ELIZABETH.—1558 to 1603.
How Queen Elizabeth allowed the people to be Protestants; how they
learned many useful things from foreigners who had been persecuted
in their own country; how Mary Queen of Scots was driven from her
kingdom, and was imprisoned, and at last beheaded by Elizabeth.
Queen Elizabeth’s reign was so very long, and there are so many
things in it to tell you about, that I am sure we must have three
chapters about her, and you will find both good and bad in them; but
after all you will think that her being queen was a very good thing
for England.
When Queen Mary died, Elizabeth was at Hatfield, where she stayed a
little while, till some of the great and wise men belonging to the
country went to her to advise her what she had best do for the good
of England, and how she should begin. At the end of a week she went
to London.
She was twenty-five years old, and very pleasant looking. She was a
good scholar in Latin, Greek, Italian, and some other languages; but
she loved English above all.
The first thing Elizabeth and her wise counsellors did was to set
free all the poor Protestants whom Queen Mary and Bishop Bonner had
put in prison, and intended to burn. Then she allowed the Bible and
prayers to be read in English.
When Elizabeth rode through London to be crowned in Westminster
Abbey, the citizens made all sorts of fine shows to do honour to a
queen who had already been so good to the poor Protestants. They hung
beautiful silks and satins out at the windows like flags; they built
fine wooden arches across the streets, which they dressed up with
branches of trees and flowers; and just as the queen was riding under
one of them, a boy beautifully dressed was let down by cords from
the top, who gave the queen a beautiful Bible, and then he was drawn
up again. Elizabeth took the Bible and kissed it, and pressed it to
her bosom, and said it was a present she liked best of all the fine
things the people had given her that day.
Afterwards she appointed Protestant bishops, and made a very good and
learned man, named Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury.
Queen Elizabeth did not find it very easy to undo all the mischief
that Queen Mary had done; but at last, with the help of her good
counsellors, England was at peace, and the people were settled, some
on their lands, where they were beginning to sow more corn and make
more gardens than they had done before, and some in different trades;
for the English learned to make a great many things at this time from
strangers that came to live here.
I will tell you why they came. That cruel Philip the Second, King of
Spain, who had been married to Queen Mary, was King over Flanders
and Holland, as well as Spain. A great many of the people in those
countries were Protestants: but Philip wanted to make them Papists by
force, and would have burnt them as Queen Mary did the Protestants
in England. But they got away from him, and, hearing that Queen
Elizabeth was a friend to the Protestants, they came here. And as
some of them were spinners and weavers, and others dyers, and so on,
they began to work at their trades, and taught them to the English.
Since that time we have always been able to make woollen and linen
cloths ourselves.
So you see that King Philip, by being cruel, drove away useful people
from his country, and Queen Elizabeth, by being kind and just, got
those useful people to do good to our own dear England.
I must tell you a sad story of the worst thing that happened in Queen
Elizabeth’s time, in this chapter, because it has a great deal to do
with the Protestants and Papists.
In the chapter about Edward the Sixth you read that there was a
beautiful young Queen of Scotland, and that the English wished King
Edward to marry her; but that she went to France, and married the
young French king instead.
She was so very young when she first went, that her husband’s mother
kept her to teach along with her own little girls till she was old
enough to be married; and I am sorry to say that she taught her to be
cunning, and deceitful, and cruel.
Her name was Mary, and she was the most beautiful young queen in the
world; and the old French queen, whose name was Catherine, taught her
to love dress, and shows, and dancing, more than anything, although
she was so clever that she might have learned all the good things
that the beautiful Lady Jane Grey had learned.
The young King of France died very soon, and then Mary, who is always
called Queen of Scots, went home to Scotland. If she had been wise,
she might have done as much good as her cousin Queen Elizabeth did in
England.
But she had been too long living in gaiety and amusement in France,
to know what was best for her people; and instead of listening to
wise counsellors, as Elizabeth did, she would take advice from nobody
but Frenchmen, or others who would dance and sing instead of minding
serious things.
When she went away from Scotland all the people were Papists; but
long before she got back, not only the people, but most of the great
lords, were Protestants; and Mary was very much vexed, and tried to
make them all turn Papists again.
At last, there was a civil war in Scotland, between the Papists
and Protestants, which did much mischief: at the end of it, the
Protestants promised Mary to let her be a Papist and have Papist
clergymen for herself and the lords and ladies belonging to her
house; and she promised that her children should be brought up as
Protestants, and that the people should be allowed to worship God in
the way they liked best.
Just before this war Mary had married her cousin, Henry Stuart,
called Lord Darnley, who was very handsome; and she liked him very
much indeed for a little time, and they had a son called James. But
soon afterwards Mary was very much offended with Darnley, and showed
great favour to Lord Bothwell. Not long afterwards Lord Bothwell
murdered Darnley at the very time when Mary was giving a ball in her
palace and was dancing merrily; and most people then thought that
Mary had planned the wicked deed with Bothwell that she might be able
to marry him.
And it turned out just as everybody expected; so you cannot wonder
that most of those who were good were very angry indeed when they
found that she chose to marry that wicked man three months after he
had killed her poor husband.
Then there was another civil war, and Mary was put into prison in
Loch-Leven Castle, which stands on a little island in the middle of
a lake. However, by the help of one of her friends she got out, and
once more got her Papist advisers round her, who tried to make her
queen again.
But the Scots would not allow it, and they made her little infant
James their king, and made the lords Murray and Morton, and some
others, guardians for the little king and the kingdom.
It would have been well for Queen Mary if she would have lived in
Scotland quietly, and taken care of her little son herself. But
her bad husband, Bothwell, had run away to save his own life, and
Mary Queen of Scots chose to come to England, in hopes that Queen
Elizabeth, her cousin, would help her to get the kingdom of Scotland
again.
I cannot tell you all the things that happened to Mary Queen of Scots
in England. But I must say that I wish she had never come. She first
of all seemed to want to make friends with Elizabeth, but all the
time she was sending letters to the kings of France and Spain, to ask
them to help her to get not only Scotland, but England for herself,
and she promised one of the great English lords she would marry him,
and make him king, if he would help her too.
She also sent to get the Pope’s help, and promised that all the
people in England and Scotland too should be Papists, and obey the
Pope again, and send him a great deal of money every year, if she
could only kill or drive away Queen Elizabeth.
Now, Elizabeth’s faithful friends and wise counsellors found out
all these letters to the Pope and the kings of France and Spain,
and they were so afraid lest any harm should happen to their good,
useful Queen Elizabeth, that they kept Mary Queen of Scots in prison,
sometimes in one great castle, sometimes in another.
They allowed her to walk, and ride, and to have her ladies and other
friends with her, and many people visited her at first. But when it
was known that she really wished to make the English all Papists
again, she was not allowed to see so many people.
At last—I could almost cry when I tell you of it—the beautiful, and
clever, and very unhappy Queen of Scots was ordered to be beheaded!
She was in prison at Fotheringay Castle when Queen Elizabeth’s cruel
order to cut off her head was sent to her. The next day her steward
and her ladies led her into the great hall of the castle, which was
hung all round with black cloth. In the middle of the hall there was
a place raised above the floor, also covered with black. There her
maids took off her veil, and she knelt down and laid her beautiful
head on the block. It was cut off, and her servants took it and her
body to bury.
Mary had done many wicked things: she had tried to do much mischief
in England. But as she was not born in England, but was the queen
of another country, neither Elizabeth nor her counsellors had any
business either to keep her in prison, or to put her to death. They
ought to have sent her, at the very first, safely to some other
country, if they were really afraid she would do mischief in England.
This is a very bad thing: and I cannot make any excuse for Elizabeth.
I will only say that her old counsellors were so afraid lest Mary
should prevail on the kings of France and Spain to help her to kill
Elizabeth, and make the English all Papists again, that they wished
Elizabeth to have ordered Mary’s head to be taken off long before she
really did so.