"Are Friends clear of importing, buying, or any ways disposing of

negroes or slaves; and do they use those well who are under their

care, and not in circumstances, through nonage or incapacity, to

be set at liberty? And do they give those that are young such an

education as becomes Christians; and are the others encouraged in a

religious and virtuous life? Are all set at liberty that are of age,

capacity, and ability suitable for freedom?"--_Ibid_., pp. 45,46.

FROM THE MINUTES OF THE YEARLY MEETING OF THE FRIENDS OF VIRGINIA IN

1757 AND 1773

"Are Friends clear of importing or buying negroes to trade on; and

do they use those well which they are possessed of by inheritance

or otherwise, endeavoring to train them in the principles of the

Christian religion?"

The meeting of 1773 recommended to Friends, "seriously to consider the

circumstances of these poor people, and the obligation we are under to

discharge our religious duties to them, which being disinterestedly

pursued, will lead the professor to Truth, to advise and assist them

on all occasions, particularly in promoting their instruction in the

principles of the Christian religion, and the pious education of their

children; also to advise them in their worldly concerns, as occasions

offer; and it advised that Friends of judgment and experience may be

nominated for this necessary service, it being the solid sense of

this meeting, that we, of the present generation, are under strong

obligations to express our love and concern for the offspring of those

people, who, by their labours, have greatly contributed toward the

cultivation of these colonies, under the afflictive disadvantage of

enduring a hard bondage; and many amongst us are enjoying the benefit

of their toil."--_Ibid._, pp. 51, 52, and 54.

EXTRACT FROM THE MINUTES OF THE METHODIST CONFERENCE, 1785

"Q. What directions shall we give for the promotion of the spiritual

welfare of the colored people?

"A. We conjure all our ministers and preachers, by the love of God and

the salvation of souls, and do require them, by all the authority that

is invested in us, to leave nothing undone for the spiritual benefit

and salvation of them, within their respective circuits or districts;

and for this purpose to embrace every opportunity of inquiring into

the state of their souls, and to unite in society those who appear to

have a real desire of fleeing from the wrath to come, to meet such a

class, and to exercise the whole Methodist Discipline among them."

"Q. What can be done in order to instruct poor children, white and

black to read?

"A. Let us labor, as the heart of one man, to establish Sunday

schools, in or near the place of public worship. Let persons be

appointed by the bishop, elders, deacons, or preachers, to teach

gratis all that will attend or have the capacity to learn, from six

o'clock in the morning till ten, and from two o'clock in the afternoon

till six, where it does not interfere with public worship. The

council shall compile a proper school book to teach them learning and

piety."--Rev. Charles Elliott's _History of the Great Secession front

the Methodist Episcopal Church_, etc., p. 35.

A PORTION OF AN ACT OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH

IN 1800.

The Assembly recommended:

"2. The instruction of Negroes, the poor and those who are destitute

of the means of grace in various parts of this extensive country;

whoever contemplates the situation of this numerous class of persons

in the United States, their gross ignorance of the plainest principles

of religion, their immorality and profaneness, their vices and

dissoluteness of manners, must be filled with anxiety for their

present welfare, and above all for their future and eternal happiness.

"3. The purchasing and disposing of Bibles and also of books and short

essays on the great principles of religion and morality, calculated

to impress the minds of those to whom they are given with a sense of

their duty both to God and man, and consequently of such a nature as

to arrest the attention, interest the curiosity and touch the feelings

of those to whom they are given."--_Act and Proceedings of the General

Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. in the Year 1800_,

Philadelphia.

AN ACT OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN 1801

"The Assembly resumed the consideration of the communication from the

Trustees of the General Assembly and having gone through the same,

thereupon resolved,

"5. That there be made a purchase of so many cheap and pious books as

a due regard to the other objects of the Assembly's funds will admit,

with a view of distributing them not only among the frontiers of these

States, but also among the poorer classes of people, and the blacks,

or wherever it is thought useful; which books shall be given away, or

lent, at the discretion of the distributor; and that there be received

from Mr. Robert Aitken, toward the discharge of his debt, books to

such amount as shall appear proper to the Trustees of the Assembly,

who are hereby requested to take proper measures for the distribution

of same."--_Act and Proceedings of the General Assembly of the

Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A._

PLAN FOR IMPROVING THE CONDITION OF THE FREE BLACKS

The business relative to free blacks shall be transacted by a

committee of twenty-four persons, annually elected by ballot at a

meeting of this Society, in the month called April, and in order to

perform the different services with expedition, regularity and energy

this committee shall resolve itself into the following sub-committees,

viz.:

I. A Committee of Inspection, who shall superintend the morals,

general conduct, and ordinary situation of the free negroes, and

afford them advice and instruction, protection from wrongs, and other

friendly offices.

II. A Committee of Guardians, who shall place out children and young

people with suitable persons, that they may (during a moderate time

of apprenticeship or servitude) learn some trade or other business

of subsistence. The committee may effect this partly by a persuasive

influence on parents and the persons concerned, and partly by

coöperating with the laws, which are or may be enacted for this

and similar purposes. In forming contracts of these occasions, the

committee shall secure to the Society as far as may be practicable the

right of guardianship over the person so bound.

III. A Committee of Education, who shall superintend the school

instruction of the children and youth of the free blacks. They

may either influence them to attend regularly the schools already

established in this city, or form others with this view; they shall,

in either case, provide, that the pupils may receive such learning as

is necessary for their future situation in life, and especially a deep

impression of the most important and generally acknowledged moral and

religious principles. They shall also procure and preserve a regular

record of the marriages, births, and manumissions of all free blacks.

IV. The Committee of Employ, who shall endeavor to procure constant

employment for those free negroes who are able to work; as the want of

this would occasion poverty, idleness, and many vicious habits. This

committee will by sedulous inquiry be enabled to find common labor for

a great number; they will also provide that such as indicate proper

talents may learn various trades, which may be done by prevailing upon

them to bind themselves for such a term of years as shall compensate

their masters for the expense and trouble of instruction and

maintenance. The committee may attempt the institution of some simple

and useful manufactures which will require but little skill, and also

may assist, in commencing business, such as appear to be qualified for

it.

Whenever the Committee of Inspection shall find persons of any

particular description requiring attention, they shall immediately

direct them to the committee of whose care they are the proper

objects.

In matters of a mixed nature, the committee shall confer, and, if

necessary, act in concert. Affairs of great importance shall be

referred to the whole committee.

The expense incurred by the prosecution of this plan, shall be

defrayed by a fund, to be formed by donations or subscriptions for

these particular purposes, and to be kept separate from the other

funds of the Society.

The Committee shall make a report on their proceedings, and of the

state of their stock, to the Society, at their quarterly meetings, in

the months called April and October.--Smyth's _Writings of Benjamin

Franklin_, vol. x, p. 127.

EXTRACT FROM THE "ADDRESS OF THE AMERICAN CONVENTION OF DELEGATES FROM

THE ABOLITION SOCIETIES, 1795"

"We cannot forbear expressing to you our earnest desire, that you will

continue, without ceasing, to endeavor, by every method in your power

which can promise any success, to procure, either an absolute repeal

of all the laws in your state, which countenance slavery, or such an

amelioration of them as will gradually produce an entire abolition.

Yet, even should that great end be happily attained, it cannot put

a period to the necessity of further labor. The education of the

emancipated, the noblest and most arduous task which we have to

perform, will require all our wisdom and virtue, and the constant

exercise of the greatest skill and discretion. When we have broken his

chains, and restored the African to the enjoyment of his rights, the

great work of justice and benevolence is not accomplished--The new

born citizen must receive that instruction, and those powerful

impressions of moral and religious truths, which will render him

capable and desirous of fulfilling the various duties he owes to

himself and to his country. By educating some in the higher branches

of science, and all the useful parts of learning, and in the precepts

of religion and morality, we shall not only do away with the reproach

and calumny so unjustly lavished upon us, but confound the enemies of

truth, by evincing that the unhappy sons of Africa, in spite of the

degrading influence of slavery, are in no wise inferior to the more

fortunate inhabitants of Europe and America.

"As a means of effectuating, in some degree, a design so virtuous and

laudable, we recommend to you to appoint a committee, annually, or

for any other more convenient period, to execute such plans, for the

improvement of the condition and moral character of the free blacks

in your state, as you may think best adapted to your particular

situation."--_Minutes of the Proceedings of the Second Convention of

Delegates, 1795._

A PORTION OF THE "ADDRESS OF THE AMERICAN CONVENTION OF DELEGATES TO

THE FREE AFRICANS AND OTHER FREE PEOPLE OF COLOR, 1796"

"In the first place, We earnestly recommend to you, a regular

attention to the duty of public worship; by which means you will

evince gratitude to your CREATOR, and, at the same time, promote

knowledge, union, friendship, and proper conduct among yourselves.

"Secondly, we advise such of you, as have not been taught reading,

writing, and the first principles of arithmetic, to acquire them

as early as possible. Carefully attend to the instruction of your

children in the same simple and useful branches of education. Cause

them, likewise, early and frequently to read the holy Scriptures. They

contain, among other great discoveries, the precious record of the

original equality of mankind, and of the obligations of universal

justice and benevolence, which are derived from the relation of the

human race to each other in a COMMON FATHER.

"Thirdly, Teach your children useful trades, or to labor with their

hands in cultivating the earth. These employments are favorable to

health and virtue. In the choice of masters, who are to instruct them

in the above branches of business, prefer those who will work with

them; by this means they will acquire habits of industry, and be

better preserved from vice, than if they worked alone, or under the

eye of persons less interested in their welfare. In forming contracts

for yourselves or children, with masters, it may be useful to consult

such persons as are capable of giving you the best advice, who are

known to be your friends, in order to prevent advantages being taken

of your ignorance of the laws and customs of your country."_--Minutes

of the Proceedings of the Third Convention of Delegates, 1796.

American Convention of Abolition Societies, Minutes, 1795-1804_

A PORTION OF THE ADDRESS TO THE FREE PEOPLE OF COLOR BY THE AMERICAN

CONVENTION FOR PROMOTING THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY, 1819

"The great work of emancipation is not to be accomplished in a

day;--it must be the result of time, of long and continued exertions:

it is for you to show by an orderly and worthy deportment that you are

deserving of the rank which you have attained. Endeavor as much as

possible to use economy in your expenses, so that you may be enabled

to save from your earnings, something for the education of your

children, and for your support in time of sickness and in old age: and

let all those who by attending to this admonition, have acquired the

means, send their children to school as soon as they are old enough,

where their morals will be the object of attention, as well as their

improvement in school learning; and when they arrive at a suitable

age, let it be your especial care to have them instructed in some

mechanical art suited to their capacities, or in agricultural

pursuits; by which they may afterwards be enabled to support

themselves and a family. Encourage also, those among you who are

qualified as teachers of schools, and when you are of ability to pay,

never send your children to free schools; this may be considered as

robbing the poor, of the opportunities which were intended for them

alone."

THE WILL OF KOSCIUSZKO

I, Thaddeus Kosciuszko, being just on my departure from America, do

hereby declare and direct, that, should I make no other testamentary

disposition of my property in the United States, I hereby authorize my

friend, Thomas Jefferson, to employ the whole thereof in purchasing

Negroes from his own or any others, and giving them liberty in my

name, in giving them an education in trade or otherwise, and in having

them instructed for their new condition in the duties of morality,

which may make them good neighbors, good fathers or mothers, husbands

or wives in their duties as citizens, teaching them to be defenders of

their liberty and country, and of the good order of society, and in

whatsoever may make them happy and useful. And I make the said Thomas

Jefferson my executor of this.

(Signed) T. KOSCIUSZKO. May 5, 1798. [See _African Repository_, vol.

xi., p. 294.]

FROM WASHINGTON'S WILL

"Upon the decease of my wife, it is my will and desire that all the

slaves whom I now hold in my own right shall receive their freedom....

And whereas among those who will receive freedom according to this

devise, there may be some who, from old age or bodily infirmities,

and others who on account of their infancy will be unable to support

themselves, it is my will and desire that all who come under the first

and second description, shall be comfortably clothed and fed by my

heirs while they live; and that such of the latter description as have

no parents living, or if living are unable or unwilling to provide for

them, shall be bound by the court until they shall arrive at the age

of twenty-five years; and in cases where no record can be produced,

whereby their ages can be ascertained, the judgement of court upon its

own view of the subject shall be adequate and final. The negroes thus

bound are (by their masters or mistresses) to be taught to read and

write, and to be brought up to some useful occupation, agreeable to

the laws of the Commonwealth of Virginia, providing for the support of

orphan and other poor children."--Benson J. Lossing's _Life of George

Washington_, vol. iii., p. 537.

THIS INTERESTING DIALOGUE WAS WRITTEN BY AN AMERICAN ABOUT 1800

The following dialogue took place between Mr. Jackson the master of a

family, and the slave of one of his neighbors who lived adjoining the

town, on this occasion. Mr. Jackson was walking through the common and

came to a field of this person's farm. He there saw the slave leaning

against the fence with a book in his hand, which he seemed to be very

intent upon; after a little time he closed the book, and clasping it

in both his hands, looked upwards as if engaged in mental prayer;

after this, he put the book in his bosom, and walked along the fence

near where Mr. Jackson was standing. Surprised at seeing a person of

his color engaged with a book, and still more by the animation and

delight that he observed in his countenance; he determines to enquire

about it, and calls to him as he passes.

_Mr. J_. So I see you have been reading, my lad?

_Slave_. Yes, sir.

_Mr. J_. Well, I have a great curiosity to see what you were reading

so earnestly; will you show me the book?

_Slave_. To be sure, sir. (And he presented it to him very

respectfully.)

_Mr. J_. The Bible!--Pray when did you get this book? And who taught

you to read it?

_Slave_. I thank God, sir, for the book. I do not know the good

gentleman who gave it to me, but I am sure God sent it to me. I was

learning to read in town at nights, and one morning a gentleman met me

in the road as I had my spelling book open in my hand: he asked me if

I could read, I told him a little, and he gave me this book and told

me to make haste and learn to read it, and to ask God to help me, and

that it would make me as happy as any body in the world.

_Mr. J_. Well did you do so?

_Slave_. I thought about it for some time, and I wondered that any

body should give me a book or care about me; and I wondered what that

could be which could make a poor slave like me so happy; and so I

thought more and more of it, and I said I would try and do as the

gentleman bid me, and blessed be God! he told me nothing but the

truth.

_Mr. J_. Who is your master?

_Slave_. Mr. Wilkins, sir, who lives in that house.

_Mr. J_. I know him; he is a very good man; but what does he say to

your leaving his work to read your book in the field?

_Slave_. I was not leaving his work, sir. This book does not teach me

to neglect my master's work. I could not be happy if I did that.--I

have done my breakfast, sir, and am waiting till the horses are done

eating.

_Mr. J_. Well, what does that book teach you?

_Slave_. Oh, sir! every thing that I want to know--all I am to do,

this book tells me, and so plain. It shew me first that I was a

wretched, ruined sinner, and what would become of me if I died in that

state, and then when I was day and night in dread of God's calling me

to account for my wickedness, and did not know which way to look for

my deliverance, reading over and over again those dreadful words,

"depart from me ye cursed into everlasting fire," then it revealed to

me how Jesus Christ had consented to come and suffer punishment for

us in our stead, and bought pardon for us by his blood, and how by

believing on him and serving him, I might become a child of God, so

that I need be no more terrified by the thoughts of God's anger but

sure of his forgiveness and love....

(Here Mr. J. pursued his walk; but soon reflecting on what he had

heard, he resolved to walk by Mr. Wilkins's house and enquire into

this affair from him. This he did, and finding him the following

conversation took place between them.)

_Mr. J_. Sir, I have been talking with a man of yours in that field,

who was engaged, while his horses were eating, in reading a book;

which I asked him to shew me and found it was the Bible; thereupon I

asked him some questions and his answers, and the account he gave of

himself, have surprised me greatly.

_Mr. W_. I presume it was Will--and though I do not know what he

may have told you, yet I will undertake to say that he has told you

nothing but the truth. I am always safe in believing him, and do

not believe he would tell me an untruth for any thing that could be

offered him....

_Mr. J_. Well, sir, you have seen I trust in your family, good fruits

from the beginning.

_Mr. W_. Yes indeed, sir, and that man was most instrumental in

reconciling and encouraging all my people in the change. From that

time I have regarded him as more a friend and assistant, than a slave.

He has taught the younger ones to read, and by his kindness and

example, has been a great benefit to all. I have told them that I

would do what I could to instruct and improve them; and that if I

found any so vicious, that they would not receive it and strive to

amend, I would not keep them; that I hoped to have a religious,

praying family, and that none would be obstinately bent on their own

ruin. And from time to time, I endeavored to convince them that I was

aiming at their own good. I cannot tell you all the happiness of the

change, that God has been pleased to make among us, all by these

means. And I have been benefited both temporally and spiritually by

it; for my work is better done, and my people are more faithful,

contented, and obedient than before; and I have the comfort of

thinking that when my Lord and master shall call me to account for

those committed to my charge, I shall not be ashamed to present

them.--Bishop William Meade's "Tracts and Dialogues," etc., in

the Appendix of Thomas Bacon's _Sermons Addressed to Masters and

Servants_.

A TRUE ACCOUNT OF A PIOUS NEGRO

(Written about 1800)

Some years ago an English gentleman had occasion to be in North

America, where, among other adventures, the following circumstances

occurred to him which are related in his own words.

"Every day's observation convinces me that the children of God, viz.

those who believe in him, and on such terms are accepted by him

through Jesus Christ, are made so by his own especial grace and power

inclining them to what is good, and, assisting them when they endeavor

to be and continue so.

"In one of my excursions, while I was in the province of New York, I

was walking by myself over a considerable plantation, amused with its

husbandry, and comparing it with that of my own country, till I came

within a little distance of a middle aged negro, who was tilling the

ground. I felt a strong inclination to converse with him. After asking

him some little questions about his work, which he answered very

sensibly, I wished him to tell me, whether his state of slavery was

not disagreeable to him, and whether he would not gladly exchange it

for his liberty?"

"Massah," said he, looking seriously upon me, "I have wife and

children; my massah takes care of them, and I have no care to provide

anything; I have a good massah, who teach me to read; and I read good

book, that makes me happy." "I am glad," replied I, "to hear you say

so; and pray what is the good book you read?" "The Bible, massah,

God's own good book." "Do you understand, friend, as well as read this

book? for many can read the words well, who cannot get hold of the

true and good sense." "O massah," says he, "I read the book much

before I understand; but at last I found things in the book which made

me very uneasy." "Aye," said I, "and what things were they?" "Why

massah, I found that I was a sinner, massah, a very great sinner,

I feared that God would destroy me, because I was wicked, and done

nothing as I should do. God was holy, and I was very vile and naughty;

so I could have nothing from him but fire and brimstone in hell, if I

continued in this state." In short, he fully convinced me that he was

thoroughly sensible of his errors, and he told me what scriptures came

to his mind, which he had read, that both probed him to the bottom of

his sinful heart, and were made the means of light and comfort to his

soul. I then inquired of him, what ministry or means he made use of

and found that his master was a Quaker, a plain sort of man who had

taught his slaves to read, and had thus afforded him some means of

obtaining religious knowledge, though he had not ever conversed with

this negro upon the state of his soul. I asked him likewise, how he

got comfort under all his trials? "O massah," said he, "it was God

gave me comfort by his word. He bade me come unto him, and he would

give me rest, for I was very weary and heavy laden." And here he went

through a line of the most striking texts in the Bible, showing me, by

his artless comment upon them as he went along, what great things God

had done in the course of some years for his soul....--Bishop William

Meade's "Tracts, Dialogues," etc., in the Appendix of Thomas Bacon's

_Sermons Addressed to Masters and Servants_.

LETTER TO ABBÉ GRÉGOIRE, OF PARIS, 1809

I have received the favor of your letter of August 19th, and with

it the volume you were so kind as to send me on the Literature of

Negroes. Be assured that no person living wishes more sincerely than

I do to see a complete refutation of the doubts I have myself

entertained and expressed on the grade of understanding allotted to

them by nature and to find that in this respect they are on par with

ourselves. My doubts were the result of personal observation in the

limited sphere of my own state, where the opportunities for the

development of their genius were not favorable, and those of

exercising it still less so. I expressed them therefore with great

hesitation; but whatever be their degree of talent it is no measure

of their rights. Because Sir Isaac Newton was superior to others in

understanding, he was not therefore lord of the person and property

of others. On this subject they are gaining daily in the opinions

of nations, and hopeful advances are making towards their

re-establishment on an equal footing with the other colors of the

human family. I pray you therefore to accept my thanks for the many

instances you have enabled me to observe of respectable intelligence

in that race of men, which cannot fail to have effect in hastening the

day of their relief; and to be sure of the sentiments of the high and

just esteem and consideration which I tender to yourself with all

sincerity.--_Writings of Thomas Jefferson_, Memorial Edition, 1904,

vol. xii., p. 252.

PORTION OF JEFFERSON'S LETTER TO M.A. JULIEN, JULY 23, 1818

Referring to Kosciuszko, Jefferson said:

"On his departure from the United States in 1798 he left in my hands

an instrument appropriating after his death all the property he had

in our public funds, the price of his military services here, to the

education and emancipation of as many of the children of bondage

in this country as this should be adequate to. I am now too old to

undertake a business _de si longue haleine_; but I am taking measures

to place it in such hands as will ensure a faithful discharge of the

philanthropic intentions of the donor. I learn with pleasure your

continued efforts for the instruction of the future generations of

men, and, believing it the only means of effectuating their rights, I

wish them all possible success, and to yourself the eternal gratitude

of those who will feel their benefits, and beg leave to add the

assurance of my high esteem and respect."--_Writings of Thomas

Jefferson_, Memorial Edition. 1904, vol. xv., pp. 173-174.

FROM MADISON'S LETTER TO MISS FRANCES WRIGHT, SEPTEMBER 1, 1825

"Supposing these conditions to be duly provided for, particularly the

removal of the emancipated blacks, the remaining questions relate to

the aptitude and adequacy of the process by which the slaves are at

the same time to earn funds, entire or supplemental, required for

their emancipation and removal; and to be sufficiently educated for a

life of freedom and of social order....

"With respect to the proper course of education, no serious

difficulties present themselves. As they are to continue in a state

of bondage during the preparatory period, and to be within the

jurisdiction of States recognizing ample authority over them, a

competent discipline cannot be impracticable. The degree in which this

discipline will enforce the needed labour, and in which a voluntary

industry will supply the defect of compulsory labour, are vital

points, on which it may not be safe to be very positive without some

light from actual experiment.

"Considering the probable composition of the labourers, and the known

fact that, where the labour is compulsory, the greater the number of

labourers brought together (unless, indeed, where co-operation of

many hands is rendered essential by a particular kind of work or of

machinery) the less are the proportional profits, it may be doubted

whether the surplus from that source merely, beyond the support of the

establishment, would sufficiently accumulate in five, or even more

years, for the objects in view. And candor obliges me to say that I am

not satisfied either that the prospect of emancipation at a future

day will sufficiently overcome the natural and habitual repugnance to

labour, or that there is such an advantage of united over individual

labour as is taken for granted.

"In cases where portions of time have been allotted to slaves, as

among the Spaniards, with a view to their working out their freedom,

it is believed that but few have availed themselves of the opportunity

by a voluntary industry; and such a result could be less relied on

in a case where each individual would feel that the fruits of his

exertions would be shared by others, whether equally or unequally

making them, and that the exertions of others would equally avail him,

notwithstanding a deficiency in his own. Skilful arrangements might

palliate this tendency, but it would be difficult to counteract it

effectually.

"The examples of the Moravians, the Harmonites, and the Shakers,

in which the united labours of many for a common object have been

successful, have, no doubt, an imposing character. But it must be

recollected that in all these establishments there is a religious

impulse in the members, and a religious authority in the head, for

which there will be no substitutes of equivalent efficacy in the

emancipating establishment. The code of rules by which Mr. Rapp

manages his conscientious and devoted flock, and enriches a common

treasury, must be little applicable to the dissimilar assemblage

in question. His experience may afford valuable aid in its general

organization, and in the distribution of details of the work to be

performed. But an efficient administration must, as is judiciously

proposed, be in hands practically acquainted with the propensities and

habits of the members of the new community."

FROM FREDERICK DOUGLASS'S PAPER, 1853: "LEARN TRADES OR STARVE"

These are the obvious alternatives sternly presented to the free

colored people of the United States. It is idle, yea even ruinous, to

disguise the matter for a single hour longer; every day begins and

ends with the impressive lesson that free negroes must learn trades,

or die.

The old avocations, by which colored men obtained a livelihood, are

rapidly, unceasingly and inevitably passing into other hands; every

hour sees the black man elbowed out of employment by some newly

arrived emigrant, whose hunger and whose color are thought to give him

a better title to the place; and so we believe it will continue to be

until the last prop is levelled beneath us.

As a black man, we say if we cannot stand up, let us fall down. We

desire to be a man among men while we do live; and when we cannot,

we wish to die. It is evident, painfully evident to every reflecting

mind, that the means of living, for colored men, are becoming more

and more precarious and limited. Employments and callings formerly

monopolized by us, are so no longer.

White men are becoming house-servants, cooks and stewards on

vessels--at hotels.--They are becoming porters, stevedores,

wood-sawers, hod-carriers, brick-makers, white-washers and barbers,

so that the blacks can scarcely find the means of subsistence--a few

years ago, a _white_ barber would have been a curiosity--now their

poles stand on every street. Formerly blacks were almost the exclusive

coachmen in wealthy families: this is so no longer; white men are now

employed, and for aught we see, they fill their servile station with

an obsequiousness as profound as that of the blacks. The readiness and

ease with which they adapt themselves to these conditions ought not to

be lost sight of by the colored people. The meaning is very important,

and we should learn it. We are taught our insecurity by it. Without

the means of living, life is a curse, and leaves us at the mercy of

the oppressor to become his debased slaves. Now, colored men, what do

you mean to do, for you must do something? The American Colonization

Society tells you to go to Liberia. Mr. Bibb tells you to go to

Canada. Others tell you to go to school. We tell you to go to work;

and to work you must go or die. Men are not valued in this country, or

in any country, for what they are; they are valued for what they can

_do_. It is in vain that we talk of being men, if we do not the work

of men. We must become valuable to society in other departments of

industry than those servile ones from which we are rapidly being

excluded. We must show that we can _do_ as well as be; and to this end

we must learn trades. When we can build as well as live in houses;

when we can _make_ as well as _wear_ shoes; when we can produce as

well as consume wheat, corn and rye--then we shall become valuable to

society. Society is a hard-hearted affair.--With it the helpless may

expect no higher dignity than that of paupers. The individual must lay

society under obligation to him, or society will honor him only as a

stranger and sojourner. _How_ shall this be done? In this manner; use

every means, strain every nerve to master some important mechanical

art. At present, the facilities for doing so are few--institutions of

learning are more readily opened to you than the work-shop; but the

Lord helps them who will help themselves, and we have no doubt that

new facilities will be presented as we press forward.

If the alternative were presented to us of learning a trade or of

getting an education, we would learn the trade, for the reason, that

with the trade we could get the education while with the education we

could not get the trade. What we, as a people, most need, is the means

for our own elevation.--An educated colored man, in the United States,

unless he has within him the heart of a hero, and is willing to engage

in a lifelong battle for his rights, as a man, finds few inducements

to remain in this country. He is isolated in the land of his

birth--debarred by his color from congenial association with whites;

he is equally cast out by the ignorance of the _blacks_. The remedy

for this must comprehend the elevation of the masses; and this can

only be done by putting the mechanic arts within the reach of colored

men.

We have now stated pretty strongly the case of our colored countrymen;

perhaps some will say, _too_ strongly, but we know whereof we affirm.

In view of this state of things, we appeal to the abolitionists.

What Boss anti-slavery mechanic will take a black boy into his

wheelwright's shop, his blacksmith's shop, his joiner's shop, his

cabinet shop? Here is something _practical_; where are the whites

and where are the blacks that will respond to it? Where are the

antislavery milliners and seamstresses that will take colored girls

and teach them trades, by which they can obtain an honorable living?

The fact that we have made good cooks, good waiters, good barbers, and

white-washers, induces the belief that we may excel in higher branches

of industry. _One thing is certain; we must find new methods of

obtaining a livelihood, for the old ones are failing us very fast_.

We, therefore, call upon the intelligent and thinking ones amongst

us, to urge upon the colored people within their reach, in all

seriousness, the duty and the necessity of giving their children

useful and lucrative trades, by which they may commence the battle

of life with weapons, commensurate with the exigencies of

conflict.--_African Repository_, vol. xxix., pp. 136, 137.

EDUCATION OF COLORED PEOPLE

(_Written by a highly respectable gentleman of the South in_ 1854)

Several years ago I saw in the _Repository_, copied from the

_Colonization Herald_, a proposal to establish a college for the

education of young colored men in this country. Since that time I have

neither seen nor heard anything more of it, and I should be glad to

hear whether the proposed plan was ever carried into execution.

Four years ago I conversed with one of the officers of the

Colonization Society on the subject of educating in this country

colored persons intending to emigrate to Liberia, and expressed my

firm conviction of the paramount importance of high moral and mental

training as a fit preparation for such emigrants.

To my great regret the gentleman stated that under existing

circumstances the project, all important as he confessed it to be, was

almost impracticable; so strong being the influence of the enemies of

colonization that they would dissuade any colored persons so educated

from leaving the United States.

I know that he was thoroughly acquainted with the subject in all its

bearings, and therefore felt that he must have good reasons for what

he said; still I hoped the case was not so bad as he thought, and,

at any rate, I looked forward with strong hope to the time when the

colored race would, as a body, open their eyes to the miserable,

unnatural position they occupy in America; when they would see who

were their true friends, those who offered them real and complete

freedom, social and political, in a land where there is no white race

to keep them in subjection, where they govern themselves by their own

laws; or those pretended friends who would keep the African where he

can never be aught but a serf and bondsman of a despised caste, and

who, by every act of their pretended philanthropy, make the colored

man's condition worse.

Most happily, since that time, the colored race has been aroused to a

degree never before known, and the conviction has become general among

them that they must go to Liberia if they would be free and happy.

Under these circumstances the better the education of the colored

man the more keenly will he feel his present situation and the more

clearly he will see the necessity of emigration.

Assuming such to be the feelings of the colored race, I think the

immense importance of a collegiate institution for the education of

their young must be felt and acknowledged by every friend of the

race. Some time since the legislature of Liberia passed an act to

incorporate a college in Liberia, but I fear the project has failed,

as I have heard nothing more of it since. Supposing however the funds

raised for such an institution, where are the professors to come from?

They _must_ be educated in this country; and how can that be done

without establishing an institution specially for young colored men?

There is not a college in the United States where a young man of color

could gain admission, or where, supposing him admitted, he could

escape insult and indignity. Into our Theological Seminaries a few are

admitted, and are, perhaps, treated well; but what difficulty they

find in obtaining a proper preparatory education. The cause of

religion then, no less than that of secular education, calls for such

a measure.

I think a strong and earnest appeal ought to be made to every friend

of colonization throughout the United States to support the scheme

with heart, hand and purse. Surely there are enough friends of the

cause to subscribe at least a moderate sum for such a noble object;

and in a cause like this, wealthy colored persons ought to, and

doubtless will, subscribe according to their means. In addition to the

general appeal through the _Repository_, let each individual friend

of colonization use all his influence with his personal friends and

acquaintances, especially with such as are wealthy. I know from my own

experience how much can be done by personal application, even in cases

where success appears nearly hopeless.--I will pledge myself to use my

humble endeavors to the utmost with my personal acquaintances. A large

sum would not be _absolutely necessary_ to found the college; and it

would certainly be better to commence in the humblest way than to give

up the scheme altogether.

Buildings for instance might be purchased in many places for a very

moderate sum that would answer every purpose, or they might be built

in the cheapest manner; in short, everything might be commenced on the

most economical scale and afterwards enlarged as funds increased.

Those who are themselves engaged in teaching, such as the faculties of

colleges, etc., would, of course, be most competent to prepare a

plan for the proposed institution, and the ablest of them should be

consulted; meantime almost anyone interested in the cause may offer

some useful hint. In that spirit, I would myself offer a few brief

suggestions, in case this appeal should be favorably received.

Probably few men of my time of life have studied the character and

condition of the African race more attentively than I have, with what

success I cannot presume to say, but the opinion of any one devoting

so much of his time to the subject ought to be of _some_ value.

My opinion of their capacity has been much raised during my attempts

at instructing them, but at the same time, I am convinced that they

require a _totally different mode of training from whites_, and that

any attempt to educate the two races together must prove a failure.

I now close these desultory remarks with the hope that some one more

competent than myself will take up the cause and urge it until some

definite plan is formed.--_African Repository_, vol. xxx., pp. 194,

195, 196.

FROM A MEMORIAL TO THE LEGISLATURE OF NORTH CAROLINA, CIRCULATED AMONG

THE CITIZENS OF THAT STATE IN 1855, TO SECURE THE MODIFICATION OF

CERTAIN LAWS REGULATING SLAVES AND FREE PERSONS OF COLOR.

ELEVATION OF THE COLORED RACE

The Memorial is thus introduced:

"Your memorialists are well aware of the delicate nature of the

subject to which the attention of the Legislature is called, and

of the necessity of proceeding with deliberation and caution. They

propose some radical changes in the law of slavery, demanded by our

common christianity, by public morality, and by the common weal of

the whole South. At the same time they have no wish or purpose

inconsistent with the best interests of the slaveholder, and suggest

no reform which may impair the efficiency of slave labor. On the

contrary, they believe that the much desired modifications of our

slave code will redound to the welfare of all classes, and to the

honor and character of the State throughout the civilized world."

The attention of the Legislature was then asked to the following

propositions: "1. That it behooves us as christian people to establish

the institution of matrimony among our slaves, with all its legal

obligations and guarantees as to its duration between the parties. 2.

That under no circumstances should masters be permitted to disregard

these natural and sacred ties of relationship among their slaves, or

between slaves belonging to different masters. 3. That the parental

relation to be acknowledged by law; and that the separation of parents

from their young children, say of twelve years and under, be strictly

forbidden, under heavy pains and penalties. 4. That the laws which

prohibit the instruction of slaves and free colored persons,

by teaching them to read the Bible and other good books, be

repealed."--_African Repository_, vol. xxxi., pp. 117, 118.

A LAWYER FOR LIBERIA

On the sailing of almost every expedition we have had occasion to

chronicle the departure of missionaries, teachers, or a physician, but

not until the present time, that of a lawyer. The souls and bodies of

the emigrants have been well cared for; now, it is no doubt supposed,

they require assistance in guarding their money, civil rights, etc.

Most professional emissaries have been educated at public expense,

either by Missionary or the Colonization Societies, but the first

lawyer goes out independent of any associated aid. Mr. Garrison

Draper, a colored man of high respectability, and long a resident of

Old Town, early determined on educating his only son for Africa. He

kept him at some good public school in Pennsylvania till fitted for

college, then sent him to Dartmouth where he remained four years and

graduated, maintaining always a very respectable standing, socially,

and in his class. After much consultation with friends, he determined

upon the study of law. Mr. Charles Gilman, a retired member of the

Baltimore Bar, very kindly consented to give young Draper professional

instruction, and for two years he remained under his tuition. Not

having any opportunities for acquiring a knowledge of the routine of

professional practice, the rules, habits, and courtesy of the Bar,

in Baltimore, Mr. Draper spent some few months in the office of a

distinguished lawyer in Boston. On returning to the city to embark

for Liberia, he underwent an examination by Judge Lee of the Superior

Court, and obtained from him a certificate of his fitness to practice

the profession of law, a copy of which we append hereto.

We consider the settlement of Mr. Draper in the Republic as an event

of no little importance. It seemed necessary that there should be one

regularly educated lawyer in a community of several thousand people,

in a Republic of freemen. True, there are many very intelligent, well

informed men now in the practice of law in Liberia, but they have not

been educated to the profession, and we believe, no one makes that his

exclusive business. We doubt not that they will welcome Mr. Draper as

one of their fraternity. To our Liberia friends we commend him as a

well-educated, intelligent man, of good habits and principles; one in

whom they may place the fullest confidence, and we bespeak for him, at

their hands, kind considerations and patronage.

STATE OF MARYLAND,

CITY OF BALTIMORE,

October 29, 1857.

Upon the application of Charles Gilman, Esq., of the Baltimore Bar,

I have examined Edward G. Draper, a young man of color, who has been

reading law under the direction of Mr. Gilman, with the view of

pursuing its practice in Liberia, Africa. And I have found him

most intelligent and well informed in his answers to the questions

propounded by me, and qualified in all respects to be admitted to the

Bar in Maryland, if he was a free white citizen of this State. Mr.

Gilman, in whom I have the highest confidence, has also testified to

his good moral character.

This certificate is therefore furnished to him by me, with a view to

promote his establishment and success in Liberia at the Bar there.

Z. COLLINS LEE,

Judge of Superior Court, Balt., Md.

_African Repository_, vol. xxxiv., pp. 26 and 27.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

There is no helpful bibliography on the early education of the

American Negro. A few books treating the recent problems of education

in this country give facts about the enlightenment of the colored

people before their general emancipation, but the investigator has to

depend on promiscuous sources for adequate information of this kind.

With the exception of a survey of the _Legal Status of the Colored

Population in Respect to Schools and Education in the Different

States_, published in the Report of the United States Commissioner of

Education in 1871, there has been no attempt at a general treatment

of this phase of our history. This treatise, however, is too brief to

inculcate an appreciation of the extensive efforts to enlighten the

ante-bellum Negro.

Considered as a local problem this question has received more

attention. A few writers have undertaken to sketch the movement to

educate the colored people of certain communities before the Civil

War. Their objective point, however, has been rather to treat of later

periods. The books mentioned below give some information with respect

to the period treated in this monograph.

BOOKS ON EDUCATION

Andrews, C.C. _The history of the New York African Free Schools from

their Establishment in 1787 to the Present Time_. (New York, 1830.)

Embraces a period of more than forty years, also a brief account of

the successful labors of the New York Manumission Society, with an

appendix containing specimens of original composition, both in

prose and verse, by several of the pupils; pieces spoken at public

examinations; an interesting dialogue between Doctor Samuel L.

Mitchell, of New York, and a little boy of ten years old, and lines

illustrative of the Lancastrian system of instruction. Andrews was

a white man who was for a long time the head of this colored school

system.

Boese, Thomas. _Public Education in the City of New York, Its History,

Condition, and Statistics, an Official Report of the Board of

Education_. (New York, 1869.) While serving as clerk of the Board of

Education Boese had an opportunity to learn much about the New York

African Free Schools.

Boone, R.G. _A History of Education in Indiana._ (New York, 1892.)

Contains a brief account of the work of the Abolitionists in behalf of

the education of the Negroes of that commonwealth.

BUTLER, N.M. _Education in the United States_. A series of monographs.

(New York, 1910.)

FOOTE, J.P. _The Schools of Cincinnati and Its Vicinity_. (Cincinnati,

1855.) A few pages of this book are devoted to the establishment and

the development of colored schools in that city.

GOODWIN, M.B. "History of Schools for the Colored Population in the

District of Columbia." (Published in the Report of the United States

Commissioner of Education in 1871.) This is the most thorough research

hitherto made in this field. The same system has been briefly treated

by W.S. Montgomery in his _Historical Sketch of Education for the

Colored Race in the District of Columbia_, 1807-1907. (Washington,

D.C., 1907.) A less detailed account of the same is found in James

Storum's "_The Colored Public Schools of Washington,--Their Origin,

Growth, and Present Condition." (A.M.E. Church Review_, vol. v., p.

279.)

JONES, C.C. _The Religious Instruction of the Negroes in the United

States_. (Savannah, 1842.) In trying to depict the spiritual condition

of the colored people the writer tells also what he thought about

their intellectual status.

MERIWETHER, C. _History of Higher Education in South Carolina, with

a Sketch of the Free School System_. (Washington, 1889.) The author

accounts for the early education of the colored people in that

commonwealth but gives no details.

MILLER, KELLY. "_The Education of the Negro_." Constitutes Chapter

XVI. of the Report of the United States Commissioner of Education for

the year 1901. Contains a brief sketch of the early education of the

Negro race in this country.

ORR, GUSTAVUS. _The Need of Education in the South_. (Atlanta, 1880.)

An address delivered before the Department of Superintendence of the

National Educational Association in 1879. Mr. Orr referred to the

first efforts to educate the Negroes of the South.

PLUMER, W.S. _Thoughts on the Religious Instruction of Negroes_.

Reference is made here to the early work of the Moravians among the

colored people.

RANDALL, SAMUEL SIDWELL. _The Common School System of the State of New

York_. (New York, 1851.) Comprises the several laws relating to common

schools, together with full expositions, instructions, and forms, to

which is prefixed an historical sketch of the system. Prepared in

pursuance of an act of the legislature, under the direction of the

Honorable Christopher Morgan, Superintendent of Common Schools.

STOCKWELL, THOMAS B. _A History of Public Education in Rhode Island

from 1636 to 1876_. (Providence, 1876.) Compiled by authority of the

Board of Education of Providence. Takes into account the various

measures enacted to educate the Negroes of that commonwealth.

WICKERSHAM, J.P. _A History of Education in Pennsylvania, Private and

Public, Elementary and Higher, from the Time the Swedes Settled on the

Delaware to the Present Day_. (Lancaster, Pa., 1886.) Considerable

space is given to the education of the Negroes.

WRIGHT, R.R., SR. _A Brief Historical Sketch of Negro Education in

Georgia_. (Savannah, 1894.) The movement during the early period in

that State is here disposed of in a few pages.

_A Brief Sketch of the Schools for the Black People and their

Descendants, Established by the Society of Friends_, etc.

(Philadelphia, 1824.)

BOOKS OF TRAVEL BY FOREIGNERS

ABDY, E.S. _Journal of a Residence and Tour in the United States from

April, 1833, to October, 1834_. Three volumes. (London, 1835.) Abdy

was a fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge.

ALLIOT, PAUL. _Réflexions historiques et politigues sur la Louisiane_.

(Cleveland, 1911.) Good for economic conditions. Valuable for

information concerning New Orleans about the beginning of the

nineteenth century.

ARFWEDSON, C.D. _The United States and Canada in 1833 and 1834_. Two

volumes. (London, 1834.) Somewhat helpful.

BREMER, FREDERIKA. _The Homes of the New World; Impressions of

America_. Translated by M. Howitt. Two volumes. (London, 1853.) The

teaching of Negroes in the South is mentioned in several places.

BRISSOT DE WARVILLE, J.P. _New Travels in the United States of

America: including the Commerce of America with Europe, particularly

with Great Britain and France_. Two volumes. (London, 1794.) Gives

general impressions, few details.

BUCKINGHAM, J.S. _America, Historical, Statistical, and Descriptive_.

Two volumes. (New York, 1841.)

---- _Eastern and Western States of America_. Three volumes. (London

and Paris, 1842.) Contains useful information.

BULLOCK, W. _Sketch of a Journey through the Western States of North

America from New Orleans by the Mississippi, Ohio, City of Cincinnati,

and Falls of Niagara to New York_. (London, 1827.) The author makes

mention of the condition of the Negroes.

COKE, THOMAS. _Extracts from the Journals of the Rev. Dr. Coke's Three

Visits to America_. (London, 1790.) Contains general information.

---- _A Journal of the Reverend Doctor Coke's Fourth Tour on the

Continent of America_. (London, 1792.) Brings out the interest of this

churchman in the elevation of the Negroes.

CUMING, F. _Sketches of a Tour to the Western Country through the

States of Kentucky and Ohio; a Voyage down the Ohio and Mississippi

Rivers and a Trip through the Mississippi Territory and Part of West

Florida, Commenced at Philadelphia in the Winter of 1807 and Concluded

in 1809_. (Pittsburg, 1810.) Gives a few facts.

FAUX, W. _Venerable Days in America_. (London, 1823.) A "journal of

a tour in the United States principally undertaken to ascertain by

positive evidence, the condition and probable prospects of British

emigrants, including accounts of Mr. Kirkbeck's settlement in Illinois

and intended to show men and things as they are in America." The

Negroes are casually mentioned.

HUMBOLDT, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH ALEXANDER, FREIHERR VON. _The Travels and

Researches of Friedrich Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt._ (London,

1833.) The author gives a "condensed narrative of his journeys in

the equinoctial regions in America and in Asiatic Russia." The work

contains also analyses of his important investigations. He throws

a little light on the condition of the mixed breeds of the Western

Hemisphere.

KEMBLE, FRANCES ANNE. _Journal of a Residence on a Plantation in

1838-1839._ (New York, 1863.) This diary is quoted extensively as one

of the best sources for Southern conditions before the Civil War.

LAMBERT, JOHN. _Travels through Canada and the United States, in the

Years 1806, 1807, and 1808._ Two volumes. (London, 1813.) To this

journal are added notices and anecdotes of some of the leading

characters in the United States. This traveler saw the Negroes.

PONS, FRANÇOIS RAYMOND DE. _Travels in Parts of South America, during

the Years 1801, 1802, 1803, and 1804._ (London, 1806.) Contains a

description of Caracas; an account of the laws, commerce, and natural

productions of that country; and a view of the customs and manners of

the Spaniards and native Indians. Negroes are mentioned.

PRIEST, WILLIAM. _Travels in the United States Commencing in the Year

1793 and ending in the Year 1797._ (London, 1802.) Priest made two

voyages across the Atlantic to appear at the theaters of Baltimore,

Boston, and Philadelphia. He had something to say about the condition

of the Negroes.

ROCHEFOUCAULD-LIANCOURT, DUC DE. _Travels through the United States of

America, the Country of the Iroquois, and Upper Canada in the Years

1795, 1796, and 1797._ (London, 1799.) The author discusses the

attitude of the people toward the uplift of the Negroes.

SCHOEPF, JOHANN DAVID. _Reise durch der Mittlern und Sudlichen

Vereinigten Nordamerikanischen Staaten nach Ost-Florida und den Bahama

Inseln unternommen in den Jahren 1783 und 1784._ (Cincinnati, 1812.)

A translation of this work was published by Alfred J. Morrison at

Philadelphia in 1911. Gives general impressions.

SMYTH, J.F.D. _A Tour in the United States_. (London, 1848.) This

writer incidentally mentions the people of color.

SUTCLIFF, ROBERT. _Travels in Some Parts of North America in the Years

1804, 1805, and 1806_. (Philadelphia, 1812.) While traveling in slave

territory Sutcliff studied the mental condition of the colored people.

BOOKS OF TRAVEL BY AMERICANS

BROWN, DAVID. _The Planter, or Thirteen Years in the South_.

(Philadelphia, 1853.) Here we get a Northern white man's view of the

heathenism of the Negroes.

BURKE, EMILY. _Reminiscences of Georgia_. (Oberlin, Ohio, 1850.)

Presents the views of a woman who was interested in the uplift of the

Negro race.

EVANS, ESTWICK. _A Pedestrious Tour of Four Thousand Miles through the

Western States and Territories during the Winter and Spring of 1818_.

(Concord, N.H., 1819.) Among the many topics treated is the

author's contention that the Negro is capable of the highest mental

development.

OLMSTED, FREDERICK LAW. _A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States, with

Remarks on their Economy_. (New York, 1859.)

---- _A Journey in the Back Country_. (London, i860.)

---- _Journeys and Explorations in the Cotton Kingdom_. (London,

1861.) Olmsted was a New York farmer. He recorded a few important

facts about the education of the Negroes immediately before the Civil

War.

PARSONS, E.G. _Inside View of Slavery, or a Tour among the Planters_.

(Boston, 1855.) The introduction was written by Harriet Beecher Stowe.

It was published to aid the antislavery cause, but in describing the

condition of Negroes the author gave some educational statistics.

REDPATH, JAMES. _The Roving Editor, or Talks with Slaves in Southern

States_. (New York 1859.) The slaves are here said to be telling their

own story.

SMEDES, MRS. SUSAN (DABNEY). _Memorials of a Southern Planter_.

(Baltimore, 1887.) The benevolence of those masters who had their

slaves taught in spite of public opinion and the law, is well brought

out in this volume.

TOWER, REVEREND PHILO. _Slavery Unmasked_. (Rochester, 1856.) Valuable

chiefly for the author's arraignment of the so-called religious

instruction of the Negroes after the reactionary period.

WOOLMAN, JOHN. _Journal of John Woolman, with an Introduction by John

G. Whittier_. (Boston, 1873.) Woolman traveled so extensively in the

colonies that he probably knew more about the mental state of the

Negroes than any other Quaker of his time.

LETTERS

JEFFERSON, THOMAS. Letters of Thomas Jefferson to Abbé Grégoire,

M.A. Julien, and Benjamin Banneker. In _Jefferson's Works_, Memorial

Edition, xii. and xv. He comments on Negroes' talents.

MADISON, JAMES. Letter to Prances Wright. _In Madison's Works_, vol.

iii., p. 396. The training of Negroes is discussed.

MAY, SAMUEL JOSEPH. _The Right of the Colored People to Education_.

(Brooklyn, 1883.) A collection of public letters addressed to Andrew

T. Judson, remonstrating on the unjust procedure relative to Miss

Prudence Crandall.

MCDONOGH, JOHN. "A Letter of John McDonogh on African Colonization

addressed to the Editor of _The New Orleans Commercial Bulletin_,"

McDonogh was interested in the betterment of the colored people and

did much to promote their mental development.

SHARPE, H. ED. _The Abolition of Negro Apprenticeship_. A letter to

Lord Brougham. (London, 1838.)

_A Southern Spy, or Curiosities of Negro Slavery in the South. Letters

from a Southern to a Northern Gentleman_. The comment of a passer-by.

_A Letter to an American Planter from his Friend in London in 1781_.

The writer discussed the instruction of Negroes.

BIOGRAPHIES

BIRNEY, CATHERINE H. _The Grimké Sisters; Sara and Angelina Grimké,

the First American Women Advocates of Abolition and Woman's Rights_.

(Boston, 1885.) Mentions the part these workers played in the secret

education of Negroes in the South.

BIRNEY, WILLIAM. _James G. Birney and His Times_. (New York, 1890.) A

sketch of an advocate of Negro education.

BOWEN, CLARENCE W. _Arthur and Lewis Tappan_. A paper read at the

fiftieth anniversary of the New York Anti-Slavery Society, at the

Broadway Tabernacle, New York City, October 2, 1883. An honorable

mention of two promoters of the colored manual labor schools.

CHILD, LYDIA MARIA. _Isaac T. Hopper: A True Life_. (Boston and

Cleveland, 1853.)

CONWAY, MONCURE DANIEL. _Benjamin Banneker, the Negro Astronomer_.

(London, 1864.)

(COOPER, JAMES F.) _Notions of the Americans Picked up by a Traveling

Bachelor_. (Philadelphia, 1828.) General.

DREW, BENJAMIN. _A North-side View of Slavery. The Refugee: or the

Narratives of Fugitive Slaves in Canada_. Related by themselves, with

an Account of the History and Condition of the Colored Population of

Upper Canada. (New York and Boston, 1856.)

GARRISON, FRANCIS AND WENDELL P. _William Lloyd Garrison, 1805-1879.

The Story of his Life told by his Children_. Four volumes. (Boston

and New York, 1894.) Includes a brief account of what he did for the

education of the colored people.

HALLOWELL, A.D. _James and Lucretia Mott; Life and Letters_. (Boston,

1884.) These were ardent abolitionists who advocated the education of

the colored people.

JOHNSON, OLIVER. _William Lloyd Garrison and his Times_. (Boston,

1880. New edition, revised and enlarged, Boston, 1881.)

LOSSING, BENSON J. _Life of George Washington, a Biography, Military

and Political_. Three volumes. (New York, 1860.) Gives the will of

George Washington, who provided that at the stipulated time his slaves

should be freed and that their children should be taught to read.

MATHER, COTTON. _The Life and Death of the Reverend John Elliot who

was the First Preacher of the Gospel to the Indians in America_. The

third edition carefully corrected. (London, 1694.) Sets forth the

attitude of John Elliot toward the teaching of slaves.

MOTT, A. _Biographical Sketches and Interesting Anecdotes of Persons

of Color; with a Selection of Pieces of Poetry_. (New York, 1826.)

Some of these sketches show how ambitious Negroes learned to read and

write in spite of opposition.

SIMMONS, W.J. _Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive, and Rising, with

an Introductory Sketch of the Author by Reverend Henry M. Turner_.

(Cleveland, Ohio, 1891.) Accounts for the adverse circumstances under

which many ante-bellum Negroes acquired knowledge.

SNOWDEN, T.B. _The Autobiography of John B. Snowden_. (Huntington, W.

Va., 1900.)

WIGHTMAN, WILLIAM MAY. _Life of William Capers, one of the Bishops of

the Methodist Episcopal Church South; including an Autobiography_.

(Nashville, Tenn., 1858.) Shows what Capers did for the religious

instruction of the colored people.

AUTOBIOGRAPHIES

ASBURY, BISHOP FRANCIS. _The Journal of the Reverend Francis Asbury,

Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, from August 7, 1781, to

December 7, 1815_. Three volumes. (New York, 1821.)

COFFIN, LEVI. _Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, reputed President of the

Under Ground Railroad_. (Second edition, Cincinnati, 1880.) Mentions

the teaching of slaves.

DOUGLASS, FREDERICK. _Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, as

an American Slave_. Written by himself. (Boston, 1845.) Gives several

cases of secret Negro schools.

---- _The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass from 1817 to 1882_.

Written by himself. Illustrated. With an Introduction by the Right

Honorable John Bright, M.P. Edited by John Loeb, F.R.G.S., of the

_Christian Age_, Editor of _Uncle Tom's Story of his Life_. (London,

1882.) Contains Douglass's appeal in behalf of vocational training.

FLINT, TIMOTHY. _Recollections of the last Ten Years_. A series of

letters to the Reverend James Flint of Salem, Massachusetts, by T.

Flint, Principal of the Seminary of Rapide, Louisiana. (Boston, 1826.)

Mentions the teaching of Negroes.

GENERAL HISTORIES

BANCROFT, GEORGE. _History of the United States_. Ten volumes.

(Boston, 1857-1864.)

HART, A.B., Editor. _American History told by Contemporaries_. Four

volumes. (New York, 1898.)

---- _The American Nation; A history, etc_. Twenty-seven volumes. (New

York, 1904-1908.) The volumes which have a bearing on the subject

treated in this monograph are Bourne's _Spain in America_, Edward

Channing's _Jeffersonian System_, F.J. Turner's _Rise of the New

West_, and Hart's _Slavery and Abolition_.

HERRERA Y TORDESILLAS, ANTONIO DE. _Historia General de los hechos de

los Castellanos en las islas i tierra firme del mar oceano. Escrito

por Antonio herrera coronista mayor de Sr. M. de las Indias y si

coronista de Castilla. En Quatro decadas desde el año de 1492 hasta el

de 1554. Decada primera del rey Nuro Señor_. (En Madrid en la Imprenta

real de Nicolas Rodriguez Franco, año 1726-1727.)

MCMASTER, JOHN B. _History of the United States_. Six volumes. (New

York, 1900.)

RHODES, J.F. _History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850

to the Final Restoration of Home Rule in the South_. (New York and

London, Macmillan & Company, 1892-1906.)

VON HOLST, HERMAN. _The Constitutional and Political History of the

United States of America_. (Seven volumes. Chicago, 1877.)

STATE HISTORIES

ASHE, S.A. _History of North Carolina_. (Greensboro, 1908.)

BANCROFT, HUBERT HOWE. _History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888_.

(San Francisco, 1890.)

BEARSE, AUSTIN. _Reminiscences of Fugitive Slave Days in Boston_.

(Boston, 1880.)

BETTLE, EDWARD. "Notices of Negro Slavery as Connected with

Pennsylvania." Read before the Historical Society of

Pennsylvania, 8th Mo., 7th, 1826. _Memoirs of Historical Society of

Pennsylvania_.

BRACKETT, JEFFREY R. _The Negro in Maryland_. Johns Hopkins University

Studies. (Baltimore, 1889.)

COLLINS, LEWIS. _Historical Sketches of Kentucky_. (Maysville, Ky.,

and Cincinnati, Ohio, 1847.)

JONES, CHARLES COLCOCK, JR. _History of Georgia_. (Boston, 1883.)

MCCRADY, EDWARD. _The History of South Carolina under the Royal

Government, 1719-1776_, by Edward McCrady, a Member of the Bar of

South Carolina and President of the Historical Society of South

Carolina, Author of _A History of South Carolina under the Proprietary

Government_. (New York and London, 1899.)

STEINER, B.C. _History of Slavery in Connecticut_. (Johns Hopkins

University Studies, 1893.)

STUVÉ, BERNARD, and Alexander Davidson. _A Complete History of

Illinois from 1673 to 1783_. (Springfield, 1874.)

TREMAIN, MARY M.A. _Slavery in the District of Columbia_. (University

of Nebraska Seminary Papers, April, 1892.)

_History of Brown County, Ohio_. (Chicago, 1883.)

"_Slavery in Illinois, 1818-1824." (Massachusetts Historical Society

Collections_, volume x.)

CHURCH HISTORIES

BANGS, NATHAN. _A History of the Methodist Episcopal Church_. Four

volumes. (New York, 1845.)

BENEDICT, DAVID. _A General History of the Baptist Denomination in

America and in Other Parts of the World_. (Boston, 1813.)

---- _Fifty Years among the Baptists_. (New York, 1860.)

DALCHO, FREDERICK. _An Historical Account of the Protestant Episcopal

Church in South Carolina, from the First Settlement of the Province to

the War of the Revolution_; with notices of the present State of the

Church in each Parish: and some Accounts of the early Civil History of

Carolina never before published. To which are added: the Laws relating

to Religious Worship, the Journal and Rules of the Convention of South

Carolina; the Constitution and Canons of the Protestant Episcopal

Church and the Course of Ecclesiastical Studies. (Charleston, 1820.)

DAVIDSON, REV. ROBERT. _History of the Presbyterian Church in the

State of Kentucky; with a Preliminary Sketch of the Churches in the

Valley of Virginia._ (New York, Pittsburgh, and Lexington, Kentucky,

1847.)

HAMILTON, JOHN T. _A History of the Church Known as the Moravian

Church, or the Unitas Fratrum, or the Unity of Brethren during the

Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries._ (Bethlehem, Pa., 1900.)

HAWKS, FRANCIS L. _Ecclesiastical History of the United States._ (New

York, 1836.)

JAMES, CHARLES P. _Documentary History of the Struggle for Religious

Liberty in Virginia._ (Lynchburg, Va., 1900.)

MATLACK, LUCIUS. _The History of American Slavery and Methodism from

1780 to 1849: and History of the Wesleyan Methodist Connection of

America. In Two Parts with an Appendix._ (New York, 1849.)

MCTYEIRE, HOLLAND N. _A History of Methodism; comprising a View of the

Rise of the Revival of Spiritual Religion in the First Half of the

Eighteenth Century, and the Principal Agents by whom it was promoted

in Europe and America, with some Account of the Doctrine and Polity of

Episcopal Methodism in the United States and the Means and Manner of

its Extension down to 1884._ (Nashville, Tenn., 1884.) McTyeire was

one of the bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church South.

REICHEL, L.T. _The Early History of the Church of the United Brethren

(Unitas Fratrum) commonly Called Moravians in North America, from 1734

to 1748._ (Nazareth, Pa., 1888.)

RUSH, CHRISTOPHER. _A Short Account of the African Methodist Episcopal

Church in America._ Written by the aid of George Collins. Also a view

of the Church Order or Government from Scripture and from some of the

best Authors relative to Episcopacy. (New York, 1843.)

SEMPLE, R.B. _History of the Rise and Progress of the Baptists in

Virginia._ (Richmond, 1810.)

SERMONS, ORATIONS, ADDRESSES

BACON, THOMAS. _Sermons Addressed to Masters and Servants._ Published

in 1743. Republished with other tracts by Rev. William Meade.

(Winchester, Va., 1805.)

BOUCHER, JONATHAN. "American Education." This address is found in the

author's volume entitled _A View of the Causes and Consequences of

the American Revolution_; in thirteen discourses, preached in North

America between the years 1763 and 1775: with an historical preface.

(London, 1797.)

BUCHANAN, GEORGE. _An Oration upon the Moral and Political Evil of

Slavery_. Delivered at a Public Meeting of the Maryland Society for

Promoting the Abolition of Slavery, and Relief of Free Negroes

and others unlawfully held in Bondage. Baltimore, July 4, 1791.

(Baltimore, 1793.)

CATTO, WILLIAM T. _A Semicentenary Discourse Delivered in the First

African Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia, on the 4th Sabbath of May,

1857_: with a History of the Church from its first organization;

including a brief Notice of Reverend John Gloucester, its First

Pastor. Also an appendix containing sketches of all the Colored

Churches in Philadelphia. (Philadelphia, 1857.) The author was then

pastor of this church.

DANA, JAMES. _The African Slave Trade_. A Discourse delivered in the

City of New Haven, September 9, 1790, before the Connecticut Society

for the Promotion of Freedom. (New Haven, 1790.) Dr. Dana was at that

time the pastor of the First Congregational Church of New Haven.

FAWCETT, BENJAMIN. _A Compassionate Address to the Christian Negroes

in Virginia, and other British Colonies in North America_. With

an appendix containing some account of the rise and progress of

Christianity among that poor people. (The second edition, Salop,

printed by F. Edwards and F. Cotton.)

GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD. _An Address Delivered before the Free People

of Color in Philadelphia, New York, and other Cities during the Month

of June, 1831_. (Boston, 1831.)

GRIFFIN, EDWARD DORR. _A Plea for Africa_. A Sermon preached October

26, 1817, in the First Presbyterian Church in the City of New York

before the Synod of New York and New Jersey at the Request of the

Board of Directors of the African School established by the Synod.

(New York, 1817.) The aim was to arouse interest in this school.

JONES, CHARLES COLCOCK. _The Religious Instruction of Negroes_. A

Sermon delivered before the Association of the Planters in Liberty and

McIntosh Counties, Georgia. (Princeton, N.J., 1832.) Jones was then

engaged in the work which he was discussing.

MAYO, A.D. "Address on Negro Education." (_Springfield Republican_,

July 9, 1897; and the _New England Magazine_, October, 1898.)

RUSH, BENJAMIN. _An Address to the Inhabitants of the British

Settlements in America upon Slave Keeping_. The second edition with

observations on a pamphlet entitled _Slavery not Forbidden by

the Scripture or a Defense of the West Indian Planters by a

Pennsylvanian_. (Philadelphia, 1773.) The Negroes' need of education

is pointed out.

SECKER, THOMAS, Archbishop of Canterbury. _A Sermon Preached before

the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign

Parts_; at their Anniversary Meeting in the Parish Church of St.

Mary-le-Bow, on Friday, February 20, 1741. (London 1741.) In this

discourse Secker set forth his plan of teaching the Negroes to elevate

themselves.

SIDNEY, JOSEPH. _An Oration Commemorative of the Abolition of the

Slave Trade in the United States Delivered before the Wilberforce

Philanthropic Association in the City of New York on January 2, 1809_.

(New York, 1809.) The speaker did not forget the duty of all men to

uplift those unfortunates who had already been degraded.

SMITH, THOMAS P. _An Address before the Colored Citizens of Boston in

Opposition to the Abolition of Colored Schools, 1849_. (Boston, 1850.)

WARBURTON, WILLIAM, Bishop of Gloucester. _A Sermon Preached before

the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign

Parts_; at their Anniversary Meeting in the Parish Church of St.

Mary-le-Bow on Friday, February 21, 1766. (London, 1766.) The speaker

urged his hearers to enlighten the Indians and Negroes.

REPORTS ON THE EDUCATION OF THE COLORED PEOPLE

_Report of the Proceedings at the Formation of the African Education

Society_; instituted at Washington, December 28, 1829. With an Address

to the Public by the Board of Managers. (Washington, 1830.)

_Report of the Minority of the Committee of the Primary School Board

on the Caste Schools of the City of Boston._ With some remarks on the

City Solicitor's Opinion, by Wendell Phillips. (Boston, 1846.)

_Report of a Special Committee of the Grammar School Board of Boston,

Massachusetts._ Abolition of the Smith Colored School. (Boston, 1849.)

_Report of the Primary School Committee, Boston, Massachusetts._

Abolition of the Colored Schools. (Boston, 1846.)

_Report of the Minority of the Committee upon the Petition of J.T.

Hilton and other Colored Citizens of Boston, Praying for the Abolition

of the Smith Colored School._ (Boston, 1849.)

_Opinion of Honorable Richard Fletcher as to whether Colored Children

can be Lawfully Excluded from Free Public Schools._ (Boston, 1846.)

_Special Report of the Commissioner of Education on the Improvement

of the Public Schools in the District of Columbia_, containing M.B.

Goodwin's "History of Schools for the Colored Population in the

District of Columbia." (Washington, 1871.)

_Thirty-Seventh Annual Report of the New York Public School Society,

1842._ (New York, 1842.)

STATISTICS

CLARKE, J.F. _Present Condition of the Free Colored People of the

United States._ (New York and Boston, the American Antislavery

Society, 1859.) Published also in the March number of the _Christian

Examiner_.

_Condition of the Free People of Color in Ohio._ With interesting

anecdotes. (Boston, 1839.)

_Institute for Colored Youth._ (Philadelphia, 1860-1865.) Contains a

list of the officers and students.

_Report of the Condition of the Colored People of Cincinnati, 1835._

(Cincinnati, 1835.)

_Report of a Committee of the Pennsylvania Society of Abolition on

Present Condition of the Colored People, etc._, 1838. (Philadelphia,

1838.)

_Statistical Inquiry into the Condition of the People of Color of the

City and Districts of Philadelphia._ (Philadelphia, 1849.) _Statistics

of the Colored People of Philadelphia in 1859_, compiled by Benj. C.

Bacon. (Philadelphia, 1859.)

_Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1898._ Prepared by the

Bureau of Statistics. (Washington, D.C., 1899.)

_Statistical View of the Population of the United States, A_,

1790-1830. (Published by the Department of State in 1835.)

_The Present State and Condition of the Free People of Color of the

city of Philadelphia and adjoining districts as exhibited by the

Report of a Committee of the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting

the Abolition of Slavery._ Read First Month (January), 5th, 1838.

(Philadelphia, 1838.)

_Trades of the Colored People._ (Philadelphia, 1838.)

United States Censuses of 1790, 1800, 1810, 1820, 1830, 1840, 1850,

and 1860.

VARLE, CHARLES. _A Complete View of Baltimore_; with a Statistical

Sketch of all the Commercial, Mercantile, Manufacturing, Literary,

Scientific Institutions and Establishments in the same Vicinity ...

derived from personal Observation and Research. (Baltimore, 1833.)

CHURCH REPORTS

_A Brief Statement of the Rise and Progress of the Testimony of

Friends against Slavery and the Slave Trade._ Published by direction

of the Yearly Meeting held in Philadelphia in the Fourth Month, 1843.

Shows the action taken by various Friends to educate the Negroes.

_A Collection of the Acts, Deliverances, and Testimonies of the

Supreme Judicatory of the Presbyterian Church, from its Origin in

America to the Present Time._ By Samuel J. Baird. (Philadelphia,

1856.)

_Acts and Proceedings of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian

Church in the United States of America in the Year 1800._

(Philadelphia, 1800.) The question of instructing the Negroes came up

in this meeting.

PASCOE, C.F. _Classified Digest of the Records of the Society for

the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 1701-1892, with much

Supplementary Information._ (London, 1893.) A good source for the

accounts of the efforts of this organization among Negroes.

"Minutes of the Methodist Conference, 1785." Found in Rev. Charles

Elliott's _History of the Great Secession from the Methodist Episcopal

Church_, etc. This conference discussed the education of the colored

people.

REPORTS OF THE AMERICAN CONVENTION, 1794-1831

American Convention of Abolition Societies. _Minutes of the

Proceedings of a Convention of Delegates from the Abolition Societies

established in different Parts of the United States, assembled at

Philadelphia on the first Day of January, one thousand seven hundred

and ninety-four, and continued by Adjournments, until the seventh Day

of the same Month, inclusive._ (Philadelphia, 1794.)

--_Minutes of the Proceedings of the Second Convention of Delegates

from the Abolition Societies established in different Parts of the

United States, assembled at Philadelphia on the seventh Day of

January, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-five, and continued by

Adjournments until the fourteenth Day of the same Month, inclusive._

(Philadelphia, 1795.)

--_Minutes of the Proceedings of the Third Convention of Delegates

from the Abolition Societies established in different Parts of the

United States, assembled at Philadelphia on the first Day of January,

one thousand seven hundred and ninety-six, and continued, by

Adjournments, until the seventh Day of the same Month, inclusive._

(Philadelphia, 1796.)

--_Address to Free Africans and other Free People of Colour in the

United States._ (1796.)

--_Minutes of the Proceedings of the Fourth Convention of Delegates

from the Abolition Societies established in different Parts of the

United States, assembled at Philadelphia on the third Day of May,

one thousand seven hundred and ninety-seven, and continued by

Adjournments, until the ninth Day of the same Month, inclusive._

(Philadelphia, 1797.)

--_Minutes of the Proceedings of the Fifth Convention of Delegates

from the Abolition Societies established in different Parts of the

United States, assembled at Philadelphia on the first Day of June,

one thousand seven hundred and ninety-eight, and continued, by

Adjournments, until the sixth Day of the same Month, inclusive._

(Philadelphia, 1798.)

American Convention of Abolition Societies. _Minutes of the

Proceedings of the Sixth Convention of Delegates from the Abolition

Societies established in different parts of the United States,

assembled at Philadelphia, on the fourth Day of June, one thousand

eight hundred, and continued by Adjournments, until the sixth Day of

the same Month, inclusive._ (Philadelphia, 1800.)

--_Minutes of the Proceedings of the Seventh Convention of Delegates

from the Abolition Societies established in different parts of the

United States, assembled at Philadelphia on the third Day of June, one

thousand eight hundred and one, and continued by Adjournments until

the sixth Day of the same Month, inclusive._ (Philadelphia, 1801.)

--_Minutes of the Proceedings of the Eighth Convention of Delegates

from the Abolition Societies established in different parts of the

United States, assembled at Philadelphia, on the tenth Day of January,

one thousand eight hundred and three, and continued by Adjournments

until the fourteenth Day of the same Month, inclusive._ (Philadelphia,

1803.)

--_Minutes of the Proceedings of the Ninth American Convention for

promoting the Abolition of Slavery and improving the Condition of the

African Race; assembled at Philadelphia on the ninth Day of January,

one thousand eight hundred and four, and continued by Adjournments

until the thirteenth Day of the same Month, inclusive._ (Philadelphia,

1804.)

--_Address of the American Convention for promoting the Abolition of

Slavery and improving the Condition of the African Race, assembled at

Philadelphia, in January, 1804, to the People of the United States._

(Philadelphia, 1804.)

--_Minutes of the Proceedings of the Tenth American Convention for

promoting the Abolition of Slavery and improving the Condition of

the African Race; assembled at Philadelphia on the fourteenth Day

of January, one thousand eight hundred and five, and continued by

Adjournments until the seventeenth Day of the same Month, inclusive._

(Philadelphia, 1805.)

--_Minutes of the Proceedings of the Eleventh American Convention for

promoting the Abolition of Slavery and improving the Condition of the

African Race; assembled at Philadelphia, on the thirteenth Day

of January, one thousand eight hundred and six, and continued by

Adjournments until the fifteenth Day of the same Month, inclusive._

(Philadelphia, 1806.)

--_Minutes of the Proceedings of a Special Meeting of the Fifteenth

American Convention for promoting the Abolition of Slavery and

improving the Condition of the African Race; assembled at Philadelphia

on the tenth Day of December, 1818, and continued by Adjournments

until the fifteenth Day of the same Month, inclusive._ (Philadelphia,

1818.)

--_Constitution of the American Convention for promoting the Abolition

of Slavery, and improving the Condition of the African Race. Adopted

on the eleventh Day of December, 1818, to take effect on the fifth Day

of October, 1819._ (Philadelphia, 1819.)

--_Minutes of the Eighteenth Session of the American Convention for

promoting the Abolition of Slavery, and improving the Condition of the

African Race. Convened at Philadelphia, on the seventh Day of October,

1823._ (Philadelphia, 1823.)

--_To the Clergy and Pastors throughout the United States._ (Dated

Philadelphia, September 18, 1826.)

--_Minutes of the Adjourned Session of the Twentieth Biennial American

Convention for promoting the Abolition of Slavery. Held at Baltimore,

November 28._ (Philadelphia, 1828.)

REPORTS OF ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETIES

_The Annual Report of the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery

Societies, presented at New York, May 6, 1847, with the Addresses and

Resolutions._ (New York, 1847.)

_The Annual Report of the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Societies,

with the Addresses and Resolutions._ (New York, 1851.)

_The First Annual Report of the American Anti-Slavery Society, with

the Speeches Delivered at the Anniversary Meeting held in Chatham

Street Chapel in the City of New York, on the sixth Day of May by

Adjournment on the eighth, in the Rev. Dr. Lansing's Church, and the

Minutes of the Society for Business._ (New York, 1834.)

_The Second Annual Report of the American Anti-Slavery Society, held

in the City of New York, on the twelfth of May, 1835, and the Minutes

and Proceedings of the Society for Business._ (New York, 1835.)

_The Third Annual Report of the American Anti-Slavery Society, with

the Speeches delivered at the Anniversary Meeting held in the City of

New York on May the tenth, 1836, and Minutes of the Meetings of the

Society for Business._ (New York, 1836.)