+------------------------------+--------_Buenos Ayres and the Provinces of the Rio de La Plata Their Present State, Trade, and Debt

| | 1829. |

| +---------+-----------------+---------+

| +---------+-----------------+---------+

| | | | |

|Spanish Dollars | 189,581| -- | 189,581|

|Marks of Silver | 12,699|at 8 | 101,592|

|Gold (ounces) | 24,595| 17 | 418,115|

|Gold (uncoined) | --| -- | 13,667|

|Copper (quintals of 100 lbs.) | --| -- | --|

|Ox-hides | 854,799| 4 |3,419,196|

|Horse-hides | 64,563| 1-1/2 | 96,844|

|Jerk Beef (quintals) | 164,818| 2 | 329,638|

|Horns |1,500,905|60 per mil. | 90,000|

|Horsehair (arobes of 25 lbs.) | 26,682| 3 | 110,046|

|Sheeps' wool (arobes) | 30,334| 1 | 30,334|

|Chinchilla skins (dozens) | {6,625| 5 | 33,125|

|Nutria skins (dozens) | {59,756| 3 | 179,268|

|Tallow (arobes) | 21,757| 3 | 65,271|

|Bark (lbs.) | --| -- | --|

|Cotton (arobes) | 968| 2 | 1,936|

|Sheep-skins (dozens) | --| -- | --|

|Flour (fanegas) | --| -- | --|

|Corn (do.) | --| -- | --|

|Sundry Minor Articles | --| -- | 121,387|

|------------------------------+---------+-----------------+---------+

|Totals | Precious Metals 722,955}|5,200,000|

| | Native Produce 4,477,045}| |

+----------------------------------------------------------+---------+

+------------------------------+----------------------------+---------+

| | 1837. | |

| +---------+------------------+---------+

| |Quantity.| Price. Value. |

| +---------+------------------+---------+

| | | | |

|Spanish Dollars | 258,748 | -- | 258,743 |

|Marks of Silver | 4,881 |at 8 | 39,048 |

|Gold (ounces) | 21,999 | 17 | 373,983 |

|Gold (uncoined) | 362 | -- | 6,154 |

|Copper (quintals of 100 lbs.) | -- | -- | -- |

|Ox-hides | 823,635 | 4 |3,294,540|

|Horse-hides | 25,367 | 1-1/2 | 38,046|

|Jerk Beef (quintals) | 178,877 | 2-1/2 | 446,192|

|Horns | 434,456 | 60 | 26,070|

|Horsehair (arobes of 25 lbs.) | 70,372 | 3 | 211,116|

|Sheeps' wool (arobes) | 164,706 | 2 | 329,412|

|Chinchilla skins (dozens) | 3,317 | 4 | 13,268|

|Nutria skins (dozens) | 51,853 | 2-1/2 | 129,632|

|Tallow (arobes) | 100,249 | 1-1/2 | 150,373|

|Bark (lbs.) | -- | -- | --|

|Cotton (arobes) | 160 | 3 | 480|

|Sheep-skins (dozens) | 56,188 | 2-1/2 | 140,470|

|Flour (fanegas) | 14,069 | 4 | 56,268|

|Corn (do.) | 4,150 | 3-1/2 | 14,525|

|Sundry Minor Articles | -- | -- | 108,818|

|------------------------------+---------+------------------+---------+

|Totals | Precious Metals 677,928}|5,637,138|

| | Native Produce 4,959,210}| |

+-----------------------------------------------------------+---------+

The annual account of the imports and exports, continuing to take the

year 1822 as an example, may perhaps be generally stated as follows:

Dollars.

The imports for that year, as stated at

page 337 (less those re-exported), were

valued at 9,944,057

From the gross value of the imports

about 30 per cent. must be deducted

for duties, landing charges, commission,

guarantee of debts, and warehouse rent,

say 2,983,217

---------

6,960,840

The exports are estimated at 5,000,000

Add for short manifests 1,000,000

For charges, 10 per cent. 600,000

---------- 6,600,000

---------

360,840

This difference, which upon the whole was of little importance, was

at once accounted for by the investments of foreign capital in the

purchase of every kind of property in the country previously to the war

with Brazil.

Although foreigners, as has been already observed, were heavy sufferers

by the events of that war, the country was benefited in a way which

could hardly have been foreseen. In the impossibility of making returns

to Europe during the continuance of the blockade, the greater part of

the large amount of foreign property locked up in it was laid out in

cattle-farms, agricultural establishments, saladeros (where the _jerk_

beef is made), houses, and a variety of speculations, the general

tendency of which was greatly to improve the real resources of the

country. Thus, although upon the whole there was afterwards apparently

a falling off in the foreign trade of the port of Buenos Ayres compared

with what it was before the war, there was in reality an increase in

the quantities of the staple commodities of the country brought to

market.

This was encouraging, inasmuch as it is in proportion to the increase

and multiplication of the native productions that we must look for the

stability and improvement of this trade--the great difficulty being

to collect returns for the importations from foreign countries. Hides

and skins have been till lately the only articles of any importance

obtainable, though it is manifest that the country is highly capable of

producing a variety of other articles of great value in a commercial

point of view.

Had the provincial governments been sufficiently settled, and the

state of the laws in the interior been such as to have afforded any

adequate security to foreigners, intelligent men would doubtless long

ago have resorted to those parts, and would have given a stimulus to

the industry of the native population; for it is to such persons the

natives must look to teach them to what account the productions of

the soil and climate of the interior of South America may be turned

in other countries, as well as how they should be prepared for those

markets. Foreigners would soon show them new sources of wealth, and

give value to those which have hitherto been neglected or unknown. To

them also the natives must look for the introduction of machinery,

which may in some measure compensate for the want of hands, which at

present makes labour dear, and deprives them of a hundred comforts and

conveniences in the commonest use in the civilised countries of Europe.

It would be folly to disguise that these new countries are in the very

infancy of civilisation; studiously brought up by the mother-country

in entire ignorance of all that could teach them their own value and

importance, no wonder they now have all to learn.

When I state that in many of the towns of the interior a common

wheelbarrow is as yet unheard of, that in the capital itself the first

pump ever seen in a private house was put up a very few years ago

by an Englishman, it will easily be understood how much the natives

have yet to gain by the settlement amongst them of the intelligent

mechanics and artificers of more civilised countries. Still greater

will be the importance to the community if foreign capitalists should

find sufficient encouragement and protection to fix themselves in the

country.

The province of Buenos Ayres, as contrasted with the interior, has

strikingly exhibited the fruits of a more liberal policy towards

foreigners; and could the practical administration of the new laws keep

pace with their spirit, and with the general desire amongst the people

for improvement, the consequences would be still more apparent. As it

is, Buenos Ayres is at least a century in advance of the provinces in

general knowledge and civilisation, and her wealth and importance have

increased in proportion. Amongst other improvements which she owes to

foreigners, she is indebted to some enterprising Englishmen for the

introduction of late years of a new source of wealth, which bids fair

to rival in importance the most valuable of her old staple commodities.

It is but a few years ago that the wool of the Buenos Ayrean sheep

was hardly worth the expense of cleaning it; and as to the meat, I

doubt whether the wild dogs would have touched it. It is well known

that their carcases, dried in the sun, were used for fuel in the

brick-kilns. The great pains and persevering exertions, however, of

some intelligent foreigners to introduce and cultivate a better breed

has met with a success beyond all expectation, and now promises to be

of the greatest importance to the future commercial prospects of the

country. The rapid increase in the value of this article of production

will be shown by the following comparative account of the quantities

which have been imported into Great Britain alone in the last eight

years:--

Imports of Wool from Buenos Ayres.

lbs.

1830 19,444 }

1831 12,244 } 269,190 lbs.

1832 30,359 }

1833 207,143 }

1834 1,099,052 }

1835[79] 962,900 } 5,343,319 lbs.

1836 1,073,416 }

1837 2,207,951 }

Mr. Sheridan and Mr. Harratt are the individuals to whom Buenos Ayres

is principally indebted for this new source of wealth: the greater part

of the wool sent to England in 1834 was of their production, and sold

at Liverpool at very high prices compared with those obtained for the

old native wools of the country, the quality of which comes perhaps

nearest to the low Scotch wools, and is only suited for carpeting, and

other strong descriptions of goods. In a country where any quantity of

land applicable for the purpose may be had almost for nothing, it is

impossible to calculate to what extent the breeding and improvement

of sheep may be carried, now that the wool is known to fetch a

remunerating price in foreign markets.

Nor is wool the only raw material for our manufactures which we may

expect to derive from Buenos Ayres. In my notices of the interior

I have stated that in Paraguay and some of the Upper Provinces,

especially Corrientes, cotton of a quality equal to the average of that

of Brazil is produced:--this has been often satisfactorily shown by

samples sent to Liverpool. The natives cultivate it and make cloths of

it for their own domestic purposes; and we shall probably obtain large

quantities of it whenever foreigners shall enjoy such security as may

induce them to carry into the interior the machinery necessary to clean

and pack it for the markets of Europe.

From the same part of the Republic, as well as from several of the

Upper Provinces, any quantity of indigo may be obtained, of an

excellent quality. M. Bonpland, the celebrated naturalist, who has

spent so many years in those parts, took the trouble years ago to draw

attention to the peculiarity of the indigo found in the province of

Corrientes. Speaking of those parts called the Missions, he says, "The

whole of this country exceeds description; at every step one meets with

things both new and useful in natural history. I have already collected

2000 plants, a large quantity of seeds, &c.

"Amongst the number of interesting plants to which my attention has

been called, I am of opinion that this country may hereafter derive

great advantages from the three new species of indigo which I have

found in these fertile regions. They are very different from the plant

from which the indigo is obtained in Mexico, Venezuela, Brazil,

and India; and I flatter myself that the South Americans will avail

themselves of this discovery, and cultivate a plant which has hitherto

been disregarded under the common name of _yuyo_. The superior quality

of indigo that may be obtained from this newly-discovered plant, and

the facility of its conveyance down to a port of shipment, render it an

object of great importance to a country that has only a few exports,

and its cultivation, if encouraged by the government, and undertaken

by capitalists, will in a few years furnish an interesting and staple

commodity for trade."

This account of the Corrientes indigo was copied from the Buenos Ayrean

papers into the Annual Register for 1822, together with the following

remarks on some other of the natural resources of the provinces of La

Plata, which seem well deserving the notice of those interested in

the trade with that part of the world:--"there are many other natural

resources of the country to which the attention of the government of

Buenos Ayres ought to be called. The _seda silvestre_, a sort of wild

silk left in the woods by a certain caterpillar, is found abundantly on

the banks of the Paranã, and would constitute a valuable export. Very

good cochineal may be gathered in Tucuman, besides a great quantity of

bees'-wax.

"The _rubia tinctoria_ is found in many of the extensive forests, but

the best is in Tarija, the Chaco, and the Sierra de Cordova; it yields

a brilliant colour. It was not till within these few years that notice

was taken of a new mode of dyeing a green colour from a production

called by the Spaniards _clavillo_, from its resemblance to a little

nail. Some persons consider it to be the excrement of a certain insect

smaller than the cochineal; others believe it to be the insect itself.

Hitherto it has only been gathered in Carquejia, and the point is

found introduced into the bark of a shrub; it was first used by the

poor people of the country, and it has since been proved by repeated

experiments that the Vicuña and Alpaca wools, as well as cotton, after

being prepared with astringents, such as alum, and previously boiled

in a yellow dye, when thrown into a solution of clavillo, acquire a

beautiful green colour; the shade of this simple is in itself greenish,

and by keeping grows darker: abundance of it is found in the valley of

Catamarca and province of Tucuman, but as yet no scientific experiments

have been made with it."

A variety of valuable gums and medicinal balsams may be had from

Paraguay, of the efficacy of which marvellous stories are related by

those who have resided in those regions. The tree producing caoutchouc

is found in abundance about the rivers in the upper part of that

province, where the Indians have long known its value, and use it as

a substitute for candles: the children make balls of it to play with.

They obtain it by making an incision in the tree, from which the gum

is run into a hide placed beneath to catch it, and when cold is wound

upon large balls for use.

In addition to these, I may mention nitrate of soda, so much used now

in our cotton manufactories, which may be procured in any quantity from

the provinces of La Plata;--as yet, I believe, not a single bag of it

has ever been brought from Buenos Ayres, although there is no reason

why it should not be imported from thence at as low a cost as from

Chile and Peru; from which countries alone, of late years, the annual

importations have been from 50,000 to 100,000 cwt.

War in Europe will always create an increased demand for the produce

of such a country as Buenos Ayres. In the last years of the general

war, not only was there an enormous demand for the hides of Buenos

Ayres, but considerable quantities of tallow also were shipped from

thence; and, although those shipments ceased to answer when the Russian

markets were reopened, they may always be calculated upon again should

any stoppage take place of our ordinary supplies through the Baltic.

At present, though Buenos Ayrean tallow is worth as much as Russian

in the English markets, there is no great quantity of it produced, in

consequence of the animals being killed for their hides as soon as they

are marketable, which is before they yield tallow in any quantity worth

collecting.

Corn also was an article of export from Buenos Ayres during the general

war in Europe, and is again beginning to be exported to Brazil--as

is shown by the account of the exports in 1837. It is of an excellent

quality, and might be grown to any extent.

Mules, horses, and asses have at times been shipped in large numbers

for the West Indies and for the Isle of France, and have been sold

there at an enormous profit.

In the short notices given of the provinces of the interior, I have

given such accounts of any other of their native productions as I could

collect. The silver and gold mines of Cordova, La Rioja, Mendoza,

San Juan, and Salta, may eventually become productive; and, when an

intercourse is once more permitted with Bolivia through the interior,

it may be expected that some portion of the precious metals produced

there also will, as formerly, find their way to Buenos Ayres.

In old times, not only were the rich and populous provinces of Bolivia

exclusively supplied through the Rio de la Plata with all such articles

as they wanted from Europe, but they took from the lower provinces a

variety of useful productions of their own, for all which they paid in

gold and silver. Of mules alone upwards of 60,000 were annually sent to

Potosi from the provinces of Tucuman and Santa Fé.

This internal trade, once of so much importance to the people of

the intermediate provinces, was annihilated in the struggle for

establishing the independency of the Republic; for, Bolivia remaining

to the last in the hands of the Spaniards, of course all commercial

intercourse was prohibited with the provinces of La Plata, which had

thrown off the yoke of the mother-country. To this may be ascribed in

great measure the extreme poverty and backwardness of many of those

provinces at the present day. Salta, Tucuman, Cordova, Santa Fé, and

Paraguay, lost the best markets for their native produce; whilst the

people, dragged from their pastoral and agricultural pursuits in the

first instance to fight against their old masters, and afterwards to

destroy one another in support of the ephemeral authorities which

succeeded them, naturally contracted such unsettled and disorderly

habits as it will require many a year of domestic peace and better

government to wean them from. To time, and a continuance of those

blessings, as I have elsewhere said, we must, I believe, look for

the remedy of these evils, and for any material improvement in the

condition of the interior provinces of the republic.

HORSES AND CATTLE.

In connexion with what I have said upon the trade of Buenos Ayres, a

brief notice of the origin and extraordinary increase of the vast herds

of horses and cattle which at present constitute so large a portion of

the riches of Buenos Ayres, may perhaps be not uninteresting to some of

my readers.

America is indebted to Europe for these animals, which were unknown to

the people of the New World before its discovery by the Spaniards. Of

the two it will easily be understood that the horses, which formed so

important a feature in the military equipment of the conquerors, were

the first introduced. In 1535, the Adelantado Mendoza, who was the

first to effect a landing at Buenos Ayres, took seventy with him on

board the expedition which accompanied him from Spain, of which perhaps

half were lost on the voyage, if we may judge from the small number of

cavalry--one author says twelve, another thirty--which he was able to

muster in his first battle with the Indians. The few that survived,

when his followers were shortly afterwards driven out of that part of

the country by the warlike natives, were turned loose into the pampas,

where they multiplied exceedingly, and were found in great numbers

forty years afterwards by De Garay, when he re-established the Spanish

settlement at Buenos Ayres.

It was in that expedition (in 1580) that De Garay carried from Paraguay

the first horned cattle ever seen in the pampas. How the stock had

previously reached Paraguay is thus told by Dean Funes, the native

historian. He says, "In 1555 there arrived at Assumption, from San

Francisco, on the coast of Brazil, a few straggling emigrants, amongst

whom were two Portuguese gentlemen, brothers, of the name of Goa,

having with them a bull and eight cows, the origin of that mighty stock

of cattle which now forms the wonder of the provinces of La Plata." The

Portuguese servant intrusted with the important charge of these animals

in their long over-land journey from the coast, whose name was Gaete,

was rewarded for his care of them with one of the cows, a payment

thought so much of at the time, that it gave rise to a saying still in

use in those parts--"Es mas caro que las vacas de Gaete" ("Dearer than

Gaete's cows").

But the value then set upon all European animals carried to America

was enormous, as well it might be when the difficulties are considered

of safely transporting them in the crazy and inconvenient shipping of

those days. In Peru, in the same year (1555), so highly were horses

prized, that it was thought worth recording in the public archives

of Cuzco that 10,000 dollars had been refused for one offered for

sale;--in that city a boar and sow, about the same time, were sold for

1600 dollars, and European sheep and goats fetched prices nearly as

high.

Of the cattle carried by De Garay to Buenos Ayres it was not long

before some escaped into the territory of the Indians, where they

increased and multiplied, as the horses had done before. The settlers

were too few, in the first instance, to domesticate more than were

necessary for their own immediate wants, neither was the extent

of their lands, for some time, adequate to the maintenance of any

considerable stock; the cattle, therefore, ranged at liberty in the

Pampas, and, though occasionally hunted down by the Spaniards for the

hides, or by the Indians for food, the destruction was as nothing

compared with the prodigious increase which went on:--they also found

their way into the Banda Oriental, probably from Paraguay, where they

multiplied even faster than in the Pampas, from the better quality of

the pasturage and the more constant supply of water; and here it was

that the illicit trade established by the Portuguese appears first to

have awakened the Spaniards to a notion of the future importance of

these animals.

The vicinity of their establishment at Colonia, immediately opposite

to Buenos Ayres, not only facilitated their smuggling across it the

European goods and tobacco and slaves which were wanted, but made it

a convenient station for collecting from the Spaniards the hides for

which they were but too glad to find any sale under the restrictions

then imposed upon all trade. The Portuguese took good care to buy them

only at such low prices as insured them an enormous profit upon their

exportation for other markets; but the speculation answered to both

parties, and as the contraband trade of the Portuguese with Buenos

Ayres increased, so we find did the cattle establishments of the

Spaniards in the Banda Oriental.

Cargoes of hides were occasionally shipped for Spain, particularly

after the Spaniards founded Monte Video, in 1726; but the demand was

far from equal to the production, and the stock of cattle went on

gradually increasing till the partial opening of the colonial trade

in 1778. At that period the cattle had reached an amount which,

perhaps, has never been equalled at any subsequent period, but the

increased demand for country produce which then took place was well

nigh exterminating the whole stock. In 1783 no less than 1,400,000

hides were officially registered for exportation, besides a vast number

clandestinely shipped.

Superabundance also led to waste to an enormous extent; a gaucho would

kill an ox for the tongue, or any other part of the animal he might

fancy for his dinner, and leave the rest of the carcase to be devoured

by the vultures, or by the wild dogs which swarmed in the country, and

destroyed an incredible number of the young cattle. Little respect

was then paid to this description of property, and the peons were

easily bribed to kill their masters' or their neighbours' cattle to

barter their hides for the tobacco and spirits offered to them by the

peddling traders who wandered over the country to collect them.

The government was obliged, at last, to take strong measures to stop

these evils:--they enacted heavy penalties on those found destroying

or selling what did not of right belong to them; whilst, for the

better identification of property, every proprietor was obliged, by

a given day, to brand his cattle with his own particular mark:--all

beasts found without a mark after that time were declared to be the

king's, and the right to seek for and seize them was sold to or farmed

by individuals. Proprietors were obliged to take out licenses to

sell their hides, and the slaughter of cows and calves was entirely

prohibited. War, also, to extermination, was declared against the wild

dogs.

These regulations, however feebly enforced, were not without

effect:--the protection, at any rate, which they promised to property

was enough to induce the people to extend their cattle establishments,

whilst their own experience, after a time, led them to regulate their

annual sales in more due proportion to their stocks.

The annual increase on a well-regulated estancia has been ascertained

to be from 30 to 40 per cent., which yields an enormous profit to the

proprietor, whilst his expenses are comparatively trifling. The only

serious casualty to which the cattle-owner is liable is from the

effects of occasional droughts, which in these countries are, at times,

attended with frightful devastation:--the cattle then rush in thousands

from their own pastures in search of water in every direction, and

perish for want of it in immense numbers. In the last great drought,

which continued during the summers of 1830, 31, and 32, it was

calculated that from a million and a half to two millions of animals

died:--the borders of all the lakes and streamlets in the province were

long afterwards white with their bones[80]. But for this calamity the

quantity of hides brought forward in the last five years would have

been much greater than it has been.

In the years immediately preceding the independency of the republic

the annual export of hides from the river Plate was from 700,000 to

800,000, besides an enormous consumption of them for every conceivable

purpose by all classes of the people of the country, and great

destruction by waste; so that it is generally supposed that at that

time the number of cattle in the provinces was not less than five

millions. Azara estimated them at _twelve_ millions (in 1792), but I

never met with any one who would agree with him in that calculation.

By far the greater part of these animals were then reared in the

Banda Oriental and Entre Rios:--nor was it till subsequently to the

commencement of the struggle for their independence, when those

provinces became the seat of war, and were laid waste by the Portuguese

and by Artigas, that the people of Buenos Ayres began to occupy the

lands south of the River Salado, which have given so much increased

importance to that province. Since that period every encouragement and

protection which it is possible to give to this source of national

wealth has been wisely afforded by the ruling authorities.

The Pampas are no longer a vast, useless, and unappropriated waste

in which the animals run wild as formerly; by far the greater part

of the lands comprised within the boundary line laid down in the map

having been carefully measured by the government officers, and allotted

to individuals, who, as they occupy them, are obliged to set up and

preserve their marks of possession, which, together with the bounds

and extent of every separate estancia, are duly registered in the

topographical department of the state. Of the hundreds of thousands of

cattle now reared in these lands there is hardly, perhaps, a single

animal of a year old which is not branded with the mark of an owner,

and that mark is equally registered by the authorities, and entitles

him to claim his property wherever he may find it.

It is calculated by the best authorities,--the most extensive

proprietors in the province,--that the present stock of cattle in the

territory of Buenos Ayres alone may be from three to four millions;

and it is supposed there may be above another million in the other

provinces:--from this we ought to calculate upon an annual exportation

of nearly a million of hides, gradually increasing.

FOOTNOTES:

[78] The official valuation of the average imports from 1792 to 1796,

inclusive, was only 2,606,754 dollars; though at that period every

article sent from Spain was charged at the most exorbitant price to the

colonists.

[79] In 1835 nearly a million and a half lbs. were also sent to the

United States, and the demand for it was likely to increase with its

production.

[80] The drought in question was one of the most destructive on

record; large lakes in the south, never before known to have been

without water, were entirely dried up, in which immense numbers of

fish perished, the stench from which was described as enough to have

produced a pestilence. Another serious consequence from it, of a

different description, was the prodigious increase of all kinds of

vermin, especially field-mice, myriads of which overran the country,

and entirely destroyed the maize-harvest for 1833.

CHAPTER XVI.

PUBLIC DEBT.

Origin of the Funded Debt of Buenos Ayres. Receipts and

Expenditure from 1822 to 1825, during peace. Loan raised in

England. War with Brazil, and stoppage of all revenue from

the Customhouse for three years. Pecuniary difficulties in

consequence. The Provincial Bank of Buenos Ayres converted

into a National one. The Government interferes with it,

and, by forcing it to increase its issues, destroys its

credit. Debt at the close of the war at the end of 1828.

Hopes founded on the peace destroyed by the mutiny of the

Army;--deplorable consequences of that event. Depreciation

of the Currency. Deficit in the revenue, and increase

of the Funded Debt:--its amount in 1834, and further

increase in 1837. General account of the liabilities of the

Government up to that year; increased by subsequent war

with Bolivia, and French Blockade.

In any attempt to convey an idea of the finance accounts of Buenos

Ayres it should, in the first instance, be observed that, although

those accounts are, _primá facie, national_, they exhibit in reality

the receipts and expenditure of the government of the _province_ of

Buenos Ayres alone:--the other provinces, containing three-fourths

of the population of the whole republic, contribute nothing towards

the general expenses, though most of them manage to support their

petty provincial administrations. Buenos Ayres alone found all the

pecuniary means both for the war with Spain for the establishment of

the independence of the republic, and, subsequently, for liberating

the Banda Oriental from the domination of the Emperor of Brazil, which

latter state, though gaining everything by the result, has never repaid

her a single dollar. Chile owes her as much for the armies sent across

the Andes, which freed that country also from the yoke of the King of

Spain, and has been equally ungrateful.

It is only astonishing how this little State contrived, as she did,

to raise the ways and means for these efforts, and that she did not

altogether succumb to the difficulties and embarrassments they gave

rise to:--that they have left her finances in a wretched state can

hardly be wondered at. Nevertheless, if it had not been for the

struggle with Brazil, which succeeded the establishment of her own

independence of the mother-country, Buenos Ayres would long ago

have been quit with all her creditors, presenting a very different

appearance, quoad her finances, to the world.

When the struggle with Spain was over, and her military establishments

reduced, the arrangement of her pecuniary affairs became one of the

first objects of her provincial administration.

In 1821 commissioners were appointed to call in and liquidate all

outstanding claims against the government, of whatever description,

not excepting even those left unsettled by the authorities of the

mother-country previous to the declaration of independence. The greater

part of these debts were due for actual services, or for loans to

the government in times of necessity; others were of a more doubtful

character, and had been sold or made over to other parties by the

original creditors, and into these classes they were separated by the

legislature:--the one receiving obligations bearing an interest of six

per cent; the other, receiving the same, bearing an interest of four

per cent per annum; and these obligations were simultaneously provided

for by the creation of public stocks, bearing quarterly interest:--the

first instance of the establishment of anything like a public funded

debt in any of the new states of South America. Commissioners were

appointed to manage it, and to pay the dividends quarterly to the

stock-holders; transfer-books were opened, and a sinking-fund was

established for its gradual redemption. The first quarter's interest

became due on the 1st of January, 1822, and, for the credit of Buenos

Ayres, it should be stated that, notwithstanding the great subsequent

increase of the debt, under the circumstances to which I shall

presently refer, the quarterly dividends have, from that time to this,

been as regularly paid as those at the Bank of England.

The amount of stock created up to the close of 1825 was--

Dollars.

of 6 per cents. 5,360,000

" 4 " " 2,000,000

which was sufficient to provide for every outstanding claim against

the government up to that period, whilst the charge for the annual

interest was hardly felt in the general expenditure, which, after the

reductions consequent upon a state of peace, the revenue was more than

sufficient to meet,--as will be seen by the following returns of the

yearly receipts and payments from 1822 to 1825, inclusive.

The receipts were--

Dollars.

in 1822 2,519,094

" 1823 2,869,266

" 1824 2,648,845

" 1825 3,196,430 6-1/2

The total of the four years was, Spanish dollars, 11,233,635, which,

at the exchange of 45_d._ per dollar, was equal, in sterling money, to

about £2,106,306, or, on an average, £526,576 per annum.

Three-fourths of this revenue was derived from the custom-house duties,

the yearly account of which was, in the year--

Dollars.

1822 1,987,199

1823 1,629,149

1824 2,032,945

1825 2,267,709

---------

In the 4 years 7,917,002, or about £1,488,604.

The remainder was made up by duties on stamps, the contribucion

directa, a sort of property-tax; the post-office revenue, the

port-dues, rents of government buildings and lands, and other items of

little consequence.

The account of the expenditure for the same period stood thus:--

+----------------------------+-----------------+---------------+

| Expenditure | 1822 | 1823 |

+----------------------------+-----------------+---------------+

| | Dollars. | Dollars. |

|On account of the Public } | | |

| Debt and Dividends } | 643,791 3 | 452,038 3-1/4|

| | | |

|Of the Home, or Government }| | |

| Department }| 446,140 2-1/2 | 513,993 7-1/4|

| | | |

|Of the Finance Department | 264,187 2-1/2 | 323,663 3-1/2|

| | | |

|Of the War Department | 843,935 6 |1,249,258 2-1/2|

+----------------------------+-----------------+---------------+

| Total | 2,198,054 6 | 2,538,954 1/2|

+----------------------------+-----------------+---------------+

+----------------------------+----------------+-----------------+

| Expenditure | 1824 | 1825 |

+----------------------------+----------------+-----------------+

| | Dollars. | Dollars. |

|On account of the Public } | | |

| Debt and Dividends } | 547,107 | |

| | | |

|Of the Home, or Government }| | |

| Department }| 679,585 2-1/2| |

| | | |

|Of the Finance Department | 290,696 4-1/2| |

| | | |

|Of the War Department | 1,111,976 3-1/2| |

+----------------------------+----------------+-----------------+

| Total | 2,629,365 2-1/2| 2,698,231 5-1/2|

+----------------------------+----------------+-----------------+

Never had the financial concerns of the republic borne so creditable

and promising an appearance. In this prosperity nothing was thought of

but schemes for improvement of every kind; and projects were submitted

to the government for a variety of public works, piers, docks,

custom-houses, &c., some of which were of manifest utility.

It was under these circumstances, and with a view to carry into effect

some of the projected improvements, that the government of Buenos Ayres

determined to endeavour to raise a loan in England, which there was

no difficulty in obtaining upon the terms they stipulated for, viz.,

seventy per cent. At that price parties in London contracted with them

for a loan, nominally, of a million sterling, to be raised upon bonds

bearing interest at six per cent per annum, payable half-yearly. A

sinking-fund of £5000 per annum was to be applied to their redemption,

and the contractors were further allowed to keep back the amount of the

dividends for the first two years. This, with charges, &c., reduced

the sum to be paid over to the government of Buenos Ayres to about

£600,000. The first half-yearly dividend became due on the third or

fourth quarter of 1824.

Whilst the government were deliberating, amongst the many projects

before them, how to lay out this money to the best advantage, the

quarrel broke out with the Emperor of Brazil for the possession of the

Banda Oriental, which soon settled all difficulty on that point, and

absorbed every dollar of the loan in preparations for the ruinous war

which followed. From the commencement of that struggle not only were

the expenses of the state enormously increased, but, when resources

were most wanted, nearly the whole of its ordinary revenues (depending

upon the duties on foreign trade) were suddenly cut off by the blockade

of the river Plate instituted by the Brazilians, which lasted during

the whole continuance of the war, viz., from December, 1825, to

September, 1828,--nearly three years.

In their emergencies the government determined to avail themselves

of the bank, an establishment which had been set up by the leading

capitalists of Buenos Ayres in 1822, upon the grant of an exclusive

privilege of issuing notes _in that province_ for twenty years. It was

entirely independent of the government, and was managed by directors

annually chosen by the shareholders. To the mercantile body it was of

great utility, and its notes, payable in specie on demand, in default

of any national coinage, had become the ordinary currency of Buenos

Ayres, and were as readily taken as gold or silver:--its capital was

a million of dollars. But, as this could not be done compatibly with

its independence and existing constitution, it was further, in an evil

hour, resolved to alter entirely its original character.

Under pretence of extending the circulation of its notes throughout

the republic, application was made to the General Congress[81] to

sanction its conversion into a _national_ bank, with a nominal capital

of _ten millions_ of dollars, towards which the government subscribed

for shares to the amount of _three millions_, and very soon assumed

the right to exact from it almost any accommodation they required.

The consequences were soon apparent. The wants of the government

increasing, the bank was obliged, in order to provide for them, to

increase its issues, which, ere long, reached an amount obviously out

of all proportion to its real capital[82]. The aid of the legislature

was again called in:--the notes were declared a legal tender for their

nominal value, and the bank was relieved by law from the obligation of

paying them in specie on demand:--its credit fell to the lowest ebb,

and its notes became proportionably depreciated.

The government, however, had then no alternative but to go on with

the system it had commenced:--the precious metals having wholly

disappeared as a medium of circulation, it was in this depreciated

currency that it found itself obliged to continue borrowing such sums

as it required, until, as may easily be imagined, the nominal amount

of the public debt became fearfully increased. Before the close of the

war with Brazil, the value of the paper dollar of the bank had fallen

from 45_d._ to below 12_d._ sterling; and at the end of 1828, besides

6,000,000 dollars which had been added to the amount of the funded

debt, the deficit on the general account of receipts and expenditure

was 13,412,075 dollars, the whole of which was due to the bank; and

this was independently of the English loan.

Nevertheless, when peace was signed, upon terms highly honourable to

the republic, the public confidence immediately rallied. The value

of the current dollar rose at once to 24_d._, and amidst the general

rejoicings even the pecuniary prospects of the country put on a

flattering appearance. Nor were the hopes entertained by the Buenos

Ayreans of a speedy improvement in their finances without foundation.

It was evident, as has been observed in the preceding chapter, that,

although the foreign war had led to enormous expenses, the sudden

suspension of the trade had locked up a large amount of foreign, as

well as native, capital within the country, the investment of which,

in a variety of ways, had greatly tended to increase its means of

production, and consequently its national resources.

The mutiny of the army, however, under General Lavalle, and his

barbarous murder of General Dorrego, the Governor, blasted all these

flattering prospects, and involved the whole republic in confusion

and ruin. The consequences of the civil warfare which followed to

the finances of the country were deplorable, and infinitely worse

than those occasioned by the war with Brazil. The currency suffered

apparently beyond all hope of recovery, and the paper dollar, after

great fluctuations, fell to about 7_d._, at which rate it has, with

little variation, been stationary for the last seven years.

In the five years from 1828 to 1832, inclusive, the receipts and

expenses were as follow:--

Dollars.

1 The expenditure of the Government,

or Home Department, was .... 8,254,515

2 Of the Department of Foreign Affairs .... 778,935

3 Of the Finance Department and Public

Debt .... 29,884,831

4 Of the War Department .... 31,947,435

----------

Dollars, currency .... 70,865,716

The revenue in the same period only

produced .... 40,889,263

----------

Leaving a deficiency of .... 29,976,453

to be provided for by loans and other

extraordinary ways and means.

The _War Department_, it will be seen, absorbed more than three-fourths

of the whole revenue:--nor was this the final account of the

extraordinary expenses which may be traced to the revolt of the troops

above alluded to. Whilst they were cutting the throats of their

countrymen in the interior, the Indians broke in upon the frontiers,

left without defence, and made it necessary to organise a new army to

put them down, which occasioned a great expenditure, though it was,

perhaps, compensated for by the extension of the frontiers, and the new

security it gave to the lands in the south of the province.

To provide for these expenses the Funded Debt was again very largely

increased, and at the close of 1835 stood as follows:--

4 per cents. 6 per cents.

Dollars. Dollars.

Created before the

war with Brazil 2,000,000 5,360,000

In September, 1827 6,000,000

" February, 1831 6,000,000

" March, 1834 3,000,000

" November, 1834 5,000,000

--------- ----------

2,000,000 and 25,360,000

Of which the Sinking

Fund had redeemed

up to that time 574,246 and 6,389,713

-------- ---------

Leaving unredeemed at

the close of 1835 1,425,754 and 18,970,286

Besides this there was a floating debt in treasury-bills and other

outstanding claims of nearly 8,000,000 more to be provided for out of

the ways and means for 1836, which, after every possible reduction of

the establishments, were hardly equal to meet the ordinary expenditure.

In the hope of being enabled to pay off this part of the debt, the

Legislature authorised the Government, in the first instance, to

offer for sale, at a fixed price, a portion of the lands in the

south, acquired in the recent campaigns against the Indians:--but

their expectations were not realised,--there were no bidders for the

lands; and when the junta met the next year to receive the accounts

for 1837, instead of any decrease in the floating debt, it had risen

to above 9,000,000 of dollars. They then adopted the alternative

of creating Public Funds, and passed a law for adding no less than

17,000,000 to the Public Debt. The funds in question were placed at

the disposal of the government for sale, at a price not lower than

sixty per cent, at which it was calculated that they would produce

10,200,000, and be, therefore, sufficient to cover the floating debt,

and leave the ordinary revenue free to meet the ordinary expenditure of

the states. To provide for the increased interest of the Public Debt,

new stamp duties and a more strict enforcement of the direct taxation

(Contribucion Directa) were enacted.

This was at the commencement of 1837, when, including this new creation

of stock, the responsibilities of the government appeared to be as

follow:--

First.--The Funded Debt.

Dollars. Dollars.

Created up to Nov.,

1834 2,000,000 and 25,360,000

Created in 1837 to provide

for the Floating Debt 17,000,000

--------- ----------

Total created 2,000,000 and 42,360,000

Of which there were redeemed

at the beginning

of 1837 585,967 and 7,385,422

--------- ----------

1,414,033 34,974,578

The 4 per cents, reduced

to the same denomination,

equal to 942,688

----------

Amount of Funded Debt

unredeemed (6 per cents) 35,917,166

The annual charge for the interest and sinking fund of this part of the

debt amounted to 3,055,199 current dollars.

Secondly.--The English loan for 1,000,000 sterling, the interest of

which (at the rate of £60,000 per annum) has been unpaid since January,

1828.

And Thirdly,--The amount of the bank issues in circulation, understood

to be about 20,000,000 of dollars currency, for the whole amount of

which the government had declared itself responsible to the public as

the easiest mode of settling its own account with that establishment

upon the expiration of its charter in 1836.

On the other hand, the whole of the ordinary revenues were only

estimated at 12,000,000 of currency, of which about a fourth part, as

above stated, was required to be set apart in the first instance to

meet the charges for the funded debt.

The remaining 9,000,000 was insufficient by half to meet the ordinary

expenditure of the state, much less to enable the government to make

any provision for a settlement with the English bondholders, or for the

redemption of the currency.

This was the state of things at the commencement of 1837, as far as I

can collect from the accounts which have been published; deplorable as

it appeared, it perhaps would not have been altogether irremediable,

had the peace of the country been preserved, and the war establishments

been reduced.

The estimated revenue of 12,000,000 was based upon the average of the

years immediately preceding, which had been far from favourable to

the development of the resources of the republic. It was notorious

that many branches of it were very loosely collected; the contribucion

directa, or property-tax, especially, which produced little or nothing,

instead of being made, as it ought to have been, one of the most

important items in the revenue of the state. In this, as in other

branches of it, there was no doubt that, with care and good management,

the public income might have been greatly increased. Besides, there

were still the greater part of the public lands undisposed of, which

the legislature, in 1836, had given authority to the government to

sell, for the purpose of liquidating the debt previously contracted;

and with regard to the funded debt, the operation of the sinking

fund with its accumulating interest was becoming so efficient that,

notwithstanding its large amount, a very few years indeed would suffice

to redeem the whole of it, if not further increased. In 1837 the

sinking fund already amounted to more than a million of dollars, which,

in twelve months, redeemed little short of two millions and a half of

stock.

But, as I have before had occasion to observe, touching their social

condition, so it is most especially with regard to their financial

prospects, there can be no well-founded expectation of any improvement

which is not based upon a continuation of the peace and quiet of the

country. That, unfortunately, has been again interrupted in the past

year, and the Republic has not only become involved in the war declared

by Chile against Bolivia, but in a much more serious and disastrous

dispute with the French, the calamitous consequences of which it is

difficult to estimate.

Pending the settlement of their alleged grievances, the French have

instituted a strict blockade of Buenos Ayres, which falls heavily upon

those neutral parties who have established an extensive commercial

intercourse with the country.

FOOTNOTES:

[81] The Congress in question had been convoked principally for the

purpose of drawing up a constitution for the republic, and was properly

only a _constituent_ one:--after a time, however, it proceeded to

appoint a president, and to pass a variety of laws founded on the like

scheme of _nationalising_ the republic, which, though acquiesced in,

_per force_, by the people of Buenos Ayres, were resisted _vi et armis_

by most of the provinces at a distance, and led to much ill-will and

disunion amongst them, at the moment when all their joint efforts were

required against their common enemy. The president, Rivadavia, after

a vain struggle to establish his authority, found himself forced to

resign amidst a complication of difficulties.

[82] It never exceeded five millions of dollars, viz., one the amount

of the capital of the Provincial Bank, incorporated with it; three

subscribed by the Government; and about one more by individuals.

APPENDIX.

No. 1.

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OF THE UNITED PROVINCES OF SOUTH AMERICA IN

1816.

We, the Representatives of the United Provinces of South America, in

General Congress assembled, invoking that Supreme Being who presides

over the universe, in the name and by the authority of the people we

represent, and protesting before Heaven and all nations and inhabitants

of the earth, the justice of this our resolution, do hereby solemnly

declare that it is the unanimous and undoubted determination of these

provinces to break the bonds which have bound them to the kings of

Spain, to recover the rights of which they have been deprived, and to

take upon themselves the high character of a free nation independent

of king Ferdinand VII. and his successors, and of Spain; with full

and ample power in consequence _de facto_ and _de jure_ to establish

for themselves such form of government as the pressure of existing

circumstances may render imperative.

All and every one of them do publish and declare the same, and pledge

themselves, through us, to carry into effect and to maintain this their

fixed resolve with their lives, their fortunes, and their fame.

Wherefore be this duly published for the knowledge of all whom it may

concern; and considering what may be due to other nations in this

matter, a separate manifesto shall set forth in detail the grave and

weighty reasons which have led to this our solemn declaration.

Given in the hall of our meetings, signed by our hands, sealed with the

seal of the Congress, and countersigned by the secretaries thereof, in

the city of San Miguel de Tucuman, the 9th day of July, 1816.

[Follow the Signatures.]

No. 2.

ESTIMATED POPULATION OF THE PROVINCES OF THE RIO DE LA PLATA, 1836-7.

Province of Buenos Ayres, from 180,000 to 200,000

Santa Fé 15,000 to 20,000

Entre Rios 30,000 to 30,000

Corrientes 35,000 to 40,000

Cordova 80,000 to 85,000

Santiago 45,000 to 50,000

Tucuman 40,000 to 45,000

Salta 50,000 to 60,000

Catamarca 30,000 to 35,000

La Rioja 18,000 to 20,000

San Luis 20,000 to 25,000

Mendoza 35,000 to 40,000

San Juan 22,000 to 25,000

------- -------

600,000 to 675,000

This is exclusive of independent Indians within the territory laid

claim to by the Republic.

The population of the Banda Oriental is estimated to be from 100,000 to

120,000 souls, rapidly increasing.

That of Paraguay I should assume, from accounts in my possession, to

be about 250,000, though I know it has been estimated at double that

amount by persons who have been in the country.

No. 3.

STATISTICS OF BRITISH RESIDENTS AT BUENOS AYRES, IN 1831.

Registered in the British consulate, from 1825 to 1831.

Merchants and traders and clerks 466

Shopkeepers 193

Physicians, surgeons, chemists, and apothecaries 27

Schoolmasters 9

Hotel and tavern keepers 13

Master Mechanics 93

Carpenters 362

Bricklayers 123

Labourers 667

Farming men 125

Tailors 66

Shoemakers 63

Painters 7

Sailors 329

Registered without denomination 107

Women 595

Children 827

----

4,072

The individuals not registered were supposed to amount to at least a

thousand more, exclusive of the sailors on board the British shipping

trading with the port.

STATISTICS OF BRITISH RESIDENTS AT BUENOS AYRES.

Return of marriages, baptisms, and burials of the Protestant population

in Buenos Ayres, from August 1825 to August 1831, showing the

proportion of British subjects--and in 1836.

From August 1825 to August 1831, six years.

Other foreign

British. Protestants. Total.

Marriages 238 42 280

Baptisms 77 13 90

Burials 278 85 363

For 1836.

The Returns published of the foreign Protestant population in Buenos

Ayres, give--

Total marriages in the year 19

Baptisms 63

Burials 55

The proportion of the British is not given, but may be estimated from

that quoted in the first period.

No. 4.

TREATY BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND THE UNITED PROVINCES OF RIO DE LA

PLATA.

_Signed at Buenos Ayes, February 2, 1825._

Extensive commercial intercourse having been established for a series

of years between the dominions of His Britannic Majesty, and the

territories of the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, it seems

good for the security as well as encouragement of such commercial

intercourse, and for the maintenance of good understanding between

His said Britannic Majesty and the said United Provinces, that the

relations now subsisting between them should be regularly acknowledged

and confirmed by the signature of a treaty of amity, commerce, and

navigation.

For this purpose they have named their respective plenipotentiaries,

that is to say;--

His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and

Ireland, Woodbine Parish, Esquire, His said Majesty's Consul-General

in the Province of Buenos Ayres and its Dependencies;--and the United

Provinces of Rio de la Plata, Señor Don Manuel José Garcia, Minister

Secretary for the Departments of Government, Finance, and Foreign

Affairs, of the National Executive Power of the said Provinces;

Who, after having communicated to each other their respective Full

Powers, found to be in due and proper form, have agreed upon and

concluded the following Articles:--

ARTICLE I.

There shall be perpetual amity between the dominions and subjects

of His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and

Ireland, and the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, and their

inhabitants.

ARTICLE II.

There shall be, between all the territories of His Britannic Majesty

in Europe, and the territories of the United Provinces of Rio de la

Plata, a reciprocal freedom of Commerce: the inhabitants of the two

countries, respectively, shall have liberty freely and securely to

come, with their ships and cargoes, to all such places, ports, and

rivers, in the territories aforesaid, to which other foreigners are or

may be permitted to come, to enter into the same, and to remain and

reside in any part of the said territories respectively; also to hire

and occupy houses and warehouses for the purposes of their commerce;

and, generally, the merchants and traders of each nation, respectively,

shall enjoy the most complete protection and security for their

commerce; subject always to the laws and statutes of the two countries

respectively.

ARTICLE III.

His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

engages further, that in all his dominions situated out of Europe, the

inhabitants of the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata shall have the

like liberty of commerce and navigation stipulated for in the preceding

article, to the full extent in which the same is permitted at present,

or shall be permitted hereafter, to any other nation.

ARTICLE IV.

No higher or other duties shall be imposed on the importation into the

territories of His Britannic Majesty, of any articles of the growth,

produce, or manufacture of the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata,

and no higher or other duties shall be imposed on the importation into

the said United Provinces, of any articles of the growth, produce, or

manufacture of His Britannic Majesty's dominions, than are or shall be

payable on the like articles, being the growth, produce, or manufacture

of any other foreign country; nor shall any other or higher duties

or charges be imposed, in the territories or dominions of either of

the contracting parties, on the exportation of any articles to the

territories or dominions of the other, than such as are or may be

payable on the exportation of the like articles to any other foreign

country: nor shall any prohibition be imposed upon the exportation or

importation of any articles the growth, produce, or manufacture of His

Britannic Majesty's dominions, or of the said United Provinces, which

shall not equally extend to all other nations.

ARTICLE V.

No higher or other duties or charges on account of tonnage, light, or

harbour dues, pilotage, salvage in case of damage or shipwreck, or

any other local charges, shall be imposed, in any of the ports of the

said United Provinces, on British vessels of the burthen of above one

hundred and twenty tons, than those payable, in the same ports, by

vessels of the said United Provinces of the same burthen; nor in the

ports of any of His Britannic Majesty's territories, on the vessels of

the United Provinces of above one hundred and twenty tons, than shall

be payable, in the same ports, on British vessels of the same burthen.

ARTICLE VI.

The same duties shall be paid on the importation into the said United

Provinces of any article the growth, produce, or manufacture of His

Britannic Majesty's dominions, whether such importation shall be in

vessels of the said United Provinces, or in British vessels; and the

same duties shall be paid on the importation into the dominions of His

Britannic Majesty of any article the growth, produce, or manufacture

of the said United Provinces, whether such importation shall be in

British vessels, or in vessels of the said United Provinces;--The

same duties shall be paid, and the same drawbacks and bounties

allowed, on the exportation of any articles of the growth, produce, or

manufacture of His Britannic Majesty's dominions to the said United

Provinces, whether such exportation shall be in vessels of the said

United Provinces, or in British vessels; and the same duties shall be

paid, and the same bounties and drawbacks allowed, on the exportation

of any articles the growth, produce, or manufacture of the said

United Provinces to His Britannic Majesty's dominions, whether such

exportation shall be in British vessels, or in vessels of the said

United Provinces.

ARTICLE VII.

In order to avoid any misunderstanding with respect to the regulations

which may respectively constitute a British vessel, or a vessel of the

said United Provinces, it is hereby agreed, that all vessels built

in the dominions of His Britannic Majesty, and owned, navigated, and

registered according to the laws of Great Britain, shall be considered

as British vessels; and that all vessels built in the territories

of the said United Provinces, properly registered, and owned by

the citizens thereof, or any of them, and whereof the master and

three-fourths of the mariners, at least, are citizens of the said

United Provinces, shall be considered as vessels of the said United

Provinces.

ARTICLE VIII.

All merchants, commanders of ships, and others, the subjects of His

Britannic Majesty, shall have the same liberty, in all the territories

of the said United Provinces, as the natives thereof, to manage

their own affairs themselves, or to commit them to the management of

whomsoever they please, as broker, factor, agent, or interpreter; nor

shall they be obliged to employ any other persons for those purposes,

nor to pay them any salary or remuneration, unless they shall choose

to employ them; and absolute freedom shall be allowed, in all cases,

to the buyer and seller to bargain and fix the price of any goods,

wares, or merchandise imported into, or exported from, the said United

Provinces, as they shall see good.

ARTICLE IX.

In whatever relates to the lading and unlading of ships, the safety

of merchandise, goods, and effects, the disposal of property of every

sort and denomination, by sale, donation or exchange, or in any other

manner whatsoever, as also the administration of justice, the subjects

and citizens of the two contracting parties shall enjoy, in their

respective dominions, the same privileges, liberties, and rights, as

the most favoured nation, and shall not be charged, in any of these

respects, with any higher duties or imposts than those which are paid,

or may be paid, by the native subjects or citizens of the power in

whose dominions they may be resident. They shall be exempted from all

compulsory military service whatsoever, whether by sea or land, and

from all forced loans, or military exactions or requisitions; neither

shall they be compelled to pay any ordinary taxes, under any pretext

whatsoever, greater than those that are paid by native subjects or

citizens.

ARTICLE X.

It shall be free for each of the two contracting parties to appoint

consuls for the protection of trade, to reside in the dominions and

territories of the other party; but before any consul shall act as

such, he shall, in the usual form, be approved and admitted by the

government to which he is sent, and either of the contracting parties

may except from the residence of consuls such particular places as

either of them may judge fit to be so excepted.

ARTICLE XI.

For the better security of commerce between the subjects of His

Britannic Majesty, and the inhabitants of the United Provinces of Rio

de La Plata, it is agreed, that if at any time any interruption of

friendly commercial intercourse, or any rupture should unfortunately

take place between the two contracting parties, the subjects or

citizens of either of the two contracting parties residing in the

dominions of the other, shall have the privilege of remaining and

continuing their trade therein, without any manner of interruption, so

long as they behave peaceably, and commit no offence against the laws;

and their effects and property, whether entrusted to individuals or

to the state, shall not be liable to seizure or sequestration, or to

any other demands than those which may be made upon the like effects

or property, belonging to the native inhabitants of the state in which

such subjects or citizens may reside.

ARTICLE XII.

The subjects of His Britannic Majesty residing in the United Provinces

of Rio de la Plata, shall not be disturbed, persecuted, or annoyed

on account of their religion, but they shall have perfect liberty of

conscience therein, and to celebrate divine service either within

their own private houses, or in their own particular churches or

chapels, which they shall be at liberty to build and maintain in

convenient places, approved of by the government of the said United

Provinces:--Liberty shall also be granted to bury the subjects of His

Britannic Majesty who may die in the territories of the said United

Provinces, in their own burial places, which, in the same manner, they

may freely establish and maintain. In the like manner, the citizens of

the said United Provinces shall enjoy, within all the dominions of His

Britannic Majesty, a perfect and unrestrained liberty of conscience,

and of exercising their religion publicly or privately, within their

own dwelling-houses, or in the chapels and places of worship appointed

for that purpose, agreeably to the system of toleration established in

the dominions of his said Majesty.

ARTICLE XIII.

It shall be free for the subjects of His Britannic Majesty, residing in

the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, to dispose of their property,

of every description, by will or testament, as they may judge fit;

and, in the event of any British subject dying without such will or

testament in the territories of the said United Provinces, the British

consul-general, or, in his absence, his representative, shall have

the right to nominate curators to take charge of the property of the

deceased, for the benefit of his lawful heirs and creditors, without

interference, giving convenient notice thereof to the authorities of

the country; and reciprocally.

ARTICLE XIV.

His Britannic Majesty being extremely desirous of totally abolishing

the slave trade, the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata engage

to co-operate with His Britannic Majesty for the completion of so

beneficent a work, and to prohibit all persons inhabiting within the

said United Provinces, or subject to their jurisdiction, in the most

effectual manner, and by the most solemn laws, from taking any share in

such trade.

ARTICLE XV.

The present treaty shall be ratified, and the ratifications shall be

exchanged in London within four months, or sooner if possible.

In witness whereof the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the

same, and have affixed their seals thereunto.

Done at Buenos Ayres, the second day of February, in the year

of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty-five.

(Signed) WOODBINE PARISH.

MANUEL JOSÉ GARCIA.

_Note._--This was the first treaty entered into by any European power

with the new Republics of America;--whilst it provided a necessary

safeguard to British subjects resorting to that part of the world, it

was of great importance to the Buenos Ayreans, not only in a political

but in a moral sense, struggling as they were, in the infancy of their

institutions, under the difficult task which they had undertaken of

attempting to constitute a Government diametrically opposed in form and

principles to the whole system of legislation whereby the country had

been ruled for three centuries, and which, notwithstanding all their

declarations of independence, still hung like a drag-chain about their

necks:--under such circumstances every true patriot and advocate for

civilization hailed it as the best possible guarantee of sound and

liberal principles, whilst, on the other hand, the supporters of the

old Spanish laws were proportionately discouraged, as they saw in it

the death-blow to the old colonial policy of the mother-country.

No. 5.

COPY, IN THE GUARANI LANGUAGE, OF THE MEMORIAL ADDRESSED BY THE PEOPLE

OF THE MISSION OF SAN LUIS, PRAYING THAT THE JESUITS MIGHT BE ALLOWED

TO REMAIN WITH THEM. DATED 28TH FEBRUARY, 1768.

I. H. S.

Señor Governador,

Tupa tanderaârô anga oroè ndebe ore Cabildo Caziqs reta, Aba, haè

Cuna, haè mitâ rehebe San Lui y gua orerubeteramo ndereco ramo

Corregidor Santiago Pindo, haè Don Pantaleon Cayuari Oiquatia

orebe orerayhupareteramo ndereco aipo bae rehe ore yerobia hape

oroiquatia àngà ndebe hupigua ete rupi, co nande Rey poroquaita

Guira tetirô oromondo haguâ Nande Rey upeguâra, oromboaci mirî ey

ngatu ndoroguerecoi ramo oromondo haguâ rehe oico note Tupa omona

hague rupi Caàgui rupi, haè oneguâ hè orehegui haè ramo iyabai ete

oromboaye haguâ; aiporamo yepe oroico Tupa haè nande Rey boyaramo

hecobia tetirô oreyoquai reco rupi, Colonia mbohapi yebi ipiei bo,

haè ombae àpo hece tributo hepibeêmo, haè angà catu oronemboe Tupa

upene acoi Guira catupiribe Tupa Espiritu Sto. omeê haguâ ndebe, haè

nande Rey upe heçape bo, haè Angel Marangatu penaâromo rano. Aiporire

nderehe yerobiahape; Ah Sñor. Govdor. ore rubeteramo ndereco ramo

nemomirîngatu hape oroyerure àngà orereçay pipe San Ignacio ray reta

Pay abere dela Compã. de Jesus ipicopi haguâ ma rehe ore paûme yepi,

cobaè rehe catu eyerure àngà nande Rey Marângatu upe Tupa rerapipe,

haè hayhupape; Cobaè rehe oyerure gueçai pipe opia guibe taba guetebo,

Aba, haè Cuna, Cunumi, Cunatai reta rano; bite tenàngà y poriahu

baè meme. Pay Frayle, coterâ Pay Clerigo ndoroipotai. Apostle Sto.

Thome Tupa boya martu niâ omombeù corupi ore ramoî upe, haè cobaè

Pay Frayle, haè Clerigo nomaey orerehe, San Ignacio ray reta catu

ou y piramo i àngata oreramoi reta re cabo rehe, haè omboè oreramoî

ymongaraibo. Tupa upe, haè Rey Espana ùpe, ymonemeêbo, Pay Frayle

cotéra Clerigo, ndoroipotai ete; Pay dela Compa de Jesus. Orereco

poriahu oguero hôsâ quaabaè, haè orobià porâ hece, Tupa upe, nande Rey

upe guara, haè oremeêne Tributo Guaçube Caà mirî ereipotaramo, Eney

àngàque Sñor. Governr. marângatu terehendu àngà oreneê poriahu imbo

àyeucabo àngà? Aiporire orereco ndoicoi Esclavo rehegua, oreremimoâruâ

catu, noromoârúay Caray reco nabo nabô oyeupe ano inangatabae o amo

reta rehe maê ymo y piti bo ey mo, y mongaru ey mo rano; cohupigua ete

oromombeu àngà ndebe, nde ereipota reco rupi ore y mombeù haguâma? Ani

ramo cotaba; haè taba tetirô rui ocanimba ne coite nndebe nande Rey

upe haè Tupa upe Ana retâme oroyeoita coitene haè acoi ramo oremano

ramo mabaè àngà pihi pàngà y arecone! a ni etei oreray reta nia obia

yoya Caàguipe. Tabape rapicha, haè ndo hechairamo Pay San Ignacio ray

reta, acoi ramo oairine nu rupi coterâ Caàguipe teco marâ à pobo,

San Joachin retâ, San Stanislao retâ, San Fernando reta Timbo pegua

ocanimba yma rapicha, oroiquaa porâ reco rupi, oremombeù àngà ndebe,

haè rire ore Cabildo Tupa upe, haè nande Rey upe ndoromboyebi beichene

Taba reco Señor Governador Marângatu. Eney Fiyaye àngà oreyerurehague

ndebe, haè Tupa nde pitibone, haè tanderaârô yebi yebi àngà aipohaè

note àngà.

San Luis hegui, à 28 de Febro. 1768, rehegua nderayre ta poriahu Taba

guetebo. Cabildo.

No. 6.

Meteorological Observations in Buenos Ayres during 1822 and 1823 (from

the Registro Estadistico).

+--------------------+-------------------+-----------------------+

| | Thermometer. | Barometer. |

| +-----+-------+-----+-------+-------+-------+

| | | | | | | |

| 1822. | Max.| Mean. | Min.| Max. | Mean. | Min. |

| | | | | | | |

+--------------------+-----+-------+-----+-------+-------+-------+

| { January | 91 | 71·82 | 60 | No |observa|tions. |

|Summer { February | 89 | 73·00 | 58 | 30·04 | 29·58 | 29·21 |

| { March | 82 | 70·83 | 53 | 29·88 | 29·61 | 29·33 |

|Autumn { April | 78 | 62·04 | 43 | 29·82 | 29·73 | 29·46 |

| { Ma | 68 | 58·31 | 44 | 30·18 | 29·76 | 29·21 |

| { June | 66 | 54·32 | 40 | 30·05 | 29·77 | 29·23 |

|Winter { July | 68 | 52·55 | 38 | 30·17 | 29·65 | 29·21 |

| { August | 66 | 51·83 | 36 | 30·21 | 29·84 | 29·51 |

| { September | 72 | 54·64 | 42 | 30·41 | 29·74 | 29·32 |

|Spring { October | 81 | 58·91 | 46 | 30·13 | 29·67 | 29·24 |

| { November | 88 | 68·43 | 56 | 29·91 | 29·61 | 29·17 |

| { December | 86 | 70·91 | 62 | 30·00 | 29·45 | 29·15 |

| { | | | | | | +

| { | | | | | | |

|Summer { 1823. | | | | | | |

| { January | 94 | 75·31 | 60 | 29·92 | 29·54 | 29·25 |

| { February | 93 | 78·42 | 66 | 29·95 | 29·60 | 29·21 |

| { March | 93 | 75·79 | 52 | 30·02 | 29·88 | 29·18 |

|Autumn { April | 72 | 67·50 | 57 | 30·08 | 29·30 | 29·27 |

| { May | 63 | 52·50 | 41 | 30·14 | 29·79 | 29·53 |

|Winter June | 65 | 52·50 | 40 | 30·15 | 29·68 | 29·15 |

+--------------------+-----+-------+-----+-------+-------+-------+

+--------------------+-------------+---------------------------+

| | Hygrometer. | Winds. |

| +-------+-----+------+------+------+------+

| 1822. | Humid.| Dry.| to | to | to | to |

+--------------------+-------+-----+------+------+------+------+

| { January | | | 12 | 3 | 9 | 6 |

|Summer { February | 19 | 9 | 12 | 8 | 3 | 5 |

| { March | 20 | 10 | 12 | 6 | 6 | 7 |

|Autumn { April | 22 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 4 | 11 |

| { Ma | 30 | 1 | 13 | 7 | 2 | 9 |

| { June | 30 | 0 | 14 | 5 | 2 | 9 |

|Winter { July | 31 | 0 | 13 | 4 | 7 | 7 |

| { August | 31 | 0 | 18 | 3 | 6 | 4 |

| { September | 30 | 0 | 13 | 3 | 11 | 3 |

|Spring { October | 30 | 1 | 17 | 5 | 5 | 4 |

| { November | 28 | 2 | 23 | 1 | 5 | 2 |

| { December | 23 | 8 | 16 | 3 | 6 | 6 |

| { +-------+-----+------+------+------+------+

| { | 294 | 39 | 170 | 56 | 66 | 73 |

|Summer { 1823. | | | | | | |

| { January | 5 | 26 | 17 | 4 | 5 | 5 |

| { February | 3 | 25 | 14 | 3 | 5 | 6 |

| { March | 19 | 12 | 10 | 6 | 9 | 6 |

|Autumn { April | 29 | 1 | 14 | 9 | 5 | 2 |

| { May | 31 | .. | 11 | 12 | 6 | 2 |

|Winter June | 30 | .. | 16 | 5 | 9 | .. |

+--------------------+-------+-----+------+------+------+------+

In the eighteen months the highest of the thermometer was 94,

in the month of January; the lowest 36, in August. It

sometimes rises to 96, as in January, 1824, when it was at

that point some days. On the other hand, it has been known

to fall as low at 28 and 29; but these extremes are very

rare.

No. 7.--Some Fixed Points in the Provinces of the Rio de la Plata.

_Province of Buenos Ayres._

+------------------------+-----------------+------------+------------------+

+------------------------+--------+--------+------------+------------------+

| |° ´ "| ° ´ "| | |

|Centre of the City of} | | | | |

|Buenos Ayres } |34 36 29|58 23 34| Greenwich | |

|Anchorage of H. M. S } | | | | |

|Nereus in the Outer } |34 34 30|58 2 0| " |{Variation 12-1/2°|

|Roads in 1813 } | | | |{E.--1813 |

|Luxan |34 38 36| 1 1 10{W. of Buenos| |

| | | {Ayres | |

|Guardia del Salto |34 18 57| 2 14 49| " |{Variation 14° |

| | | | |{39´ E.--1796 |

|Fort Roxas |34 11 48| 2 41 39| " | |

|Fort Mercedes |33 55 18| 3 4 14| " | |

|Fort Melinqué |33 42 24| 3 30 38| " | |

|Corzo, near the Lake }| | | | |

|(source of the Salado) }|34 4 55| 3 36 32| " | |

|Lake Roxas |34 19 7| 3 2 56| " | |

|Lake Carpincho |34 35 31| 2 52 44| " | |

|Lake Toro-Moro |34 49 1| 2 38 30| " | |

|Lake Palentalen |35 10 15| 2 6 34| " | |

|Lake de los Huesos |35 14 30| 1 34 44| " | |

|Lake del Trigo |35 14 3| 1 14 54| " | |

|Cisne |35 46 0| 0 20 5|E. of ditto | |

|Manantiales de Porongos |35 54 50| 0 1 55| " | |

|Lake Camerones Grandes |36 0 59| 0 9 19| " | |

|Altos de Troncoso |36 5 30| 0 10 55| " | |

|Fort Chascomus |35 33 5| 0 22 20| " | |

|Fort Ranchos |35 30 46| 0 3 20| " | |

|Lake Ceajo |35 29 49| 0 16 40|W. of ditto | |

|Guardia del Monte |35 26 7| 0 31 10| " | |

|Guardia de Lobos |35 16 7| 0 52 10| " | |

|Fort Navarro |35 0 13| 1 3 25| " | |

| | | | | |

|N.B. The above positions from Luxan to Navarro were determined |

|in the course of a survey of the frontiers, made in 1796 by |

|Don Felix Azara, aided by Cerviño and Inciarte, all officers |

|attached to the Commission for laying down the boundaries under |

|the treaty, between Spain and Portugal, of 1777. The Statistical |

|Register of Buenos Ayres, for 1822, has added to them the |

|following:-- |

| |

|San Pedro |33 40 51| 1 32 0| " | |

|Barradero |33 43 50| 1 25 4| " | |

|Conchas |34 25 15| 0 10 31| " | |

|Pergamino |33 53 16| 2 24 25| " | |

|Areco |34 11 57| 1 26 47| " | |

|Arecife (Fort) |34 3 8| 2 6 13| " | |

|Pilar |34 26 4| 0 52 54| " | |

|Cañada de Moron |34 40 45| 0 23 49| " | |

|Magdalena |35 5 29| 0 44 0|E. of ditto | |

+------------------------+--------+--------+------------+------------------+

No. 7--_continued_.

_Observations taken on the Journey of Don Pedro Garcia, in 1810, to the

Salinas._

+------------------------+-----------------+------------+------------------+

+------------------------+--------+--------+------------+------------------+

| |° ´ "| ° ´ "| | |

|Pass of the Salado |35 2 0| 1 56 0|Buenos Ayres| |

|Palantalen |35 12 0| 2 7 0| " | |

|Lakes Tres Hermanas |35 23 0| 2 16 0| " | |

|Cruz de Guerra |35 41 0| 2 24 0| " | |

|Cabeza del Buey |36 10 0| 2 52 0| " | |

|First Lake of the } |36 38 0| 3 24 0| " | |

|Cañada Larga } | | | | |

|Lake del Monte |36 53 0| 3 57 0| " | |

|Lake da los Paraguayos |36 58 0| 4 12 0| " | |

|Lake of the Salinas } |37 13 0| 4 51 0| " | |

|(centre) |

| |

|_Positions fixed on the Expedition in 1823, to extend the Frontiers._ |

| |

|Fort on the Tandil |37 21 43| 0 39 4| " |{Var. 14° 59´ |

| | | | |{E.--1823. |

|Lake beyond the Tinta } |37 40 3| 1 27 0| " | |

|hills } | | | | |

|Another further on |37 44 7| 2 0 7| " |Var. 15° 18´ E. |

|Ruins of the Jesuit |37 59 48| | " | |

|Mission |

| |

|_By the Officers of His Majesty's Ship Beagle, in 1832._ |

| |

|Cape Corrientes |38 5 30|57 29 15| Greenwich | |

|Sierra Ventana, } |38 11 45|61 56 18| " | |

|highest summit } | | | | |

|Fort Argentine, near } |38 43 50|62 14 41| " | |

|Bahia Blanca } | | | | |

| |

|_On the River Negro._ |

| |

|Pilot's house at } |41 0 42|62 46 15| " |}Var. 17° 42´ |

|the entrance } | | | |}E.--1832. |

|of the River Negro } | | | | |

|Town of Carmen on ditto |40 48 18|62 58 0| " |} |

|East end of the } |39 0 0| | " |} |

|Islands of Choleechel } | | | |} |

|Junction of the River } |38 44 0| | " |}by Villariño, |

|Neuquen } | | | |} in 1782. |

|Junction of the River } |40 6 0| | " |} |

|Encarnacion } | | | |} |

|Villariños, furthest } |39 33 0| | " |} |

|up the Catapuliché } | | | |} |

+------------------------+--------+--------+------------+------------------+

No. 7--_continued._

_Positions on the road from Buenos Ayres to Chile, fixed in 1794

by Bauza and Espinosa, Officers attached to Malaspina's Surveying

Expedition._

+------------------------+------------------+------------+------------------+

+------------------------+--------+---------+------------+------------------+

| |° ´ "| ° ´ "| | |

|Post of Portezuelas |33 53 0| . .| Greenwich | |

|Do. of Desmochados |33 10 0| . .| " | |

|Do. of Sanjon, on the } |32 40 0| 61 45 0| " | |

|River Tercero } | | | | |

|Pass on the Tercero |32 23 30| . .| " | |

|San Luis de la Punta |33 18 0| 65 47 0| " | |

|Pass of the Desaguadero |33 26 0| . .| " | |

|Mendoza |32 52 0| 69 6 0| " | |

|Uspallata |32 33 20| . .| " | |

|St. Jago de Chile |33 26 0| 70 46 0| " | |

| |

|_Provincial Towns._ |

| |

|Cordova |31 26 14|314 36 45| Ferro |{M. de Souillae, |

| | | | |{ 1784. |

|Santiago del Estero |27 47 0| . .| " | Azara. |

|Tucuman | . .| . .| " | |

|Salta | . .| . .| " | |

|Corrientes |27 27 0|319 55 0| " | ditto. |

|Assumption |25 16 40|320 12 0| " | ditto. |

| |

|_Affluents of the River Paraguay._ |

| |

|Mouth of the Vermejo |26 54 0 | . .| . . |} |

|Do. of the Tebicuari |26 35 0 | . .| . . |} by Azara, |

|Fort Angostura |25 32 0 | . .| . . |} in 1785. |

|Mouth of the Pilcomayo |25 21 9 | . .| . . |} |

|Mouth of the Piray |25 2 0 | . .| . . |} |

|Do. of the Salado |25 1 0 | . .| . . |} |

|Do. Peribibuy |24 58 0 | . .| . . |} |

|Do. Mboicay |24 56 0 | . .| . . |} |

|Do. Ibobi |24 29 0 | . .| . . |} |

|Do. Quarepoti |24 23 0 | . .| . . |} |

|Do. Xexui |24 7 0 | . .| . . |} |

|Do. Ipané-mini |24 2 0 | . .| . . |} Quiroga, |

|Do. Fogones |23 51 0 | . .| . . |} in 1750. |

|Do. Ipané-guazu |23 28 0 | . .| . . |} |

|Do. Guarambaré |23 8 0 | . .| . . |} |

|Do. Corrientes |22 2 0 | . .| . . |} |

|Do. Tepeti |21 45 0 | . .| . . |} |

|Do. Inboteti |19 20 0 | . .| . . |} |

|Do. Tacuari |19 0 0 | . .| . . |} |

|Do. Porrudos |17 52 0 | . .| . . |} |

|Do. Jaurú |16 25 0 | 320 10 0| Ferro |} |

+------------------------+---------+---------+-----------+------------------+

No. 7--_continued._

_Towns in Paraguay._

+------------------------+------------------+------------+------------------+

+------------------------+--------+---------+------------+------------------+

| |° ´ "| ° ´ "| | |

|Yaguaron |25 41 15|} | | |

|Itapé |25 51 14|} | | |

|Cazapa |26 9 53|} . . | . . | Azara, in 1785. |

|Yuti |26 36 4|} | | |

|Point of embarkation on}|26 35 21|} | | |

| the Tebicuari }| | | | |

| |

|_The Jesuit Missions of the Uruguay and Paranã, as fixed by the |

|Boundary Commissioners, under the Treaty of 1777._ |

| |

|San Ignacio-guazu |26 55 12|321 5 9| Ferro | |

|Santa Maria de Fé |26 48 10|321 11 9| " | |

|Santa Rosa |26 53 12|321 14 28| " | |

|Santiago |27 8 40|321 20 14| " | |

|San Cosmo |27 18 55|321 47 53| " | |

|Itapua |27 20 16|322 14 2| " | |

|Candelaria |27 27 14|322 19 30| " | |

|Santa Ana |27 23 40|322 31 23| " | |

|Loreto |27 19 44|322 35 19| " | |

|San Ignacio-mini |27 14 55|322 43 11| " | |

|Corpus |27 7 36|322 36 27| " | |

|Trinidad |27 7 35|322 19 20| " | |

|Jesus |27 2 36|322 17 2| " | |

|San José |27 45 47|322 19 30| " | |

|San Carlos |27 44 36|322 11 1| " | |

|Apostoles |27 54 27|322 19 45| " | |

|Conception |27 58 51|322 33 22| " | |

|Santa Maria Mayor |27 53 34|322 38 59| " | |

|San Xavier |27 51 8|322 49 26| " | |

|Martires |27 50 24|322 36 49| " | |

|San Nicolas |28 11 23|322 44 21| " | |

|San Luis |28 25 41|323 1 23| " | |

|San Lorenzo |28 27 51|323 14 29| " | |

|San Miguel |28 33 13|323 22 24| " | |

|San Juan |28 27 51|323 37 22| " | |

|San Angel |28 18 13|323 47 15| " | |

|San Tomas |28 32 49|322 1 39| " | |

|San Borja |28 39 51|322 4 49| " | |

|La Cruz |29 11 0|321 30 0| " | |

|Yapeyú |29 28 0|321 17 2| " | |

| | | | | |

|The Gran Salto, or Great} | | |{by the Boundary |

| Fall on the Paranã }24 4 58| . . | " |{Commissioners, |

| | | | |{1788. |

| |

|N.B. The difference adopted between the meridian |

|of Ferro and Paris by the Commissioners, was |

|20° 30´. |

| |

|N.B. Malaspina's Observations on the Shores of the River Plate, |

|alluded to at page 97, are not inserted, owing to some |

|apparent inaccuracies in the Copy received, which cannot be |

|corrected without further reference to Buenos Ayres. |

+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+

No. 8.--Return of Foreign Shipping arrived at Buenos Ayres, from 1821

to 1837, inclusive.

+===========+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+

| |1821.|1822.|1823.|1824.|1825.|1829.|1830.|

+-----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

|British | 128 | 133 | 113 | 110 | 99 | 78 | 73 |

|N. American| 42 | 75 | 80 | 143 | 102 | 97 | 83 |

|Brazilian | . | . | . | . | . | 15 | 38 |

|Sardinian | 3 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 15 | 23 |

|French | 19 | 21 | 24 | 21 | 29 | 28 | 16 |

|Hamburgh | . | . | . | . | 5 | 3 | 3 |

|Dutch | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 8 |

|Bremen | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | 2 |

|Danish | 1 | 1 | 5 | 10 | 14 | 3 | 6 |

|Swedish | 7 | 11 | 6 | 14 | 11 | 3 | 1 |

|Tuscan | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 |

|Roman | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 |

|Russian | . | . | . | . | 1 | 1 | . |

|Neapolitan | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |

|Austrian | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |

|Hanoverian | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . |

|Portuguese | . | . | . | . | . | . | 1 |

|Chilian | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | 1 |

|Prussian | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . |

|Belgian | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |

|Haytian | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . |

|Spanish | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |

| +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

|Totals | 202 | 252 | 240 | 312 | 275 | 250 | 257 |

+===========+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+

| |1831.|1832.|1833.|1834.|1835.|1836.|1837.|

+-----------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----|-----|

|British | 44 | 48 | 74 | 61 | 54 | 49 | 61 |

|N. American| 77 | 55 | 91 | 67 | 51 | 37 | 40 |

|Brazilian | 42 | 44 | 47 | 43 | 42 | 39 | 42 |

|Sardinian | 20 | 26 | 30 | 43 | 23 | 21 | 20 |

|French | 10 | 22 | 17 | 10 | 14 | 19 | 24 |

|Hamburgh | 2 | 4 | 9 | 14 | 8 | 5 | 7 |

|Dutch | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 |

|Bremen | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 4 | 4 |

|Danish | 3 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 9 |

|Swedish | . | . | 1 | . | 3 | 6 | 4 |

|Tuscan | 1 | 2 | 2 | . | . | 1 | 1 |

|Roman | . | 1 | 2 | 1 | . | . | . |

|Russian | 1 | . | 1 | 1 | . | . | 1 |

|Neapolitan | 1 | . | 3 | 2 | . | . | . |

|Austrian | . | . | 2 | . | . | . | . |

|Hanoverian | . | 1 | 1 | . | . | . | . |

|Portuguese | . | . | 1 | 4 | 1 | . | 2 |

|Chilian | . | . | 1 | 1 | . | . | . |

|Prussian | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . |

|Belgian | 2 | . | . | 2 | . | 2 | . |

|Haytian | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |

|Spanish | . | . | . | . | . | 6 | 12 |

| +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+

|Totals | 210 | 210 | 294 | 261 | 213 | 200 | 228 |

+===========+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+

N.B. The years 1825, 26, and 27 are omitted; Buenos Ayres having been

under blockade the greater part of that period. The vessels under the

flag of Monte Video are omitted also, being chiefly the carriers of a

transit-trade.

No. 9

A Statement of the Quantities and Declared Value of British and Irish

Manufactures Exported from the United Kingdom to the States of the Rio

Produce and In each year from 1830 to 1837.--de la Plata, (From Returns

laid before Parliament.)

+-----------------------------------+------------------+-----------------+

| | 1830. | 1831. |

| Articles. +----------+-------+---------+-------+

| |Quantities. Value.|Quantities. Value.

+-----------------------------------+------------------+---------+-------+

| | | £ | | £ |

|Apparel, Slops, and } value | . | 6,305| . | 4,341|

| Haberdashery, } | | | | |

|Arms and Ammunition " | . | 158| . | 443|

|Bacon and Hams cwts. | 146| 338| . | . |

|Beer and Ale tuns | 112| 2,097| 54| 1,003|

|Books Printed cwts. | 12| 319| 6| 128|

|Brass and Copper } " | 265| 1,219| 50| 279|

| Manufactures } | | | | |

|Butter and Cheese " | 98| 308| 215| 728|

|Coals, Culm, and Cinders tons | 941| 585| 109| 94|

|Cordage cwts. | 80| 200| . | . |

|Cotton Manufactures, entered} | | | | |

| by the yard } yards|10,805,990|324,305|6,242,134|176,874|

| " " Hosiery, } | | | | |

| Lace and Small Wares } value| | 20,005| . | 9,943|

| " Twist and Yarn lbs. | 5,831| 587| 800| 30|

|Earthenware of all sorts pieces | 671,945| 9,617| 292,529| 4,274|

|Fish, Herrings barrels| 60| 72| . | . |

|Glass, entered by weight cwts. | 2,265| 3,330| 1,669| 2,969|

| " " at value value | | 254| . | 58|

|Hardwares and Cutlery cwts. | 5,793| 24,356| 4,237| 20,000|

|Hats, Beaver and Felt dozens | 3,165| 10,262| 1,314| 4,340|

|Iron and Steel, wrought and } | | | | |

| unwrought } tons | 545| 7,836| 391| 5,058|

|Lead and Shot " | 40| 662| 20| 351|

|Leather, wrought and unwrought lbs.| 34,500| 9,791| 19,752| 5,253|

|Saddlery and Harness value| | 1,254| . | 279|

|Linen Manufactures, entered } | | | | |

| by the yard } yards| 973,640| 31,893| 406,583| 16,663|

| " " Thread, } | | | | |

| Tapes, and Small Wares } value| | 1,078| . | 1,514|

|Machinery and Mill Work " | | 38| . | 222|

|Printers' Colours " | | 758| . | 293|

|Plate, Plated Ware, Jewellery } | | | | |

| and Watches } " | | 941| . | 1,041|

|Salt bushels | 15,610| 412| 5,770| 86|

|Silk Manufactures value | | 10,365| . | 13,319|

|Soap and Candles lbs. | 51,730| 1,147| 2,710| 35|

|Stationery of all sorts value | | 1,325| . | 1,089|

|Sugar, Refined cwts. | 149| 409| 84| 186|

|Tin, unwrought " | | | 37| 125|

|Tin and Pewter Wares and } | | | | |

| Tin Plates } value | | 780| . | 701|

|Woollen and Worsted Yarn lbs. | . | . | . | . |

|Woollen Manufactures, entered } | | | | |

| by the piece }pieces| 30,328|141,700| 14,901| 58,137|

| " " " } | | | | |

| " yard }yards | 84,830| 8,184| 49,119| 5,077|

| " " Hosiery} | | | | |

| and Small Wares }value | . | 4,574| . | 1,705|

|All other Articles " | . | 4,663| . | 3,382|

| +----------+-------+---------+-------+

| Total | For 1830 £632,172| 1831 £339,870|

+-----------------------------------+------------------+-----------------+

+-----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+

| | 1832. | 1833. |

| Articles. +----------+-------+----------+-------+

| |Quantities. Value.|Quantities. Value.|

+-----------------------------------+----------+-------+----------+-------+

| | | £ | | £ |

|Apparel, Slops, and } value | . | 5,067| | 3,082|

| Haberdashery, } | | | | |

|Arms and Ammunition " | . | 345| | 419|

|Bacon and Hams cwts. | 60| 157| 155| 490|

|Beer and Ale tuns | 78| 1,465| 108| 1,712|

|Books Printed cwts. | 2| 51| 1| 10|

|Brass and Copper } " | 105| 485| 96| 555|

| Manufactures } | | | | |

|Butter and Cheese " | 547| 2,160| 829| 3,169|

|Coals, Culm, and Cinders tons | 707| 430| 868| 438|

|Cordage cwts. | 55| 53| 144| 234|

|Cotton Manufactures, entered} | | | | |

| by the yard } yards|17,256,838|391,591|12,731,734|280,292|

| " " Hosiery, } | | | | |

| Lace and Small Wares } value| . | 33,344| | 23,311|

| " Twist and Yarn lbs. | . | . | 300| 26|

|Earthenware of all sorts pieces | 354,684| 5,309| 770,172| 9,377|

|Fish, Herrings barrels| 35| 29| | |

|Glass, entered by weight cwts. | 2,579| 6,620| 3,198| 9,737|

| " " at value value | . | . | | 100|

|Hardwares and Cutlery cwts. | 5,397| 22,718| 5,571| 20,281|

|Hats, Beaver and Felt dozens | 1,711| 4,039| 1,173| 3,085|

|Iron and Steel, wrought and } | | | | |

| unwrought } tons | 792| 6,128| 734| 11,023|

|Lead and Shot " | 14| 219| 38| 555|

|Leather, wrought and unwrought lbs.| 23,473| 6,809| 33,792| 9,219|

|Saddlery and Harness value| . | 309| | 1,330|

|Linen Manufactures, entered } | | | | |

| by the yard } yards| 344,013| 30,680| 509,528| 21,690|

| " " Thread, } | | | | |

| Tapes, and Small Wares } value| . | 1,619| | 327|

|Machinery and Mill Work " | . | . | | 18|

|Printers' Colours " | . | 690| | 1,973|

|Plate, Plated Ware, Jewellery } | | | | |

| and Watches } " | . | 445| | 1,081|

|Salt bushels | 163| 8| 2,000| 34|

|Silk Manufactures value | . | 24,786| | 11,735|

|Soap and Candles lbs. | 125,520| 2,661| 277,102| 5,416|

|Stationery of all sorts value | . | 1,912| | 1,441|

|Sugar, Refined cwts. | . | . | 131| 287|

|Tin, unwrought " | 35| 117| 8| 30|

|Tin and Pewter Wares and } | | | | |

| Tin Plates } value | . | 2,754| | 1,060|

|Woollen and Worsted Yarn lbs. | 1,672| 80| | |

|Woollen Manufactures, entered } | | | | |

| by the piece }pieces| 28,392| 39,445| 23,387| 79,231|

| " " " } | | | | |

| " yard }yards | 39,219| 9,099| 65,269| 5,640|

| " " Hosiery} | | | | |

| and Small Wares }value | . | 4,462| | 3,052|

|All other Articles " | . | 4,066| | 3,902|

| +----------+-------+----------+-------+

| Total | 1832 £660,152 | 1833 £515,362|

+-----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+

| | 1834. | 1835. |

| Articles. +----------+-------+----------+-------+

| |Quantities. Value.|Quantities. Value.|

+-----------------------------------+----------+-------+----------+-------+

| | | £ | | £ |

|Apparel, Slops, and } value | | 2,096| | 3,986|

| Haberdashery, } | | | | |

|Arms and Ammunition " | | 3,035| | 6,388|

|Bacon and Hams cwts. | 104| 225| 59| 115|

|Beer and Ale tuns | 74| 1,083| 87| 1,394|

|Books Printed cwts. | 5| 126| 7| 166|

|Brass and Copper } " | 139| 807| 37| 265|

| Manufactures } | | | | |

|Butter and Cheese " | 86| 277| 2| 5|

|Coals, Culm, and Cinders tons | 966| 508| 1,544| 751|

|Cordage cwts. | 100| 150| 430| 646|

|Cotton Manufactures, entered} | | | | |

| by the yard } yards|20,942,118|449,831|12,853,287|312,400|

| " " Hosiery, } | | | | |

| Lace and Small Wares } value| | 33,313| | 26,488|

| " Twist and Yarn lbs. | 9,258| 446| 34,560| 2,824|

|Earthenware of all sorts pieces | 523,161| 5,762| 598,001| 6,212|

|Glass, entered by weight cwts. | 2,156| 4,929| 3,029| 9,844|

| " " at value value | | 60| | 196|

|Hardwares and Cutlery cwts. | 10,454| 33,040| 8,347| 30,117|

|Hats, Beaver and Felt dozens | 2,900| 4,891| 2,924| 5,780|

|Iron and Steel, wrought and } | | | | |

| unwrought } tons | 1,143| 12,433| 1,033| 9,414|

|Lead and Shot " | 15| 283| 13| 295|

|Leather, wrought and unwrought lbs.| 38,457| 8,341| 30,669| 7,151|

|Saddlery and Harness value| | 943| | 1,284|

|Linen Manufactures, entered } | | | | |

| by the yard } yards| 1,487,576| 43,919| 948,026| 34,789|

| " " Thread, } | | | | |

| Tapes, and Small Wares } value| | 1,073| | 842|

|Machinery and Mill Work " | | 72| | 4,022|

|Printers' Colours " | | 2,907| | 2,634|

|Plate, Plated Ware, Jewellery } | | | | |

| and Watches } " | | 1,232| | 1,095|

|Salt bushels | 1,144| 32| 2,200| 50|

|Silk Manufactures value | | 19,274| | 18,307|

|Soap and Candles lbs. | 13,100| 290| 18,369| 380|

|Stationery of all sorts value | | 2,064| | 3,202|

|Sugar, Refined cwts. | 504| 1,368| 32| 91|

|Tin, unwrought " | 78| 185| | |

|Tin and Pewter Wares and } | | | | |

| Tin Plates } value | | 2,006| | 2,286|

|Woollen and Worsted Yarn lbs. | 6| 1| | 816|

|Woollen Manufactures, entered } | | | | |

| by the piece }pieces| 36,673|172,393| 35,970|140,915|

| " " " } | | | | |

| " yard }yards | 112,124| 10,781| 113,750| 9,251|

| " " Hosiery} | | | | |

| and Small Wares }value | | 4,801| | 3,593|

|All other Articles " | | 6,587| | 11,347|

| +----------+-------+----------+-------+

| Total | 1834 £831,564| 1835 £658,525 |

+-----------------------------------+------------------+-------------------+

+-----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+

| | 1836. | 1837. |

| Articles. +----------+-------+----------+-------+

| |Quantities. Value.|Quantities. Value.|

+-----------------------------------+----------+-------+----------+-------+

| | | £ | | £ |

|Apparel, Slops, and } value | | 5,028| | 2,111|

| Haberdashery, } | | | | |

|Arms and Ammunition " | | 867| | 1,391|

|Bacon and Hams cwts. | 28| 70| 105| 220|

|Beer and Ale tuns | 107| 2,065| 68| 1,149|

|Books Printed cwts. | 12| 275| 9| 180|

|Brass and Copper } " | 1| 5| 72| 675|

| Manufactures } | | | | |

|Butter and Cheese " | | | 35| 49|

|Coals, Culm, and Cinders tons | 975| 514| 713| 400|

|Cordage cwts. | 30| 100| 153| 288|

|Cotton Manufactures, entered} | | | | |

| by the yard } yards|18,628,197|435,932|20,183,454|445,291|

| " " Hosiery, } | | | | |

| Lace and Small Wares } value| | 20,588| | 18,818|

| " Twist and Yarn lbs. | 4,600| 350| 5,734| 364|

|Earthenware of all sorts pieces | 966,687| 9,748| 1,093,905| 7,724|

|Fish, Herrings barrels| 2| 2| 2| 2|

|Glass, entered by weight cwts. | 2,596| 2,654| 1,314| 3,856|

|Hardwares and Cutlery cwts. | 7,211| 27,629| 6,929| 20,531|

|Hats, Beaver and Felt dozens | 1,099| 1,925| 2,146| 3,239|

|Iron and Steel, wrought and } | | | | |

| unwrought } tons | 963| 13,614| 994| 12,859|

|Lead and Shot " | 24| 775| 34| 703|

|Leather, wrought and unwrought lbs.| 16,708| 3,760| 23,987| 5,763|

|Saddlery and Harness value| | 888| | 341|

|Linen Manufactures, entered } | | | | |

| by the yard } yards| 794,772| 27,844| 1,477,392| 42,591|

| " " Thread, } | | | | |

| Tapes, and Small Wares } value| | 460| | 656|

|Machinery and Mill Work " | | 40| | 390|

|Printers' Colours " | | 2,066| | 1,769|

|Plate, Plated Ware, Jewellery } | | | | |

| and Watches } " | | 420| | 1,192|

|Salt bushels | 1,121| 32| 3,480| 60|

|Silk Manufactures value | | 9,514| | 13,098|

|Soap and Candles lbs. | | | 224| 12|

|Stationery of all sorts value | | 1,708| | 1,545|

|Tin, unwrought " | | | 15| 61|

|Tin and Pewter Wares and } | | | | |

| Tin Plates } value | | 3,390| | 4,052|

|Woollen and Worsted Yarn lbs. | | 90| 672| 130|

|Woollen Manufactures, entered } | | | | |

| by the piece }pieces| 26,514|105,223| 22,555| 93,355|

| " " " } | | | | |

| " yard }yards | 114,023| 10,121| 60,857| 5,578|

| " " Hosiery} | | | | |

| and Small Wares }value | | 4,607| | 2,301|

|All other Articles " | | 5,030| | 3,365|

| +----------+-------+----------+-------+

| Total |1836 £697,334 |1837 £696,104 |

+-----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+

No. 10.

TRADE OF MONTE VIDEO.

I.--Return of Foreign Shipping entered and sailed from the Port of

Monte Video in 1836, with the _Estimated Value_ of their Cargoes.

+-----------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+

| | | |

| | Entered. | Sailed. |

| Countries. | | |

| +------+------------------+------+------------------+

+-----------------+------+------------------+------+------------------+

| British | 58 | 1,172,658 | 57 | 951,423 |

| Brazilian | 62 | 713,793 | 62 | 825,440 |

| American | 50 | 217,402 | 48 | 295,829 |

| French | 40 | 578,178 | 40 | 464,430 |

| Spanish | 15 | 311,285 | 15 | 236,672 |

| Sardinian | 57 | 102,039 | 41 | 30,252 |

| Portuguese | 13 | 15,200 | 13 | 62,700 |

| Other Countries.| .. | 502,082 | .. | 639,909 |

| +------+------------------+------+------------------+

| | | 3,597,437 | | 3,443,957 |

+-----------------+------+------------------+------+------------------+

II.--Return, showing the _quantities_ of each Article Exported, and the

Foreign Countries for which they were shipped from Monte Video in the

year 1836.

+----------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

| +--------+--------+--------+--------+

|Hides, dry No. | 61,718| 108,428| 38,848| 67,026|

| Do. salt " | 124,666| 13,288| 297| 230|

|Horns " | 329,836| 32,110| 142,766| 20,328|

|Jerked Beef cwts.| ... | ... | ... | ... |

|Horsehair { arrobes }| | | | |

| {of 25 lbs.}| 9,578| 4,622| 3,984| ... |

|Cuttings of Hides | 4,468| 764| 1,584| ... |

|Horse Hides No. | 15,820| 46| 20,144| 1,121|

|Grease arrobes.| 14,857| ... | 2,710| ... |

|Wool " | 14,930| 2,300| 14,140| 30|

|Sheep Skins doz. | 1,937| 2,636| 4,070| 353|

|Tallow arrobes.| 6,158| 4,112| 452| 3,787|

|Nutria Skins doz. | 3,990| 320| 1,640| ... |

|Mares' Grease arrobes.| 2,944| ... | 59| ... |

|Seal Skins No. | 3,831| ... | 16,000| ... |

|Tongues doz. | ... | ... | ... | ... |

|Mules | ... | ... | ... | ... |

|Horses | ... | ... | ... | ... |

|Bones tons. | 259| 53| 10| ... |

+----------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

+----------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------+

| +--------+--------+--------+--------+---------+

|Hides, dry No. | 4,668| 87,942| 3,270| 119| 372,019|

| Do. salt " | ... | 2,901| ... | ... | 141,382|

|Horns " | 27,291| 20,242| 12,552| 850| 593,625|

|Jerked Beef cwts.| ... | ... | 218,318| 88,036| 306,354|

|Horsehair { arrobes }| | | | | |

| {of 25 lbs.}| 436| 72| ... | ... | 18,692|

|Cuttings of Hides | 960| ... | ... | ... | 7,776|

|Horse Hides No. | ... | 170| ... | ... | 37,401|

|Grease arrobes.| ... | 192| 1,419| 4,390| 23,568|

|Wool " | 2,500| ... | ... | ... | 33,900|

|Sheep Skins doz. | 837| ... | 22| ... | 9,855|

|Tallow arrobes.| 2,123| 450| 2,425| 1,847| 43,182|

|Nutria Skins doz. | 220| 400| ... | ... | 6,570|

|Mares' Grease arrobes.| ... | ... | ... | ... | 3,003|

|Seal Skins No. | 53| ... | ... | 161| 20,045|

|Tongues doz. | ... | ... | 440| ... | 440|

|Mules | ... | ... | ... | ... | 410|

|Horses | ... | ... | 164| ... | 164|

|Bones tons. | ... | 3| 1| ... | 326|

+----------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+---------+

No. 11.--Comparative Value (declared) of British and Irish Produce and

Manufactures Exported from Great Britain to the River Plate, Mexico,

Columbia, Chile, and Peru, from 1829 to 1837, and to Spain in the same

years.

+----------+---------------+------------+-------------+-----------+

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

+----------+---------------+------------+-------------+-----------+

| | £ | £ | £ | £ |

| 1829 | 758,540 | 303,562 | 232,703 | 818,950 |

| 1830 | 632,172 | 978,441 | 216,751 | 540,626 |

| 1831 | 339,870 | 728,858 | 248,250 | 651,617 |

| 1832 | 660,152 | 199,821 | 283,568 | 708,193 |

| 1833 | 515,362 | 421,487 | 121,826 | 816,817 |

| 1834 | 831,564 | 459,610 | 199,996 | 896,221 |

| 1835 | 658,525 | 402,820 | 132,242 | 606,176 |

| 1836 | 697,334 | 254,822 | 185,172 | 861,903 |

| 1837 | 696,104 | 520,200 | 170,451 | 625,545 |

| +---------------+------------+-------------+-----------+

| Totals | 5,789,623 | 4,269,621 | 1,790,959 | 6,526,048 |

| +---------------+------------+-------------+-----------+

| | | | | |

| Yearly }| 643,291 | 474,402 | 198,995 |[83]725,116|

| Averages}| | | | |

+----------+---------------+------------+-------------+-----------+

+----------+------------+----------------+--------------+

| | | | |

+----------+------------+----------------+--------------+

| | £ | £ | £ |

| 1829 | 300,171 | 2,413,926 | 861,675 |

| 1830 | 368,469 | 2,736,459 | 607,068 |

| 1831 | 409,003 | 2,377,598 | 597,848 |

| 1832 | 275,610 | 2,127,344 | 442,926 |

| 1833 | 287,524 | 2,163,016 | 442,837 |

| 1834 | 299,235 | 2,686,626 | 325,907 |

| 1835 | 441,324 | 2,241,087 | 405,065 |

| 1836 | 606,332 | 2,605,563 | 437,076 |

| 1837 | 476,374 | 2,488,674 | 286,636 |

| +------------+----------------+--------------+

| Totals | 3,464,042 | 21,840,293 | 4,407,038 |

| +------------+----------------+--------------+

| | | | |

| Yearly }| 384,893 | 2,426,697 | 489,670 |

| Averages}| | | |

+----------+------------+----------------+--------------+

FOOTNOTES:

[83] A considerable portion of the articles sent to Chile are intended

for the supply of the West Coast of Mexico.

LONDON: Printed by W. Clowes and Sons, Duke Street, Stamford Street.

Transcriber's Notes:

Simple spelling, grammar, and typographical errors were

corrected.

Punctuation normalized.

Anachronistic and non-standard spellings retained as printed.

Italics markup is enclosed in _underscores_.

Buenos Ayres and the Provinces of the Rio de La Plata Their Present State, Trade, and Debt · 第 20 / 20 章

+------------------------------+-------------------------------------+