Next of importance to the kind of hive and the system to be followed, is
the proper situation of an apiary. This subject engaged the attention of
bee-keepers in ancient as much as in modern times; but the directions
given by Columella and Virgil are as good now as when they were written;
and as is observed by the writer in No. CXLI. of the Quarterly Review,
in the amusing article on "Bee-books,"--"It would amply repay (and this
is saying a great deal,) the most forgetful country gentleman to rub
up his schoolboy Latin, for the sole pleasure he would derive from the
perusal of the fourth Georgic." The aspect has been regarded as of the
first importance; but there are points of greater consequence, namely
the vicinity of good bee pasturage, the shelter of the hives from the
winds by trees or houses, and their distance from ponds or rivers, as
the high winds might dash the bees into the water.
Various aspects have been recommended, but the south, with a point to
the east or west, according to its situation as respects the shelter it
may receive from walls or trees, &c. is the best: care, however, must be
taken that neither walls, trees, nor anything else impede the going
forth of the bees to their pasturage.
"I have ever found it best," says Wildman, "to place the mouth of
the hives to the west in spring, care being taken that they have the
afternoon sun; the morning sun is extremely dangerous during the colder
months, when its glare often tempts these industrious insects out to
their ruin; whereas the mouth of the hive being then in the shade, the
bees remain at home; and as clouds generally obscure the afternoon's sun
at that season, the bees escape the temptation of going out. When food
is to be obtained, the warmth of the air continues round the hive in
the afternoon, which enables the bees to pursue their labours without
danger.
A valley is a better situation for an apiary than a hill, being more
convenient to the bees returning home with their loads; and, besides,
bees are not so apt to fly away when swarming as when on a hill: but
when swarms take a distant flight, they generally fly against the wind,
so that the stragglers of the swarms may better hear the direction of
the course taken by their fellow emigrants.
I recommend a hard gravel terrace for the hives to be placed upon, as
being drier both in summer and winter for the bee-master to walk upon,
when inspecting his bees, and also as less likely to afford shelter for
ants or other enemies to bees; and, besides, it is better for the bees,
which when much fatigued by their journeys, or benumbed by the cold, are
apt to fall around the hives, and would recover more quickly from the
warmth of the dry ground than if they had alighted on damp grass.
The hives should not be placed where water from the eaves of houses,
from hedges, or trees, drop upon them; but they should be near the
mansion house for the convenience of watching the bees, &c.
A small stream of water running near the hives is thought to be of
advantage, especially in dry seasons, with gently declining banks,
in order that the bees may have safe access to it.
Heaths, or places abounding in wild flowers, constitute the best
neighbourhood for an apiary, and in default of this pasturage, there
should be gardens where flowers are cultivated, and fields in which
buck-wheat, clover, or sainfoin, is sown.
But cultivating small gardens of flowers for bees is useless, except a
few early flowers near the hives for the bees to collect some pollen for
the brood, such as the common kinds of crocus, white alyssum, single
blue hepaticas, helleborus niger, and tussilago petasites, all of which
flower early; but should any of the tribe of the willows grow near,
there will be no necessity for cultivating the flowers above-mentioned,
as they yield an abundant harvest of farina, or pollen.
A rich corn country is well known to be a barren desert to the bees
during a greater portion of the year. Hence the judicious practice of
shifting the bees from place to place according to the circumstances of
the season, and the custom of other nations in this particular well
deserves our imitation.
Few places are so happily situated as to afford bees proper pasturage
both in the beginning of the season and also the autumn; it was the
advice of Celsus that, after the vernal pastures are consumed, they
should be transported to places abounding with autumnal flowers; as was
practised by conveying the bees from Achaia to Attica, from Euboea and
the Cyclad Islands to Syrus, and also in Sicily, where they were brought
to Hybla from other parts of the island.
Pliny states that the custom of removing bees from place to place for
fresh pasturage was frequent in the Roman territories, and such is still
the practice of the Italians who live near the banks of the Po, (the
river which Pliny particularly instances,) mentioned by Alexander de
Montfort, who says that the Italians treat their bees in nearly the same
manner as the Egyptians did and still do; that they load boats with
hives and convey them to the neighbourhood of the mountains of Piedmont;
that in proportion as the bees gather in their harvest, the boats, by
growing heavier, sink deeper into the water; and that the watermen
determine from this, when their hives are loaded sufficiently, and it is
time to carry them back to their places from which they came. The same
author relates that the people of the country of Juliers used the same
practice; for that, at a certain season of the year, they carried their
bees to the foot of mountains that were covered with wild thyme.
M. Maillet, who was the French Consul in Egypt in 1692, says in his
curious description of Egypt; "that in spite of the ignorance and
rusticity which have got possession of that country, there yet remain in
it several traces of the industry and skill of the ancient Egyptians."
One of their most admirable contrivances is, the sending their bees
annually into different districts to collect food, at a time when they
could not find any at home.
About the end October, all such inhabitants of Lower Egypt, as have
hives of bees, embark them on the Nile, and convey them up that river
quite into Upper Egypt; observing to time it so that they arrive there
just when the inundation is withdrawn, the lands have been sown, and the
flowers begin to bud. The hives thus sent are marked and numbered by
their respective owners, and placed pyramidically in boats prepared for
the purpose. After they have remained some time at their furthest
station, and are supposed to have gathered all the pollen and honey they
could find in the fields within two or three leagues around, their
conductors convey them in the same boats, two or three leagues lower
down, and there leave the laborious insects so long a time as is
necessary for them to collect all the riches of this spot. Thus the
nearer they come to the place of their more permanent abode, they find
the plants which afford them food, forward in proportion.
In fine, about the beginning of February, after having travelled through
the whole length of Egypt, and gathered all the rich produce of the
delightful banks of the Nile, they arrive at the mouth of that river,
towards the ocean; from whence they had set out: care is taken to keep
an exact register of every district from whence the hives were sent
in the beginning of the season, of their numbers, of the names of the
persons who sent them, and likewise of the mark or number of the boat
in which they were placed.
Niebuhr saw upon the Nile, between Cairo and Damietta, a convoy of
four thousand hives, in their transit from Upper Egypt to the Delta.
Savary, in his letters on Egypt, also gives an account of the manner of
transporting the hives down the Nile. In France floating bee-houses are
common. Goldsmith describes from his own observation, a kind of floating
apiary in some parts of France and Piedmont. "They have on board of one
barge," he says, "three score or a hundred bee-hives, well defended
from the inclemency of an accidental storm, and with these the owners
float quietly down the stream: one bee-hive yields the proprietor a
considerable income. Why," he adds, "a method similar to this has never
been adopted in England where we have more gentle rivers, and more
flowery banks, than in any part of the world, I know not; certainly it
might be turned to advantage."
They have also a method of transporting their hives by land in carts in
Germany; and particularly in Hanover travelling caravans of bees may be
seen during the season.
I have thus briefly quoted from famous authorities, to impress upon
those who keep apiaries the importance of transporting their bees from
pasture to pasture.
The advantage to weak swarms is very great, "but whilst so little of the
true principles of bee management is understood, as that the destruction
of the bees has been considered absolutely essential, in order to the
attainment of their stores, it is no wonder that so little attention
should have been paid to their cultivation in this country, and that it
should not have proved a more productive department of rural economy."
"Bees, like everything else worth possessing, require care and
attention; but persons generally think it is quite sufficient to procure
a hive and a swarm, and set it down in the middle of a garden, and that
streams of honey and money will forthwith flow; and, perhaps, commence
calculating, from the perusal of the statements of the profits made by
Thorley from a single hive, which he estimates to be 4300_l._ 16_s._
from 8192 hives kept during fourteen years! deducting ten shillings and
sixpence, the cost of the first hive!"
The bar and frame-hives are so constructed that they can be moved from
place to place with the greatest ease, and, perhaps, this may be an
inducement for bee-masters to try the recommendations of transporting
bees, and thus avoid one expense of feeding them during the winter.
Connected with the foregoing subject of transporting bees from place to
place, is the question of the distance to which bees extend their flight
in search of food, &c.; and the comparative excellence of the position
of an apiary depends in some measure on the greater or less distance the
bees will have to fly to their pasturage.
Dr. Chambers, and Dr. Hunter were of opinion, that the bee cannot extend
its flight beyond a mile, which idea they adopted on the authority of
Schirach; but then it must be recollected that the German mile of
Schirach is equal to about 3-1/2 English miles.
It was the opinion of Huber, that the radii of the circle of the
flight of the bee extended nearly to four English miles. And Huish says
"The travelling apiaries of Germany, particularly those of Hanover,
are regulated by the prevailing opinion, that the bee can, and does,
extend its flight to four and even five miles; and acting upon that
supposition, when the bee-masters move their apiaries, they always
travel about two _stunden_, that is, about eight miles, as they then
calculate that the bees are beyond the former range of their pasture
by four miles." And adds, "a travelling apiary of 80 or 100 hives will
exhaust the food within the area of a circle of four miles in about
a fortnight or three weeks."
"But certainly there is no reason to fear that any part of this country
will be overstocked with bees, for where one hive is now kept, fifty
might be kept without running any risk of overstocking the country; for
the average number of hives in the various apiaries does not exceed
five."
"It has been calculated" says another authority, "that the pastures of
Scotland could maintain as many bees as would produce 4,000,000 pints
of honey, and 1,000,000 lbs. of wax; and were these quantities tripled
for England and Ireland, the produce of the British empire would be
12,000,000 pints of honey, and 3,000,000 lbs. of wax per annum, worth
about five shillings per pint for the honey, and one shilling and
sixpence per lb. for the wax, making an annual produce in money of about
3,225,000_l._
But in consequence of the present neglect of this branch of rural
economy, we pay annually nearly 12,000_l._ for honey alone.
The imports and exports of wax bleached and unbleached were as follows:
Returned
Imported. Exported. for home the rate
Consumption. of Duty
1831. 1832. 1831. 1832. 1831. 1832.
Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. £ s. d.
Unbleached 7,005 1,878 10,002 1 10 0
4,349 2,536 826
Bleached 195 504 94 3 0 0
Produce of Duty.
Unbleached £ 10,262
Bleached 823
The price of wax varies (duty included) from 5_l._ to 10_l._ a cwt.
In 1831, 7,203 cwt. of wax were imported, of which 3,892 cwt. of it came
from Western Africa; 1,551, from Tripoli, Barbary, &c.; and 910 cwt.
from the United States.
In 1839, imports were 6,314 cwt., in 1841, 4,483 cwt. of wax; in 1838,
675 cwt. of honey; and in 1841, 3,761 cwt. valued at 12,000_l._ brought
principally from the West Indies, Germany, and Portugal.
The above statement proves the demand there is in this country for honey
and wax.
It is mentioned in Wildman's pamphlet that, when Corsica was subject to
the Romans, a tribute was imposed upon it of no less than two hundred
thousand pounds of wax yearly; but this is no proof of the excellence
of their honey, which, according to Ovid, was of very ill account, and
seems to be the reason why the tributary tax was exacted in wax, in
preference to honey.
The honey collected by the bees at all times retains qualities derived
from the kind of plant from whence it has been procured, as is manifest
not only by the peculiar odour of the honey, such as that collected from
leek blossoms and all the onion tribe, but by the effects produced by
the use of honey obtained from certain plants, chiefly from the subtribe
Rhodoraceæ, such as the kalmia, azalea, rhododendron, &c., which yield a
honey frequently poisonous and intoxicating, as has been proved by the
fatal effects on persons in America. It is recorded by Xenophon in his
Anabasis that, during the retreat of the ten thousand, the soldiers
sucked some honey-combs in a place near Trebizonde, and in consequence
became intoxicated, and did not recover their strength for three or four
days; and these effects are supposed to have been produced from the
honey having been extracted by the bees from the rhododendron ponticum
or azalea pontica of Linnæus.
Although many of these plants have been introduced into this country,
yet, probably from their small proportion to the whole of the flowers in
bloom, the honey collected by the bees has not been found to be injured
or to have produced any evil consequences.
The goodness and flavour of honey depend on the fragrance of the plants
from which the bees collect it, and hence it is that the honey of
different places is held in different degrees of estimation.
The honey gathered from the genus erica (termed _heather honey_) and
most labiate plants, is wholesome. That which is made early in the year
is preferred to what is collected in the latter end of the season.
Whilst on the subject of honey, I will add the directions given by
Wildman, how to separate the honey from the wax: "Take," he says, "the
combs which have been extracted from the different hives or boxes into
a close room, rather warm than otherwise, that the honey may drain more
freely, and keep the doors and windows shut, to prevent the bees from
entering, or else they will be very troublesome, and will attack and
carry away the greater part of the honey from the combs.
"Lay aside such combs as have young bees or brood in them, as they
would give your honey a bad flavour and render it unwholesome, and the
bee-brood must also be separated and melted with the brood-combs. When
you have thus separated the combs, let such as are very fine be nicely
drained by themselves, without the least pressing whatever, having been
carefully cleaned of every sort of filth, or insects, and dividing each
comb in such a manner that the cells may be open at both ends, and
placing them upon a sieve or coarse cloth, that the honey may drain
off quite pure and undefiled. The remainder of the combs from which
the honey has been thus drained, together with those which contained
the bee-bread and brood, must be put into a coarse cloth or bag, and
squeezed or pressed to get all the honey out. This will make it inferior
in quality, and unfit for many uses, therefore it should be put into
pots or bottles by itself, to feed bees with, for which purpose it will
be better than pure honey, on account of the bee-bread that will be
mixed with it, which is necessary for their subsistence.
"In order to obtain the wax in a pure state, what remains of the combs
after separating the honey, together with the empty combs which had been
laid aside, should be put into a copper with clean water; made to boil
gently over a slow fire, keeping it constantly stirring. When it is
melted, run it through a coarse cloth or bag made for the purpose, and
put it into a press to separate the wax from the dross. Let the wax run
from the press into a vessel placed under it, into which put some water
to prevent the wax adhering to the sides.
"If this process of boiling and pressing is repeated twice or even three
times, the wax will be much purer and consequently of greater value.
Set it in a place where it may cool by degrees, in pans of the size you
would choose your cakes to be, with some water in them, to prevent the
wax sticking to the sides whilst hot. Honey should be kept only in stone
jars, called Bristol ware, and in a cool and dry situation, but not
corked up until a week or two after it has transuded through the sieve,
&c., but should be carefully covered with perforated sheets of zinc to
keep out insects and flies, &c. after which period the jars may be
secured and put into the store-rooms.
"The only protection necessary for gentlemen,--for ladies, I presume,
would never venture to undertake the dangerous task of extracting the
honey combs from hives or boxes,--will be a pair of buckskin gloves,
with a pair of worsted gloves over them extending to the elbows; so that
the bees should not be able to creep between the gloves and the sleeves;
for the face a piece of wire pattern gauze net, made in the shape of a
bag, to draw with a string round the hat above the brim, which will keep
it from the face, and the other open end being secured under the neck
handkerchief, and with the assistance of a puff or two of smoke into any
hive intended to be operated upon, the bee-master may fearlessly turn up
the hive, and cut out combs or dislodge bees from their habitations, &c.
with impunity."
THE ENEMIES TO BEES, &c.
The proprietor having provided shelter for his bees, and as great a
plenty of pasture as he possibly can, should next be careful to guard
them from the numerous enemies which prey upon them, and destroy their
honey-combs. Bees themselves, in the autumn and spring, are very often
great enemies to one another, and rob each other's hives, especially
in dry seasons, when the honey gathering is almost over; and the bees
from over-stocked hives, not having honey sufficient for their winter's
store, will through necessity attack the old hives or stocks, which are
thinned by over swarming, carry away all their honey, and often destroy
their queens. In order to prevent this havoc, contract the entrance or
entrances of the hive attempted to be robbed, so that a few bees only
can enter at a time, by which means the old stocks will be better
able to defend themselves. If, notwithstanding this narrowness of the
passage, robbers attack a hive, the entrance should be instantly closed
and kept so till the thieves are gone, and it will be advisable in the
evening to examine the state of the hive, especially as to weight, and
if the queen be safe, remove it to another place, at least a mile from
the old locality. The person who is thus employed, at a time when the
bees are full of resentment, should be well defended from their stings.
But, should he be so unfortunate as to get stung for his interference,
the first thing is to extract the sting. To alleviate the irritation,
cooling lotions should be applied, but the pain of a sting is relieved
by applying spirits of hartshorn, or liquor potassæ, to the spot where
the sting entered.
One would imagine the moth to be an enemy of no consequence, but the
wax-moth (_Tinea mellonella_) is a most formidable enemy. She lays her
eggs under the very skirts of the hive, or in the rubbish on the floor,
or even in the combs of the bees; these eggs when hatched produce a
small whitish worm or larva, and it is in this stage that it commits its
ravages, extending its galleries through every quarter of the combs,
detaching them from the tops and sides of the hives, and causing them
to fall together.
The way to destroy them is frequently to lift up the hive in the
morning, and kill all you can see. The most effectual way is to drive
the bees into a new hive, but this can be only done in the height of
the honey season; or the affected combs may be cut out, and the bees
restored to their old habitation.
Mice are likewise very destructive to bees; sometimes they enter at the
door, but most commonly near the top of the hive; this they do generally
during winter, when the bees are in a torpid state; when this is
suspected, set a few traps about the hives.
The common bat will also sometimes take possession of a hive, and commit
very great havoc amongst the bees.
Wasps and hornets must be destroyed, if possible, either by gunpowder,
or by the more primitive mode of placing limed twigs before the holes,
when you have discovered their nests.
The spring is the time to kill the female wasps and hornets, for then,
by the death of one female, a whole nest is destroyed. Or place bottles
half full of sugar and beer where the wasps frequent; they will go in to
drink, and drown themselves in the liquor, not being able to get out of
the bottle again. Spiders must be killed, and their nets or webs broken
down, otherwise they will catch and destroy many bees.
Swallows, frogs, ants, earwigs, snails, woodlice, poultry, and small
birds of almost all kinds, are reckoned amongst their foes. And,
therefore, there should be no lack of vigilance on the part of the owner
of bees, to keep the bee-house as clean as possible from all vermin.
The signs of dysentery having commenced in any colony of bees may be
known by the floor-boards and combs being covered with stains, by the
dark coloured evacuations, producing an offensive smell, and frequent
deaths amongst the bees. "Bees," says Gelieu, "have no real disease;
they are always in good health as long as they are at liberty, are kept
warm, and provided with plenty of food. All their pretended diseases are
the result of cold, hunger, or the infection produced by a too close and
long confinement during winter, and by exposure to damp, &c."
They appear however sometimes to be seized, in the spring, with
dysentery; this is occasioned by their feeding too greedily, it is
supposed, on honey dew, without the mixture of pollen and other
wholesome nutriment.
The only remedy that has been found for this disease, is to give the
bees plenty of honey, such honey as that extracted from the refuse combs
in the autumn, that had abundance of bee-bread pressed amongst it,--the
more the better,--mixing with it a table-spoonful of salt, and giving
the bees their full liberty, and a clean hive. Many things are necessary
for the preservation of bees, but more especially in this country, where
the bees have only one season in five, on an average of years, really
good for their honey harvest; wherefore the owner should take care to
provide the light stocks with a sufficient quantity of food, which they
have not been able to secure by their own industry, either through the
badness of the bee-pasturage, the inclemency of the seasons, the
weakness of the colony, or the spoil made by their enemies; and
sometimes by the ill-judged management of their owners, in robbing the
bees beyond the bounds of reason.
By this last unjust way of proceeding, these poor industrious little
insects are absolutely starved, and their greedy masters deservedly
experience the old proverb; that "Too much covetousness breaks the bag."
It is impossible to ascertain what quantity of honey will serve a hive
of bees the whole winter, because the number in the hive may be more or
less, and in some years, the spring is more forward than in others; but
25 lbs. is said to be the quantity required in a common cottage-hive.
During frost, the bees consume very little food indeed; and still less
during severe cold weather. Mr. White (with many other apiarians) is of
opinion, that a greater degree of cold than is commonly imagined to be
proper for bees is favourable to them in winter, for the bees during
that period, are in so lethargic a state, that little food supports
them.
The best method to feed the weak stocks, if in one of Mr. R. Golding's
improved Grecian hives, is to place some combs (drone combs reserved for
that purpose) filled on one side with honey, over the centre-board, and
covering it over with a common hive.
The advantage of feeding bees from above is great; they are less likely
to be attacked by the bees from other hives, and they do not become
benumbed by the cold, as the same temperature is maintained above as in
the rest of the hive.
But in all cases, bees should be fed in autumn, and before they are in
absolute want of food, otherwise they will be so poor and weak that they
will not be able to ascend or descend to feed themselves. When that
happens, it is almost too late to save them; however, you may try and
feed them, by first tying a piece of gauze over the bottom of the hive,
turning it up to receive the heat of the sun or fire, and, if the bees
revive at all, place a pewter dish with some liquid honey in it, on the
floor-board, and the hive over it, when the bees will draw up the honey
through the gauze or net without smearing themselves, the the pewter
dish having been filled with hot water to keep the honey liquid, and to
diffuse a genial warmth throughout the hive, and thus secure them for
a time from the cold, which would chill and even kill the bees in the
winter, when they came down to the bottom of the hive to feed on the
proffered bounty.
In prosperous hives or colonies, as soon as the severity of the winter's
frost is past, the queen-bee begins to lay her eggs in the various cells
in the combs, and proceeds in proportion to the mildness of the season
to deposit a succession. The number of young bees that may by this means
rise in a hive, may endanger the lives of all the bees by famine, for
the increased multitude consume a great deal of honey, an accident
likely to happen if the mild weather of January or February should be
succeeded by cold, rainy, or even dry weather; for it is found that the
flowers do not secrete the sweet juices, which constitute honey, so
freely during the prevalence of dry easterly winds; and thus present a
barren field for the out-of-door labours of the bees.
On this account, the proprietor should examine the hives frequently at
this season, that, if necessary, he may give them a proper supply, in
which he should be bountiful rather than otherwise, because the bees are
faithful stewards, and will return with interest what is thus in their
great need bestowed upon them.
The time of the bees' swarming is generally in the months of May and
June, and sometimes July, but the latter is too late, as there are then
fewer bees than in the earlier swarms, and they seldom live through the
winter without much care and feeding.
The later swarms should be hived in rather smaller hives than the first,
that, by clustering together, they may the better nourish and keep
themselves warm.
The hours of their swarming are for the most part about twelve o'clock
at noon, never before eight, and seldom after four in the afternoon.
The symptom of swarming, is generally the unusual number of bees seen
hanging at the mouth of the hive, and if a piping noise, or a shrill
note, which is made by the queen is heard, it is a sure index the bees
will swarm, if the weather be warm and dry.
If the bees work a comb under the floor-board, as is sometimes the case,
it is a sign they will not swarm; a more certain sign is when they throw
out the young dead queens with the drone brood. When they retain the
drones in the hives after August, it is a bad omen, as they are then
reserved for the sake of the young queens, which they are expecting to
raise; and the season being too far advanced, and their failing in the
attempt, and being without a queen, the colony will most certainly
dwindle away, before the next season.
Always choose a hive proportionable to the size of your swarm, and
prepare to hive them as soon as possible, lest they should rise again.
It is not unusual to ring a bell or tinkle a brass pan, &c., at the time
the bees swarm; it is also a common method to dress the hives with
honey, balm, &c.
I mention these things, because they are customs of long standing: the
tinkling of bells is of little use, as the bees will generally settle
near the hive; and as to dressing the hives, I by no means recommend it,
as the bees like a clean new hive much better, for it does not give them
so much trouble to clean, &c.
If the swarm should rise in the full heat of the day, and the sun shine
hot upon them, they will not continue long in their first situation; for
when they find they have all got their company together, they will soon
uncluster, rise again, fly to some particular spot which has been fixed
upon for that purpose by detached parties of bees, who return and
acquaint the swarm; therefore I would advise to hive them as soon as
possible, and remove them in the evening to the place where they are
to remain.
The supposed relative value of early and late swarms is thus mentioned
in an old English proverb:--
A swarm in May,
Is worth a load of hay.
A swarm in June,
Is worth a silver spoon;
A swarm in July,
Is not worth a fly.