SUN YAT-SEN
On January 1, 1912, Sun Yat-sen entered the republican capital,
Nanking, and received a salute of twenty-one guns. He assumed the
presidency of the provisional government, swearing allegiance, and
taking an oath to dethrone the Manchus, restore peace, and establish
a government based upon the people's will. These objects
accomplished, he was prepared to resign his office, thus enabling the
people to elect a president of a united China. The first act of the
provisional government was to proclaim a new calendar forthwith,
January 1 becoming the New Year's Day of the republic.
On January 5 was issued the following republican manifesto:--
"To all friendly nations,--Greeting. Hitherto irremediable
suppression of the individual qualities and the national aspirations
of the people having arrested the intellectual, moral, and material
development of China, the aid of revolution was invoked to extirpate
the primary cause. We now proclaim the consequent overthrow of the
despotic sway of the Manchu dynasty, and the establishment of a
republic. The substitution of a republic for a monarchy is not the
fruit of transient passion, but the natural outcome of a
long-cherished desire for freedom, contentment, and advancement. We
Chinese people, peaceful and law-abiding, have not waged war except
in self-defence. We have borne our grievance for two hundred and
sixty-seven years with patience and forbearance. We have endeavoured
by peaceful means to redress our wrongs, secure liberty, and ensure
progress; but we failed. Oppressed beyond human endurance, we deemed
it our inalienable right, as well as a sacred duty, to appeal to arms
to deliver ourselves and our posterity from the yoke to which we have
for so long been subjected. For the first time in history an
inglorious bondage is transformed into inspiring freedom. The policy
of the Manchus has been one of unequivocal seclusion and unyielding
tyranny. Beneath it we have bitterly suffered. Now we submit to the
free peoples of the world the reasons justifying the revolution and
the inauguration of the present government. Prior to the usurpation
of the throne by the Manchus the land was open to foreign
intercourse, and religious tolerance existed, as is shown by the
writings of Marco Polo and the inscription on the Nestorian tablet at
Hsi-an Fu. Dominated by ignorance and selfishness, the Manchus closed
the land to the outer world, and plunged the Chinese into a state of
benighted mentality calculated to operate inversely to their natural
talents, thus committing a crime against humanity and the civilized
nations which it is almost impossible to expiate. Actuated by a
desire for the perpetual subjugation of the Chinese, and a vicious
craving for aggrandizement and wealth, the Manchus have governed the
country to the lasting injury and detriment of the people, creating
privileges and monopolies, erecting about themselves barriers of
exclusion, national custom, and personal conduct, which have been
rigorously maintained for centuries. They have levied irregular and
hurtful taxes without the consent of the people, and have restricted
foreign trade to treaty ports. They have placed the _likin_ embargo
on merchandise, obstructed internal commerce, retarded the creation
of industrial enterprises, rendered impossible the development of
natural resources, denied a regular system of impartial
administration of justice, and inflicted cruel punishment on persons
charged with offences, whether innocent or guilty. They have connived
at official corruption, sold offices to the highest bidder,
subordinated merit to influence, rejected the most reasonable demands
for better government, and reluctantly conceded so-called reforms
under the most urgent pressure, promising without any intention of
fulfilling. They have failed to appreciate the anguish-causing
lessons taught them by foreign Powers, and in process of years have
brought themselves and our people beneath the contempt of the world.
A remedy of these evils will render possible the entrance of China
into the family of nations. We have fought and have formed a
government. Lest our good intentions should be misunderstood, we
publicly and unreservedly declare the following to be our promises:--
"The treaties entered into by the Manchus before the date of the
revolution, will be continually effective to the time of their
termination. Any and all treaties entered into after the commencement
of the revolution will be repudiated. Foreign loans and indemnities
incurred by the Manchus before the revolution will be acknowledged.
Payments made by loans incurred by the Manchus after its commencement
will be repudiated. Concessions granted to nations and their
nationals before the revolution will be respected. Any and all
granted after it will be repudiated. The persons and property of
foreign nationals within the jurisdiction of the republic will be
respected and protected. It will be our constant aim and firm
endeavour to build on a stable and enduring foundation a national
structure compatible with the potentialities of our long-neglected
country. We shall strive to elevate the people to secure peace and to
legislate for prosperity. Manchus who abide peacefully in the limits
of our jurisdiction will be accorded equality, and given protection.
"We will remodel the laws, revise the civil, criminal, commercial,
and mining codes, reform the finances, abolish restrictions on trade
and commerce, and ensure religious toleration and the cultivation of
better relations with foreign peoples and governments than have ever
been maintained before. It is our earnest hope that those foreign
nations who have been steadfast in their sympathy will bind more
firmly the bonds of friendship between us, and will bear in patience
with us the period of trial confronting us and our reconstruction
work, and will aid the consummation of the far-reaching plans, which
we are about to undertake, and which they have long vainly been
urging upon our people and our country.
"With this message of peace and good-will the republic cherishes the
hope of being admitted into the family of nations, not merely to
share its rights and privileges, but to co-operate in the great and
noble task of building up the civilization of the world.
"SUN YAT-SEN,
_President_."
The next step was to displace the three-cornered Dragon flag, itself
of quite modern origin, in favour of a new republican emblem. For
this purpose was designed a flag of five stripes,--yellow, red, blue,
white, black,--arranged at right angles to the flagstaff in the above
order, and intended to represent the five races--Chinese, Manchus,
Mongols, Tibetan, Mussulmans--gathered together under one rule.
On February 12, three important edicts were issued. In the first, the
baby-emperor renounces the throne, and approves the establishment of
a provisional republican government, under the direction of Yüan
Shih-k'ai, in conjunction with the existing provisional government at
Nanking. In the second, approval is given to the terms under which
the emperor retires, the chief item of which was an annual grant of
four million _taels_. Other more sentimental privileges included the
retention of a bodyguard, and the continuance of sacrifices to the
spirits of the departed Manchu emperors. In the third, the people are
exhorted to preserve order and abide by the Imperial will regarding
the new form of government.
Simultaneously with the publication of these edicts, the last scene
of the drama was enacted near Nanking, at the mausoleum of the first
sovereign of the Ming dynasty (A.D. 1368-1644). Sun Yat-sen, as
provisional first president, accompanied by his Cabinet and a
numerous escort, proceeded thither, and after offering sacrifice as
usual, addressed, through a secretary, the following oration to the
tablet representing the names of that great hero:--
"Of old the Sung dynasty became effete, and the Kitan Tartars and
Yüan dynasty Mongols seized the occasion to throw this domain of
China into confusion, to the fierce indignation of gods and men. It
was then that your Majesty, our founder, arose in your wrath from
obscurity, and destroyed those monsters of iniquity, so that the
ancient glory was won again. In twelve years you consolidated the
Imperial sway, and the dominions of the Great Yü were purged of
pollution and cleansed from the noisome Tartar. Often in history has
our noble Chinese race been enslaved by petty frontier barbarians
from the north. Never have such glorious triumphs been won over them
as your Majesty achieved. But your descendants were degenerate, and
failed to carry on your glorious heritage; they entrusted the reins
of government to bad men, and pursued a short-sighted policy. In this
way they encouraged the ambitions of the eastern Tartar savages
(Manchus), and fostered the growth of their power. They were thus
able to take advantage of the presence of rebels to invade and
possess themselves of your sacred capital. From a bad eminence of
glory basely won, they lorded it over this most holy soil, and our
beloved China's rivers and hills were defiled by their corrupting
touch, while the people fell victims to the headsman's axe or the
avenging sword. Although worthy patriots and faithful subjects of
your dynasty crossed the mountain ranges into Canton and the far
south, in the hope of redeeming the glorious Ming tradition from
utter ruin, and of prolonging a thread of the old dynasty's life,
although men gladly perished one after the other in the forlorn
attempt, heaven's wrath remained unappeased, and mortal designs
failed to achieve success. A brief and melancholy page was added to
the history of your dynasty, and that was all.
"As time went on, the law became ever harsher, and the meshes of its
inexorable net grew closer. Alas for our Chinese people, who crouched
in corners and listened with startled ears, deprived of power of
utterance, and with tongues glued to their mouths, for their lives
were past saving. Those others usurped titles to fictitious clemency
and justice, while prostituting the sacred doctrines of the sages:
whom they affected to honour. They stifled public opinion in the
empire in order to force acquiescence in their tyranny. The Manchu
despotism became so thorough and so embracing that they were enabled
to prolong their dynasty's existence by cunning wiles. In Yung
Chêng's reign the Hunanese Chang Hsi and Tsêng Ching preached
sedition against the dynasty in their native province, while in Chia
Ch'ing's reign the palace conspiracy of Lin Ching dismayed that
monarch in his capital. These events were followed by rebellions in
Ss[)u]-ch'uan and Shensi; under Tao Kuang and his successor the
T'ai-p'ings started their campaign from a remote Kuangsi village.
Although these worthy causes were destined to ultimate defeat, the
gradual trend of the national will became manifest. At last our own
era dawned, the sun of freedom had risen, and a sense of the rights
of the race animated men's minds. In addition the Manchu bandits
could not even protect themselves. Powerful foes encroached upon the
territory of China, and the dynasty parted with our sacred soil to
enrich neighbouring nations. The Chinese race of to-day may be
degenerate, but it is descended from mighty men of old. How should it
endure that the spirits of the great dead should be insulted by the
everlasting visitation of this scourge?
"Then did patriots arise like a whirlwind, or like a cloud which is
suddenly manifested in the firmament. They began with the Canton
insurrection; then Peking was alarmed by Wu Yüeh's bomb (1905). A
year later Hsü Hsi-lin fired his bullet into the vitals of the Manchu
robber-chief, En Ming, Governor of Anhui. Hsiung Chêng-chi raised the
standard of liberty on the Yang-tsze's banks; rising followed rising
all over the empire, until the secret plot against the Regent was
discovered, and the abortive insurrection in Canton startled the
capital. One failure followed another, but other brave men took the
place of the heroes who died, and the empire was born again to life.
The bandit Manchu court was shaken with pallid terror, until the
cicada threw off its shell in a glorious regeneration, and the
present crowning triumph was achieved. The patriotic crusade started
in Wu-ch'ang; the four corners of the empire responded to the call.
Coast regions nobly followed in their wake, and the Yang-tsze was won
back by our armies. The region south of the Yellow River was lost to
the Manchus, and the north manifested its sympathy with our cause. An
earthquake shook the barbarian court of Peking, and it was smitten
with a paralysis. To-day it has at last restored the government to
the Chinese people, and the five races of China may dwell together in
peace and mutual trust. Let us joyfully give thanks. How could we
have attained this measure of victory had not your Majesty's soul in
heaven bestowed upon us your protecting influence? I have heard say
that triumphs of Tartar savages over our China were destined never to
last longer than a hundred years. But the reign of these Manchus
endured unto double, ay, unto treble, that period. Yet Providence
knows the appointed hour, and the moment comes at last. We are
initiating the example to Eastern Asia of a republican form of
government; success comes early or late to those who strive, but the
good are surely rewarded in the end. Why then should we repine to-day
that victory has tarried long?
"I have heard that in the past many would-be deliverers of their
country have ascended this lofty mound wherein is your sepulchre. It
has served to them as a holy inspiration. As they looked down upon
the surrounding rivers and upward to the hills, under an alien sway,
they wept in the bitterness of their hearts, but to-day their sorrow
is turned into joy. The spiritual influences of your grave at Nanking
have come once more into their own. The dragon crouches in majesty as
of old, and the tiger surveys his domain and his ancient capital.
Everywhere a beautiful repose doth reign. Your legions line the
approaches to the sepulchre; a noble host stands expectant. Your
people have come here to-day to inform your Majesty of the final
victory. May this lofty shrine wherein you rest gain fresh lustre
from to-day's event, and may your example inspire your descendants in
the times which are to come. Spirit! Accept this offering!"
We are told by an eye-witness, Dr Lim Boon-keng, that when this
ceremony was over, Sun Yat-sen turned to address the assembly. "He
was speechless with emotion for a minute; then he briefly declared
how, after two hundred and sixty years, the nation had again
recovered her freedom; and now that the curse of Manchu domination
was removed, the free peoples of a united republic could pursue their
rightful aspirations. Three cheers for the president were now called
for, and the appeal was responded to vigorously. The cheering was
taken up by the crowds below, and then carried miles away by the
thousands of troops, to mingle with the booming of distant guns."
LIST OF WORKS CONSULTED
The _I yü kuo chih_ (costumes of strange nations). Circa 1380.
The _Tung hua lu_ (a history of the Manchus down to A.D. 1735). 1765.
The _Shêng wu chi_ (a history of the earlier wars under the Manchu
dynasty). 1822.
_A History of China_, by REV. J. MACGOWAN, 1897.
_A History of the Manchus_, by REV. J. ROSS, 1880.
_The Chinese Repository._
_The Chinese and their Rebellions_, by T. T. MEADOWS, 1856.
Pamphlets issued by the T'ai-p'ings, 1850-1864.
_The Times_, 1911-12.
_The London and China Telegraph_, 1911-12.
INDEX
Abkhai, 18, 20;
death of, 19
Aisin Gioro, 118
Akutêng, 4;
death of, 6
Alabaster, Mr, 93
Albazin, 42
Amherst, Lord, 66
Amiot, Père, 42
Amoy, 42;
taken, 77
Amur, River, 17;
as boundary, 42
Amursana, 55
Ancestral worship, 44
An-ch'ing, 86
Andijani, 100
Anglo-French expedition, 93;
the second, 94
Annam, 58
Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, 33
Arabtan, 43
Archery, 37
"Arrow" case, the, 92
Artillery, 17
Assemblies, national and provincial, 122
Athalik Ghazi, 100
Audience, the first, 103
Badakshan, 43
Bannermen, 37
Banzai, 15
Baschpa, 11
Baturu, 88
"Blood thicker than water," 95
Bogue Forts taken, 77
Bokhara, Ameer of, 100
Boxers, the, 115
British fleet arrives, 76
"Brother of Christ," the, 82
Burgevine, 89
Burlingame mission, the, 102
Burma, 32, 56
"Button," the, 29
Cagliostro, 66
Calendar, the, 43;
European adopted, 129
Camoens, 73
Cantlie, Dr, 124
Canton, riot at, 75;
foreign houses burnt at, 93;
captured, 93
Cantonese serve on British men-of-war, 78
Catalogue of Imperial Library, 59
Catholic missionaries, 33;
rank accorded to, 114
Census, the, 48
Chapu taken, 77
Chi Hsiang, 98
Chia Ching, 61
Chia Ch'ing, 61;
attacked in streets of Peking, 64;
died, 68
Ch'ien Lung, 54;
pictures of his victories, 55;
abdicates, 59
Chihli, 3
Chin dynasty, 4
China proper, 41
"China's sorrow," 47
Chinese language, death for teaching to foreigners, 71
Chinkiang taken, 77;
captured by T'ai-p'ings, 85
Ch'ing (or Great Pure) dynasty, 20;
established, 28
Chino-Japanese war, 110
Christianity, 44;
oppressed, 52;
forbidden, 54;
opposed, 112
Ch'ung-hou, 101;
condemned to death, 101;
letter of apology to France, 103
Chusan occupied, 77
Cochin-China, 58
Co-hong system, 66
Coinage debased, 86
Concordance, K'ang Hsi's, 50
Concubine thrown down well, 117
Confucian Classics, 59
Confucius, tomb of, 46
Constantine of China, the, 32
Court, flight of the, 116
Cycle, Chinese, 51
Dalai Lama, the, 33, 43
Davis, Sir J., 67
De Quincey, 57
Divine Justice Society, 64
Dominicans, 45
"Dummy Documents," 122
Dungans, 57
Dutch, the, embassy, 33;
in Formosa, 35
Dwarf-nation, the, 109
Dynastic Histories, 59
Earthquake, 53
East India Company, 42, 67;
policy of, 71
Edict, against missionaries, 45;
for slaughter of all foreigners, 116;
nullification of, 116;
by baby Emperor, 125
Eighteen provinces, 41
Eleuths, 55
Elgin, Lord, 93, 94
Elliot, Captain, 74;
retires to Hongkong, 76
Emperor, Chinese, carried off, 6
Empress, suspicious death of, 106
Empress, Eastern, 98;
death of, 109
Empress, Western, _see_ Empress Dowager
Empress Dowager, _coups d'état_, 98, 113;
plot to get rid of, 113;
flees, 116;
death of, 121
Encyclopædia, K'ang Hsi's, 50
Eunuchs, 14; army of, 15;
restrictions on, 29;
oppression by, 63
Ever Victorious Army, 89
Ever-White Mountains, 1
Examinations, established, 20;
in poetical skill, 47;
system, 112;
to be changed, 118
Extra-territoriality, 79, 114
Feudatory princes, 29, 40;
no more Chinese, 41
Flag, the Dragon, 133;
the republican, 134;
of truce, violated, 95
Formosa, 34, 56;
ceded to Japan, 41, 42;
Japanese land on, 105;
republic in, 111
Fournier, Captain, 109
France, and Tongking, 109
Franciscans, 45
Galdan, 43
Galdan II., 55
Gao-tchan, 57
Genghis Khan, 7
German priests murdered, 111
Ginseng, 19
Gioros, 118
God, the term for, 46
Golden Dragon, the, 70
Golden dynasty, 5
Gordon, Major, 89;
resigns, 90;
resumes command, 90
Grand Canal, the, 47
Great Mogul, 33
Great Wall, the, 17
Gros, Baron, 93
Gurkhas, 58
Han-lin College, presents address, 30
Hangchow, 6, 31, 47
Harashar, 57
Hassan, prince, 104
Heaven and Earth Society, 65
Heavenly city, the, 84
Heavenly dynasty, the, 83
Heavenly king, the, 83;
death of, 91
Heilungchiang, 8
Hingking, 10
Hongkong, ceded, 77
Hoppo, the, 119
Hsi Tsung, 14
Hsien Fêng, 80, 81;
death of, 96
Hsiung-nu, 11
Hsü Ching-ch'êng, executed, 117
Hsüan T'ung, deposed, 134;
allowance of four million taels, 134
Hung Hsiu-ch'üan, 81
Hung League, 65
Huns, 11
Ili, 55
Immorality of foreigners, 108
Intermarriage prohibited, 37;
proposed between Manchus and Chinese, 117
Iquon, 34
Japan, 8;
and Korea, 110;
war with China, 110
Japanese, 104
Jehangir, 69
Jehol, 58;
Emperor flees to, 96, 115
Jesuits, 45, 52; make maps, 56
K'ai-fêng, 2;
siege of, 22
Kalmucks, 43;
the trek of the, 56
K'ang Hsi, 40;
leads army, 43;
as traveller, 46;
and literature, 49;
family troubles of, 50;
death of, 51
K'ang Yu-wei, 113
Kashgaria, 56, 69;
Ameer of, 100
Khalkas, 43
Khokand, 43
Kiaochow, seized by Germany, 111
Kien Long, 54
Kin dynasty, 4
Kirin, 8
Kitans, 1
Koffler, A., S.J., 32
Kokonor, rebellion in, 53
Korea, 3;
conquest of, 19;
and Japan, 110
Kotow, the, 67
Koxinga, 34;
canonized, 35
Kuan-tung, 8
Kuang Hsü, 106, 107;
married, 109;
informally deposed, 113;
death of, 121
Kublai Khan, 7, 47
Kueichow, etc., aborigines of, 53
Kuldja, 56;
annexed by Russia, 100;
regained by Marquis Tsêng, 101
Kung, Prince, 96;
his _coup d'état_, 116;
joint regent with Empresses Dowager, 98
Kuo Sung-tao, 108
Laos tribes, 4
Lexicon, K'ang Hsi's, 49
Lhasa, 43
Li Chin-chung, 14
Li Hung-chang, 89;
treachery of, 90;
wounded by assassin, 110
Li Tz[)u]-ch'êng, 21;
loses an eye, 22;
defeated, 26;
death of, 26
Liao dynasty, 2, 4
Liao-tung, 8
Liao-yang, 17
Likin, 87
Lim Boon-keng, Dr, 139
Lin, Commissioner, 75;
destroys opium, 75;
cashiered, 76;
further career of, 84;
death of, 85
Loch, Mr, captured, 95
Long-haired rebels, 84
Loo-choo islands, 104
Macao, 73;
occupied by Portuguese, 73
Macartney, Lord, 58
Magalhaens, 53
Mahometans, 43;
discontented, 100;
crushed by Tso Tsung-t'ang, 101
Mahometanism, tolerated, 112
Man born good, 86
Manchuria, 8
Manchus, the, origin of, 1;
etymology of name, 8;
their script, 10;
name as a title, 12;
archers, 17;
religion of, 20, 112;
established as a dynasty, 29;
garrisons, 36;
language spoken at court, 49;
literature, 49;
bravery of soldiers, 77;
England and the dynasty, 91;
they monopolize fat posts, 110;
to travel, young, 113;
standard of education of, 118;
indictment of rule of, 130
Miao-tz[)u], the, 54;
how pacified, 70
Mings, the, dynasty of, 8;
Emperor commits suicide, 24;
attempts to restore, 31, 32;
the Tombs, 47 (also under _K'ang Hsi_);
dynastic history of, 53
Mongolia, conquest of, 19
Mongols, the, 7;
derivations of name, 7;
recognize Manchu supremacy, 21
Morrison, Dr R., 67;
his dictionary, 71;
his Bible, 72
Mukden, 8; capture of, 16
Nanking, 6;
treaty of, 79;
captured by T'ai-p'ings, 84;
captured from T'ai-p'ings, 91
Nan-yang, 32
Napier, Lord, 72;
his death, 73
Napoleon, his opinion, 67
National Assembly, 127
Nepal, 56
Nestorians, the, 11;
Tablet, 44
Nien-fei, 99
"Nine Thousand Years," 15
Ningpo, taken, 77
Ning-yüan, siege of, 17
Nurhachu, 9; death of, 18
Nü-chêns, 1
Nü-chih, 5
Oath, written in blood, 18;
a forced, 94
Ogotai, 7
"Old Buddha," 135
One-eyed rebel, 24
Opaochi, 2
Opium, prohibited, 74;
smuggled 74;
smoking of prohibited, 120;
exception to include Empress Dowager, 120
Ouigours, 11
Palmerston, Lord, 76
Panshen Erdeni, 58
Panthays, the, 103
Parkes, Mr, 92;
captured, 95
Peacock's feather, 29
Peking, 2, 5;
attack on, 19;
captured, 24;
surrendered, 96
Penal Code, the, 37
'Phagspa, 11
Pope, the, and ancestral worship, 45
Population, 48, 55
Port Arthur, captured by Japanese, 110;
"leased" to Russia, 111
Ports, five opened to trade, 79
Portuguese mission, 53
Pottinger, Sir Henry, 77
Provinces, number of, 41
Ptolemaic system, 44
Quelpart, 8
Queue, the, 17;
strictly enforced, 31;
T'ai-p'ings cut off the, 83
Railway, the Woosung, 108
Railways, ordered by edict, 111
Reform, edicts, 111;
Empress Dowager pretends to favour, 117;
constitutional, 122;
again promised, 127
Regent, the, resigns, 127
Republic, the, authorized by Manchus, 134
"Revolt of the Tartars," 57
Revolution, the, 122
Ricci, 44
Russia, embassy from, 33;
fear of, 73;
war with Japan and its influence, 119
"Sam Collinson," 96
Schaal, Adam, 17, 43
Schlegel, Dr, 66
Secret Societies, 61, 65;
their lodges, 66
Sêng-ko-lin-sin, defeated, 96
Shan States, 54
Shanghai, taken, 77
Shêngking, 8
Shimonoseki, treaty of, 110
Shun, dynasty, 22
Shun Chih, 29;
death of, 33
Siege of the Legations, 115
"Slave" and "servant," 37
"Slay" changed to "protect," 117
Society of God, the, 82
Soochow, burnt by Imperialists, 87;
capitulated, 90
Stanton, Sir George, 67
Su-shên tribe, the, 1
Succession violated, rule of, 106
Suleiman, sultan, 103
Summer palace, 67;
burnt, 96;
built on plan of Trianon, 97
Sun Yat-sen, 123;
kidnapped in London, 123;
enters Nanking, 129;
elected first President, 129;
manifesto by, 129;
visits tomb of first Ming Emperor, 134;
announces fall of Manchus, 135
Sungari, river, 3
Sungaria, 43
Sungs, dynasty of, 2;
Southern, 6
Syriac, 11
T'ai-p'ings, the dynasty, 83;
manifesto, 83;
successes, 84;
advance on Peking, 85;
slaughter of princes, 90;
last prince and king murdered, 91;
end of rebellion, 91
T'ai-shan, ascent of by K'ang Hsi, 46
T'ai Tsu, 18
T'ai Tsung, 20
Taku, forts taken, 94;
repulse at, 95;
captured, 95
Ta-li, 103;
treacherously surrendered, 104
Tan-lo, 8
Tao Kuang, 69;
death of, 80
Tartar general, 36
Tashilumbo, 58
Tatnell, Commander, 95
Tea, 39;
mentioned by Pepys, 39;
export from Foochow, 39
Tibet, 43, 56, 58
Tientsin, reached, 76;
Treaty of, 94;
ratification refused, 94;
ratified, 97;
massacre, 102
Timour, 57
Tobacco prohibited, 20
Tongking and France, 109
Torture of prisoners, 96
Trade, European, 71
Treaty with Russia, 42
Triad Society, 65
Trimetrical Classic, 86
Tsai Tsê's mission, Duke, 119
Tsêng Kuo-fan, 86
Tsêng, the Marquis, 101
Tsitsihar, 8
Tso Tsung-t'ang, 89;
his campaign in Central Asia, 101
Tu Wên-hsiu, 103;
death of, 104
T'ung Chih, 98;
married, 103;
died, 106
Turguts, 56
Turkestan, 43, 57
Twist Rebels, 99
Types, movable, 50
Unicorn appears, 15
University for Peking, 112
Verbiest, 44
Viceroy, the, 36
Ward, and his troops, 89;
death of and shrine to, 89
Wei Chung-hsien, 14
Wei-hai-wei, captured by Japanese, 110;
"leased" to England, 111
Western Empress, 98
White Feather Society, 64
White Lily Society, 61
Wo-jen, his wish, 123
Wu-ch'ang, 27
Wu K'o-tu, 107
Wu San-kuei, 21, 23;
joins the Manchus, 26;
his conditions, 28;
his rebellion, 40;
death of, 41
Ya-k'o-sa, 42
Yakoob Beg, 100;
assassinated, 101
Yang-tsze, the, 6
Yeh, Governor, 92;
captured and exiled, 93
Yellow girdles, 118
Yellow riding jacket, 88;
given to Gordon, 91
Yellow river, 2;
changes its bed, 47
Young China party, 123;
plot to seize Canton, 123
Yüan Ch'ang, executed, 117
Yüan-ming-yüan, 96
Yüan Shih-k'ai, 124;
appointed Prime Minister, 127
Yung Chêng, 52;
his hostility to missionaries, 53;
his death and character, 53
[Illustration: Sketch Map of the Far East]