of their advance. Gold was discovered in their domain in 1829. This
event led to dishonorable deeds of the white man and gave the annals
of American-Indian history another black page. In their rapacity, the
border ruffians of Georgia violated the sacredness of treaties and with
a vicious disregard for the rights of their legal owners, appropriated
by violence the rich lands of the Cherokees. Gradually all the fine
achievements of these splendid savages melted into thin air. When the
United States Supreme Court decreed that the misappropriated Cherokee
lands be returned to their rightful owners, President Jackson, a
frontiersman and an Indian hater, defied its authority with his famous
rebuke, “John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce
it.” Finally, after nearly nine years of agitation and disquietude,
negotiations with the Government ended in the Ridge Treaty, an infamous
concoction which was brazenly sustained. By its means the remaining
fragment of what was once the Cherokee Nation were exiled at the point
of the bayonet to a country beyond the Mississippi.
Unfortunately, the new home allotted to the Cherokees proved to be
inhospitable. The land was claimed by the Osage as their ancestral
hunting ground, and the already impoverished Cherokees had to hold it
by force of arms. Nor were the Osage the sole authors of their woes.
The Arkansas band resented this intrusion of their eastern brethren.
Fratricidal war broke out and the tribe became further wasted. Warred
on from without, and torn by strife within, the Cherokees, as a people,
were in danger of extinction. Foreseeing this end, Sequoyah and others
attempted to avert it. As President of the Council of the Arkansas
band, he was largely instrumental in effecting a reunion which put an
end to strife and declared the Eastern and Western Cherokee “one body
politic under the style and title of the Cherokee Nation.”
Sequoyah was by this time in his eighty-second year and well merited
the boon of rest and relaxation. Lest he leave no margin to his life
and crowd it to the very end in his devotion to his people, he retired
from active political life. But his forceful mind denied his crippled
and aged body the rest it deserved. Speculative ideas possessed him and
he formulated a theory that he could devise a universal alphabet for
the red man. Under the dominion of this newer and deeper ambition he
came to feel that he had yet a mission to perform. Though his people
had suffered an excess of calamity, his spirit was unbroken. Having
sounded the depths of human disappointment, he rose again, full of
courage and faith in the salvation of his race. Not in the habit of
taking the advice of others and not having lost one jot of his most
distinguishing characteristic—intensity of purpose—he determined to
make an investigation among the remote tribes of the West in search of
some common element of speech.
Securing a few articles of Indian trade and loading these on an ox cart
driven by a Cherokee boy, Sequoyah set out upon his last quest in 1843.
Such a linguistic crusade the world will doubtless never again witness.
Everywhere he was received by his red-skinned brothers of the plain and
of the mountain with the utmost respect. Eagerly they furnished him
with the means of prosecuting his inquiries. That reticence which they
so notoriously displayed to Caucasian scientists was absent. Nor is
this to be wondered at, for here was a scientist of their own race who
had come to renown and they rested assured that he came not among them
to discover their inferiorities or to prepare the way for exploitation.
With his boy companion he crossed the boundless plains, and, like
Kipling’s _Explorer_, “hurried on in hope of water or turned back in
search of grass.” Puzzling his way through the Rockies, he camped in
meadows of softest velvet sweet with flowers, or above the tree line
amid the grandeur of frost shattered peaks and perpetual snows. Then
turning toward that scorched and waterless expanse unrelieved by the
shade of a solitary tree, he crossed the Colorado Desert and entered
the Mexican Sierras. Here, it is said, his boy companion died of
exposure and hardship, and somewhere in the silent places of these
desolate mountains this grand old man buried the lone partner of his
wanderings.
An ancient myth current in the lodges of his forefathers told of a lost
band of Cherokees who had wandered ages ago into northern Mexico. Vexed
by chilling frosts and scorching heat, Sequoyah began a search for his
lost kinsmen. Enfeebled of limb and yet strong of heart, he pursued
his solitary way, ever straining toward the distant horizon to find
what might be beyond. But he had over-estimated his strength, and not
far from the Rio Grande, in the State of Tamaulipas, this “splendid
wayfarer” reached the end of his trail and watched with fast-dimming
eyes the pearl-gray smoke of his last camp-fire curl toward the heavens
as he drew nearer to eternity.
The greatest of his race, Sequoyah sleeps beyond the Rio Grande. No
monument marks the last resting place of this American Cadmus. His
bones, denied the privilege of sepulchre, were picked by slinking
wolves and wheeling buzzards, and left to bleach in the sun until the
winds had buried them in the sands. His alphabet, too, is destined to
pass away with his race, but his name will never pass into oblivion,
for it is borne by the largest, the oldest, the most magnificent of
trees, the noble Sequoia. This alone is sufficient to preserve his
memory forever.
BIBLIOGRAPHY[8]
GENERAL
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THE AULD LANG SYNE OF TREES
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+Wells, H. G.+—1921. _The Outline of History._ (Macmillan Co., New
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THE GLORY OF THE MOUNTAINS OF CALIFORNIA
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+Jepson, W. L.+—1910. _Silva of California._ (University Press,
Berkeley). pp. 9, 128–143.
+Kellogg, A.+—1884. _Redwood and Lumbering in California Forests._
(Edgar Cherry & Co., San Francisco). pp. 76–102.
+Muir, John+—1901. _Our National Parks._ (Houghton-Mifflin Co.,
Boston). pp. 268–330. 1920. “Save the Redwoods.” (Sierra Club, San
Francisco). _Bulletin_, 1893–1923; Vol. II, pp. 1–4.
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653–660.
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GALEN CLARK
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War of 1851 Which Led to that Event._ (Gerlicher, Los Angeles). Fourth
Edition, pp. 339–348.
+Clark, Galen+—1904. _Indians of Yosemite Valley._ (H. S. Crocker Co.,
San Francisco). “Introductory Sketch of the Author.” pp. IX-XVIII.
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Yosemite). pp. 102–103.
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California._ (Hutchings and Rosenfield, San Francisco). pp. 140–142.
+Kuykendall, Ralph S.+—1921. “History of the Yosemite Region.” (G. P.
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+Lester, John Erastus+—1873. _The Yosemite: Its History._ (Providence
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(Century Co., New York). pp. 240–248.
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Bigelow & Co., Cambridge). pp. 1–23.
——. “California Commissioners to Manage Yosemite Valley and the
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1870, 1873, 1875, 1877, 1886, 1888, 1890, 1892, 1894, 1896, 1898, 1902,
1904.
WONDER TREES
+Bancroft, A. L.+—1871. _Bancroft’s Tourist Guide of Yosemite._ (A. L.
Bancroft & Co., San Francisco). pp. 57–71.
+Dudley, William R.+—1913. “Vitality of the Sequoia Gigantea.”
(Stanford University Pub., Palo Alto). _Dudley Memorial Volume_, pp.
40–41. 1900. “Big Trees of California.” (American Forestry Association,
Washington, D. C.) _Forester_, 1899–1924; Vol. 6, pp. 206–210. 1900.
“Lumbering in Sequoia National Park.” _Forester_, Vol. 6, pp. 293–295.
+Hall, William L.+—1911. “Uses of Commercial Woods of the United
States.” U. S. Forest Service, 1887–1913. _Bulletin_ 95, pp. 57–62.
+Hutchings, J. M.+—1860. _Scenes of Wonder and Curiosity in
California._ (Hutchings & Rosenfield, San Francisco), pp. 9–12, 40–50,
140–148. 1886. _In the Heart of the Sierras._ (Pacific Rural Press,
Oakland), pp. 214–232, 256–263.
+Jepson, W. L.+—1921. “The Giant Sequoia.” (G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New
York). _Handbook of Yosemite National Park._ Ed. by Ansel F. Hall, pp.
237–246. 1910. _Silva of California._ (University Press, Berkeley), pp.
145–146.
+Kellogg, A.+—1882. “Forest Trees of California.” (California State
Mining Bureau, Sacramento). Reports, 1880–1921. Vol. 2, Appendix. 1884.
“Essay on Redwood.” (Edgar Cherry Co., San Francisco). _Redwood and
Lumbering in California Forests_, pp. 102–107.
+King, Clarence+—1902. _Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada._ (Chas.
Scribners & Sons, New York), pp. 49–53.
+Kneeland, Samuel+—1871. _Wonders of Yosemite Valley and of
California._ (Alexander Moore, Boston), pp. 47–51.
+Osborn, Henry Fairfield+—1912. “Preservation of the World’s Animal
Life.” (American Museum of Natural History, New York). _Natural
History_, 1900–1924. Vol. 12, pp. 123–124.
+Pinchot, Gifford+—1899. “A Primer of Forestry.” U. S. Forest Service,
1887–1913. _Bulletin 24_, pt. 1, pp. 44–65.
+Sudworth, George B.+—1912. “Present Conditions of the California
Big Trees.” (American Museum of Natural History, New York). _Natural
History_, 1900–1924; Vol. 12, pp. 227–236.
—— 1917. “Our Big Trees Saved.” (National Geographical Society,
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pp. 1–11.
—— 1923. _Rules and Regulations of Yosemite National Park._ U. S. Dept.
of the Interior, p. 13.
OLDEST LIVING THING
+Dudley, William R.+—1913. “Vitality of the Sequoia Gigantea.”
(Stanford University Pub., Palo Alto). _Dudley Memorial Volume_, pp.
33–42.
+Eisen, Gustav+—1893. “Native Habits of the Sequoia Gigantea.” (T. S.
Brandegee, San Francisco). _Zoe_, 1890–1900. Vol. 4, pp. 141–144.
+Gray, Asa+—1844. “The Longevity of Trees.” (Otis Brooders Co.,
Boston). The _North American Review_, 1815–1924; Vol. 59, pp. 189–238.
+Lemmon, John G.+—1890. “Cone-Bearers of California.” (California State
Board of Forestry, Sacramento). Biennial _Report_, 1886–1921; Vol. 3,
pp. 165–166.
+Magee, Thomas+—1895. _Immortality of the Big Trees._ (William Doxey,
San Francisco). pp. 61–77.
THE ETERNAL TREE
+Breasted, James H.+—1916. _Ancient Times._ (Ginn & Co., Boston). pp.
157–158.
+Chase, J. Smeaton+—1911. _Yosemite Trails._ (Houghton-Mifflin Co.,
Boston). pp. 126–143.
+Gray, Asa+—1854. “On the Age of a Large Tree Recently Felled in
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1857. (American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston). _Proceedings_,
1864–1923; Vol. 3, pp. 94–96.
+Hill, C. L.+—1916. _Forests of Yosemite, Sequoia, and General Grant
National Parks._ U. S. Dept. of the Interior, p. 15.
+Huntington, Ellsworth+—1912. “Secret of the Big Trees.” (Harper &
Bro., New York). _Harper’s Magazine_, 1850–1924; Vol. 125, pp. 92–302.
Re-printed 1913. U. S. Dept. of the Interior. 24 pp.
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Hall, pp. 240–241.
+Le Conte, Joseph+—1875. _Journal of Ramblings Through the Sierra
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A BLOSSOM OF DECADENCE
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(Annual _Report_, 1880–1913). Vol. 21, pp. 571–574.
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577–581.
+Jepson, W. L.+—1910. _Silva of California._ (University Press,
Berkeley). p. 144.
+Muir, John+—1877. “On the Post Glacial History of Sequoia Gigantea.”
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History_, 1900–1924; Vol. 12, pp. 227–236.
A NAME FOR THE AGES
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SEQUOYAH
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America.” (University Press, Cambridge). American Antiquarian Society.
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of North America._ (Frederick W. Greenbough, Philadelphia). Vol. 1, pp.
63–70.
+Mooney, James+—1900. “Myths of the Cherokee.” U. S. Bureau of American
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+Phillips, William A.+—1870. “Se-quo-yah.” (Harper & Brothers, New
York). _Harper’s Magazine_, 1850–1924. Vol. 41, pp. 542–548.
+Pilling, James C.+—1888. “Bibliography of Iroquoian Languages.” U. S.
Bureau of American Ethnology, 1887–1924. _Bulletin 6_, pp. 41–42, 72–73.
+White, George B.+—1855. _Historical Collections of Georgia._ (Pudney &
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FOOTNOTES:
[1] The Grant of 1864 was ceded back to the Nation in 1906 and became
incorporated in Yosemite National Park, which was created sixteen
years earlier.
[2] This measurement was made in June of 1912 (as were the other
measurements given on these pages) by David A. Sherfey, resident
engineer of the Park at this time.
[3] The wood of the Big Tree must not be confused with that of the
Redwood, for the latter has a very high economic value as a
commercial wood, and is noted for its many excellent qualities.
[4] Scientifically speaking it is not proper to attribute a will to a
form of plant life. Its use here is in a non-scientific sense.
[5] Computations made at the ground, thirty-one feet, give over
three-quarters of a million board feet; while those made eleven
feet above, where the diameter is but twenty feet, give only a
quarter of a million feet of lumber. The figure given above is,
therefore, a fair one. Random statements that this tree contains
a million board feet of lumber rest on no substantial basis.
[6] The interesting question raised by Sudworth in 1898 whether the
specific name should be _Gigantea_ or _Washingtonia_ is discussed
in Bulletin Number 17, U. S. Forest Service, Page 28.
[7] A mythical Phoenician who brought letters to the Greeks and in
whose honor the people of Thebes erected a magnificent edifice
known as the Cadmeum.
[8] The author desires to offer grateful acknowledgement for the
extensive and liberal use he has made of this bibliography in the
preparation of the manuscript. He is further indebted to Clarence
King’s _Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada_; Mark Twain’s
_Innocents Abroad_, Vol. II; and to the writings of Bret Harte,
for many suggestions and numerous happy phrases.
Transcriber’s Notes:
• Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
• Text enclosed by pluses is in small caps (+small caps+).
• Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected.