form, with a long slender stalk, and the edges are doubly toothed.
The silvery-white bark is continually discarding its outermost layer,
which peels off in ragged, tissue-paper-like strips, revealing the
newer, whiter bark beneath. In this country it is used in tanning, but
in the far Northern parts of Europe it is put to a variety of uses.
The inflorescence is a catkin, the sexes separate, but borne by the
same tree. The flowers of the pendulous male catkin consist each of
a single sepal with two stamens, the filaments of which are forked,
each branch bearing one anther cell, so that each stamen looks like
two. The female spike, which is more erect, and shorter, is composed
of three-lobed bracts, each containing two or three flowers. These are
simply two-celled ovaries, with two styles and stigmas. The fruit is
round, flattened, with a notched broad wing. It flowers in April and
May.
There is one other Native species, the Dwarf Birch (_B. nana_), a
bush of no more than three feet in height, which occurs locally in
the mountain districts of Scotland and Northumberland. The leaves
are very small, round with rounded teeth; smooth, dark green, and
with a _short_ stalk. The seeds have very narrow wings. Flowers in
May.
The name _Betula_ is the old Latin designation for this tree.
=The Alder= (_Alnus glutinosa_).
The Alder, of which we have but one species, is own cousin to the
Birch, but we must not seek it in similar situations. The Birch loves
the breezy hillside, the Alder prefers the swampy valley, the pond and
river-side, its tastes being more thoroughly aquatic even than those
of the Willows. Its bark has some resemblance to that of the Birch,
especially when young, but in later life is more rugged, and very dark.
The leaves are nearly round, doubly toothed, and with short stalks.
When young they are sticky, as are the young shoots. The male catkins
are long, produced, like those of the Hazel, late in autumn; the
round red scales each holding three flowers, consisting of three, four
or five sepals, and as many stamens. The female spikes are not produced
till spring: they are more globular, and resemble minute cedar cones.
The scales are reddish-brown and fleshy, afterwards becoming hard
and woody; there are two or three flowers in each, consisting of two
sepals, an ovary and two styles. When ripe (October) the thick scales
separate and set free the pale-brown nuts, which are very slightly
winged.
[Illustration: =Alder.=
Alnus glutinosa.
--CUPULIFERÆ.--]
In suitable situations the Alder attains a stature of forty to sixty
feet, and reaches maturity in about sixty years. The wood is soft and
white, but turns orange by exposure after cutting. Under water it is
very enduring, all but imperishable, and the Rialto at Venice is said
to be built on Alder-piles. It is greatly used in the manufacture of
gunpowder.
_Alnus_ is the old Latin name for the tree, and for a boat.
=Scotch-fir or Pine= (_Pinus sylvestris_).
This, the Juniper, and the Yew are the only coniferous trees we have
in Britain. _Pinus sylvestris_ is therefore our only Pine, yet people
persist in calling it a Fir, a name more especially belonging to the
genus _Abies_. Time was when this beautiful tree grew wild in many
parts of Britain; it is now found naturally in but a few places,
from Yorkshire northwards; otherwhere it has been planted. We may
easily tell whether a cone-bearing tree before us is a Pine or not
by examining the leaf-cluster. If the leaves are in twos, threes, or
fives, bound together at the base by thin, chaffy scales, it is a Pine.
Should they be in twos, the leaves will be found to be half-rounded; if
in threes or fives, they will be triangular in section. The _cones_,
or fruits, of the Pines take two years to ripen. The scales of which
the cones are made up are thicker at the free end, so that the outer
surface of each scale is pyramidal.
[Illustration: =Scotch Pine.=
Pinus sylvestris.
--CONIFERÆ.--]
The Scotch-pine, as with the reader’s permission we will call it,
differs much according to the situation in which it is growing. In
a favourable locality its trunk will grow to an altitude of one
hundred feet, with a girth of twelve feet, whereas in very lofty,
exposed situations it is a stunted shrub. Its bark is rugged, and of
a ruddy-brown colour. Its needle-shaped leaves are in twos, and last
for three years, after which they fall. The flowers are of two kinds.
The males consist of many two-celled anthers spirally arranged on a
spike, and the spikes are clustered round the new shoots. The female
flowers consist each of a green scale, thickened and sticky at the
apex and bearing on the inner side of its base two naked ovules. These
scales are also associated in a spiral manner round a spike, the whole
having a conical form. The male flowers produce an enormous quantity
of pollen, which the wind blows in great sulphur-like clouds. Some of
the pollen-grains stick to the edges of the scales on the young cones,
and the pollen-shoots find their way down to the ovules and fertilize
them. In the ripe cone we find, on the scales separating, there are two
winged seeds under each scale. The timber of _P. sylvestris_ is very
valuable, and large quantities of it are annually imported from Norway
and the shores of the Baltic; there are numerous varieties of it, known
commercially as Red pine, Norway pine, Riga pine, Baltic pine, etc. The
tree begins to bear cones between the age of fifteen and twenty years.
It is characteristic of Pines that the branches die off early, and this
gives old trees the peculiar appearance of a tall, gaunt, red mast,
with a somewhat flat, spreading head.
=The Cluster Pine or Pinaster= (_P. pinaster_).
This is not a native of Britain, though it has been grown here for
about three hundred years. Its home is in the countries bordering the
Mediterranean, chiefly in low ground near the sea. It is a large
tree growing to a height of sixty or seventy feet, but its timber is
so soft that it has little value for the builder, though the carpenter
finds many uses for it, and much of it is used in the preparation of
resin, turpentine and tar. The tree may be readily identified by its
long, dark leaves (in twos), forming large, brush-like clusters. These
leaves vary from six to twelve inches in length. The cones are as large
again as those of the Scotch-pine, and each scale bears in the centre
of the raised portion a hard, sharp point of a grey colour. This is the
tree which has proved of such great service in France in turning to
use considerable areas of barren sea-sands. In the Departments of the
Landes and Gironde troublesome rolling sands have been rendered fit for
agriculture by making plantations of _P. pinaster_, which can thrive in
such poor stuff, even so near the sea.
[Illustration: =Pinaster.=
Pinus pinaster.
--CONIFERÆ.--]
=The Silver-fir= (_Abies pectinata_).
Here we have a true fir, which will be seen on examination to differ
in several points from the pines. It will at once be noted that the
leaves are not gathered into bundles of two, three, or five, but
grow solitarily in two rows, on opposite sides of a branch. They are
flat, with blunt ends, whitish or silvery underneath, and evergreen.
The cones, too, are very different from those of the pines, for
whereas those were found to be conical, these are really cylindrical,
and consist of a number of woody cones of pretty equal thickness
throughout, not thickened at the tips as in _Pinus_. The firs are
excellent timber trees, and are rich in turpentine.
The Silver-fir gets its popular name from the silvery undersides of
its leaves. The cones stand erectly from the branches; at first they
are green, then reddish, finally purplish-brown. They are six or eight
inches in length. Each scale has a long, tapering bract attached to
its outer surface, and turned over at the tip. It is a lofty tree,
growing to eighty or a hundred feet, sometimes more. It is a native
of Central Europe, Northern and Western Asia, but has been grown in
England for nearly three hundred years. Its timber is reputed to be
durable under water; and from its bark is obtained a resin called
Strasburg turpentine, also white pitch. The flowers appear in May,
and the cones are ripe eighteen months later. The tree often begins
to produce cones at about twenty years of age, but until about its
fortieth year these are barren.
[Illustration: =Silver Fir.=
Abies pectinata.
--CONIFERÆ.--]
The name _Abies_ is Latin, signifying a fir-tree or a plank. A
shipwright or carpenter was _abietarius_.
=The Norway Spruce-fir= (_Abies excelsa_).
The Spruce-fir is a handsome tree, often reaching from one hundred to
one hundred and fifty feet in height. The leaves are curiously square,
sharp-pointed and scattered in their arrangement on the branch. The
cylindrical cones hang down from the tip of a shoot, and are six or
seven inches long, their scales with a few teeth at the apex. Its seeds
are very small. The flowers appear in May, and the cones ripen in about
twelve months. It is a native of Norway, Russia, and Northern Europe
generally, and was introduced to Britain nearly three hundred and fifty
years ago; but previous to the glacial period it appears to have been
indigenous and prosperous here. Its timber (white deal) is very largely
used for many purposes. Its resin is known as frankincense, from which
is prepared Burgundy pitch; and from the boiled leaf-buds and shoots
is obtained essence of spruce, which is used to flavour an intoxicant
known as spruce-beer.
One of the most ornamental of this group is the Hemlock Spruce (_Abies
canadensis_), a species that was introduced about a hundred and sixty
years since. Its home is in all the forest regions of Canada and the
United States as far west as Oregon, and in New England and the
Dominion its shortened name of Hemlock is “familiar in the mouths” of
the people. The leaves are short, flat, solitary, and endure for two
seasons. The cones are but half an inch long, and afford a striking
contrast to those of the Sugar-pine (_Pinus lambertiana_) whose cones
are said sometimes to measure two feet long. The peculiar grace of the
Hemlock is due to the symmetrically arranged branches, and to their
drooping tips; but in later life it becomes rugged, and loses much of
its charm. Its wood is not so highly esteemed as its bark, which is
useful for tanning.
[Illustration: =Norway Spruce Fir.=
Abies excelsa.
--CONIFERÆ.--]
=The Larch= (_Larix europæa_).
So frequently do we come across huge plantations of Larch that we might
be pardoned for supposing it to be a native tree; but though it was
introduced to Britain as an ornamental tree about two hundred and fifty
years ago its true home is in the South European Alps. It is singular
in the fact of being a _deciduous_ conifer, that is it sheds all its
leaves in the autumn, and remains naked until the spring. A larch-wood
in winter presents rather a weird and dreary aspect, the grey branches
and trunks appearing as if dead and withered, an aspect that is
intensified when, as frequently happens, the branches are thickly
invested with the lichens _Ramalina_ and _Evernia_. But in spring the
Larch again becomes a thing of beauty, and, as Tennyson sings:--
“Rosy plumelets tuft the Larch,
And rarely sings the mounted thrush;
And underneath the barren bush
Flits by the sea-blue bird of March.”
These “rosy plumelets” are the future cones, and they are very
conspicuous on the bare branches. They become ripe by their first
Autumn, when they are but little more than an inch in length, rather
oval than conical; erect on the branch, and the scales with irregular
margins. When first the leaves appear they are in tufts, arranged
alternately, as shown in our figure, but as the season advances each
tuft lengthens into a twig and the leaves become scattered along it as
the wood grows--the tree not gaining in good looks thereby. The tree
has a wonderfully slender pyramidal form, due to the downward growth of
all the branches. It is greatly appreciated as a timber-producing tree,
its useful wood being fit to use when the tree is only forty years of
age, in which respect it has distinct advantage over the Scotch-pine,
which requires eighty years in order to produce serviceable timber. In
its early years its annual growth exceeds two feet. At ten years of
age from the sowing of the seed it has reached the height of twenty
or twenty-five feet, and at fifty years it is eighty feet high. Its
natural life is from one hundred and fifty to two hundred years.
The Larch and the Spruce-fir have to a great extent supplanted the
Scotch-pine in this country, owing to their more rapid growth and
development of wood.
[Illustration: =Larch.=
Larix europæa.
--CONIFERÆ.--]
In its native countries the bark of the Larch is used for tanning, and
the young shoots as fodder for cattle, whilst its resin is an article
of commerce under the title of Venice turpentine.
NATURAL ORDERS, GENERA AND SPECIES
_Illustrated or Described in the foregoing pages._
Order I.--=Ranunculaceæ.=
Genus I.--_CLEMATIS vitalba_, 82
Genus III.--_ANEMONE nemorosa_, 3; _pulsatilla_, 4
Genus V.--_RANUNCULUS acris_, 18; _bulbosus_, 18; _ficaria_, 6;
_repens_, 19
Genus VI.--_CALTHA palustris_, 13; _radicans_, 13
Order II.--=Berberideæ.=
Genus I.--_BERBERIS vulgaris_, 57
Order III.--=Nymphæaceæ.=
Genus I.--_NUPHAR luteum_, 106; _pumilum_, 106
Genus II.--_NYMPHÆA alba_, 106
Order IV.--=Papaveraceæ.=
Genus I.--_PAPAVER hybridum_, 61; _argemone_, 61; _dubium_, 61;
_rhœas_, 61
Genus III.--_CHELIDONIUM majus_, 64
Order V.--=Fumariaceæ.=
Genus I.--_FUMARIA capreolata_, 9; _officinalis_, 8; _densiflora_, 9;
_parviflora_, 9
Order VI.--=Cruciferæ.=
Genus I.*--_CHEIRANTHUS cheiri_, 12
Genus V.--_CARDAMINE hirsuta_, 11; _pratensis_, 10; _amara_, 11;
_impatiens_, 11
Genus IX.--_BRASSICA nigra_, 90; _sinapis_, 90; _alba_, 90
Genus XV.--_CAPSELLA bursa-pastoris_, 11
Order VII.--=Resedaceæ.=
Genus I.--_RESEDA luteola_, 79; _lutea_, 79
Order VIII.--=Cistineæ.=
Genus I.--_HELIANTHEMUM vulgare_, 42; _polifolium_, 42; _guttatum_, 42;
_canum_, 42
Order IX.--=Violaceæ.=
Genus I.--_VIOLA palustris_, 58; _odorata_, 4; _hirta_, 58; _canina_,
58; _sylvatica_, 58; _arenaria_, 58; _tricolor_, 58
Order X.--=Polygaleæ.=
Genus I.--_POLYGALA vulgaris_, 28; _calcarea_, 29; _amara_, 29
Order XII.--=Caryophylleæ.=
Genus III.--_LYCHNIS flos-cuculi_, 65; _diurna_, 66; _vespertina_, 88
Genus IV.--_GITHAGO segetum_, 71
Genus V.--_HOLOSTEUM umbellatum_, 20
Genus VII.--_STELLARIA media_, 55, 62; _holostea_, 62; _palustris_, 62;
_graminea_, 62
Order XV.--=Hypericineæ.=
Genus I.--_HYPERICUM androsæmum_, 48; _perforatum_, 47; _humifusum_,
47; _pulchrum_, 47; _hirsutum_, 48; _tetrapterum_, 47
Order XVI.--=Malvaceæ.=
Genus II.--_MALVA sylvestris_, 67; _rotundifolia_, 67; _moschata_, 68
Order XVII.--=Tiliaceæ.=
Genus I.--_TILIA parvifolia_, 133; _platyphyllos_, 133
Order XVIII.--=Lineæ.=
Genus I.--_LINUM catharticum_, 96; _perenne_, 96; _angustifolium_, 96;
_usitatissimum_, 96
Order XIX.--=Geraniaceæ.=
Genus I.--_GERANIUM molle_, 35; _rotundifolium_, 34; _pusillum_, 35;
_columbinum_, 35; _dissectum_, 35; _robertianum_, 35; _lucidum_, 35
Genus II.--_ERODIUM cicutarium_, 35; _moschatum_, 36; _maritimum_, 36
Genus III.--_OXALIS acetosella_, 11; _corniculata_, 12; _stricta_, 12
Order XX.--=Ilicineæ.=
Genus I.--_ILEX aquifolium_, 89
Order XXIV.--=Sapindaceæ.=
Genus I.--_ACER campestre_, 134; _pseudo-platanus_, 134; _platanoides_,
135
Order XXV.--=Leguminosæ.=
Genus III.--_CYTISUS scoparius_, 7
Genus IV.--_ONONIS spinosa_, 94; _reclinata_, 94
Genus VI.--_MEDICAGO falcata_, 72; _sativa_, 72; _lupulina_, 72;
_denticulata_, 72; _maculata_, 72
Genus VII.--_MELILOTUS altissima_, 101; _alba_, 101; _officinalis_, 101
Genus VIII.--_TRIFOLIUM subterraneum_, 48; _arvense_, 49; _pratense_,
49; _medium_, 49; _striatum_, 49; _scabrum_, 49; _repens_, 49;
_fragiferum_, 49; _procumbens_, 49; _dubium_, 50
Genus IX.--_ANTHYLLIS vulneraria_, 52
Genus X.--_LOTUS corniculatus_, 43; _uliginosus_, 43; _hispidus_, 43;
_angustissimus_, 43
Genus XV.--_ONOBRYCHIS sativa_, 50
Genus XVI.--_VICIA tetrasperma_, 44; _hirsuta_, 44; _cracca_, 44;
_orobus_, 44; _sylvatica_, 44; _sepium_, 44; _sativa_, 43
Order XXVI.--=Rosaceæ.=
Genus I.--_PRUNUS communis_, 109; _insititia_, 109; _domestica_, 109
Genus II.--_SPIRÆA ulmaria_, 93; _filipendula_, 93
Genus III.--_RUBUS cæsius_, 31
Genus VI.--_FRAGARIA vesca_, 27
Genus VII.--_POTENTILLA tormentilla_, 63; _reptans_, 63; _anserina_,
62; _fragariastrum_, 27, 63
Genus IX.--_AGRIMONIA eupatoria_, 95
Genus X.--_POTERIUM sanguisorba_, 111; _muricatum_, 111; _officinale_,
111
Genus XI.--_ROSA spinosissima_, 41; _rubiginosa_, 41; _canina_, 41;
_arvensis_, 41
Genus XII.--_PYRUS aucuparia_, 117
Genus XIII.-_CRATÆGUS oxyacantha_, 17
Order XXVII.--=Saxifrageæ.=
Genus III.--_PARNASSIA palustris_, 115
Order XXVIII.--=Crassulaceæ.=
Genus III.--_SEDUM acre_, 100
Genus III.*--_SEMPERVIVUM tectorum_, 100
Order XXIX.--=Droseraceæ.=
Genus I.--_DROSERA rotundifolia_, 56; _intermedia_, 57; _anglica_, 57
Order XXXIV.--=Umbelliferæ.=
Genus XXII.--_FŒNICULUM officinale_, 55
Genus XXV.--_ÆTHUSA cynapium_, 119
Order XXXV.--=Araliaceæ.=
Genus I.--_HEDERA helix_, 112
Order XXXVII.--=Caprifoliaceæ.=
Genus IV.--_LONICERA periclymenum_, 31; _caprifolium_, 32
Order XXXVIII.--=Rubiaceæ.=
Genus II.--_GALIUM aparine_, 87
Order XXXIX.--=Valerianeæ.=
Genus I.--_VALERIANA dioica_, 104; _officinalis_, 104
Order XL.--=Dipsaceæ.=
Genus I.--_DIPSACUS sylvestris_, 107; _pilosus_, 107
Genus II.--_SCABIOSA succisa_, 98; _columbaria_, 98; _arvensis_, 98
Order XLI.--=Compositæ.=
Genus IV.--_BELLIS perennis_, 1
Genus XII.--_ANTHEMIS arvensis_, 46; _cotula_, 47; _nobilis_, 47
Genus XIII.--_ACHILLEA ptarmica_, 37; _millefolium_, 36
Genus XVI.--_CHRYSANTHEMUM segetum_, 53; _leucanthemum_, 53;
_parthenium_, 54
Genus XVII.--_TANACETUM vulgare_, 108
Genus XXI.--_SENECIO vulgaris_, 37; _sylvaticus_, 38; _viscosus_, 38;
_jacobæa_, 38; _erucifolius_, 38; _aquaticus_, 38
Genus XXII.--_ARCTIUM lappa_, 87
Genus XXV.--_CENTAUREA nigra_, 67; _scabiosa_, 67; _cyanus_, 66
Genus XXXI.--_CICHORIUM intybus_, 68
Genus XXXVII.--_HYPOCHŒRIS glabra_, 97; _radicata_, 97
Genus XXXIX.--_TARAXACUM officinale_, 20
Genus XLI.--_SONCHUS arvensis_, 114; _palustris_, 114; _oleraceus_, 114
Genus XLII.--_TRAGOPOGON pratensis_, 84; _porrifolius_, 84
Order XLII.--=Campanulaceæ.=
Genus V.--_CAMPANULA rotundifolia_, 78; _trachelium_, 78
Order XLIII.--=Ericaceæ.=
Genus V.--_ERICA tetralix_, 120; _cinerea_, 120; _ciliaris_, 120;
_vagans_, 120
Genus VI.--_CALLUNA vulgaris_, 121
Order XLVI.--=Primulaceæ.=
Genus I.--_PRIMULA vulgaris_, 3; _elatior_, 3; _veris_, 2; _farinosa_,
3; _scotica_, 3
Genus VI.--_ANAGALLIS arvensis_, 54; _tenella_, 54
Order XLVII.--=Oleaceæ.=
Genus II.--_FRAXINUS excelsior_, 136
Order XLVIII.--=Apocynaceæ.=
Genus I.--_VINCA minor_, 5; _major_, 6
Order XLIX.--=Gentianeæ.=
Genus IV.--_ERYTHRÆA centaurium_, 79
Order LI.--=Boragineæ.=
Genus I.--_ECHIUM vulgare_, 26
Genus I.*--_BORAGO officinalis_, 80
Genus II.--_SYMPHYTUM officinale_, 60; _tuberosum_, 60
Genus VI.--_PULMONARIA angustifolia_, 10; _officinalis_, 9
Genus VII.--_MYOSOTIS palustris_, 21
Order LII.--=Convolvulaceæ.=
Genus I.--_CONVOLVULUS arvensis_, 63; _sepium_, 64; _soldanella_, 64
Genus II.--_CUSCUTA europæa_, 70; _epithymum_, 70; _epilinum_, 71
Order LIII.--=Solanaceæ.=
Genus I.--_HYOSCYAMUS niger_, 39
Genus II.--_SOLANUM dulcamara_, 99; _nigrum_, 99
Order LIV.--=Plantagineae.=
Genus I.--_PLANTAGO major_, 22; _media_, 23; _lanceolata_, 22;
_maritima_, 23; _coronopus_, 23
Order LV.--=Scrophularineæ.=
Genus II.--_LINARIA cymbalaria_, 33; _spuria_, 105; _elatine_, 105;
_vulgaris_, 105; _repens_, 105; _minor_, 105
Genus VIII.--_VERONICA chamædrys_, 28; _beccabunga_, 29
Genus X.--_EUPHRASIA officinalis_, 50
Genus XIII.--_MELAMPYRUM pratense_, 91; _sylvaticum_, 91; _arvense_,
91; _cristatum_, 92
Order LIX.--=Labiatæ.=
Genus I.--_MENTHA sylvestris_, 59; _rotundifolia_, 58; _piperata_, 59;
_aquatica_, 59; _sativa_, 59; _arvensis_, 59; _pulegium_, 60
Genus IV.--_THYMUS serpyllum_, 85
Genus VI.--_SALVIA pratensis_, 23
Genus VII.--_NEPETA cataria_, 34; _glechoma_, 33
Genus VIII.--_BRUNELLA vulgaris_, 83
Genus XIV.--_LAMIUM purpureum_, 33; _intermedium_, 33; _amplexicaule_,
33; _album_, 33; _galeobdolon_, 33
Genus XVII.--_AJUGA reptans_, 21
Order LXI.--=Chenopodiaceæ.=
Genus I.--_CHENOPODIUM vulvaria_, 86; polyspermum, 86; _album_, 86;
_rubrum_, 86; _bonus-henricus_, 86
Order LXII.--=Polygonaceæ.=
Genus I.--_POLYGONUM bistorta_, 118; _amphibium_, 118; _persicaria_,
118; _aviculare_, 119; _convolvulus_, 119; _fagopyrum_, 118
Order LXV.--=Elæagnaceæ.=
Genus I.--_HIPPOPHAE rhamnoides_, 92
Order LXVI.--=Loranthaceæ.=
Genus I.--_VISCUM album_, 121
Order LXVIII.--=Euphorbiaceæ.=
Genus.--_EUPHORBIA helioscopia_, 30; _platyphyllos_, 30; _hiberna_,
30; _amygdaloides_, 30; _peplus_, 30; _exigua_, 30; _portlandica_, 30;
_paralias_, 30; _esula_, 31; _lathyris_, 31; _peplis_, 31
Order LXIX.--=Urticaceæ.=
Genus I.--_ULMUS montana_, 138; _campestris_, 138
Genus II.--_URTICA urens_, 103; _dioica_, 103; _pilulifera_, 103
Genus IV.--_HUMULUS lupulus_, 110
Order LXXI.--=Cupuliferæ.=
Genus I.--_BETULA alba_, 149
Genus II.--_ALNUS glutinosa_, 150
Genus III.--_QUERCUS robur_, 142
Genus IV.--_FAGUS sylvatica_, 140
Genus V.--_CORYLUS avellana_, 144
Genus VI.--_CARPINUS betulus_, 145
Order LXXII.--=Salicineæ.=
Genus I.--_POPULUS alba_, 147; _tremula_, 147; _fastigiata_, 147
Genus II.--_SALIX viminalis_, 146
Order LXXIV.--=Coniferæ.=
Genus I.--_PINUS sylvestris_, 151; _pinaster_, 152
Genus II.--_JUNIPERUS communis_, 102
Order LXXVI.--=Orchideæ.=
Genus I.--_MALAXIS paludosa_, 77
Genus II.--_LIPARIS loeselii_, 77
Genus IV.--_NEOTTIA nidus-avis_, 77
Genus V.--_LISTERA ovata_, 77
Genus VII.--_SPIRANTHES autumnalis_, 77
Genus XI.--_ORCHIS latifolia_, 74; _hircina_, 76
Genus XIII.--_OPHRYS apifera_, 76; _aranifera_, 76; _muscifera_, 76
Genus XV.-_HABENARIA bifolia_, 76
Order LXXVII.--=Irideæ.=
Genus III.--_IRIS pseudacorus_, 73; _fœtidissima_, 73
Order LXXX.--=Liliaceæ.=
Genus III.--_POLYGONATUM verticillatum_, 17; _multiflorum_, 16;
_officinale_, 17
Genus V.--_CONVALLARIA majalis_, 16
Genus IX.--_SCILLA verna_, 15; _autumnalis_, 15; _nutans_, 14
Genus XV.--_COLCHICUM autumnale_, 122
Order LXXXI.--=Junceæ.=
Genus II.--_LUZULA maxima_, 69; _vernalis_, 69; _forsteri_, 69;
_campestris_, 70; _spicata_, 70; _arcuata_, 70
Order LXXXIII.--=Typhaceæ.=
Genus II.--_TYPHA latifolia_, 51; _angustifolia_, 52
Order LXXXIV.--=Aroideæ.=
Genus I.--_ARUM maculatum_, 15; _italicum_, 16
Order LXXXV.--=Lemnaceæ.=
Genus I.--_LEMNA minor_, 45; _trisulca_, 46; _gibba_, 46; _polyrhiza_,
46
Order LXXXVI.--=Alismaceæ.=
Genus IV.--_SAGITTARIA sagittifolia_, 113
Order LXXXVII.--=Naiadaceæ.=
Genus III.--_POTAMOGETON natans_, 81; _polygonifolius_, 81;
_plantagineus_, 81; _prælongus_, 82; _crispus_, 81; _densus_, 81
Order LXXXIX.--=Gramineæ.=
Genus VI.--_ANTHOXANTHUM odoratum_, 25
Genus VIII.--_ALOPECURUS agrestis_, 40; _alpinus_, 40; _pratensis_, 40;
_geniculatus_, 40
Genus X.--_PHLEUM pratense_, 25
Genus XXV.--_AVENA fatua_, 116; _pratensis_, 116; _pubescens_, 117;
_sativa_, 116
Genus XXXVI.--_DACTYLIS glomerata_, 24
Genus XXXVII.--_BRIZA media_, 40; _minor_, 40
Genus XXXVIII.--_POA annua_, 24
Genus XLI.--_BROMUS erectus_, 38
Genus XLIII.--_LOLIUM perenne_, 38; _temulentum_, 39
Genus XLVII.--_HORDEUM murinum_, 19
Order XC.--=Filices.=
Genus VII.--_ASPLENIUM trichomanes_, 124; _viride_, 124
Genus VIII.--_SCOLOPENDRIUM vulgare_, 123
Genus XII.--_NEPHRODIUM filix-mas_, 124; _spinulosum_, 125;
_oreopteris_, 125
Order XCI.--=Equisetaceæ.=
Genus I.--_EQUISETUM arvense_, 125
EXOTIC GENERA.
Order =Xanthoxylaceæ=.
_AILANTUS glandulosa_, 130
Order =Leguminosæ=.
_ROBINIA pseudacacia_, 132
Order =Arctocarpeæ=.
_MORUS nigra_, 134
Order =Cupuliferæ=.
_CASTANEA vulgaris_, 138
Order =Platanaceæ=.
_PLATANUS orientalis_, 148
Order =Coniferæ=.