Accadians--writing and literature of, 99, 100;
language of, 92, 136.
"Accents"--absent in early Greek literature, 124.
Achievements--two conspicuous, of last century, 94, 98-104.
Alphabetic writing--origin of, 91, 92, 104, 105, 110, 111;
occasion for, 104-106;
earliest document in, 110;
Phœnician development, 105-107;
the undeciphered Cretan, 100, 105, 106-108;
cosmopolitan, 116.
Alexandrian--manuscript ("A"), 64, 65;
number of columns to page, 64, 65;
depository of, 64;
Library and Museum, 127, 137-141.
Alexandria--strategic location, 115, 137;
literary activity of, 123, 127, 133, 145.
Antony--gift of, 137.
Arabia--paper first made and used in, 73;
monasteries of, 149, 155;
schools and literature of, 152, 153, 155.
Arabs--brought paper-making into Spain, 73;
originated modern system of notation, 126.
Architecture--characteristic of an age, 118.
Asceticism--origin and development of, 154.
Assur-bani-pal--ancient king of Assyria, 135;
fostered literature and learning, 135, 136;
library of, 135, 136;
discoveries by Layard on library site, 136.
Authorities quoted, cited, and referred to:
Americana, The, 74.
Appleton's New Practical, 72.
Author, an anonymous, 26.
Baikie, Mr. James, 100.
Bible, The, 22, 33, 34, 43, 61, 62, 80, 87, 109, 112, 121, 158.
Birt, 68.
Bishop, Wm. Frost, D.D., 91, 110.
Book Record, The, 32.
Bruce, Professor A. B., 41, 42.
Budge, Mr. Wallace, 85, 97.
Callimachus (Grammarian), 140.
Chambers' Encyclopedia, 72.
Champollion, Professor, 98.
Christ in the Gospels, 29.
Chrysostom, 141.
Clay, Professor Albert T., 100, 102.
Clodd, Professor Edward, 91.
Ctesias, 59.
D'Israeli, 26.
Dobschütz, Professor Ernest Von, 12, 25, 26, 38, 39, 53, 54, 62,
63, 120, 156.
Duruy, Professor Victor, 164.
Edwards, Miss Amelia B. (Egyptologist), 93.
Emerton, Professor, 163.
Encyclopedia Britannica (Eleventh Edition), 12, 24, 75, 80, 84,
105, 106, 108, 113, 142, 153.
Eusebius (Ecclesiastical Historian), 52, 147, 148.
Euthalius, 124.
Evans, Dr. A. J. (Antiquarian), 106, 107, 108.
Gibbon (Historian), 37, 144.
Grammaticus, Joannes (Scholar), 143.
Grotefend, Dr., 103.
Guizot (Historian), 18.
Hallam (Historian), 16, 131, 162.
Harding, Professor S. B., 163.
Harper, Professor Robert F., 80.
Harkness, Mr. M. E., 93, 97.
Hastings' Bible Dictionary, 164.
Herodotus (Ancient Historian), 59, 139.
Hillis, Newell Dwight, D.D., 56.
Hilprecht, Professor Herman V., 134, 135.
Hugo (Cardinal), 122.
Huston, Professor C. W., 96.
Huxley, Professor, 90.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, 17, 21, 22, 25, 27, 47,
48, 111.
Jerome, St. (Scholar), 124, 155.
Jewish Encyclopedia, 51, 59, 112.
Klein, Dr. (Traveler), 109.
Layard, Sir Henry, 104, 136.
Lecky, Mr. W. E. H., 161.
Macaulay, Lord, 150, 170.
Mahaffy, Professor J. P., 118, 119.
Milligan, Professor George, 66.
Munro and Sellery, Professors, 157, 161, 162.
Myers, Professor, 163, 169.
National Geographic Magazine, 100, 102, 108, 128.
Nelson's Encyclopedia, 105.
New York Daily, 54.
Nicholas V. (Pope), 169, 170.
North American Review, 144.
Petrarch (Biographer), 169.
Petrie, Professor, 79.
Plato, 23, 31.
Pliny, 69, 81.
Press dispatches, 57.
Prescott (Historian), 26, 78, 95.
Prideau, 50, 66, 67.
Putnam, Mr. George H., 11, 12, 13, 14, 24, 25, 30, 31, 68, 75, 78,
103, 104, 131, 140, 164, 165.
Rawlinson, Professor George, 136.
Richardson, Mr. E. C., 21, 22, 25, 27, 47, 48, 111.
Robertson, Rev. Frederick W., 40.
Roget, M. Emmanuel De, 92.
Sayce, Professor A. H., 27, 79, 101, 106, 109, 111, 136.
Smith, Mr. Goldwin, 168.
Stephens, Robert (Printer), 122.
Symonds, Professor, 169.
Taylor (Canon), 104.
Taylor, Dr. Isaac, 18, 71, 118, 148.
Tertullian (Church Father), 141.
Thalheimer (Historian), 74.
Thatcher and Schwill, Professors, 150, 155, 162.
Tischendorf, Professor, 64, 166.
Vincent, Dr. Marvin R., 38.
Walsh, Professor, 151, 152, 159.
World Almanac, 142.
Wright, Professor George F., 40, 41, 52, 53.
Wycliffe, John, 29, 30.
Young, Professor, 98, 99.
Babylonia--inscribed temple walls, 100;
clay tablets of, 79, 134, 135, 136;
ancient syllabary script of, 105.
Babylonian--expedition, 134;
explorations at Nippur, 134, 135;
"deluge" tablet, 134, 135.
Benedictines--founding of Order, 150, 155;
civilizing and beneficent influences of, 162, 164.
Bible--a divine-human book, 40-45;
for man, 18, 40;
collective volume, 140;
versions, 38, 39;
preëminent MSS of, 64, 65;
lost autographs, 44;
Septuagint Version, 141;
decorated and embellished copies, 52-54, 159;
cost of making, 29-32;
first printed ("Mazarin"), 14, 15;
Revised N. T., 28;
numerous manuscripts of, 37-39;
American Bible Society, 32;
permanency of, 18;
chapters and verses, 122, 125.
Book--definition of, 19, 20;
evolution, 20, 21;
form of ancient, 63;
change from "roll" to "leaf" form, 63-64, 69;
"diptych," "triptych," "polyptych," 82;
"Book of the Dead," 84, 85, 93;
size of roll-book, 68, 69, 139, 140.
Books--earliest, 21, 22, 59;
valuation of, 14, 29-32, 130;
making and commerce of, 127-132;
"reinforced" papyrus and paper, 69, 75;
embellishment of, 52-54;
cost of written and printed compared, 29-32;
enemies of, 48;
materials, 44 (see chapter XI);
rare, 52-54, 64, 65;
depositories of, 127, 128, 130-132, 148, 149;
repairing, 49, 69, 152;
new crusade for, 169.
"Breathings"--of the Greek MSS, 124.
British Museum--depository, 59, 64, 136.
Champollion--and the Rosetta Stone, 98.
Charlemagne--referred to, 149;
patron of schools and learning, 149;
scarcity of books at his time, 149, 150;
meager intellectual attainments of, 149, 150.
Chinese--inventors of printing, 11, 12;
first paper-makers, 72;
ideographic writing of, 105, 117;
ancient library of, 81.
Churches--relation to learning, 131, 132, 156;
libraries in, 148.
Cleopatra--name on Rosetta Stone, 99;
Antony and, 137.
Code--Hammurabi, 80, 110.
"Colon"--punctuation mark, 124.
Columns--in roll-book, 50, 61, 63, 64,
and age of MSS, 64, 65.
"Comma"--punctuation mark, 121, 124.
Constantine--founder of Constantinople, 146;
patron of Christianity, 147;
furthered the Bible, 147, 148, 158.
Constantinople--secure and favored position, 146, 147;
center of literary and religious activity, 147-149, 164.
Copyists--professional, 69, 127, 132, 138, 140, 147, 149 (see monks);
women, 128;
other, 128-130, 138;
wage of, 29, 32, 54;
concern for their work, 49-52;
dictation to, 157, 158, 165;
rules governing, 49-51;
repairing MSS, 49, 69;
artistic accomplishments of, 52-54;
paraphernalia of, 86, 88.
Cnossos--Cretan palace of, 107;
"finds" in, 107, 108.
Crete--recent discoveries in ancient, 100, 107, 108.
Cuneiform--writing, 28, 99-104;
distinguished from hieroglyphic, 100;
made with stylus, 102;
hieroglyphic, origin of, 100;
great quantity of writing in, 102, 104, 134-136;
discoveries of Layard, 104, 136;
of Rawlinson, 136;
diminutive specimens, 136;
Dr. Grotefend's "guess," 103;
how read, 102;
incorruptible character of, 103, 104;
cylinders, 79;
"deluge" tablet, 134.
"Dark Ages"--extent, 127, 129;
decline of learning and literature therein, 33, 129-132, 149-151;
emergence from, 150-152, 168, 169.
"Demotic"--writing, distinguished from "hieratic," 70, 92, 98, 99;
on Rosetta Stone, 99.
"Diptych"--defined, 82.
Ephraem--monk, 63;
Manuscript ("C"), 63, 64, 65.
"Gait"--of handwriting, 55;
of mind, 57.
Greece--fountain source of literature, 138.
Grotefend (Dr.)--and cuneiform inscription, 103.
Gutenberg--place and time of birth, 12;
his invention and its significance, 12, 13;
first printed book, 14, 15;
first press, 13;
experimentations, 13, 14;
price paid for one copy, 14;
first edition printed, 30.
Hammurabi--code of, 80;
inscription and purpose of, 80, 110.
"Hand"--importance of, 47, 56, 57, 159;
changes in, 112-117;
provincial and national "hands," 115-117.
Handwriting--unwritten literature, 20, 27, 28;
the two great stages of the classic, 113, 114;
slow and laborious process of, 27-29, 47;
two chief desiderata of written MSS, 46, 47;
costly, 29-32.
Hebrew--language and literature, 109, 110, 122, 123.
Herodotus--testimony to Persian archives, 59;
books of, 139.
"Hieratic"--writing, defined, 92;
distinguished from "demotic," 70, 98.
Hieroglyphic--writing, earliest mode of recording ideas, 20, 21, 28,
70, 91-99;
universal, 92, 107;
one of the tri-lingual inscriptions, 98;
two classes of, 94-97;
number of, 97.
Homer--writings of long un-recorded, 24;
"books" of, 139, 140.
"Ideographic"--writing, defined, 94, 95;
clumsy and imperfect, 97, 98;
limitations of, illustrated, 97, 98;
key to decipherment, 98, 99;
Cretan undeciphered, 107, 108.
"India"--paper, quality, 76, 77;
tests of strength and durability, 77;
remarkable productions on, 76, 77;
ink, 86.
Inks--importance and necessity of good, 47, 57, 83;
composition of ancient, 83, 84;
lost art, 86;
various kinds and colors, 84, 85, 86;
uses of colored, 85;
millenniums-old, 84;
tests of genuineness of written documents, 57;
printers', 14;
"royal," 86;
"India," 86.
"Interrogation" (?)--punctuation mark, 124.
Inventions--outgrowth of necessity, 40, 60, 62;
in printing, 11;
in paper, 72;
in the alphabet, 91, 92, 106, 107;
improvement and progress in, 16, 17, 62, 63;
in punctuation, 120, 121, 123, 125;
improvement in materials and arrangement of books, 62, 69, 70,
72-77, 81, 82.
Jews--devotion to sacred books, 49;
rules governing copyists, 49, 50, 51;
Septuagint Version for, 141.
Language--most distinguishing characteristic of mankind, 90;
earliest decipherable, 108-111;
first use of alphabetic writing, 105, 106;
the Gospel in many languages, 34-38, 41;
many and various versions, 38, 39.
Leather--earliest material of portable books, 59;
Hebrew statutes written on, 59;
age of skin-rolls, 59;
royal archives of Persia on, 59;
Yemanite rolls, 59.
Libraries--earliest at Nippur, 133-135;
contents of Nippur tablets, 134, 136;
"deluge" tablet, 134, 135;
at Assur-bani-pal, 103, 135;
scribes of, 135, 136;
the number of tablets therein, 135, 136;
size of tablets and of writing, 136;
magnifying lens found, 136;
contents of tablets, 134, 136, 137;
at Pergamos, 137;
number of rolls in, 137;
disposition of, 137, 145;
at Alexandria, 137, 138;
treasures of learning in, 127, 137, 138, 141;
preëminence of, 137, 138;
books of, 138;
how books secured, 135, 138, 140, 141;
scribes of, 127, 128, 136, 137, 138, 140;
number and size of books therein, 137-140;
varying fortunes of, 143-145;
irreparable loss, 145;
tradition of the destruction, 143, 144;
at Constantinople, 146-148;
fostered by the Emperor, 147-148;
successively wasted and renewed, 148, 152;
of monasteries, 131, 132, 148, 149, 151, 152;
of churches, 148;
at Paris, and elsewhere, 64, 94, 149, 151-153;
the Vatican, 64, 170;
British Museum, 59, 64, 80, 136;
how libraries perpetuated and replenished, 130, 135, 136-141, 147,
152, 157, 163;
number of books in leading modern, 142.
Literature--how first perpetuated, 19, 22, 27, 28;
period of the MSS, 19;
materials of written MSS, 46-88;
punctuation and other devices of literature, 120-125;
stichometry, 123;
chapters and verses of the Bible, 120-124;
ideomatic use of language in, 123;
modern distinctions of, 120-125;
Aldus Manutius and modern punctuation, 125;
extended by Arabian conquests, 152, 153;
system of notation, 126.
Manuscripts--form of book, 61-65;
period of, 19-33;
two desiderata for, 46, 47;
cost of, 29-36, 46, 54, 130;
enemies of, 48;
restoration of palimpsest, 63;
repairing old and damaged, 49, 130;
abundance of Bible and why, 33, 35-39;
preservation of, 47, 48, 130, 165, 167;
the preëminent "uncials": codex "א" (Sinaitic), 44, 64, 65, 147,
166;
codex "B" (Vatican), 44, 64, 65;
codex "A" (Alexandrian), 64, 65;
codex "C" (Ephraem), 63, 64, 65;
rare and embellished, 52-54, 93, 94, 159;
the Septuagint, 141.
Materials--variety and changes in, 44, 47, 55-58, 79;
skin of animals, 59;
leather, 59, 60, 61;
parchment, 59;
vellum, 59, 61, 147;
papyrus, 57;
preparation of papyrus, 67, 68;
first form of books, 61, 62;
letter form, 62;
earliest known roll-books, 59;
commerce in, 31, 70, 71;
paper introduced in West, 73;
variety of substances used in paper-making, 72;
other materials displaced by paper, 75;
development of paper-making and printing-press, 75;
paper long made by hand, 75, 76;
"India" paper, 76, 77;
tablets of various kinds, 78-81, 101;
protected tablets, 81, 82 (see Tablets).
Manutius--and system of punctuation, 125.
"Mazarin"--Bible, first printed book, 14;
why so called, 14.
Memory--phenomenal and reliable, 24-27.
Middle Ages--referred to, 53, 63, 115, 116, 125, 163;
bounds of, 127, 129;
ignorance in, 130-132, 149, 150, 154;
period of emergence (renaissance), 168, 169.
Minstrelsy--relation to history and literature, 22-26.
Moabite Stone--referred to, 79;
discovered, described, and deciphered, 79, 108, 109;
age and importance, 109-111;
kinship with the Siloam Inscription, 111, 112.
Monasteries--widely established, 148-152, 154-157, 159-168;
seats of book-making industry, 157-159;
depositories of books, 157-169;
relation to learning, 150, 151, 156, 157, 162-164;
extent and value of schools' instruction, 156, 160.
Monasticism--origin of, 154, 155;
extent of, 150-152, 155;
weaknesses, 159, 160;
contributions to society, 156-165, 168.
Monks--copyists, 132, 157, 158, 161-165;
civilizers, 162, 163, 164, 167;
promoted learning and letters, 161-164.
Moors--relation to civilization in Europe, 73;
first paper-makers of Spain, 73.
Museum--British, 59, 64, 80, 93, 104, 136;
Alexandrian, 137, 138, 145;
destruction of, 143, 145;
Berlin, 80.
Nippur--antiquity of, 133;
results of explorations on site, 133-137.
Notation--system, a development, 125, 126;
"cipher" of, 126.
"Orders"--first, 150, 155 (see monasteries, monasticism, monks).
Paintings--mural, at Washington, 20, 21;
on MSS, 52, 53, 54.
Palæography--art and science of, 89, 90, 159;
development, 90, 92;
modern penmanship a questionable accomplishment, 90;
writing, crystalized speech, 90, 91;
three sources of written language:
(1) _Hieroglyphics_, 20, 21, 91-99;
(2) _Cuneiform_, 99-104;
(3) Alphabetic, 91, 92, 104-112;
classic writing a product, 112;
two stages of classic writing--"uncial," 113, 114;
"minuscule," 113, 114;
undeciphered script of ancient Cretans, 100, 108;
provincial and national "hands," 115-117;
the "ascent" of the Anglo-Saxon "hand," 115, 116;
changes in the direction of writing, 116, 117;
the "hand" a factor in determining age of writing, 117-119.
"Palimpsests"--defined, 63;
examples, 63.
Paper--origin of, 72, 73;
itinerary of progress in making, 72, 73;
substances used as "pulp" for, 72;
materials for making--cotton, 57, 73, 74;
linen, 58, 74;
flax and rags, 58, 74;
other substances, 72, 74, 78;
supercession of other materials by, 75, 76;
earliest documents on, 74;
"water marks" of, 55, 56;
long made by hand, 75;
interleaved and "reinforced," 69, 75;
improved methods of making, 74-76;
complement of the printing-press, 74, 75;
"India" paper and tests and examples of, 76, 79.
Papyrus--source of, 66;
plant described, 67, 101;
preparation of, 67, 68;
cost, 31, 66;
general use of, 66, 70, 71;
period of use, 44, 70, 71;
commerce in, 70, 71;
exportation from Egypt forbidden, 60, 70, 71;
roll-books on, 68, 69;
"reinforced," 69;
subdivision of large rolls on, 139, 140;
fragile, 44, 48, 69, 103;
the oldest rolls on, 70, 84, 85;
the "Prisse" papyrus, 93.
Parchment--from skins of animals, 59, 60, 62;
preparation of, 60;
best material, 60, 61;
scarcity and cost and "palimpsests," 63;
valuable MSS of Bible on, 52-54, 64, 65.
Pergamos--parchment first made at, 60;
library of, 137, 145.
Pens--for writing, 87;
"pen-knife," 87.
Pentecost--relation of first to spread of Gospel, 34-36.
"Period"--punctuation mark, 124.
Phœnicians--developed ideographic alphabet, 105-107, 109, 110;
earliest traders and first to need a communicable language, 106;
alphabet and Philistines, 106.
"Phonetic"--writing, described, 94-96.
"Pointings"--a development, 122, 123, 124.
"Polyptych"--described, 82.
Printing--the invention of, 11-13;
reputed examples in China and Japan, 11, 12, 14;
Gutenberg the inventor, 13;
first types, 13;
original press and modern, 13, 28, 29, 30;
importance of, 16-18, 28, 29, 75;
typography witness to date of, 117, 118;
contrasted with oral tradition, 24, 25;
"proof correction" an aid to purity of literature, 17, 18.
Punctuation--system developed, 120-125;
modern, 114, 120, 125;
indispensable to literature and commerce, 120-122;
system completed, 125.
Ptolemaic (dynasty)--"Soter," 137;
"Philadelphus," 137, 138;
relation to Alexandrian Library, 137, 138;
"Epiphanes," 98, 99.
Renaissance--time and importance of, 150-152, 168, 169.
Revelation--progressive, 41, 42;
materials embodying, subject to exposure, 42-44.
Revised Version--feat of N. T. publication, 28;
errors in, 17.
Roll-book--earliest form in leather and papyrus, 59, 61, 68, 69;
antiquity of, 59, 70, 84;
size of, 68, 69, 83, 139, 140.
Roman alphabet--ascendancy of and reasons for, 114, 115, 116.
Rosetta Stone--referred to, 70, 79;
discovery of, 79, 94, 98;
described, 98, 99;
tri-lingual inscription on, 70, 98, 99;
key to decipherment, 99;
and Egyptian literature, 79, 99.
Schools--of abbeys and monasteries, 151, 156, 157, 163, 164;
Arabian, 155.
Scribes--professional, 127;
monks, 128, 157-159, 163, 164;
dignitaries and princes, 128;
slaves, 129, 130;
persons of sedentary habits, 129;
women, 128;
dictation to by reader, 157, 158;
beauty of work, 52-54, 159;
wages of, 29-32;
employed in libraries, 135, 138, 140, 145, 147.
"Scriptorium"--of monasteries, 157, 158, 165.
"Semicolon"--punctuation mark, 124.
"Septuagint"--what and for whom, 141;
probable fate of original, 141;
compared with, 145.
Siloam Inscription--place, date, and object, 111, 112;
discovery and significance of, 111, 112;
related to Moabite Stone, 112.
Sinaitic Manuscript--referred to, 44;
when and by whom discovered, 166;
described, 61, 64, 65, 148;
where treasured, 64;
rank, 65.
Speech--distinguishing characteristic of man, 90.
St. Catharine--convent of, 64, 166, 167;
depository of Sinaitic MS for centuries, 166;
location and entrance, 167.
"Stichometry"--species of early punctuation, 123, 124.
Stylus--instrument used on clay, wax, etc., 81, 82, 87, 101, 102.
Tablets--early, 28, 48;
the material of and preparation, 78, 79, 81, 101, 102;
size and form, 79, 135, 136;
number, 79, 104, 134, 135, 136;
Tel-el-Amarna, 79, 80;
Cnossos, 107;
character of writing on, 79, 80, 101-103, 136;
subjects treated, 79, 80, 134, 136, 137;
wood for, 81;
wax, 78, 81, 82;
envelopes for, 101;
protected, 82, 101;
"deluge," 134.
Thirteenth century--referred to, 30, 39, 54, 159;
great, 151, 159, 168;
renaissance began in, 151;
libraries and universities founded during, 151, 152.
"Tongues"--at Pentecost, 34;
object of the "gift," 34-36.
Tradition--preceded written records, 22;
preserved and perpetuated literature, 21-27;
of the Alexandrian Library's destruction, 143, 144.
"Triptych"--described, 82.
Types--printing, 12;
composition of, 13, 14;
changes in, an aid in determining age of literature, 117, 118.
"Uncial"--the earliest classic "hand," 113, 114;
the "hand" of the preëminent MSS of the Bible, 64, 65.
Universities--when founded, 151;
expeditions of Pennsylvania University, 134.
Vatican--manuscript referred to, 44, 53;
described, 64, 65;
on vellum, 52-54, 61;
depository of, 64;
Library, 64, 169, 170.
Vellum--described, 61;
Bible MSS on, 52-54, 61.
Versions--of the Bible, 35-39, 45;
Septuagint, 141.
Volume--earliest form of books, 61-65, 68;
size of, 68, 69, 139;
first writing on one side of, 61, 138;
larger works divided, 139, 140;
roll-books designated by letters, 140.
Wage--for scribe in time of Diocletian, 31.
"Water marks"--impressed in fiber of paper, 55, 56;
old custom and test of genuineness of documents, 56, 57.
Writing--materials used and changes in, 46-48, 50, 52-58, 60, 70,
71, 78;
instruments adaptable to, 87;
inks, 83-86;
art and science of, 89, 90;
modern neglect of the art, 90;
"crystalized" speech, 90, 91;
development of, 91, 92;
picture writing, 20, 91-98;
the three great "species" of, 92--
(1) _Hieroglyphic_, 91-99;
two classes of: "ideographic" and "phonetic," 94-96;
distinctions of "hieratic" and "demotic," 70, 94, 98, 99;
the Rosetta Stone the "key" to the early Egyptian writing,
94, 98, 99;
clumsy and uncertain, 97, 98;
(2) _Cuneiform_, 99-104;
Dr. Grotefend's decipherment of, 103;
tablets and cylinders, 79-82;
Tel-el-Amarna tablets and the Hammurabi monument, 79, 80;
(3) _Alphabetic_, 104-112;
origin of, 91, 92, 105, 106;
oldest deciphered, 108-110;
the undeciphered Minoan script, 108;
Moabite Stone and Siloam Inscription, 108-112;
Phœnician contribution to alphabetic literature, 105-108;
the pre-exilic of Palestine, 111;
classic writing, 112-117;
development of national and provincial "hands," 112-117;
"uncial" and "cursive" "hands," 113, 114;
Anglo-Saxon "hand," 115, 116;
changes in the direction of writing, 116, 117;
style of writing a verisimilitude of genuineness, 117-119;
determining age of composition, 118, 119;
compared and contrasted with printing, 27-32, 138.
Young (Dr.)--labors in deciphering the Rosetta Stone and the Egyptian
hieroglyphics, 98, 99.
"Zero"--the cipher completing the system of notation, 126;
when and by whom added, 126.