleshiness; and that, of these, 3 or 2 pairs are
present in each parent (table 18). It may be that in the Dol-3, Sle-2,
and Thi-2 families the parental gametes carry fewer genes for fleshiness.
Details are given in the following histories.
DOL-3 FAMILY.
A family of German extraction living in Ohio. The Father, an inventor,
suffered in youth from typhoid, has at 59 years the formula 180/67
inches; build 2.8 (40). His father, an inventor and machinist, died at
73 years from “old age,” with the formula 165/M inches; build, say, 2.5
(36). His mother, always well, died at 70 years from “general debility,”
with the formula 140/S inches; build, say, 2.7 (38).
The Mother, who underwent an operation for “fatty tumor,” is living at
57 years, having the formula 175/66 inches; build 2.8 (40). Three of
her sisters died in infancy from convulsions. Her father, a bookkeeper,
died at 98 years from a paralytic stroke, having the formula 160/66
inches; build 2.6 (37). Her mother’s build was 180/66, or 3.7 (41). The 5
children who grew up:
1. Female, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 30 years the
formula 118/64 inches; build 2.0 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 131/64
inches; build 2.2 (32).
2. Male, a machinist, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has at 27
years the formula 160/73 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years,
176/73 inches; build 2.3 (33).
3. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from typhoid, has at 25 years
the formula 150/68 inches; build 2.2 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 164/68
inches; build 2.5 (36).
4. Male, a man of science, always well, has at 23 years the formula
150/68 inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 166/68 inches; build
2.5 (36).
5. Female, a teacher, always well, has at 20 years the formula 120/64
inches; build 2.1 (29); adjusted to 55 years, 139/64 inches; build 2.4
(34).
_Comment._—Both stout parents come of stout or medium stock. Of the
children, 3 are slender, 2 are medium. Adjusted, all are of medium build
(R: Dol-3).
LAN-A FAMILY.
A family from the State of Washington. The Father at 82 years had the
formula 180/70 inches; build 2.6 (37). His 3 sibs are: (1) brother, at 50
years, 160/74 inches; build 2.1 (29); (2) brother, at 26 years, 190/73
inches; build 2.5 (36); (3) sister, at 70 years, 180/70 inches; build 2.6
(37). Their father, at 90 years, had the formula 200/74 inches; build 2.6
(37); their mother at 95 years, 160/66 inches; build 2.6 (37).
The Mother at 52 years had the formula 170/65 inches; build 2.9 (40). Her
one sister at 78 years, 145/64 inches; build 2.5 (35). Her father at 54
years, 200/68.5 inches; build 3.0 (43). Her mother at 82 years, 170/68
inches; build 2.6 (37). The two children:
1. Male, at 58 years, has the formula 240/68.5 inches; build 3.6 (51).
2. Female, at 48 years, 120/64 inches; build 2.1 (29).
_Comment._—Details concerning this family are lacking. From two stout
parents, one of whom has a slender 2.1 (29) brother and the other a
father of build 3.0 (43), arise two children with indices of 3.6 (51)
and 2.1 (29) respectively (S: Lan-A).
SLE-2 FAMILY.
A family of Irish extraction living in Michigan. The Father, a lawyer,
is recorded to have suffered from no illnesses. He died at 52 years from
“dipsomania,” having the formula 200/72 inches; build 2.7 (39). His
father, a shoemaker, is living, having partially lost his mind through
excessive use of tobacco. He has at 83 years the formula 150/65 inches;
build 2.5 (36). His mother died at 50 years from “cancer of the breast,”
having the formula 170/65 inches; build 2.8 (40).
The Mother, who suffered in middle age from asthma, is living at 54
years, having the formula 170/68 inches; build 2.6 (37). Her father, a
lumber dealer, suffered in middle age from typhoid fever and erysipelas,
and died of old age at 84 years, having the formula 180/70 inches;
build 2.6 (37). Her mother, who had “swelling and lameness of hands,
due perhaps to gout,” was killed at 78 years by a fall due to defective
sight. Her formula was 180/65 inches; build 3.0 (43). The 2 children:
1. Male, a teacher, has at 28 years the formula 175/71 inches; build 2.4
(35); adjusted to 53 years, 189/71 inches; build 2.7 (37).
2. Female, a school teacher, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has
at 25 years the formula 160/65 inches; build 2.7 (38); adjusted to 53
years, 177/65 inches; build 3.0 (42).
_Comment._—The two fleshy parents and fleshy grandparents have 2 children
whose adjusted build is fleshy (R: Sle-2).
THR-2 FAMILY. (Fig. 33.)
In this family the Father is the same as child No. 2 of family Thr-1 (p.
138). It lives in Iowa. The father (III 4), a physician, had at 25 years
a weight of 180 pounds, height 69 inches; build 2.7 (38). At 70 years he
weighs 188 pounds, height 68.7 inches; build 2.7 (39). His 5 brothers
were of about medium build, “called sturdy, hearty boys”; they all became
stout.
Their father, though of slender build (following lung disease) in middle
life, “took on flesh” in later life; probably came to be of “fleshy”
build. Their mother was of medium build.
The Mother (III 5) weighs around 170 pounds and is 65 inches tall; thus a
build of 2.8 (40). Her parents (II 5-6) each had a build of 2.7 (38). The
6 children (IV 1-6):
1. Male, weighed 10 pounds at birth; when in high school he weighed 160
pounds; at the university was a football player; at 36 he weighed 240
pounds, and at 41 he weighs about 200. His build is probably about 3.0
(43).
2. Female, is “very large”; at 35 years she weighs about 180 pounds,
stature 65.5 inches; build 3.0 (42).
3. Female, at 33 is of the same weight and stature as her sister; build
3.0 (42).
4. Male, weighed at 23 years about 117 pounds; at 33 years up to 130
pounds; at 36 weighs about 190 pounds; stature 71 inches; build 2.7 (38).
5. Female, at 26 has a weight of 175 pounds, stature 66 inches; build 2.8
(40).
6. Male, weighed while in the Navy at 23 years 175 pounds, stature 70
inches; build 2.5 (36); at 26 he weighs 165 pounds; build 2.7 (38).
_Comment._—In this family both parents are of fleshy build and all the
children are, likewise, of fleshy build (R: Thr-2).
[Illustration: FIG. 33.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
the THR-1, 2 families.]
Mating 3. OTHER VERY FLESHY × VERY FLESHY MATINGS. (Table XV).
There are 7 instances of this type of mating. These are summarized in
table XV, Appendix. An examination of this table shows that in all
families with 2 or more offspring one or more of them are obese. There
is no case of slender offspring, though 12 out of 30, or two-fifths, are
of medium build and only 10, or one-third of all, are very fleshy. This
indicates the presence of recessive factors in the very fleshy parents.
It suggests further that there are two or more pairs of factors that
must be present to produce very fleshy children. Assuming that there
are two factors and that both parents are heterozygous for one of them,
we should expect very fleshy, fleshy, and medium offspring in about the
proportions of 25:50:25, which distribution is not very close to the
actual proportions of 40:27:33. On the assumption of 3 pairs of factors,
we might expect 17:32:49 respectively from a 4 × 5 factor mating. Or the
4 × 4 factor mating would give on one hypothesis 31 (S + M):38:31, which
is closest of all. All of these very fleshy parents are heterozygous.
Table XV shows also that when all grandparents are known there is always
one on each side who is at least of grade 36.
The contrast between the families of table II and table XV is this: In
table II, of the 20 grandparents 40 per cent are slender or very slender.
In table XV of 20 grandparents only 30 per cent are fleshy, the others
are of lower grades of build. Accordingly we are apparently justified
in concluding that some of the very fleshy parents were heterozygous in
the factors for build; and, indeed, as stated, of the 30 children 12 are
of medium build. Table II contains slender strains; table XV largely
heterozygous ones. The detailed history of these cases follows.
BOW-B FAMILY. (Fig. 34.)
A Virginia family, probably of English stock. The Father has the formula
200/66.5 inches; build 3.2 (45). His father had the formula 187/64.5
inches; build 3.2 (45). His mother had the formula 165/66 inches; build
2.7 (38). Thus this side of the house has a fleshy or very fleshy build.
The Mother has the formula 220/68 inches; build 3.4 (48). Her 3 brothers,
all 6 feet tall or more, each has a build of about 35. Her 2 tall sisters
have builds of 38 and 50 respectively. Her father had the formula 190/73
inches; build 2.5 (36). Her mother had the formula 90/62 inches; build
1.6 (23). Thus this side of the house, aside from the fleshy mother, has
prevailingly medium build. The mother’s mother was even very slender.
Six children:
1. Male, at 56 years, 222/66.5 inches; build 3.5 (50).
2. Male, 175/69 inches; build 2.6 (37).
3. Male, 240/73 inches; build 3.2 (45).
4. Female, 200/65 inches; build 3.3 (47).
5. Female, 187/68 inches; build 2.8 (40).
6. Female, 170/64 inches; build 2.9 (42).
_Comment._—Thus of the children, half are fleshy and half very fleshy,
and one exceeds any record of build in either side of the house. The
Father acts like a homozygous dominant (S: BOW-B).
[Illustration: FIG. 34.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
the Bow-B family.]
BOW-2 FAMILY. (Fig. 34a.)
The grandparents and parents were born in Cornwall, England; the
children, except the first, in Connecticut.
The Father, II 6, a contractor, who suffered from hernia and flat foot,
had, at 66, the formula 200/67 inches; build 3.2 (45). Two of his sibs
died of consumption; other sibs are as follows: (1) sister, has the
formula 225/66 inches; build 3.7 (52); (2) brother, has formula 225/67.5
inches; build 3.4 (49); (3) brother, has formula 225/66 inches; build 3.7
(52); (4) sister, has formula 200/65 inches; build 3.3 (47): (5) sister,
has formula 190/66 inches; build 3.1 (44). Some of these suffer from
varicose veins and one is bow-legged. Their father, who was a shoemaker,
and asthmatic, died at 77 years of arterio-sclerotic hemorrhage of lungs.
Formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34). Their mother had varicose veins on
the leg and died at 68 years of “stoppage of the bowels.” Formula 250/66
inches; build 4.0 (57). This is an extraordinary family of very fleshy
people (except the father’s father, who had lung trouble), the obesity
coming from the Timmins side, of Penryn, Cornwall.
The Mother, II 7, who was much subject to sore throat, indigestion, and
piles, died of dropsy and cancer of the liver, at 57 years. Formula
180/61.5 inches; build 3.4 (48). One of her sisters died of consumption;
other sibs were as follows: (1) ♂, died of pneumonia; formula, 150/68
inches; build 2.3 (32); (2) ♂, died at 47 years; formula, 150/65 inches;
build 2.5 (36); (3) ♀, has the formula 136/60 inches; build 2.7 (38). The
mother’s father was a miner; had asthma and miner’s disease, and died at
59 years of paralytic shock. Formula, 180/66 inches; build 2.9 (41). Her
mother died at 69 years of pneumonia. Formula, 120/61 inches; build 2.3
(32). Except for the very fleshy—3.4 (48)—Mother, this side of the house
is less fleshy than the other. Five grown children:
1. Male, who has had naso-pharyngeal infections, has at 43 years the
formula 140/67.5 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 144/67.5
inches; build 2.3 (32).
2. Female, who has suffered from naso-pharyngeal infections, diarrhea,
and nervous exhaustion, has at 42 years the formula 112/61.5 inches;
build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55+ years, 117/61.5 inches; build 2.2 (31).
3. Female, subject to indigestion, has at 40 years the formula 125/62.5
inches; build 2.3 (32); adjusted to 55 years, 131/62.5 inches; build 2.4
(34).
4. Male, a bricklayer, subject to diarrhea, has at 35 years the formula
135/67 inches; build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 55 years, 143/67 inches; build
2.3 (32).
5. Male, subject to biliousness and sleep-walking, has at 32 years the
formula 185/66 inches; build 3.0 (43); adjusted to 55 years, 193/66
inches; build 3.1 (44).
_Comment._—Thus 4 of the 5 children have a medium build; only 1 is very
fleshy (S: Bow-2).
[Illustration: FIG. 34A.—Pedigree chart showing distribution of build in
BOW-2 family.]
BYR-A FAMILY.
A family from South Carolina. The Father, at 60 years, had the formula
235/72 inches; build 3.2 (45). Of his 3 sibs, (1) brother, 200/66 inches;
build 3.2 (46); (2) brother, weighed 150 pounds; (3) sister, 165/66
inches; build 2.7 (38). Their father, at 73 years, had the formula 200/64
inches; build 3.4 (49). Their mother, at 73 years, 175/64 inches; build
3.0 (43). All but one of the Father’s brothers are very fleshy.
The Mother, at 73 years, had the formula 165/60 inches; build 3.2 (46).
Her 6 sibs weighed from 130 to 165 pounds. Her father, at 84 years, had
the formula 160/72 inches; build 2.2 (31). Except for the Mother, this
side of the house is apparently of only medium build. Four children:
1. Male, at 54 years, has the formula 235/71 inches; build 3.3 (47).
2. Male, at 50 years, 160/71 inches; build 2.2 (32).
3. Male, at 64 years, 165/71 inches; build 2.3 (33).
4. Female, 150/62 inches; build 2.7 (39).
_Comment._—Thus 1 in 4 is very fleshy, 1 is fleshy, and 2 are medium (S:
Byr-A).
CAT-3 FAMILY.
A family of Italian origin; grandparents and parents all born in Sicily,
moved to Cleveland, Ohio, where the children were all born. The Father,
a sailor till 24 years, then “in business,” suffered in youth (16 years)
from malaria, and at 20 years and again at 40 years from bronchitis; he
is living at 63 years; formula 180/64 inches; build 3.1 (44). His father,
a sailor till 30 years, then a fish dealer, suffered in youth from colds
and in middle age from bronchitis. He died, at 85 years, from stomach
trouble. Formula, 180/68 inches; build 2.7 (39). His mother, who was
“short and slim,” died at child-birth at 23 years, having the formula
130/61 inches; build 2.5 (35).
The Mother suffered in middle age from appendicitis and influenza. She
is living at 56 years, having the formula 195/62 inches; build 3.6 (51).
Her father, who operated an oil mill, was short and “stocky” and had
high blood-pressure. He died, at 77 years, from “sudden shock, caused by
chill,” having the formula 160/62 inches; build 3.0 (42). Her mother, who
had 11 children, was a quick-tempered, heavy-set, broad-shouldered woman.
She died at 77 years of pneumonia, having the formula 200/64 inches;
build 3.4 (49). Six grown children:
1. Male, a pharmacist, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has, at 27
years, the formula 145/66 inches; build 2.3 (33); adjusted to 55+ years,
156/66 inches; build 2.5 (36).
2. Female, who in youth suffered from diphtheria, has, at 26 years, the
formula 150/66 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 55 years, 168/66
inches; build 2.2 (39).
3. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from measles, chicken-pox, and
colds, is fond of athletics and out-of-door life. At birth he weighed 10
pounds; at 14 years, 140 pounds. Began athletics and at 17 years weighed
180 pounds. At 23 years has the formula 190/67 inches; build 3.0 (42);
adjusted to 55+ years, 209/67 inches; build 3.3 (47).
4. Female, a student, who at 22 years has the formula 120/62 inches;
build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55+ years, 138/62 inches; build 2.5 (36).
5. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from measles, diphtheria, and
pneumonia. Died at 18 years in military service, from pneumonia. Formula,
140/67 inches; build 2.2 (31); adjusted to 55 years, 165/70 inches; build
2.4 (34).
6. Male, a student, who in youth suffered from scarlet fever, has at 18
years the formula 147/66 inches; build 2.4 (34); adjusted to 55+ years,
172/70 inches; build 2.5 (35).
_Comment._—The Mother’s side of the house is decidedly the heavier. One
son approached the maternal build; the other children are far below
either parent in build, even with the adjustment (which is probably
inadequate) (R: Car-3).
DAL-A FAMILY.
A family from North Carolina. The Father, at 69 years, has the formula
225/68 inches; build 3.4 (49). Of his 7 sibs, (1) brother, at 64 years,
has the formula 160/69 inches; build 2.4 (34); (2) brother, at 35 years,
150/70 inches; build 2.2 (31); (3) brother, at 45 years, 140/67.5
inches; build 2.1 (30); (4) brother, at 40 years, 230/70 inches; build
3.3 (47); (5) brother, 180/72 inches; build 2.4 (35); (6) sister, at 60
years, 166/66 inches; build 2.7 (38); (7) sister, at 70 years, 140/70
inches; build 2.0 (29). Their father, at 75 years, 220/68 inches; build
3.3 (48). A very fleshy Father of whose 7 sibs 1 is very fleshy, 1
fleshy, 4 medium, and 1 slender. The gametic constitution is apparently
mixed.
The Mother, at 36 years, has the formula 225/65 inches; build 3.7 (53).
Her father, at 80 years, 330/72 inches; build 4.6 (64). Apparently this
side of the house is exceptionally fleshy. Six children:
1. Male, at 64 years, 212/69 inches; build 3.1 (45).
2. Male, at 66 years, 185/68 inches; build 2.8 (40).
3. Male, at 59 years, 240/69 inches; build 3.5 (50).
4. Male, at 54 years, 240/72 inches; build 3.3 (46).
5. Female, at 61 years, 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34).
6. Female, at 54 years, 130/64 inches; build 2.2 (32).
_Comment._—Thus 3 out of 6 children are very fleshy, 1 is fleshy and the
2 daughters are medium (S: Dal-A).
DUD-A FAMILY.
A family of Irish extraction from North Carolina.
The Father, at 75 years, had the formula 200/64 inches; build 3.4 (49).
His brother, at 70 years, 160/70 inches; build 2.3 (33).
The Mother, at 86 years, had the formula 220/66 inches; build 3.6 (51).
Two grown children:
1. Male, at 60 years, 251/70 inches; build 3.6 (51).
2. Male, at 70 years, 150/70 inches; build 2.2 (31).
_Comment._—The children of these parents, the family of one of whom at
least is of mixed build, were one very fleshy and one medium (S: Dud-A).
SMI-36 FAMILY.
A family of English extraction. The grandparents, parents, and one child
are all New Englanders.
The Father, a physician, in excellent health, has at 53 the formula
208/67.5 inches; build 3.2 (46). His father, a physician also, died, at
82 years, from angina pectoris. He had pulmonary tuberculosis in youth.
At 65 his formula was 160/67 inches; build 2.5 (36). The father’s mother
had three sons and two daughters. She died of tuberculosis, at 35 years
of age. Her formula at 30 was 140/64 inches; build 2.4 (34). This side of
the house shows heavy build of mixed origin.
The Mother in middle age had cerebral embolus. At 51 her formula is
176/63.5 inches; build 3.1 (44). Her father, a farmer, had erysipelas
in middle age. He died, at 64, from typhoid fever. At 60 he had the
formula 225/70 inches; build 3.2 (46). Her mother, having had 3 sons and
4 daughters, died at 78 from dysentery. At 65 her formula was 160/63
inches; build 2.8 (40). This side of the house is very fleshy to fleshy.
One child:
1. Male, a medical student. He has, at 22, the formula 165/74 inches;
build 2.1 (30); adjusted to 52 years, 190/74 inches, build 2.5 (34).
_Comment._—Thus the child is slenderer than either parent and like his
tubercular father’s mother (R: Smi-36).
SUMMARY.
The progeny of the three matings may now be compared (table 26). While
even very fleshy parents are sometimes heterozygous (perhaps carrying 5
or rarely even 4 zygotic factors for build), yet they do not produce any
slender children. The merely “fleshy” parents, on the other hand, produce
about 7 per cent slender. None would be expected on the 4-zygotic-factor
hypothesis, but about 6 per cent would be on the 6-factor hypothesis.
TABLE 26.—_Summary of selected fleshy matings, together with their
progeny._
+--------------------------+----+-------------------------------------+
| | | Offspring. |
| | +------------------+------------------+
| | No.| Frequency. | Proportion. |
| | +---+----+----+----+---+----+----+----+
| | | S | M | F | VF | S | M | F | VF |
+--------------------------+----+---+----+----+----+---+----+----+----+
|Mating 1. One parent VF; | | | | | | | | | |
| the other F, of F stock.| 50 | 2 | 11 | 23 | 14 | 4 | 22 | 46 | 28 |
| | | | | | | | | | |
|Mating 2. Both parents F, | | | | | | | | | |
| of F stock. | 15 | 1 | 5 | 8 | 1 | 7 | 33 | 53 | 7 |
| | | | | | | | | | |
|Mating 3. Other VF × VF | | | | | | | | | |
| matings. | 30 | | 12 | 8 | 10 | | 40 | 27 | 33 |
+--------------------------+----+---+----+----+----+---+----+----+----+
A comparison of tables 23 and 26 shows a profound difference in the
distribution of build in the two sets of progenies. From the matings
of slender parents come predominantly (84 per cent) slender and very
slender offspring; from the mating of two fleshy or very fleshy parents
come predominantly (67 per cent) fleshy and very fleshy offspring. The
ranges of the offspring classes overlap somewhat, for the slender matings
produce 16 per cent progeny who are above slender build; and the fleshy
matings produce 32 per cent of progeny who are below fleshy build. The
progeny of the slender matings are much less variable than those of
fleshy matings. Thus, the standard deviation of the offspring in table 23
is only 3.13 ± 0.17; while the standard deviation of the offspring of the
fleshy parents listed in table 24 is 5.74 ± 0.39 and in table 25 4.70 ±
0.52. From the standpoint of genetics this indicates the presence of more
genetical factors in the fleshy parents than in the slender.
However, there is one consideration that must not be overlooked. This is
that the mean index of build of the slender offspring is lower than that
of the fleshy ones. If we place the average index of the very slender and
slender groups at 26, and of the pure fleshy at 40, then the coefficient
of variability of the slender and very slender is 3.13/26, or 12 per
cent, and that of the fleshy of table 24 is 4.70/40, or 14 per cent. Thus
the fleshy offspring are not only absolutely but also relatively more
variable than the slender offspring.
Perhaps a fairer comparison is obtained from the data of table 12. The
standard deviation of the progeny of the S × S matings is 2.41; of the
F × F matings is 5.37. The corresponding coefficients of variability
are 2.41/28.47 and 5.35/37.56, or 8.46 per cent and 14.25 per cent
respectively. That is, the coefficient of variability of build of the
offspring of the F × F mating is 68 per cent greater than that of the S
× S mating. The ranges of the logarithms of the indices of the S and the
F groups is as near as possible the same, and the arithmetic range of
the F is only 40 per cent greater than of the S group. Hence the greater
variability of the offspring of the F × F as compared with the S × S
matings can not be accounted for on a difference in the range of index
values of the S and F classes. The most reasonable conclusion seems to be
that the gametes of the fleshy parents are somewhat more variable than
the gametes of the slender and the very slender parents.
CLASS III. MATING OF SLENDER WITH FLESHY STOCK—THE F₁ GENERATION.
After having considered the inheritance of build in the progeny of
slender and of fleshy stock respectively, we have next to consider the
distribution of build in hybrids between such stocks. This class of
matings produces the familiar F₁ generation. Incidentally it may be
pointed out that where multiple factors are concerned the F₁ generation
has not that uniformity that it has when only one factor is concerned.
This is partly because there are several kinds of F₁ offspring. For
example, the progeny of very fleshy × slender, fleshy × very slender,
fleshy × slender, and even subdivisions of some of these categories. If
we analyze the progeny of all these matings together, a considerable
range of variation in the F₁ generation is to be expected. If we deal
with each type of mating separately, the numbers are insufficient to
be significant. Compromises of various sorts will be necessary between
too small numbers of offspring, on the one hand, and too heterogeneous
parents on the other. Further complications arise from the fact that
on the hypothesis that fleshy persons carry factors that dominate over
slender, it is to be expected that the children shall be, on the average,
of above medium build; and, again, from the fact that the children are
younger than the parents and, for the most part, do not as yet show their
full adult build. This is a matter of especial importance in this mating,
since heterozygous individuals are slow in developing their potential
build. Three kinds of matings will be considered.