(_Mir._ 1435) is of malediction.
5. See note on xx. l. 22.
6. _guardoner_: so in MS., cp. xvii. l. 5.
10. See note on ii. l. 23.
XXXIIII. 6. _a covenir_, apparently ‘by agreement.’
11. The word omitted by the Roxb. ed. is ‘a.’
18. _De Alceone._ The hiatus must be admitted, as indicated by the
separation in the MS., cp. _Mir._ 12228. We must not accent ‘Alceone’
on the final ‘-e’ as Dr. Stengel proposes, because of the way the word
is used in the _Confessio Amantis_, rhyming, for example, with ‘one,’
iv. 3058. ‘Ceïx’ is a dissyllable here and in the English.
XXXV. 10. _en droit de_, ‘as regards’: see Glossary, ‘endroit.’
17. _en droit de mon atour_, ‘as regards my state.’
22. _falcoun_: the Roxb. ed. gives ‘facon,’ a false reading which has
hitherto entirely obscured the sense.
XXXVI. 3. _Papegai._ This seems to stand for any bright-plumaged bird.
It is not to be supposed that Gower had the definite idea of a parrot
connected with it.
6. _au tiel_: so MS., but Roxb. ed. ‘aut tiel,’ whence Dr. Stengel
‘au ttiel,’ in pursuance, no doubt, of his theory of ‘Verdoppelung
anlautender Consonanten’: see note on ii. l. 4.
_au tiel assai_, ‘with such trial,’ i.e. ‘so sharply.’
10. Cp. _Mir._ 8716.
15. For the opposition of the rose and the nettle cp. xxxvii. 24,
_Mir._ 3538, &c.
XXXVII. 4. _la_: used (as well as ‘le’) for indirect object fem. See
Glossary.
9. See note on xx. l. 2.
10. _entrée._ The termination ‘-ée’ constitutes one syllable only here,
as at the end of the verse, where ‘-é’ and ‘-ée’ rhyme freely together:
see, for example, the rhymes in xvii.
19. _me refiere_, ‘refer myself,’ i.e. ‘make appeal.’ The rhyme
requires correction of the reading ‘refiers.’
XXXVIII. 1. Cp. _Mir._ 12463 ff., where the ‘piere dyamant tresfine’
is said to disdain a setting of gold because drawn irresistibly to
iron. The loadstone and the diamond became identified with one another
because of the supposed hardness of both (‘adamant’).
XXXIX. 3. For this use of ‘et,’ cp. xviii. 7.
9. _asseine_: rather a favourite word with our author in various
meanings, cp. x. l. 10, ‘jeo mon coer asseine,’ ‘I direct (the
affections of) my heart’; xiv. l. 17, ‘la fierté de son corage
asseine,’ ‘strike down the pride of her heart’; and here, where ‘Qui vo
persone ... asseine’ means ‘he who addresses himself to your person.’
18. _pluis_: this form, which occurs also iv. l. 15, ‘De pluis en
pluis,’ seems to be only a variation of spelling, for it rhymes here
and elsewhere with -us, -uz: see Introduction, p. xxviii f.
XL. 7. _Ne puiss hoster_, &c. Cp. xvii. l. 27, ‘Ne puis lesser mais
jeo l’ameray’: ‘hoster’ means properly ‘take away,’ hence ‘refrain
(myself).’
_me pleigne_: so MS. The Roxb. ed. gives ‘ma pleine.’
11. _serretz._ The future tense (if it be future) need give us no
anxiety, in view of the looseness about tenses which is habitual with
our author: cp. xliv. l. 6, _Mir._ 416. In any case ‘serietz,’ which
Dr. Stengel substitutes, is not a correct form.
22. _chaunçon_: MS. cha̅n̅con.
XLI. Here the address is from the lady to her lover, and so it is also
in the three succeeding balades and in xlvi. Notice that the second
person singular is used in xli.-xliii. where the language is that of
hostile contempt.
9. _sent_, for ‘cent’: so ‘Si’ for ‘Ci’ in the Title of the _Balades_,
and ‘Sil’ in xlii. l. 20, &c. The converse change of ‘s’ to ‘c’ is not
uncommon, see _Mir._ 799.
17. _q’ensi ment_, ‘which thus lies’: Dr. Stengel’s alteration
‘qensiment’ is quite without justification.
18. _sciet_: so MS, not ‘ciet.’
20. _aparcevoir_: in MS. contracted, ‘aꝑcevoir,’ but cp. _Mir._ 123, &c.
XLII. 7. _de ta falsine atteinte_, ‘by thy convicted falseness.’
10. _par tiele empeinte_: cp. _Trait._ iv. l. 17.
20. _Sil_, for ‘Cil’: cp. xli. l. 9, xlvii. l. 7.
XLIII. 6. ‘I find him whom I was wont to love.’
7. _en mon endroit_, ‘for my part.’
13. _Ne poet chaloir_: see Burguy, _Grammaire_ ii. 26.
19. The romance of Generides exists in an English version, which has
been edited by Dr. Aldis Wright from a manuscript in the library of
Trinity Coll. Camb. (E.E.T.S. 1873).
_Florent_, no doubt, is the same as the hero of Gower’s story in _Conf.
Am._ i. 1407 ff., though there are others of his name in Romance.
_Partonopé_ is Partonopeus de Blois. The correction of ‘par Tonope’ is
due to Warton.
XLIIII. Here the lady addresses a true lover, whose suit she accepts.
6. _refuserai_: cp. xl. l. 11.
23. _quoique nulls en die_, ‘whatsoever any may say of it.’
XLV. 6. _pour vo bounté considerer_, ‘by reflecting on your goodness’:
‘pour’ is here equivalent to ‘par.’
8. ‘To describe your face.’
12. _Pour vous amer_, ‘to love you’: see note on _Mir._ 6328.
13. _Dont m’est avis_, answering to ‘tiele,’ ‘in such a manner that’:
see note on _Mir._ 217.
_pour vous essampler_, ‘by taking you as their example,’ cp. l. 6: but
this is not a usual sense of ‘essampler.’
16. _vo covine_, ‘your disposition’: see Glossary.
XLVI. The lady speaks again.
5. _sauf toutdis_, ‘saving always’: cp. xxii. l. 26, ‘Salvant toutdis
l’estat de vostre honour.’
15. See note on ii. l. 23.
18. _par envoisure_; cp. _Mir._ 988. Here it means ‘by raillery’ or ‘in
jest.’
23. _toutz passont a l’essai_, ‘surpass all others at the trial.’
24. _q’amour_: the Roxb. ed. reduces the sentence to nonsense by giving
‘qamont,’ as conversely ‘damour’ for ‘damont’ in the margin of _Bal._ v.
XLVII. 2. _fait sustenir_, ‘doth support.’
4. _qui le sciet maintenir_, ‘if a man can preserve it’: cp. xxvi. l. 9.
7. _sil_: cp. xlii. l. 20.
17. _Plus est divers_, ‘he has more varied fortune.’
XLVIII. For this kind of thing, which recurs often enough in the
literature of the time, cp. _Rom. de la Rose_, 4310 ff.
2. _le droit certein_, ‘the true certainty’: see ‘certein’ in Glossary.
9. _le repos._ This is the reading of the MS., and so also ‘est bass’
in l. 11. Dr. Stengel was safer than he supposed in following Todd.
XLIX. 5. _qui deinz soi_, &c., ‘when a man within himself,’ &c., cp.
xxvi. l. 9.
L. 9. _le tempre suef_: cp. _Mir._ 14707.
<LI>. This balade is not numbered and does not form one of the
‘Cinkante Balades’ of which the title speaks. It is a kind of
devotional conclusion to the series. The envoy which follows, ‘O
gentile Engleterre,’ does not belong to this balade, being divided from
it by a space in the MS. and having a different system of rhymes. It is
in fact the envoy of the whole book of balades.
19. _j’espoir_: see Glossary under ‘esperer.’
TRAITIÉ
The title ‘Traitié’ is not in the MSS., but is inserted as that to
which reference is made in the Glossary and elsewhere. What follows,
‘Puisqu’il ad dit,’ &c., is the heading found in those MSS. which
give this series of balades together with the _Confessio Amantis_,
that is in seven out of ten copies. In the other three the _Traitié_
occurs independently, but in two of these, viz. the All Souls and the
Trentham MSS., it is imperfect at the beginning, so that we cannot say
what heading it had, while in the third, the Glasgow copy, it has that
which is given in the critical note. It is certain in any case that the
author did not regard it as inseparable from the _Confessio Amantis_.
I. The numbers are introduced for reference: there are none in the MSS.
4. _per_: so in the Fairfax MS. fully written, but we have ‘par’ fully
written elsewhere, as xi. l. 16, therefore the contractions are usually
so expanded, e.g. in the preceding line.
8. _celle alme_, ‘the soul,’ cp. _Bal._ iii. l. 1, and see note on
_Mir._ 301.
9. _Tant soulement_, see Glossary, ‘tansoulement.’
II. 5. See note on _Bal._ ii. l. 23. For the substance of the passage
cp. _Mir._ 17935 ff.
7. He means that continence is better than marriage, as we see from the
margin of the next balade.
20. _en son atour_, ‘in its own condition.’
III. 1. _parfit_: this form is preferred as expansion of the MS.
contraction, because it is more usual and is found fully written both
in the _Mirour_ (e.g. 1640) and in the present work, xviii. l. 28
(Trentham MS.), but ‘perfit’ occurs in _Ded._ i. l. 23 and _Bal._ xxvi.
l. 15.
20. _retenue_, cp. _Bal._ viii. l. 17.
IV. 5. _resemblont amorouses_: cp. _Mir._ 1094.
17. _par tiele empeinte_: cp. _Bal._ xlii. l. 10. It seems to mean ‘in
such a manner.’
V. 8. _l’espousailes_, for ‘li espousailes,’ but this use of ‘li’ as
fem. plur. is rather irregular.
VI. For the story see _Conf. Am._ vi. 1789 ff.
The Latin margin has lost some parts of words in the Trentham MS. by
close cutting of the edges. The Roxb. ed. does not indicate the nature
of this loss nor correctly represent its extent, so that we are left
to suppose, for example, that ‘nuper’ is omitted, when as a fact it
is there, but partly cut away, and that the MS. reads ‘violant’ for
‘violantes.’
6. _envoisure_, ‘trickery,’ ‘deceit,’ cp. xvi. l. 3.
10. _sanz nulle autre essoine_, ‘without any other cause.’
15. The margin has suffered here also in the Trentham MS., but not
exactly as represented in the Roxb. ed.
17. _Circes_: cp. _Mir._ 16674 f., where the same form is used,
‘Uluxes, qant il folparla
A Circes et a Calipsa.’
VII. Margin damaged in the Trentham MS., as above mentioned. For the
story cp. _Conf. Am._ ii. 2145 ff. and iv. 2045 ff.
1. _El grant desert_, &c. Cp. Chaucer, _Monkes Tale_, l. 128.
5. _Achelons_: so in _Conf. Am._ iv. 2068. Chaucer has ‘Achiloyns,’
wrongly given ‘Achiloyus’ in some editions.
9. _Eolen_: this is the form of the name used in the _Conf. Am._ v.
6808 ff.
11. _d’Eurice_: ‘Euricie’ in the Latin margin; cp. ‘The kinges dowhter
of Eurice,’ _Conf. Am._ ii. 2267. It is taken as the name of a country,
but no doubt this results from a misunderstanding of some such
expression as Ovid’s ‘Eurytidosque Ioles,’ ‘of Iole the daughter of
Eurytus,’ taken to mean ‘Eurytian Iole.’
_Herculem_: cp. ‘Medeam’ in viii. l. 12.
17. _l’auctour_: probably Ovid, _Met._ ix.
VIII. Cp. _Mir._ 3725 ff. and _Conf. Am._ v. 3247 ff.
13. _Creusa_, a dissyllable, as in _Conf. Am._ v. 4196 ff.
IX. Cp. _Conf. Am._ iii. 1885 ff.
X. 8. Cp. _Conf. Am._ vii. 4757 ff.
15. Cp. _Conf. Am._ i. 761 ff.
18. _enbastiront tout le plai_, ‘contrived the whole matter.’ The word
‘plait’ or ‘plee’ means properly a process at law, hence a process or
design of any kind: ‘bastir un plait’ is the same thing as ‘faire un
plait,’ used of designing or proposing a thing. See Burguy, _Gram._ ii.
under ‘plait’ in the Glossary.
XI. Cp. _Conf. Am._ i. 2459 ff.
3. _com cil qui_: see note on _Mir._ 27942.
XII. Cp. _Conf. Am._ v. 5551 ff.
19. _hupe_: the _Conf. Am._ v. 6041 says, ‘A lappewincke mad he was.’
The two birds might easily be confused because both are marked by
the crest which in this case (according to the _Confessio Amantis_)
determined the transformation. A similar confusion appears in _Mirour_
8869, where the bird that misleads people as to the place of its nest
is no doubt meant for a lapwing.
XIII. 10. This punctuation is more in the manner of the author and also
gives a better balance to the sentence than if we made the pause after
‘avoir’: so ‘du roi mais’ in the next line: see note on _Bal._ xx. l. 2.
13. _dont_, consecutive, answering to ‘tiele’: see note on _Mir._ 217.
XIV. 7. _qui_, ‘whom.’
10. _Maisqu’il chaoit_: cp. _Bal._ xvii. l. 27. ‘He had not power to
keep his body from falling into the pains of love.’
13. _a l’omicide esguarde_, ‘looks towards murder.’
XV. 1-10. The losses at the beginnings of these lines in the Fairfax
MS. are as follows: Comun | De Lan | Enqore ma | Pour essamp | Cil
q’est gu | Droitz est | Car be | To | U que | Deu |
7. _Car beal oisel_, &c., cp. _Mir._ 7969.
10. Cp. _Conf. Am._ vi. 330 ff.
13. _Parentre deux_: cp. _Bal._ xxvii. l. 24, _Mir._ 1178.
XVI. Cp. _Mir._ 17089 ff., _Conf. Am._ v. 6393 ff.
XVII. 2. ‘This the faith pledged with the right hand requires.’ For
‘plevie au destre main’ cp. _Bal._ xxiii. l. 5.
9. _ert_, ‘there shall be,’ cp. _Mir._ 17689. Both future and
conditional are used to express command or obligation.
13. This is the traditional character of Gawain ‘the Courteous’:
‘“Art thou not he whom men call light-of-love?”
“Ay,” said Gawain, “for women be so light.”’
Tennyson, _Pelleas and Ettarre_;
XVIII. 22. This Envoy, though it may be taken to have reference to the
whole series of balades composing the _Traitié_, belongs in form to the
concluding balade and speaks of it specially, ‘ceste Balade envoie.’ It
is addressed to the world generally, ‘Al université de tout le monde,’
and, as was the wont of Englishmen who wrote in French, the author asks
pardon for his deficiencies of language.
The Latin lines ‘Quis sit vel qualis’ follow the _Traitié_, so far as I
know, in every existing copy, and must be taken in connexion with it.
In all except one of the MSS. these first nine lines are followed, as
in the text given, by the short _Carmen de variis in amore passionibus_
beginning ‘Est amor in glosa,’ and this is followed by the eight lines
beginning ‘Lex docet auctorum.’ In the Trentham copy, however, the
intervening _Carmen_ is omitted and these last eight lines are given as
if they formed one piece with the first nine.
‘QUIS SIT VEL QUALIS,’ &C.
2. _mentalis sit amor_, &c. I take this to mean, ‘so that there may be
such spiritual love (as I have described) in the order’; but it is not
very clear, and it must be noted that F punctuates after ‘mentalis.’
3 f. ‘We may fear what is to come by the example of what is past;
to-morrow as yesterday the flesh may be lightly stirred.’
CARMEN DE VARIIS, &C.
With this compare _Bal._ xlviii., and _Rom. de la Rose_, 4320 ff.,
‘Amors ce est pais haïneuse,
Amors est haïne amoreuse,’ &c.
1. _in glosa_, ‘by interpretation.’
‘LEX DOCET AUCTORUM,’ &C.
1. _quod iter_, &c., ‘that the fleshly pilgrimage is more secure for
those who have the bands of wedlock upon them.’
5. _quasi regula_: apparently comparing marriage to a monastic rule,
into which men are gathered for their salvation.
7. _Hinc vetus annorum._ The comment on this concluding couplet is to
be found in the record of the poet’s marriage, in the year 1397-8, to
Agnes Groundolf.
GLOSSARY
AND
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES
NOTE. This Glossary is intended to be a complete Vocabulary of the
language used by Gower in his French works, recording as far as
possible every word and every form of spelling, with a sufficient
number of references to serve for verification. The meanings in English
are given only where this seems desirable, either for explanation of
the less usual words or to distinguish the various uses of those that
are more familiar. It must be remembered that some of the meanings
given are conjectural, and the unqualified statements of the Glossary
are sometimes discussed in the Notes.
With regard to the references, it should be noted that the number
of them is not at all an indication of the frequency with which a
word occurs. Many of the commonest words, occurring in one form of
spelling only and presenting no difficulty, are dismissed with a single
reference to the first passage where they occur in each section of the
author’s works. On the other hand words which are found with different
forms of spelling usually have references given for each form, and
often the fact that a word is of uncommon occurrence or presents
some difficulty as regards meaning has caused it to be followed by
a larger number of references. It should be observed that for the
purposes of the Glossary our author’s French works have been regarded
as falling into two distinct sections, the first consisting of the
_Mirour de l’Omme_, and the second of the _Balades_ and the _Traitié_,
and wherever a word or form occurs in both sections the double
reference is given. This is done in order to exhibit the likeness or
difference of the language used, and to serve as additional evidence
of the authorship of the _Mirour_. For Proper Names a complete set of
references is regularly given, but allegorical names and personified
vices and virtues are not usually classed as Proper Names.
The references to a number only are to lines in the _Mirour de l’Omme_.
The letters D, B, and T, followed by a Roman and an Arabic numeral,
refer to the balades in the _Dedication_, the _Cinkante Balades_, and
the _Traitié_ respectively. These are not referred to in the Glossary
by lines but only by stanzas. The Table of Contents at the beginning
of the _Mirour_ is referred to by the letter C. Such a reference as
16272 (R) is to the rubric following l. 16272.
Where difference of spelling consists in the insertion or omission of a
single letter, the fact is often recorded by means of parenthesis, e.g.
‘con(n)estable,’ ‘baro(u)n,’ indicating that both ‘connestable’ and
‘conestable,’ ‘baroun’ and ‘baron,’ are found. The inflexional _s_ or
_z_ in the termination of singular nouns is usually treated in the same
way, but references are not always given for both forms. The gender
of substantives is not noted, because so much irregularity prevails
in this respect that it seems hardly worth while to investigate the
subject. All verbal inflexions of any interest have been set down. The
grammatical abbreviations, _s._ substantive, _a._ adjective, _v.a._
verb active, _v.n._ verb neuter, 1 _s.p._ first person sing. pres.
tense, _pp._ past participle, and so on, will be readily understood.
Words which occur in the text with an initial mute _h_ dropped owing to
elision will usually be found under the letter _h_.
=A=
=a=, _prep._ 42, D. ii. 1:
_see_ =al=, =au=, =as=.
=a=, _for_ =ad=, _see_ =avoir=.
=Aäron=, _see_ =Aron=.
=aas=, =as=, _s._ 7313, 11600, ace, one.
=abaier=, _v.a._ 4282, bark forth.
=abandonné(e)=, _s._ 8943, 8984, devoted servant.
=abandon(n)er=, =habandonner=, _v.a._ 546, 1507, 2169, B. xvii. 2,
deliver up, give freely.
=abatre=, _v.a._ 315, 7855, beat down, overcome, abate:
=s’abatre=, 16566, be overcome.
=abaubir=, _v.a._ 25761, confuse.
=abay=, _s._ 1728, barking.
=abbacie=, _s._ 20901, abbey.
=abbes=, _s._ 9138, 12115, abbot.
=abbesse=, _s._ 12115, abbess.
=abeisser=, =abesser=, _v.a._ 2124, 3846, lower, abase.
=Abel=, 4566, 4969, 12217.
=abesser=, _see_ =abeisser=.
=abev(e)rer=, _v.a._ 2410, 11837, supply with drink.
=abeyver=, _v.a._ 12956, supply with drink.
=abhominable=, _a._ 1108, 4495.
=abhominacioun=, _s._ 1670.
=abhosmé=, _a._ 1121, abominable; 8195, filled with horror.
=abho(s)mer=, _v.a._ 2646, 6692, abhor.
=Abigaïl=, 13662, 17473.
=Abiron=, 2343.
=abisme=, _s._ 1878.
=abit=, _see_ =habit=.
=’abitement=, _s._ 12535, habitation.
=abject=, _a._ 12836, cast away.
=able=, _a._ 17396, fit.
=Abner= (1), 4771.
=Abner= (2), 17480, Heber.
=abondance=, _see_ =habondance=.
=abonder=, _see_ =habonder=.
=Abraham=, 11418, 12228 f., T. xiii. 1.
=absent=, _a._ 975.
=s’absenter=, _v._ 20294.
=absoldre=, _see_ =assoldre=.
=Absolon=, 1470, 12985, 23190.
=absolucioun=, _s._ 10380.
=abstenir=, _v.a._ 1742, B. xviii. 3, T. xiv. 2:
_v.n._ B. xxv. 3.
=abstinence=, _s._ 7725, 16272 (R).
=abstinent=, _a._ 16298 ff.
=abusée=, _a._ 7695, wrongful, perverse.
=abusioun=, _s._ 20471, abuse.
=acatant=, _s._ 7456, buyer:
_cp._ =achatant=.
=acatement=, _s._ 25806, buying.
=acater=, _v.a._, 3 _s.p._ =acat=, 6956, buy:
_cp._ =achater=.
=acceptable=, _a._ 4491.
=accepter=, _v.a._ 4493.
=accident=, _s._ 2069, 23340.
=accidie=, =accide=, _s._ 255, 5126, sloth.
=accompte=, =acompte=, _s._ 1504, 6519, 11922, reckoning, account,
affair.
=accord=, =accorder=, _see_ =acord=, =acorder=.
=accoustummé=, _s._ 7330, customer.
=accru(z)=, _see_ =acrestre=.
=accusatour=, _s._ 17471, accuser.
=accusement=, _s._ 8852, accusation.
=accuser=, _v.a._ 161.
=acemer=, =ascemer=, _v.a._ 1241, 18329, adorn.
=Achab=, 4957, 6775, 12592, 17635.
=Achaie=, 20072.
=Achar=, 6999.
=achatant=, _s._ 7430, buyer:
_cp._ =acatant=.
=achater=, _v.a._ 1938, 6294;
3 _s.p._ =achat=, 6904: provide, buy:
_cp._ =acater=.
=Achelons=, T. vii. 1.
=achever=, =achiever=, _v.a._ 331, 336, accomplish.
=Achilles=, =Achillant=, 23365 ff.
=Achitofel=, 23189.
=acier=, _s._ 883.
=s’acliner=, _v._ 7836, incline.
=acol(l)er=, _v.a._ 1051, 8718, embrace.
=acompaign(i)er=, =acompainer=, _v.a._, _n._ and _refl._ 370, 607,
1514, 3871, 4716, 21305, join as companion, accompany.
=acomparer=, _v.a._ 8336;
2 _s.fut._ =acomparas=, 21536: pay for.
=acomplir=, _v._ 4656.
=acomplissement=, _s._ B. i. 3, deed.
=acomptable=, _a._ 23112.
=acomptant=, _s._ 6902, accountant.
=acompter=, _v._ 1747, reckon up, give an account.
=acord=, =accord=, _s._ 1428, 22898, B. xxxiv. 1, =acort=, 226,
29440, agreement, company.
=acordance=, _s._ 2947, agreement.
=acordant=, =accordant=, _a._ 738, 18001, B. xxxii. 3, in agreement,
suitable.
=acordement=, _s._ 593.
=acorder=, =accorder=, _v.n._ and _refl._ 329, 1188, B. xii. 3, l. 1,
agree, be willing.
=acorder=, _s._ 13894, agreement.
=acort=, _see_ =acord=.
=acostoier=, _v.n._ 5804, be by the side.
=s’acoupler=, _v._ 9186, have intercourse together.
=ac(o)urre=, _v.n._ 7400, 18584, run up.
=acoustumer=, _see_ =acustummer=.
=acoustummable=, _a._ 9581, accustomed.
=acoustummance=, _see_ =acustummance=.
=acoustummé=, _see_ =acustummé=.
=acqueintance=, _see_ =aqueintance=.
=acquere=, =a(d)quere=, _v.a._ 1990;
3 _s.p._ =aquiert=, =adquiert=, 3358, 8400.
=acquester=, =aquester=, _v.a._ 1352, 5360, =adquester=, 7204,
acquire.
=acquiter=, =aquiter=, _v.a._ 11095, 11209, remit, set free, acquit,
perform.
=acrestre=, (=accrestre=), =acroistre=, _v.a._ 7030, 9941, 18007;
_pp._ =accru(s)=, =accru(z)=, 2778, B. xvi. 2: increase,
strengthen, cause.
=acrocher=, _v._ 26164, gain.
=actif=, _a._ 14406.
=acuillir=, _v.a._ 15086;
3 _s.p._ =acuilt=, 5047: take, seize.
=aculper=, _v.a._ 27263, blame.
=acun(s)=, _see_ =ascun(s)=.
=acurre=, _see_ =acourre=.
=acustum(m)ance=, =acoustummance=, _s._ 8826, 18003, 24385, custom,
intercourse.
=acustummant=, _a._ 6809, accustomed.
=acustummé=, =acoustum(m)é=, _a._ 2680, 6906, 23242, accustomed,
habitual.
=acustummer=, =ac(o)ustumer=, _v.a._ 6437, accustom; 9450, 27699,
practise.
=ad=, _see_ =avoir=.
=Adam=, =Adans=, 82 ff., 6995, 9988, 11366 ff., 12338, 17152,
18689 ff., 21102, 27075, 27747, 28452, 28855 ff., T. iii. 2.
=addicioun=, _s._ 5192.
=ades=, _adv._ 195, 2424, 2906, D. i. 2, B. xx. 1, at once,
continually, in order.
=adescer=, =adesser=, _v.a._ 1800, 2658, 10862, B. vi. 3, take
hold of, seize, reach.
=adherder=, (=adherdre=), _v.a._ 2347, 6142, attach:
_v.n._ 17235, adhere:
_cp._ =aherdre=.
=adhers=, _pp._ 14457, attached.
=adjouster=, =adjuster=, _v.a._ 3148, 6350, add.
=adjug(g)er=, _v.a._ and _n._ 1504, 24787, judge, pronounce (as a
decision).
=adjutoire=, _s._ 18693, assistance.
=adonque=, _adv._ 15036, then.
=adoubbement=, _s._ 18090, equipment.
=adoubé=, _s._ 15131, armed knight.
=adouber=, _v.a._ 14271, equip, appoint.
=adourer=, _see_ =aourer=.
=adourner=, _see_ =aourner=.
=adquere=, _see_ =acquere=.
=adquester=, _see_ =acquester=.
=adrescer=, _v.a._ 8070, B. vi. 3, direct:
=s’adrescer=, 5784, B. xliv. 3, apply oneself.
=aduner=, _v.a._ 6640, gather together.
=aduré=, _a._ 14276, hardened.
=advers=, =adverse=, _a._ 4630, 23532, hostile.
=adversaire=, _s._ 570, enemy.
=adversant=, _a._ 14084, hostile:
_s._ 13038, adversary.
=adverse=, _s._ 3168, enemy.
=adverser=, _v.n._ 4084, be opposed.
=adverser=, _a._ 2324, hostile, perverse.
=adverser=, =adversier(s)=, _s._ 1429, 5022, 11272;
_f._ =adversiere=, 197: enemy.
=adverser=, _s._ 10289, 14047, adversity.
=adversité=, =adverseté=, _s._ 252, 504.
=advocat=, _s._ 6329.
=aese=, =ease=, =aise=, =ese=, _s._ 3879, 5134, 5155, B. x. 3,
xiii. 1.
=affaire=, = =a faire=, 14, 15228.
=affaire=, =affere=, _s._ 178, 681, B. iv. 4.
=affaitier=, =af(f)aiter=, _v.a._ 5162, 14065, 20140, train, teach.
=affeccioun=, _s._ B. xxi. 3.
=afferant=, _s._ 11756, due place.
=affere=, _see_ =affaire=.
=afferir=, _v._, 3 _s.p._ =affiert=, 5863, 7111, =affiere=, 3068,
strike, belong, be fitting:
=s’afferir=, 13177, agree.
=affermer=, _v.a._ 1952, 10187, affirm, strengthen.
=affiance=, _s._ 8683, assurance.
=affier=, _v.a._ 10158, affiance:
=s’affier=, 3589, trust.