HENRY VIII.—Continued.
How the Pope and the friars imposed upon the people; how disputes
arose in England about religion; how King Henry seized the convents
and turned out the monks and nuns; how he called himself Supreme Head
of the Church, and put many people to death who did not agree with
him in all things.
In several parts of our history we have read of the Pope, that is,
the Bishop of Rome. When Thomas à Becket was murdered in the reign of
Henry the Second, I told you it was done after a quarrel between the
king and Thomas, because Thomas wanted the Pope to have the power to
punish clergymen in England, or to let them go without punishment,
when they did wrong, without caring at all what the law of the
country might be.
Now more than three hundred years had passed, and the Popes still
pretended to have great power. And a great many new kinds of
clergymen, especially the FRIARS, had begun to go about the country,
doing nothing themselves, and pretending that the people ought to
give them meat, and drink, and lodging, because they could read and
say prayers. Besides that, they used to pretend to cure diseases, by
making people kiss old bones, or bits of rag, and other trash, which
they said had once belonged to some holy person or another, which was
as wicked as it was foolish. It was wicked to tell such lies. It was
foolish, because the cures that God has appointed for diseases are
only to be learned by care and patience, and have nothing to do with
such things as old bones and rags.
However, almost everybody believed these things for a long time.
But at last, people began to read more books, as I told you in the
chapter about Henry the Seventh; and they learned how foolish it was
to believe all the friars had said.
One of the first books they began to read was the Bible, in which
they found the commands of God; and they saw that all men ought to
obey the laws of the countries they live in. And they found that
clergymen might marry, and that, though they ought to be paid for
teaching the people, they had no business to live idle.
It was not only in England that the people began to think of these
things, but in other countries, especially in Germany, where a
learned man, named Martin Luther, was the first who dared to tell the
clergymen how ill he thought they behaved, and to try to persuade
all kings and princes to forbid the Pope’s messengers and priests to
meddle with the proper laws of the country. There were many other
things he found fault with very justly, which I cannot tell you now,
as we must speak of what was done in England.
You have not forgotten that I told you that gentlemen began to study
a great deal in the reign of Henry the Seventh, and I promised to
tell you something about Thomas Linacre’s scholars.
One of these was a gentleman of Rotterdam, in Holland, who came to
England on purpose to learn Greek. His name was Erasmus, and he was
famous for writing better Latin than anybody had done since the time
of the old Romans.
Another was Sir Thomas More, who was Lord Chancellor of England
during part of Henry the Eighth’s reign; he was very learned and
wise, and besides that, very good-humoured and cheerful.
Erasmus and Sir Thomas More were very great friends, especially
when Sir Thomas was young; and they used to write pleasant letters
and books, to show how wrong those persons were who believed in
the foolish stories told by the friars, and how wicked many of the
clergymen were, who lived idle lives, and passed their time in eating
and drinking, and in doing many bad things, instead of teaching the
people, as it was their duty to do.
Besides these two great friends, there were several others,
especially Tonstall and Latimer, who both were taught by Linacre, and
are remembered to our time for being learned and good.
By degrees, the English heard all that Martin Luther said in Germany
about the Pope and his messengers, and the bad part of the clergymen;
and many disputes arose among the people. Some said that we had no
business to obey the Pope at all in anything, and that many of the
things the clergymen of Rome taught were wicked and false, and that
God would punish those who believed them, now that they could read
the Bible, and learn for themselves what was right.
Others said that those things were not false, and that we ought to
believe them; and as to the Pope, we ought to obey him in everything
about our churches and our prayers, and the way of worshipping God.
But the thing that made the people, who took the opposite side in
the dispute most angry, was the quantity of land and money that the
clergymen had persuaded different people to give them. Those who were
against the Pope said that the clergymen had deceived the people and
had pretended that they could prevail upon God to forgive their worst
sins, if they would only give their lands and money to the churches
and convents, that the monks and friars might live in idleness.
The others, who were for the Pope, pretended that clergymen were
better and wiser than others, and therefore they ought to live in
comfort, and grandeur, and leisure, and to have more power and money
than other men.
Now I believe the truth is, that in those days the clergymen were a
great deal too rich and powerful, and that they oppressed the people
in every country, and that they tried to keep them from learning to
read, that they might not find out the truth from the Bible and other
good books.
However, in England there were a great many good men on both sides.
At first, the king took the part of the Pope, and as he was very fond
of showing his learning, he wrote a book to defend him against Martin
Luther; in return for which the Pope called Henry the DEFENDER OF THE
FAITH.
But soon afterwards King Henry began to change his mind. He thought
the English clergymen would be better governed if the King of England
were at their head instead of the Pope. Then he thought that, if
all the convents were pulled down, and the monks and nuns made to
live like other people, instead of idly, without doing anything, he
might take their lands and money and give to his servants, or spend
himself, just as he liked.
As soon as Henry thought of these things, he set about doing what he
wished. He would not listen even to the old men and women, who had
lived in the convents till they were too old to work; he turned them
all out. He would not listen to some good advice about leaving a few
convents for those who took care of the strangers and sick people,
but, like a cruel and passionate man as he was, he turned them all
out: many of them actually died of hunger and distress, and many more
ended their lives as beggars.
Yet, although Henry was so cruel to the monks and priests, he would
not allow the people to change many of the things that the followers
of the Pope were most to blame for. He was glad enough to be master,
or, as he called it, SUPREME HEAD of the English church and clergy,
and to take the lands and money from the convents and abbeys. But he
would not let everybody read the Bible, and would insist upon their
worshipping God as he pleased, not in the way they believed to be
right.
I have already told you that many very good men wished a great many
changes to be made in the manner of worship, in teaching the people,
and letting them read; besides taking some of the lands and money
of the convents, and forcing the clergymen to use the rest of their
riches properly. Besides, they wished the clergymen to be allowed to
marry.
The chief persons who wished for these changes were—Cranmer,
Archbishop of Canterbury; Latimer, Bishop of Worcester; Shaxton,
Bishop of Salisbury; all very learned men; and they had most of the
gentlemen and many of the people with them.
Those who followed after these wise men were called PROTESTANTS.
But there were many great and good men who thought that the clergymen
might alter some small things for the better, but they would not
consent to pulling down the convents, nor taking their lands and
money, nor to changing the way of worshipping God, nor to the king’s
being at the head of the Church of England, instead of the Pope.
These men were called Papists.
At the head of them were—Sir Thomas More; Tonstall, Bishop of Durham;
Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury; and most of the lords in the
kingdom.
Now King Henry, although he chose to change the way of worship a
little, and liked very well, as I said before, to get all the lands
and money into his hands, still wanted to go on with some of the
worst customs of the old clergymen, and, according to his cruel
temper, he made some very hard laws, and threatened to burn people
alive who would not believe what he believed, and worship God in the
way he chose.
Many people, who could hardly understand what the king meant, were
really burnt alive, according to that wicked law: but the thing that
showed Henry’s badness more than any other, was his ordering Sir
Thomas More’s head to be cut off, because he would not do as the king
wished, nor say what he did not think was true. But I will write a
chapter about that good man on purpose, after we have done with this
wicked King Henry.
Besides putting Sir Thomas More to death, the king cut off the heads
of Bishop Fisher, the Marquis of Exeter, Lord Montague, Sir Edward
Nevil, and, most shocking of all, the head of an old lady with grey
hairs, named Margaret Plantagenet, only because her son, Reginald
Pole, afterwards called Cardinal Pole, would not come to England when
Henry invited him.
I dare say you are tired of reading of so much wickedness. I am sure
I am tired of writing it, and I will only mention one thing more. A
few days before Henry died he ordered the Earl of Surrey’s head to be
cut off.
This Earl of Surrey was the most polite and pleasant, and clever
young gentleman in England. But Henry was afraid that he would give
trouble to his little son after his death. He was also going to cut
off the head of Surrey’s father, the old Duke of Norfolk, but the
king died that night, before that was to have been done, and so the
Duke was saved. I do not believe that there was one person in England
who could be sorry when Henry died. Even now, whenever his name is
mentioned, we think of everything that is wicked.