(Biographical Chart only included in Single Volume Edition.)
=THE WORLD’S IMMORTALS AND MASTERS OF ACHIEVEMENT IN RELIGION,
GOVERNMENT, LITERATURE, FINE ARTS, PHILOSOPHY, SCIENCE AND
INDUSTRY--TABULATED BY CENTURIES AND CLASSIFIED=
NOTE--The names of the world’s _greatest_ masters are set out in
CAPITALS in the respective columns. In general the names are placed
in the centuries associated with the greatest achievements of each
individual.
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| =Cen-|=Religion and Moral | =Government= | =Literature= |
| tu- | Reform= | | |
| ries=| | | |
| |Founders of Systems,| Rulers, Military | Poets, Dramatists, |
| |Great Leaders, Heads| Leaders, Statesmen,|Historians, Orators,|
| |of Religious Bodies,| Publicists, |Essayists, Novelists|
| | Moral and Humane | Diplomats, Jurists | |
| | Reformers | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| =4000|Abraham, Heb. |Menes, Egyptian |Literature existed |
| B. C.|patriarch. |king. |in mere fragments |
| to | | |until the time of |
| 1000 |MOSES, Heb. lawgiver|Lugulzaggisi, Baby- |Homer. |
|B. C.=|and leader. |lonian ruler. | |
| | | |HOMER, Greek poet. |
| |Samuel, Heb. judge |Sargon I., Babylo- |Ptah-hot-ep, Egypt, |
| |and leader. |nian king. |moralist. |
| | | | |
| |ZOROASTER, Persian |Hammurabi, Babylo- | |
| |religious leader and|nian ruler and law- | |
| |reformer. |giver. | |
| | | | |
| | |Khufu (Cheops), | |
| | |Egyptian king. | |
| | | | |
| | |Thothmes I., Egyp- | |
| | |tian king. | |
| | | | |
| | |Thothmes III., | |
| | |Egyptian king and | |
| | |reformer. | |
| | | | |
| | |Rameses II. | |
| | |(Sesostris), Egyp- | |
| | |tian king. | |
| | | | |
| | |Amenhotep IV., Egyp-| |
| | |tian king. | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| =1000|Isaiah, Hebrew |David, Hebrew king |... |
| B. C.|prophet (8th century|and poet (10th | |
| to |B. C.) |century B. C.) | |
| 700 | | | |
|B. C.=| |Solomon, Hebrew king| |
| | |(10th century B. C.)| |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _7th |Jeremiah, Hebrew |Josiah, king of |Sappho, Greek |
| Cent.|prophet. |Judah. |poetess. |
|B. C._| | | |
| |Daniel, Hebrew |Cyaxeres, king of | |
| =700 |prophet. |Media. | |
| B. C.| | | |
| to | |Draco, Greek legis- | |
| 600 | |lator. | |
|B. C.=| | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _6th |Ezekiel, Hebrew |Nebuchadnezzar, |Æesop, Greek |
| Cent.|prophet. |king of Babylonia. |fabulist. |
|B. C._| | | |
| |CONFUCIUS, Chinese |Solon, Greek law- |Anacreon, Greek |
| =600 |moralist. |giver. |poet. |
| B. C.| | | |
| to |BUDDHA, founder of |Pisistratus, tyrant |ÆSCHYLUS, Greek |
| 500 |Buddhism. |of Athens. |poet. |
|B. C.=| | | |
| | |Croesus, king of | |
| | |Lydia. | |
| | | | |
| | |Cyrus the Great, | |
| | |Persian king. | |
| | | | |
| | |Darius I., king of | |
| | |Persia. | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _5th |... |Xerxes, king of |Pindar, Greek poet. |
| Cent.| |Persia. | |
|B. C._| | |Xenophon, Greek |
| | |Hiero, tyrant of |historian. |
| =500 | |Syracuse. | |
| B. C.| | |HERODOTUS, Greek |
| to | |Artaxerxes I., king |historian. |
| 400 | |of Persia. | |
|B. C.=| | |Euripides, Greek |
| | |Artaxerxes II., king|poet. |
| | |of Persia. | |
| | | |SOPHOCLES, Greek |
| | |Miltiades, Greek |poet. |
| | |general. | |
| | | |Thucydides, Greek |
| | |PERICLES, Greek |historian. |
| | |statesman. | |
| | | |Aristophanes, Greek |
| | |Cimon, Greek comman-|humorist. |
| | |der. | |
| | | | |
| | |Themistocles, Greek | |
| | |statesman. | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _4th |... |Philip, king of |DEMOSTHENES, Greek |
| Cent.| |Macedon. |orator. |
|B. C._| | | |
| | |ALEXANDER THE GREAT,|Æschines, Greek ora-|
| =400 | |Greek conqueror. |tor. |
| B. C.| | | |
| to | |Ptolemy Soter, |Menander, Greek |
| 300 | |governor of Egypt. |comic poet. |
|B. C.=| | | |
| | |Seleucus Nicator, | |
| | |king of Syria. | |
| | | | |
| | |Epiminondas, Greek | |
| | |statesman and | |
| | |general. | |
| | | | |
| | |Phocion, Greek | |
| | |general. | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _3rd |... |Pyrrhus, Greek king |Plautus, Roman comic|
| Cent.| |of Epirus. |poet. |
|B. C._| | | |
| | |Ptolemy (Phil), king|Ennius, Roman poet. |
| =300 | |of Egypt. | |
| B. C.| | |Manetho, Egyptian |
| to | |Antiochus Soter, |historian. |
| 200 | |king of Syria. | |
|B. C.=| | |Bion, Greek poet. |
| | |Ptolemy (Ever.), | |
| | |king of Egypt. | |
| | | | |
| | |Antiochus the Great,| |
| | |king of Syria. | |
| | | | |
| | |Scipio Africanus, | |
| | |Roman general. | |
| | | | |
| | |Fabius Maximus, | |
| | |Roman general. | |
| | | | |
| | |Philopœmen, Greek | |
| | |general. | |
| | | | |
| | |HANNIBAL, Carthagi- | |
| | |nian general. | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _2nd |... |Judas Maccabæus, |Cato, Roman histo- |
| Cent.| |Jewish leader. |rian. |
|B. C._| | | |
| | |Marius, Roman |Terence, Roman comic|
| =200 | |general. |writer. |
| B. C.| | | |
| to | |Sulla, Roman |Polybius, Greek his-|
| 100 | |general, dictator. |torian. |
|B. C.=| | | |
| | |Cato, Roman censor. | |
| | | | |
| | |Mummius, Roman | |
| | |general. | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _1st |=JESUS CHRIST=, born|Mithridates the |CICERO, Roman ora- |
| Cent.|4 B. C. |Great, king of |tor. |
|B. C._| |Pontus. | |
| | | |Cæsar, Roman histo- |
| =100 | |Cleopatra, queen of |rian. |
| B. C.| |Egypt. | |
| to | | |Lucretius, Roman |
| 1 | |Herod the Great, |poet-philosopher. |
|A. D.=| |king of Judæa. | |
| | | |Catullus, Roman |
| | |Tigranes I., king of|lyric poet. |
| | |Armenia. | |
| | | |Sallust, Roman his- |
| | |Augustus, first |torian. |
| | |Roman emperor. | |
| | | |VIRGIL, Roman epic |
| | |JULIUS CÆSAR, Roman |poet. |
| | |general. | |
| | | |Horace, Roman lyric |
| | |Pompey, Roman |poet. |
| | |general. | |
| | | |Livy, Roman histo- |
| | | |rian. |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _1st |Saint Peter, apostle|AUGUSTUS CÆSAR, |LIVY (Titus Livius),|
| Cent.|(?-66). |first emperor of |Roman historian (59 |
|A. D._| |Rome (B. C. 63-A. D.|B. C.-17 A. D.). |
| |SAINT PAUL, apostle |14). | |
| =1 |of the Gentiles | |CAIUS CORNELIUS |
| A. D.|(10?-65?). | |TACITUS, Roman his- |
| to | | |torian (55?-after |
| 100 | | |117?). |
|A. D.=| | | |
| | | |PLUTARCH, Greek bio-|
| | | |grapher and moralist|
| | | |(49?-120?). |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _2nd |... |MARCUS AURELIUS |Lucian, Greek author|
| Cent.| |ANTONINUS, Roman |(120?-200) |
|A. D._| |emperor and philos- | |
| | |opher (121-180). | |
| =100 | | | |
| A. D.| | | |
| to | | | |
| 200 | | | |
|A. D.=| | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _3rd |... |CONSTANTINE I., the |... |
| Cent.| |Great, emperor of | |
|A. D._| |Rome (272-337). | |
| | | | |
| =200 | | | |
| A. D.| | | |
| to | | | |
| 300 | | | |
|A. D.=| | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _4th |Sophronius Eusebius |... |... |
| Cent.|Jerome, Latin father| | |
|A. D._|(345?-420). | | |
| | | | |
| =300 |SAINT AUGUSTINE, | | |
| A. D.|Numidian bishop of | | |
| to |Hippo (354-430). | | |
| 400 | | | |
|A. D.=| | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _5th |... |JUSTINIAN I., Byzan-|... |
| Cent.| |tine emperor (482?- | |
|A. D._| |565). | |
| | | | |
| =400 | | | |
|A. D. | | | |
| to | | | |
| 500 | | | |
|A. D.=| | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _6th |MOHAMMED, founder of|... |... |
| Cent.|Mohammedanism (571?-| | |
|A. D._|632). | | |
| | | | |
| =500 | | | |
| A. D.| | | |
| to | | | |
| 600 | | | |
|A. D.=| | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _7th |... |Heraclius, Byzantine|... |
| Cent.| |emperor (reigned | |
|A. D._| |610-641). | |
| | | | |
| =600 | |Abu-Bekr, first | |
| A. D.| |caliph of Mecca | |
| to | |(571?-635). | |
| 700 | | | |
|A. D.=| | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _8th |... |HAROUN AL-RASHID, |Bede, the Venerable,|
| Cent.| |caliph of Bagdad |English monk and ec-|
|A. D._| |(reigned 786-809). |clesiastical histo- |
| | | |rian (672?-735?). |
| =700 | |CHARLEMAGNE, or | |
| A. D.| |Charles I., emperor |Flaccus Albinus |
| to | |of the West and king|Alcuin, English |
| 800 | |of France (742-814).|theologian (725?- |
|A. D.=| | |804). |
| | |Pepin, Le Bref (the | |
| | |Short), king of the | |
| | |Franks (714?-768). | |
| | | | |
| | |CHARLES MARTEL, duke| |
| | |of Austrasia (694- | |
| | |741). | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _9th |... |ALFRED THE GREAT, |... |
| Cent.| |king of the West | |
|A. D._| |Saxons (849?-901). | |
| | | | |
| =800 | |AL-MAMUN, or Al- | |
| A. D.| |Mamoun, caliph of | |
| to | |Bagdad, philosopher | |
| 900 | |and astronomer (786-| |
|A. D.=| |833). | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _10th|... |HUGH CAPET, king of |Firdusi, Persian |
| Cent.| |France (940?-996). |poet (died 1020). |
|A. D._| | | |
| | |OTHO I., THE GREAT, | |
| =900 | |emperor of Germany | |
| A. D.| |(912-973). | |
| to | | | |
| 1000 | | | |
|A. D.=| | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _11th|GREGORY VII., pope |WILLIAM I., THE CON-|... |
| Cent.|(1018?-1085). |QUEROR, king of En- | |
|A. D._| |gland (1027-1087). | |
| | | | |
| =1000| | | |
| A. D.| | | |
| to | | | |
| 1100 | | | |
|A. D.=| | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _12th|SAINT BERNARD, |Richard I., Cœur de |William of Malmes- |
| Cent.|French ecclesiastic |Lion, king of En- |bury, English histo-|
|A. D._|(1091-1153). |gland (1157-1199). |rian (1095?-1143). |
| | | | |
| =1100|Thomas à Becket, |Frederick I., Barba-| |
| A. D.|archbishop of |rossa, emperor of | |
| to |Canterbury (1117- |Germany (1121-1190).| |
| 1200 |1170). | | |
|A. D.=| | | |
| |Peter Lombard, | | |
| |Italian theologian | | |
| |(1100?-1160?). | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _13th|SAINT FRANCIS OF |Genghis Khan, Mogul |DEGLI ALIGHIERI |
| Cent.|ASSISI, Italian |conqueror (1163- |DANTE, Italian poet |
|A. D._|friar (1182-1226). |1227). |(1265-1321). |
| | | | |
| =1200|Saint Dominic, or |Simon de Montfort, | |
| A. D.|Domingo de Gusman, |Earl of Leicester | |
| to |Spanish founder of |(1200?-1265). | |
| 1300 |the order of Domini-| | |
|A. D.=|cans (1170-1221). |LOUIS IX., Saint | |
| | |Louis, king of | |
| | |France (1215-1270). | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| =Cen-| =Fine Arts= | =Philosophy and | =Science and |
| tu- | | Education= | Industry= |
| ries=| | | |
| | Architects, | Philosophers, |Inventors, Discover-|
| |Sculptors, Painters,| Educators, | ers, Engineers, |
| | Musicians | Psychologists, | Naturalists, Physi-|
| | |Moralists, Logicians| cists, Mathemati- |
| | | | cians, Chemists, |
| | | | Physicians, |
| | | | Biologists |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| =4000|Early architecture, |Philosophy had its |Astronomy was the |
| B. C.|sculpture and paint-|rise among the Egyp-|first science culti-|
| to |ing made notable ad-|tians and Hindus, |vated in the world. |
| 1000 |vances under Babylo-|followed by the |It was known to the |
|B. C.=|nians, Assyrians, |Greeks. |Babylonians, Assyri-|
| |Egyptians and | |ans, Egyptians, |
| |Hindus; but no great| |Greeks and Chinese. |
| |individual names | | |
| |were connected with | | |
| |it until the time of| | |
| |the Greeks. | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| =1000|... |... |... |
| B. C.| | | |
| to | | | |
| 700 | | | |
|B. C.=| | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _7th |... |... |... |
| Cent.| | | |
|B. C._| | | |
| | | | |
| =700 | | | |
| B. C.| | | |
| to | | | |
| 600 | | | |
|B. C.=| | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _6th |... |Thales, Greek phi- |... |
| Cent.| |losopher. | |
|B. C._| | | |
| | |Pythagoras, Greek | |
| =600 | |philosopher. | |
| B. C.| | | |
| to | | | |
| 500 | | | |
|B. C.=| | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _5th |Zeuxis, Greek |SOCRATES, Greek phi-|Hippocrates, Greek |
| Cent.|painter. |losopher. |physician. |
|B. C._| | | |
| |PHIDIAS, Greek | | |
| =500 |sculptor. | | |
| B. C.| | | |
| to |Ictinus, Greek | | |
| 400 |architect. | | |
|B. C.=| | | |
| |Polycletus, Greek | | |
| |sculptor and | | |
| |architect. | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _4th |Apelles, Greek |PLATO, Greek philos-|EUCLID, Greek geo- |
| Cent.|painter. |opher. |meter. |
|B. C._| | | |
| |Praxiteles. |ARISTOTLE, Greek | |
| =400 | |philosopher. | |
| B. C.| | | |
| to | | | |
| 300 | | | |
|B. C.=| | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _3rd |... |Epicurus, Greek phi-|Archimedes, Greek |
| Cent.| |losopher. |mechanician. |
|B. C._| | | |
| | |Zeno, Greek Stoic | |
| =300 | |philosopher. | |
| B. C.| | | |
| to | | | |
| 200 | | | |
|B. C.=| | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _2nd |... |... |... |
| Cent.| | | |
|B. C._| | | |
| | | | |
| =200 | | | |
| B. C.| | | |
| to | | | |
| 100 | | | |
|B. C.=| | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _1st |... |... |STRABO, Greek geo- |
| Cent.| | |grapher. |
|B. C._| | | |
| | | | |
| =100 | | | |
| B. C.| | | |
| to | | | |
| 1 | | | |
|A. D.=| | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _1st |... |EPICTETUS, Roman |Pliny (Plinius), the|
| Cent.| |Stoic philosopher |elder, Roman natu- |
|A. D._| |(60-120?). |ralist (A. D. 23- |
| | | |79). |
| =1 | | | |
| A. D.| | | |
| to | | | |
| 100 | | | |
|A. D.=| | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _2nd |... |MARCUS AURELIUS |CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY, |
| Cent.| |ANTONINUS, Roman |Græco-Egyptian as- |
|A. D._| |emperor, philosopher|tronomer, geographer|
| | |(121-180). |(2d C. A. D.). |
| =100 | | | |
| A. D.| | |Claudius Galen, |
| to | | |Roman physician and |
| 200 | | |medical author (130-|
|A. D.=| | |200?). |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _3rd |... |... |... |
| Cent.| | | |
|A. D._| | | |
| | | | |
| =200 | | | |
| A. D.| | | |
| to | | | |
| 300 | | | |
|A. D.=| | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _4th |... |... |... |
| Cent.| | | |
|A. D._| | | |
| | | | |
| =300 | | | |
| A. D.| | | |
| to | | | |
| 400 | | | |
|A. D.=| | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _5th |... |... |... |
| Cent.| | | |
|A. D._| | | |
| | | | |
| =400 | | | |
|A. D. | | | |
| to | | | |
| 500 | | | |
|A. D.=| | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _6th |... |... |... |
| Cent.| | | |
|A. D._| | | |
| | | | |
| =500 | | | |
| A. D.| | | |
| to | | | |
| 600 | | | |
|A. D.=| | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _7th |... |... |... |
| Cent.| | | |
|A. D._| | | |
| | | | |
| =600 | | | |
| A. D.| | | |
| to | | | |
| 700 | | | |
|A. D.=| | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _8th |... |... |... |
| Cent.| | | |
|A. D._| | | |
| | | | |
| =700 | | | |
| A. D.| | | |
| to | | | |
| 800 | | | |
|A. D.=| | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _9th |... |... |... |
| Cent.| | | |
|A. D._| | | |
| | | | |
| =800 | | | |
| A. D.| | | |
| to | | | |
| 900 | | | |
|A. D.=| | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _10th|... |Avicenna, Mohammedan|... |
| Cent.| |physician and phi- | |
|A. D._| |losopher (980-1037).| |
| | | | |
| =900 | | | |
| A. D.| | | |
| to | | | |
| 1000 | | | |
|A. D.=| | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _11th|... |... |... |
| Cent.| | | |
|A. D._| | | |
| | | | |
| =1000| | | |
| A. D.| | | |
| to | | | |
| 1100 | | | |
|A. D.=| | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _12th|... |Pierre Abelard, |... |
| Cent.| |French scholastic | |
|A. D._| |and logician (1079- | |
| | |1142). | |
| =1100| | | |
| A. D.| |Averroës, Arabian | |
| to | |philosopher and | |
| 1200 | |physician (1149?- | |
|A. D.=| |1198). | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _13th|GIOVANNI CIMABUE, |Albertus Magnus, |ROGER BACON, English|
| Cent.|father of modern |Bavarian philosopher|monk and scientist |
|A. D._|painting, Florentine|and schoolman |(1214-1294). |
| |painter (1240?- |(1193?-1280). | |
| =1200|1302?). | | |
| A. D.| |John Duns Scotus, | |
| to |Nicola Pisano, |Scotch scholastic | |
| 1300 |Italian sculptor |theologian (1265?- | |
|A. D.=|(1200?-1278). |1308). | |
| | | | |
| | |SAINT THOMAS | |
| | |AQUINAS, Italian | |
| | |scholastic philos- | |
| | |opher (1225-1274). | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
=THE WORLD’S IMMORTALS AND MASTERS OF ACHIEVEMENT IN RELIGION,
GOVERNMENT, LITERATURE, FINE ARTS, PHILOSOPHY, SCIENCE AND
INDUSTRY--TABULATED BY CENTURIES=
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| =Cen-| =Religion and Moral| =Fine Arts= | =Government= |
| tu- | Reform= | | |
| ries=| | | |
| |Founders of Systems,| Architects, | Rulers, Military |
| |Great Leaders, Heads|Sculptors, Painters,| Leaders, Statesmen,|
| |of Religious Bodies,| Musicians | Publicists, |
| | Moral and Humane | | Diplomats, Jurists |
| | Reformers | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _14th|... |... |Charles V., the |
| Cent.| | |Wise, (1337-1380). |
|A. D._| | | |
| | | |John of Gaunt, duke |
| =1300| | |of Lancaster, son of|
| A. D.| | |Edward III. (1340- |
| to | | |1399). |
| 1400 | | | |
|A. D.=| | |Edward III., king of|
| | | |England (1312-1377).|
| | | | |
| | | |Tamerlane (Timur), |
| | | |Mongol conqueror |
| | | |(1336?-1405). |
| | | | |
| | | |Casimir III., the |
| | | |Great, king of |
| | | |Poland (reigned from|
| | | |1333, died 1370). |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _15th|Girolamo Savonarola,|Filippo |Jeanne d’Arc (Joan |
| Cent.|Italian religious |Brunelleschi, |of Arc), French |
|A. D._|reformer (1452- |Italian architect |heroine (1411?- |
| |1498). |and sculptor (1377- |1431). |
| =1400| |1444). | |
| A. D.| | |Cosmo I. de’ Medici,|
| to | |LEONARDO DA VINCI, |Chief of the Floren-|
| 1500 | |Florentine painter |tine Republic (1389-|
|A. D.=| |(1452-1519). |1464). |
| | | | |
| | |Bramante d’Urbino |Ferdinand V. of |
| | |(Donato Lazari), |Castile, II. of |
| | |Italian architect of|Aragon, III. of |
| | |St. Peter’s (1444- |Naples, II. of |
| | |1514). |Sicily, founder of |
| | | |the Spanish monarchy|
| | |SANDRO BOTTICELLI, |(1452-1516). |
| | |Italian painter | |
| | |(1447-1515). | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _16th|SAINT IGNATIUS DE |ALBRECHT DURER, |Hernando Cortez, |
| Cent.|LOYOLA, Spanish |German painter and |Spanish conqueror of|
|A. D._|founder of the So- |engraver (1471- |Mexico (1485-1547?).|
| |ciety of Jesus (the |1528). | |
| =1500|Jesuits) (1491- | |Thomas Wolsey, car- |
| A. D.|1556). |ANTONIO ALLEGRI DA |dinal minister of |
| to | |CORREGGIO, Italian |Henry VIII. (1471- |
| 1600 |MARTIN LUTHER, |painter (1494-1534).|1530). |
|A. D.=|leader of the German| | |
| |reformation (1483- |TITIAN, or Tiziano |Nicolo di Bernardo |
| |1546). |Vecellio, Venetian |dei Macchiavelli, |
| | |painter (1477-1576).|Italian statesman |
| |Philip Melanchthon, | |and author (1469- |
| |German Lutheran re- |RAPHAEL SANZIO, or |1527). |
| |former (1497-1560). |Santi d’Urbino, | |
| | |Italian painter |Johan van Olden |
| |Ulrich Zwingle, |(1483-1520). |Barneveldt, Dutch |
| |Swiss reformer | |statesman (1547- |
| |(1484-1531). |MICHELANGELO |1619). |
| | |BUONARROTI, Italian | |
| |JOHN CALVIN, French |painter, sculptor, |Henry VIII., king of|
| |theologian (1509- |architect and poet |England (1491-1547).|
| |1564). |(1474-1563). | |
| | | |HENRY IV., king of |
| |Jacobus Arminius, | |France and of |
| |Dutch theologian | |Navarre (1553-1610).|
| |(1560-1609). | | |
| | | |ELIZABETH, queen of |
| |John Knox, Scotch | |England (1533-1603).|
| |religious reformer | | |
| |(1505-1572). | |Francis I., king of |
| | | |France (1494-1547). |
| |Faustus Socinus, | | |
| |Italian theologian | |CHARLES V., emperor |
| |(1539-1604). | |of Germany and king |
| | | |of Spain (1500- |
| | | |1558). |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _17th|Jacques Bénigne |BARTOLOMÉ ESTÉBAN |HUGO GROTIUS, or De |
| Cent.|Bossuet, French |MURILLO, Spanish |Groot, Dutch jurist |
|A. D._|prelate, pulpit ora-|painter (1618-1682).|(1583-1645). |
| |tor, author (1627- | | |
| =1600|1704). |PAUL HARMENS |Sir Edward Coke, |
| A. D.| |REMBRANDT VAN RYN, |lord chief-justice |
| to |Cornelius Jansen, |Dutch painter (1607-|of England (1549- |
| 1700 |Dutch theologian |1669). |1634). |
|A. D.=|(1585-1638). | | |
| | |PETER PAUL RUBENS, |ARMAND JEAN |
| | |Flemish painter |DUPLESSIS DE |
| | |(1577-1640). |RICHELIEU, cardinal |
| | | |and duke, French |
| | |DIEGO RODRIGUEZ DE |statesman (1585- |
| | |SILVAY VELASQUEZ, |1642). |
| | |Spanish painter | |
| | |(1599-1660). |OLIVER CROMWELL, |
| | | |lord protector of |
| | |Sir Christopher |the English common- |
| | |Wren, English archi-|wealth (1599-1658). |
| | |tect (1632-1723). | |
| | | |Count Johann |
| | | |Tserclaes von Tilly,|
| | | |German general in |
| | | |the Thirty Years’ |
| | | |War (1559-1632). |
| | | | |
| | | |Count Albrecht |
| | | |Wenzel Eusebius von |
| | | |Wallenstein, Austri-|
| | | |an general (1583- |
| | | |1634). |
| | | | |
| | | |DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH |
| | | |(John Churchill), |
| | | |English general |
| | | |(1650-1722). |
| | | | |
| | | |WILLIAM III. (prince|
| | | |of Orange), king of |
| | | |Great Britain, |
| | | |stadtholder of the |
| | | |Netherlands (1650- |
| | | |1702). |
| | | | |
| | | |Christina, queen of |
| | | |Sweden (1626-1689). |
| | | | |
| | | |Marten Harpertzoon |
| | | |van Tromp, Dutch |
| | | |admiral (1597-1653).|
| | | | |
| | | |Vicomte Henri de la |
| | | |Tour d’Auvergne de |
| | | |Turenne, marshal of |
| | | |France (1611-1672). |
| | | | |
| | | |William Penn, En- |
| | | |glish Quaker, found-|
| | | |er of Pennsylvania |
| | | |(1644-1718). |
| | | | |
| | | |Cardinal Jules, or |
| | | |Giulio, Mazarin, |
| | | |prime minister of |
| | | |Louis XIV. (1602- |
| | | |1661). |
| | | | |
| | | |Louis II., Prince de|
| | | |Conde, French gener-|
| | | |al (1621-1686). |
| | | | |
| | | |GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS, |
| | | |king of Sweden |
| | | |(1594-1632). |
| | | | |
| | | |LOUIS XIV. the |
| | | |Great, king of |
| | | |France (1638-1715). |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _18th|JOHN WESLEY, English|GEORG FRIEDRICH |PETER I. |
| Cent.|founder of Methodism|HANDEL, German |(Alexeievitch), the |
|A. D._|(1703-1791). |musical composer |Great, czar of |
| | |(1685-1759). |Russia (1672-1725). |
| =1700|JONATHAN EDWARDS, | | |
| A. D.|American theologian,|PHILIP VAN DYCK, |Charles XII., king |
| to |metaphysician (1703-|Dutch painter (1680-|of Sweden and Norway|
| 1800 |1758). |1752). |(1682-1718). |
|A. D.=| | | |
| |George Whitefield, |JOHANN SEBASTIAN |PRINCE EUGENE OF |
| |evangelist and one |BACH German composer|SAVOY, Austrian |
| |of the founders of |and musician (1685- |general (1663-1736).|
| |Methodism (1714- |1750). | |
| |1770). | |GEORGE WASHINGTON, |
| | |JOHANN CHRYSOSTONUS |general and first |
| | |WOLFGANG AMADEUS |president of the |
| | |MOZART, German |United States (1732-|
| | |musical composer |1799). |
| | |(1756-1791). | |
| | | |William Pitt, first |
| | |Joseph Haydn, German|Earl of Chatham, |
| | |musical composer |English statesman |
| | |(1732-1809). |(1708-1778). |
| | | | |
| | |Sir Joshua Reynolds,|THOMAS JEFFERSON, |
| | |English portrait |third president of |
| | |painter (1723-1792).|the United States |
| | | |(1743-1826). |
| | | | |
| | | |FREDERICK II., the |
| | | |Great, Prussian |
| | | |general and emperor |
| | | |(1712-1786). |
| | | | |
| | | |ALEXANDER HAMILTON, |
| | | |American lawyer and |
| | | |statesman (1757- |
| | | |1804). |
| | | | |
| | | |Robert Clive, first |
| | | |Lord, British gener-|
| | | |al and statesman |
| | | |(1725-1774). |
| | | | |
| | | |ADAM SMITH, Scottish|
| | | |political economist |
| | | |(1723-1790). |
| | | | |
| | | |Anne, queen of En- |
| | | |gland (1664-1714). |
| | | | |
| | | |CATHERINE II., |
| | | |empress of Russia |
| | | |(1729-1796). |
| | | | |
| | | |George Jacques |
| | | |Danton, French |
| | | |revolutionist (1759-|
| | | |1794). |
| | | | |
| | | |MARQUIS MARIE JEAN |
| | | |PAUL ROCH YVES |
| | | |GILBERT MOTIER DE |
| | | |LAFAYETTE, or LA |
| | | |FAYETTE, French |
| | | |general and patriot |
| | | |(1757-1834). |
| | | | |
| | | |Jean Paul Marat, |
| | | |French revolutionist|
| | | |(1744-1793). |
| | | | |
| | | |Maximilien Joseph |
| | | |Marie Isidore de |
| | | |Robespierre, French |
| | | |revolutionist (1758-|
| | | |1794). |
| | | | |
| | | |Thaddeus (Tadeusz) |
| | | |Kosciusko, Polish |
| | | |patriot (1746?- |
| | | |1817). |
| | | | |
| | | |Francis I., emperor |
| | | |of Germany (1708- |
| | | |1765). |
| | | | |
| | | |Lord Horatio Nelson,|
| | | |English admiral |
| | | |(1758-1805). |
| | | | |
| | | |Maria Theresa, |
| | | |empress of Austria |
| | | |(1717-1780). |
| | | | |
| | | |Charles James Fox, |
| | | |English statesman |
| | | |and orator (1749- |
| | | |1806). |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _19th|WILLIAM ELLERY |LUDWIG VAN |JOHN MARSHALL, |
| Cent.|CHANNING, American |BEETHOVEN, German |American jurist and |
|A. D._|divine and author |musical composer |statesman (1755- |
| |(1780-1842). |(1770-1827). |1835). |
| =1800| | | |
| A. D.|James Martineau, |FRANZ SCHUBERT, Ger-|ANDREW JACKSON, |
| to |Unitarian divine and|man composer (1797- |general and seventh |
| 1900 |author (1807-1878). |1828). |president of the |
|A. D.=| | |United States (1767-|
| |Theodore Parker, |ANTONIO CANOVA, |1845). |
| |American theologian |Italian sculptor | |
| |and scholar (1810- |(1757-1822). |Henry Clay, American|
| |1860). | |statesman and orator|
| | |JEAN BAPTISTE |(1777-1852). |
| |Henry Ward Beecher, |CAMILLE COROT, | |
| |American preacher, |French landscape |Arthur Wellesley |
| |writer and orator |painter (1796-1875).|Wellington, first |
| |(1813-1887). | |Duke of, British |
| | |BERTEL THORWALDSEN, |general and states- |
| |Charles Grandison |Danish sculptor |man (1769-1852). |
| |Finney, evangelist |(1770-1844). | |
| |and theologian | |JOHN CALDWELL |
| |(1792-1875). |Jean Dominique |CALHOUN, American |
| | |Auguste Ingres, |statesman (1782- |
| |Dwight Lyman Moody, |French painter |1850). |
| |evangelist (1837- |(1781-1867). | |
| |1899). | |PRINCE CLEMENS |
| | |FREDERIC FRANÇOIS |WENZEL NEPOMUK |
| |Charles Haddon |CHOPIN, Polish pia- |LOTHAR VON |
| |Spurgeon, English |nist and musical |METTERNICH, Austrian|
| |pulpit-orator (1834-|composer (1810- |statesman (1773- |
| |1892). |1849). |1859). |
| | | | |
| |Clara Barton, |JAMES ABBOTT M’NEILL|CHARLES MAURICE DE |
| |promoter American |WHISTLER, American- |TALLEYRAND-PERIGORD,|
| |Red Cross (1830- |English painter |Prince of Benevento,|
| |1912). |(1834-1903). |French diplomatist |
| | | |(1754-1838). |
| |Frances Elizabeth |ROBERT SCHUMANN, | |
| |Willard, temperance |German musical com- |COUNT CAMILLO BENSO |
| |reformer (1839- |poser (1815-1856). |DI CAVOUR, Italian |
| |1898). | |statesman (1810- |
| | |RICHARD WAGNER, Ger-|1861). |
| |Mary Baker Glover |man musical composer| |
| |Eddy, founder of |(1813-1883). |ABRAHAM LINCOLN, |
| |Christian Science | |sixteenth president |
| |(1821-1910). |JOHANNES BRAHMS, |of the United States|
| | |German composer |(1809-1865). |
| |Brigham Young, |(1833-1897). | |
| |American Mormon | |David Glascoe |
| |leader (1801-1877). |GIUSEPPE VERDI, |Farragut, American |
| | |Italian musical com-|admiral (1801-1870).|
| |Joseph Smith, |poser (1814-1901). | |
| |founder of the sect | |ROBERT EDWARD LEE, |
| |of Mormons (1805- |Théodore Rousseau, |American Confederate|
| |1844). |French painter |general (1807-1870).|
| | |(1812-1867). | |
| |John Henry Newman, | |Napoleon III. |
| |English theologian |Hector Berlioz, |(Charles Louis |
| |and author (1801- |French musical com- |Napoléon Bonaparte),|
| |1890). |poser (1803-1869). |emperor of the |
| | | |French (1808-1873). |
| |Phillips Brooks, |Louise Marie Elisa- | |
| |American pulpit |beth Lebrun (born |Benjamin Disraeli, |
| |orator (1835-1893). |Vigée), French |earl of Beacons- |
| | |painter (1755-1842).|field, English |
| | | |statesman and nov- |
| | |Felix Mendelssohn- |elist (1804-1880). |
| | |Bartholdy, German | |
| | |composer (1809- |ULYSSES SIMPSON |
| | |1847). |GRANT, general and |
| | | |eighteenth president|
| | |Mariano Fortuny, |of the United States|
| | |Spanish painter |(1822-1885). |
| | |(1839-1874). | |
| | | |Charles Stewart |
| | |Anton Rubenstein, |Parnell, Irish par- |
| | |Russian composer and|liamentarian (1846- |
| | |pianist (1829-1894).|1891). |
| | | | |
| | |Franz Liszt, Hungar-|WILLIAM EWART |
| | |ian pianist and com-|GLADSTONE, English |
| | |poser (1811-1886). |statesman (1820- |
| | | |1898). |
| | |PETER ILYITCH | |
| | |TSCHAIKOWSKY, Rus- |PRINCE OTTO EDUARD |
| | |sian musical com- |LEOPOLD BISMARCK, |
| | |poser (1840-1893). |German statesman |
| | | |(1814-1898). |
| | |Charles François | |
| | |Daubigny, French |Richard Cobden, En- |
| | |painter (1817-1878).|glish statesman and |
| | | |economist (1804- |
| | |John Constable, En- |1865). |
| | |glish landscape | |
| | |painter (1776-1837).|Giuseppe Mazzini, |
| | | |Italian patriot and |
| | |Eugéne Emmanuel |revolutionist (1805-|
| | |Viollet-le-Duc, |1872). |
| | |French architect | |
| | |(1814-1879). |Giuseppe Garibaldi, |
| | | |Italian patriot |
| | |Karl Begas, German |(1807-1882). |
| | |painter (1794-1854).| |
| | | |Léon Gambetta, |
| | |Rosalie Bonheur, |French statesman |
| | |French painter |(1838-1882). |
| | |(1822-1899). | |
| | | |John Bright, English|
| | |Thomas Ustick |orator and statesman|
| | |Walter, American |(1811-1889). |
| | |architect (1804- | |
| | |1887). |Louis Kossuth, Hun- |
| | | |garian orator and |
| | |Jean François |statesman (1802- |
| | |Millet, painter |1894). |
| | |(1814-1875). | |
| | | |Cecil John Rhodes, |
| | |Antoine Louis Barye,|British statesman |
| | |French sculptor |(1853-1902). |
| | |(1795-1875). | |
| | | |Victoria (Victoria |
| | |Karl Theodore |Alexandrina), queen |
| | |Francis Bitter, |of Great Britain and|
| | |Austro-American |Ireland and empress |
| | |sculptor (1867- |of India (1819- |
| | |1916). |1901). |
| | | | |
| | |Johann Gottfried |Jefferson Davis, |
| | |Schadow, German |American statesman |
| | |sculptor (1764- |and president of the|
| | |1850). |Confederacy (1808- |
| | | |1889). |
| | |Sir Edwin Henry | |
| | |Landseer, animal |Sir John Alexander |
| | |painter (1802-1873).|Macdonald, Canadian |
| | | |statesman (1815- |
| | |Sir Charles Barry, |1891). |
| | |British architect | |
| | |(1795-1860). |Francis Joseph, |
| | | |emperor of Austria |
| | |Pierre Etienne |(1830-1916). |
| | |Rousseau, French | |
| | |painter (1812-1867).|Karl Marx, German |
| | | |socialist and publi-|
| | |Christian Daniel |cist (1818-1883). |
| | |Rauch, German | |
| | |sculptor (1777- |H. von Treitschke, |
| | |1857). |German publicist |
| | | |(1834-1896). |
| | |Pierre Puvis de | |
| | |Chavannes, French |George Dewey, Ameri-|
| | |painter (1824-1898).|can Admiral (1837- |
| | | |1917). |
| | |Jacques Louis David,| |
| | |French historical | |
| | |painter (1748-1825).| |
| | | | |
| | |Robert Adam, Scot- | |
| | |tish architect | |
| | |(1728-1792). | |
| | | | |
| | |Hans Makart, Aus- | |
| | |trian painter (1840-| |
| | |1884). | |
| | | | |
| | |Joseph Mallord | |
| | |William Turner, | |
| | |English painter | |
| | |(1775-1851). | |
| | | | |
| | |Sir George Gilbert | |
| | |Scott, English ar- | |
| | |chitect (1811-1878).| |
| | | | |
| | |Sir John Everett | |
| | |Millais, English | |
| | |painter (1829-1896).| |
| | | | |
| | |Karl Friedrich | |
| | |Schinkel, German ar-| |
| | |chitect (1781-1841).| |
| | | | |
| | |John Quincy Adams | |
| | |Ward, American | |
| | |sculptor (1830- | |
| | |1910). | |
| | | | |
| | |Frédéric Auguste | |
| | |Bartholdi, French | |
| | |sculptor (1834- | |
| | |1904). | |
| | | | |
| | |Jean Léon Gérôme, | |
| | |French historical | |
| | |painter (1824-1904).| |
| | | | |
| | |Edwin Austin Abbey, | |
| | |American artist | |
| | |(1852-1916). | |
| | | | |
| | |J. E. F. Massenet, | |
| | |French composer | |
| | |(1842-1912). | |
| | | | |
| | |Antonin Dvorák, | |
| | |Austro-American com-| |
| | |poser (1842-1904). | |
| | | | |
| | |Vassili | |
| | |Verestchagin, Rus- | |
| | |sian painter (1842- | |
| | |1904). | |
| | | | |
| | |F. von Lenbach, Ger-| |
| | |man painter (1836- | |
| | |1904). | |
| | | | |
| | |Edvard Grieg, Nor- | |
| | |wegian composer | |
| | |(1843-1897). | |
| | | | |
| | |Augustus Saint- | |
| | |Gaudens, American | |
| | |sculptor (1848- | |
| | |1907). | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _20th|Pope Benedict XV., |Camille Saint-Saëns,|Theodore Roosevelt, |
| Cent.|Giacomo Della Chiesa|French composer |American author, |
|A. D._|(1854- ----). |(1835- ----). |publicist and |
| | | |twenty-sixth presi- |
| =1900|Cardinal James |Claude Debussy, |dent of the United |
| A. D.|Gibbons, American |(1862- ----). |States (1858- ----).|
| to |Roman Catholic prel-| | |
| 2000 |ate (1834- ----). |Giacomo Puccini, |Arthur James |
|A. D.=| |Italian composer |Balfour, British |
| |Cardinal William |(1858- ----). |statesman, philo- |
| |Henry O’Connell, | |sophical writer |
| |American Roman Cath-|Auguste Rodin, |(1848- ----). |
| |olic prelate (1859- |French sculptor | |
| |----). |(1840- ----). |William II., third |
| | | |German emperor |
| |Cardinal John Murphy|Sir E. W. Elgar, |(1859- ----). |
| |Farley, American |English composer | |
| |Roman Catholic prel-|(1857- ----). |David Lloyd George, |
| |ate (1842- ----). | |British statesman |
| | |Piero Mascagni, |(1863- ----). |
| |William Ashley |Italian operatic | |
| |Sunday, American |composer (1863- |Sir Wilfrid Laurier,|
| |evangelist (1863- |----). |Canadian statesman |
| |----). | |(1841- ----). |
| | |J. S. Sargent, Amer-| |
| | |ican painter (1856- |Robert Laird Borden,|
| | |----). |prime minister of |
| | | |Canada (1854- ----).|
| | |Lorado Taft, Ameri- | |
| | |can sculptor (1860- |Viscount Horatio |
| | |----). |Herbert Kitchener, |
| | | |British general |
| | |Philip Martiny, |(1850-1916). |
| | |American sculptor | |
| | |(1858- ----). |Wilhelmina, queen of|
| | | |Holland (1880- |
| | |William Hamo |----). |
| | |Thornycroft, English| |
| | |sculptor (1850- |Theodore von |
| | |----). |Bethmann-Hollweg, |
| | | |German statesman and|
| | |George Grey Barnard,|Imperial Chancellor |
| | |American sculptor |(1856- ----). |
| | |(1863- ----). | |
| | | |Alfonso XIII., king |
| | |Daniel Chester |of Spain (1886- |
| | |French, American |----). |
| | |sculptor (1850- | |
| | |----). |Woodrow Wilson, |
| | | |American publicist, |
| | |Richard Strauss, |twenty-eighth presi-|
| | |German musical com- |dent of the United |
| | |poser (1864- ----). |States (1856- ----).|
| | | | |
| | |J. F. L. Bonnat, |Edward Douglass |
| | |French painter |White, American |
| | |(1833- ----). |jurist (1845- ----).|
| | | | |
| | |Gutzon Borglum (John|Elihu Root, publi- |
| | |Gutzon de la Mothe),|cist, ex-secretary |
| | |American sculptor |of state (1845- |
| | |(1867- ----). |----). |
| | | | |
| | |Frederick (William) |William Jennings |
| | |MacMonnies, American|Bryan, American |
| | |sculptor (1863- |publicist, ex-secre-|
| | |----). |tary of state (1860-|
| | | |----). |
| | | | |
| | | |Henry Cabot Lodge, |
| | | |historian, publicist|
| | | |(1850- ----). |
| | | | |
| | | |Robert Marion |
| | | |LaFollette, American|
| | | |political reformer, |
| | | |publicist (1855- |
| | | |----). |
| | | | |
| | | |Field Marshall von |
| | | |Hindenburg, German |
| | | |general (1847- |
| | | |----). |
| | | | |
| | | |Field Marshal |
| | | |Joffre, French |
| | | |general (1853- |
| | | |----). |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| =Cen-| =Literature= | =Philosophy and | =Science= |
| tu- | | Education= | |
| ries=| | | |
| | Poets, Dramatists, | Philosophers, |Discoverers, Natura-|
| |Historians, Orators,| Educators, | lists, Physicists, |
| |Essayists, Novelists| Psychologists, | Mathematicians, |
| | |Moralists, Logicians| Chemists, |
| | | | Physicians, |
| | | | Biologists |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _14th|GEOFFREY CHAUCER, |... |... |
| Cent.|English poet (1340?-| | |
|A. D._|1400). | | |
| | | | |
| =1300|John de Wycliffe, | | |
| A. D.|English reformer; | | |
| to |translator of the | | |
| 1400 |Scriptures (1324?- | | |
|A. D.=|1384). | | |
| | | | |
| |Francesco Petrarch | | |
| |(Petrarca), Italian | | |
| |writer of sonnets | | |
| |(1304-1374). | | |
| | | | |
| |Giovanni Boccaccio, | | |
| |Italian novelist | | |
| |(1313-1375). | | |
| | | | |
| |Mohammed Shems ed- | | |
| |Din Hafiz, Persian | | |
| |poet (1300?-1390). | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _15th|Lorenzo I. de’ |... |... |
| Cent.|Medici, prince of | | |
|A. D._|Florence, poet, | | |
| |scholar, and patron | | |
| =1400|of art and litera- | | |
| A. D.|ture (1448-1492). | | |
| to | | | |
| 1500 | | | |
|A. D.=| | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _16th|LUDOVICO ARIOSTO, |Sir Thomas More, |NIKOLAUS COPERNICUS,|
| Cent.|Italian poet (1474- |English poet, phil- |German astronomer |
|A. D._|1533). |osopher (1480-1535).|(1473-1543). |
| | | | |
| =1500|DESIDERIUS ERASMUS, |FRANCIS BACON, Baron|TYCHO BRAHE, Danish |
| A. D.|Dutch scholar (1467-|Verulam, Viscount |astronomer (1546- |
| to |1536). |St. Albans, English |1601). |
| 1600 | |philosopher and es- | |
|A. D.=|WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE,|sayist (1561-1626). | |
| |the greatest English| | |
| |dramatist (1564- | | |
| |1616). | | |
| | | | |
| |MICHEL EYQUEM DE | | |
| |MONTAIGNE, Seigneur,| | |
| |French essayist | | |
| |(1533-1592). | | |
| | | | |
| |MIGUEL DE CERVANTES | | |
| |SAAVEDRA, Spanish | | |
| |novelist (1547- | | |
| |1616). | | |
| | | | |
| |EDMUND SPENSER, | | |
| |English poet (1553?-| | |
| |1599). | | |
| | | | |
| |Giordano Bruno, | | |
| |Italian anti-Chris- | | |
| |tian writer (1550- | | |
| |1600). | | |
| | | | |
| |Luis Camoëns, | | |
| |Portuguese poet | | |
| |(1524-1597). | | |
| | | | |
| |TORQUATO TASSO, | | |
| |Italian poet (1544- | | |
| |1595). | | |
| | | | |
| |Ben Jonson, English | | |
| |dramatist (1573 or | | |
| |1574-1637). | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _17th|FELIX LOPE DE VEGA |RENÉ DESCARTES, |JOHANN KEPLER, |
| Cent.|CARPIO, Spanish poet|French philosopher, |German astronomer |
|A. D._|and dramatist (1562-|mathematician (1596-|(1571-1630). |
| |1635). |1650). | |
| =1600| | |WILLIAM HARVEY, |
| A. D.|Joseph Addison, |GOTTFRIED WILHELM |English anatomist |
| to |English poet and |LEIBNITZ, German |and physician (1578-|
| 1700 |essayist (1672- |philosopher, mathe- |1657). |
|A. D.=|1719). |matician (1646- | |
| | |1716). |Galileo Galilei, |
| |John Dryden, English| |Italian astronomer |
| |poet (1631-1700). |JOHN LOCKE, English |(1564-1642). |
| | |philosopher and | |
| |John Bunyan, English|theologian (1632- |EVANGELISTA |
| |preacher and writer |1704). |TORRICELLI, Italian |
| |(1628-1688). | |physicist (1608- |
| | |BARUCH (Benedict) |1647). |
| |JOHN MILTON, English|SPINOZA, Dutch- | |
| |poet (1608-1674). |Jewish philosopher |Marcello Malpighi, |
| | |(1632-1677). |Italian anatomist |
| |Pedro Calderon de la| |(1628-1694). |
| |Barca, Spanish |Thomas Hobbes, | |
| |dramatist (1600- |English philosopher |Jacques, or James, |
| |1681). |(1588-1679). |Bernoulli, Swiss |
| | | |mathematician (1654-|
| |MOLIÉRE, real name |Blaise Pascal, |1705). |
| |Jean Baptiste |French philosopher | |
| |Poquelin, French |and mathematician |SIR ISAAC NEWTON, |
| |dramatist (1622- |(1623-1662). |English philosopher |
| |1673). | |and mathematician |
| | | |(1642-1727). |
| |Blaise Pascal, | | |
| |French author, | |Robert Boyle, Irish |
| |mathematician (1623-| |chemist and philos- |
| |1662). | |opher (1626-1692). |
| | | | |
| |Nicolas Boileau- | | |
| |Despréaux French | | |
| |poet, satirist and | | |
| |critic (1636-1711). | | |
| | | | |
| |JEAN RACINE, French | | |
| |dramatic poet (1639-| | |
| |1699). | | |
| | | | |
| |FRANÇOIS DE SALIGNAC| | |
| |DE LA MOTHE FÉNELON,| | |
| |archbishop of | | |
| |Cambray, French | | |
| |prelate and author | | |
| |(1651-1715). | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _18th|Jonathan Swift, |Emanuel Swedenborg, |LINNÆUS (Karl von |
| Cent.|Irish divine and |Swedish philosopher,|Linné), Swedish |
|A. D._|satirist (1667- |theosophist (1688- |naturalist (1707- |
| |1745). |1772). |1778). |
| =1700| | | |
| A. D.|BARON CHARLES DE |George Berkeley, |ANTOINE LAURENT |
| to |SECONDAT DE |Irish metaphysician |LAVOISIER, French |
| 1800 |MONTESQUIEU, French |(1684-1753). |chemist (1743-1794).|
|A. D.=|jurist and writer | | |
| |(1689-1755). |IMMANUEL KANT, |MARIE FRANÇOIS |
| | |German metaphysician|XAVIER BICHAT, |
| |ALEXANDER POPE, |(1724-1804). |French physiologist |
| |English poet (1688- | |and anatomist (1771-|
| |1744). |William Paley, |1802). |
| | |English theologian, | |
| |FRANÇOIS MARIE |philosopher (1743- |JOSEPH PRIESTLEY, |
| |AROUET DE VOLTAIRE, |1805). |English physicist, |
| |French author, poet,| |chemist, philospher,|
| |wit, dramatist, his-|Johann Gottlieb |theologian (1733- |
| |torian, philosopher |Fichte, German meta-|1804). |
| |and skeptic (1694- |physician (1762- | |
| |1778). |1814). |Jean le Rond |
| | | |d’Alembert, French |
| |Edmund Burke, En- |Johann Heinrich |mathematician (1717-|
| |glish statesman and |Pestalozzi, Swiss |1783). |
| |orator (1729 or |educationist (1745- | |
| |1730-1797). |1827). |Carl Wilhelm |
| | | |Scheele, Swedish |
| |Comte Gabriel Honoré|Auguste Comte, |chemist (1742-1786).|
| |Riquetti de |French philosopher | |
| |Mirabeau, French |(1798-1857). | |
| |orator and revolu- | | |
| |tionist (1749-1791).|Sir William | |
| | |Hamilton, Scottish | |
| |ROBERT BURNS, Scotch|metaphysician (1788-| |
| |poet (1759-1796). |1856). | |
| | | | |
| |DAVID HUME, Scotch |Jean Jacques | |
| |historian and phi- |Rousseau, French | |
| |losopher (1711- |philosopher, (1712- | |
| |1776). |1778). | |
| | | | |
| |EDWARD GIBBON, En- | | |
| |glish historian | | |
| |(1737-1794). | | |
| | | | |
| |Denis Diderot, | | |
| |French philosopher | | |
| |and writer (1713- | | |
| |1784). | | |
| | | | |
| |JOHANN WOLFGANG | | |
| |GOETHE, German | | |
| |author (1749-1832). | | |
| | | | |
| |JOHANN CHRISTOPH | | |
| |FRIEDRICH VON | | |
| |SCHILLER, German | | |
| |poet (1759-1805). | | |
| | | | |
| |GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM | | |
| |LESSING, German | | |
| |author (1729-1781). | | |
| | | | |
| |JEAN JACQUES | | |
| |ROUSSEAU, French | | |
| |philosopher and | | |
| |writer (1712-1778). | | |
| | | | |
| |BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, | | |
| |American philos- | | |
| |opher, statesman | | |
| |(1706-1790). | | |
| | | | |
| |HONORÉ DE BALZAC, | | |
| |French novelist | | |
| |(1799-1850). | | |
| | | | |
| |Baroness Anne Louise| | |
| |Germaine de Staël | | |
| |(Staël-Holstein), | | |
| |French authoress | | |
| |(1766-1817). | | |
| | | | |
| |William Cowper, En- | | |
| |glish poet (1731- | | |
| |1800). | | |
| | | | |
| |Oliver Goldsmith, | | |
| |Irish poet, histori-| | |
| |an and novelist | | |
| |(1728-1774). | | |
| | | | |
| |Thomas Gray, English| | |
| |poet (1716-1771). | | |
| | | | |
| |SAMUEL JOHNSON, En- | | |
| |glish lexicographer | | |
| |and miscellaneous | | |
| |writer (1709-1784). | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _19th|DANIEL WEBSTER, |GEORG WILHELM |GEORGES LÉOPOLD |
| Cent.|American statesman |FRIEDRICH HEGEL, |CHRÉTIEN FRÉDERIC |
|A. D._|and orator (1782- |German philosopher, |DAGOBERT CUVIER, |
| |1852). |metaphysician and |French naturalist |
| =1800| |pantheist (1770- |(1769-1832). |
| A. D.|Percy Bysshe |1831). | |
| to |Shelley, English | |Thomas Young, En- |
| 1900 |poet (1792-1822). |Friedrich Froebel, |glish physicist |
|A. D.=| |German educationist |(1773-1829). |
| |John Keats, English |(1782-1852). | |
| |poet (1796?-1821). | |ELESSANDRO VOLTA, |
| | |Arthur Schopenhauer,|Italian physicist |
| |LORD GEORGE GORDON |German philosopher |(1745-1827). |
| |BYRON, English poet |(1788-1860). | |
| |(1788-1824). | |MARQUIS PIERRE SIMON|
| | |John Stuart Mill, |DE LAPLACE, French |
| |SIR WALTER SCOTT, |English philosopher |astronomer and |
| |Scotch novelist and |and and political |mathematician (1749-|
| |poet (1771-1832). |economist (1806- |1827). |
| | |1873). | |
| |WILLIAM WORDSWORTH, | |Jean Baptiste Pierre|
| |English poet (1770- |Rudolf Hermann |Antoine de Monet de |
| |1850). |Lotze, German philo-|Lamarck, French |
| | |sopher (1817-1881). |naturalist (1744- |
| |THOMAS CARLYLE, | |1829). |
| |British essayist and|HERBERT SPENCER, | |
| |historian (1795- |English philosopher |Michael Faraday, |
| |1881). |(1820-1903). |English physicist |
| | | |(1791-1867). |
| |LEOPOLD VON RANKE, |Frederick Wilhelm | |
| |German historian |Nietzsche, German |Antoine Laurent de |
| |(1795-1886). |moralist (1844- |Jussieu, French |
| | |1900). |botanist (1748- |
| |Samuel Taylor | |1836). |
| |Coleridge, English |William James, Amer-| |
| |metaphysician and |ican psychologist |Augustin Pyramus de |
| |poet (1772-1834). |and philosopher |Candolle, Swiss |
| | |(1842-1910). |botanist (1778- |
| |Viscount François | |1841). |
| |Auguste de |Hugo Münsterberg, | |
| |Chateaubriand, |German psychologist |John James Audubon, |
| |French author (1768-|(1863-1917). |American ornitholo- |
| |1848). | |gist (1780-1851). |
| | |James Burrill | |
| |JAMES FENIMORE |Angell, American |Baron Friedrich |
| |COOPER, American |educator and diplo- |Heinrich Alexander |
| |novelist (1779- |mat (1829-1916). |von Humboldt, German|
| |1851). | |naturalist (1769- |
| | |Victor Cousin, |1859). |
| |William Cullen |French philosopher | |
| |Bryant, American |(1792-1867). |Sir Humphrey Davy, |
| |poet and journalist | |English chemist |
| |(1794-1878). |George Holmes |(1778-1829). |
| | |Howison, American | |
| |FRANÇOIS PIERRE |philosopher (1834- |Matthew Fontaine |
| |GUILLAUME GUIZOT, |1917). |Maury, American |
| |French historian and| |hydrographer (1806- |
| |statesman (1787- |Josiah Royce (1855- |1873). |
| |1874). |1917). | |
| | | |Asa Gray, American |
| |WASHINGTON IRVING, | |botanist (1810- |
| |American author | |1888). |
| |(1783-1859). | | |
| | | |Louis Agassiz, natu-|
| |BARTHOLD GEORG | |ralist (1807-1873). |
| |NIEBUHR, German his-| | |
| |torian and philolo- | |August Weismann, |
| |gist (1776-1831). | |German naturalist |
| | | |(1834- ----). |
| |ESAIAS TEGNÉR, | | |
| |Swedish poet (1782- | |Maria Mitchell, |
| |1846). | |American astronomer |
| | | |(1818-1889). |
| |HEINRICH HEINE, Ger-| | |
| |man poet and miscel-| |Ernst Heinrich |
| |laneous writer | |Haeckel, German nat-|
| |(1800?-1856). | |uralist (1834- |
| | | |----). |
| |THOMAS BABINGTON | | |
| |MACAULAY, English | |HERMANN LUDWIG |
| |historian, essayist,| |FERDINAND HELMHOLTZ,|
| |poet and statesman | |German physicist, |
| |(1800-1859). | |anatomist and physi-|
| | | |ologist (1821-1894).|
| |ELIZABETH BARRETT | | |
| |BROWNING, wife of | |Thomas Henry Huxley,|
| |Robert Browning, En-| |English naturalist |
| |glish poetess, | |(1825-1895). |
| |(1809-1861). | | |
| | | |LORD KELVIN (William|
| |ROBERT BROWNING, En-| |Thompson), British |
| |glish poet (1812- | |physicist (1824- |
| |1889). | |1907). |
| | | | |
| |WILLIAM MAKEPEACE | |James Prescott |
| |THACKERAY, English | |Joule, English |
| |novelist (1811- | |physicist (1818- |
| |1863). | |1889). |
| | | | |
| |EDGAR ALLEN POE, | |Gustav Theodor |
| |American poet (1809-| |Fechner, German |
| |1849). | |physicist, philos- |
| | | |opher, writer (1801-|
| |NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE,| |1887). |
| |American author | | |
| |(1804-1864). | |John Tyndall, |
| | | |British physicist |
| |CHARLES DICKENS, En-| |(1820-1893). |
| |glish novelist | | |
| |(1812-1870). | |LOUIS PASTEUR, |
| | | |French chemist |
| |GEORGE ELIOT (Marian| |(1822-1895). |
| |Evans), English nov-| | |
| |elist (1820?-1880). | |CHARLES ROBERT |
| | | |DARWIN, English |
| |RALPH WALDO EMERSON,| |naturalist (1809- |
| |American essayist | |1882). |
| |and philosopher | | |
| |(1803-1882). | |Baron Justus von |
| | | |Liebig, German |
| |HENRY WADSWORTH | |chemist (1803-1873).|
| |LONGFELLOW, American| |Cesare Lombroso, |
| |poet (1807-1882). | |Italian criminalo- |
| | | |gist, (1836-1909). |
| |ALFRED TENNYSON, | | |
| |English poet (1809- | |Martin Lister, En- |
| |1892). | |glish naturalist and|
| | | |physician (1827- |
| |VICOMTE VICTOR MARIE| |1912). |
| |HUGO, French poet | | |
| |and romance writer | |Caroline Lucretia |
| |(1802-1885). | |Herschel, Anglo- |
| | | |German astronomer |
| |James Russell | |(1750-1848). |
| |Lowell, American | | |
| |poet and critic | |Pierre Charles |
| |(1819-1891). | |L’Enfant, French |
| | | |military engineer |
| |HENRIK IBSEN, Norwe-| |(1755-1825). |
| |gian dramatist | | |
| |(1828-1906). | |Johannes Müller, |
| | | |German physiologist |
| |Francis Parkman, | |(1801-1858). |
| |American author | | |
| |(1823-1893). | |Friedrich Wöhler, |
| | | |German chemist |
| |Hippolyte Adolphe | |(1800-1882). |
| |Taine, French author| | |
| |and critic (1828- | |Henry Augustus |
| |1893). | |Rowland, American |
| | | |physicist (1848- |
| |COUNT LYOF N. | |1901). |
| |TOLSTOI, Russian | | |
| |novelist (1828- | |Nathaniel Southgate |
| |1910). | |Shaler, American |
| | | |geologist (1841- |
| |Charles Augustin | |1906). |
| |Sainte-Beuve, French| | |
| |literary critic | |Simon Newcomb, Amer-|
| |(1804-1869). | |ican astronomer |
| | | |(1835-1909). |
| |BJÖRNSTJERNE | | |
| |BJÖRNSON, Norwegian | |Wilhelm Max Wundt, |
| |author (1832-1910). | |German physiologist |
| | | |(1832-1916). |
| |JOSEPH ERNEST RENAN,| | |
| |French orientalist, | |D. I. Mendeleeff, |
| |author and critic | |Russian chemist |
| |(1823-1892). | |(1834-1907). |
| | | | |
| |John Ruskin, English| |J. H. van ’t Hoff, |
| |writer on art, espe-| |Dutch chemist (1852-|
| |cially painting | |1911). |
| |(1819-1900). | | |
| | | |Elie Metchnikoff, |
| |Henry D. Thoreau, | |Russian bacteriolo- |
| |American author | |gist (1845-1916). |
| |(1817-1862). | | |
| | | |Robert Koch, German |
| |Alexandre Dumas, | |physician (1843- |
| |French novelist and | |1910). |
| |dramatist (1803- | | |
| |1870). | |Francis Galton, |
| | | |British anthropolo- |
| |Théophile Gautier, | |gist (1822-1911). |
| |French poet, nov- | | |
| |elist and critic | |Julius von Sachs, |
| |(1811-1872). | |German botanist |
| | | |(1832-1897). |
| |G. Sand (Mme. | | |
| |Dudevant), French | |Sir Michael Foster, |
| |novelist (1804- | |British physiologist|
| |1876). | |(1834-1907). |
| | | | |
| |Fedor Dostoyevski, | |S(ilas) Weir |
| |Russian novelist | |Mitchell, American |
| |(1821-1881). | |neurologist (1829- |
| | | |1914). |
| |Dante Gabriel | | |
| |Rossetti, English | | |
| |artist, poet (1828- | | |
| |1882). | | |
| | | | |
| |Ivan Turgeneff, Rus-| | |
| |sian novelist (1818-| | |
| |1883). | | |
| | | | |
| |Walt Whitman, Ameri-| | |
| |can poet (1819- | | |
| |1892). | | |
| | | | |
| |Christian Matthias | | |
| |Theodor Mommsen, | | |
| |German historian | | |
| |(1817-1892). | | |
| | | | |
| |John Greenleaf | | |
| |Whittier, American | | |
| |poet (1807-1892). | | |
| | | | |
| |Oliver Wendell | | |
| |Holmes, American | | |
| |physician, poet and | | |
| |essayist (1809- | | |
| |1894). | | |
| | | | |
| |Alphonse Daudet, | | |
| |French novelist | | |
| |(1840-1897). | | |
| | | | |
| |Samuel Langhorne | | |
| |Clemens (Mark | | |
| |Twain), American | | |
| |humorist (1835- | | |
| |1910). | | |
| | | | |
| |Henry James, Ameri- | | |
| |can novelist (1843- | | |
| |1916). | | |
| | | | |
| |Emile Zola, French | | |
| |novelist (1840- | | |
| |1902). | | |
| | | | |
| |Johan August | | |
| |Strindberg (1849- | | |
| |1912). | | |
| | | | |
| |James Whitcomb | | |
| |Riley, American poet| | |
| |(1853-1916). | | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| _20th|Theodore Roosevelt, |Gabriele d’Annunzio,|Charles William |
| Cent.|American author, |Italian poet and |Eliot, American |
|A. D._|publicist and |dramatist (1864- |educator (1834- |
| |twenty-sixth presi- |----). |----). |
| =1900|dent of the United | | |
| A. D.|States (1858- ----).|Hermann Sudermann, |Rudolf Eucken, |
| to | |German dramatist |German philosopher |
| 2000 |Arthur James |(1857- ----). |(1846- ----). |
|A. D.=|Balfour, British | | |
| |statesman, philo- |Edmond Rostand, |George Herbert |
| |sophical writer |French dramatist |Palmer, American |
| |(1848- ----). |(1864- ----). |moralist (1842- |
| | | |----). |
| |William II., third |Maurice Maeterlinck,| |
| |German emperor |Belgian novelist and|William DeWitt Hyde,|
| |(1859- ----). |dramatist (1862- |educator and philos-|
| | |----). |opher (1858- ----). |
| |David Lloyd George, | | |
| |British statesman |Gerhard Hauptmann, |John Dewey, American|
| |(1863- ----). |German dramatist |educational psychol-|
| | |(1862- ----). |ogist (1859- ----). |
| |Sir Wilfrid Laurier,| | |
| |Canadian statesman |Perez Galdos, |George Trumbull |
| |(1841- ----). |Spanish poet (1845- |Ladd, American psy- |
| | |----). |chologist (1842- |
| |Robert Laird Borden,| |----). |
| |prime minister of |Pierre Loti (L. | |
| |Canada (1854- ----).|Viaud), French | |
| | |traveler and writer | |
| |Viscount Horatio |(1850- ----). | |
| |Herbert Kitchener, | | |
| |British general |Anatole France, | |
| |(1850-1916). |French novelist | |
| | |(1844- ----). | |
| |Wilhelmina, queen of| | |
| |Holland (1880- |Mrs. Humphry Ward, | |
| |----). |English novelist | |
| | |(1851- ----). | |
| |Theodore von | | |
| |Bethmann-Hollweg, |T. Hall Caine, En- | |
| |German statesman and|glish novelist | |
| |Imperial Chancellor |(1853- ----). | |
| |(1856- ----). | | |
| | |John Galsworthy, | |
| |Alfonso XIII., king |British poet (1867- | |
| |of Spain (1886- |----). | |
| |----). | | |
| | |Rudyard Kipling, | |
| |Woodrow Wilson, |British poet and | |
| |American publicist, |novelist (1865- | |
| |twenty-eighth presi-|----). | |
| |dent of the United | | |
| |States (1856- ----).|Anthony Hope | |
| | |Hawkins, British | |
| |Edward Douglass |novelist (1863- | |
| |White, American |----). | |
| |jurist (1845- ----).| | |
| | |George Bernard Shaw,| |
| |Elihu Root, publi- |British dramatist | |
| |cist, ex-secretary |and writer (1856- | |
| |of state (1845- |----). | |
| |----). | | |
| | |J. M. Barrie, Scot- | |
| |William Jennings |tish novelist and | |
| |Bryan, American |dramatist (1860- | |
| |publicist, ex-secre-|----). | |
| |tary of state (1860-| | |
| |----). |James Bryce, British| |
| | |historian and | |
| |Henry Cabot Lodge, |diplomat (1838- | |
| |historian, publicist|----). | |
| |(1850- ----). | | |
| | |Thomas Hardy, | |
| |Robert Marion |British novelist | |
| |LaFollette, American|(1840- ----). | |
| |political reformer, | | |
| |publicist (1855- |Frederic Harrison, | |
| |----). |English essayist | |
| | |(1841- ----). | |
| |Field Marshall von | | |
| |Hindenburg, German |William Dean | |
| |general (1847- |Howells, American | |
| |----). |novelist (1837- | |
| | |----). | |
| |Field Marshal | | |
| |Joffre, French |Rabindranath Tagore,| |
| |general (1853- |Indian poet (1861- | |
| |----). |----). | |
+------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
+------+--------------------+
| =Cen-| =Industry= |
| tu- | |
| ries=|Inventors, Engineers|
+------+--------------------+
| _14th|... |
| Cent.| |
|A. D._| |
| | |
| =1300| |
| A. D.| |
| to | |
| 1400 | |
|A. D.=| |
+------+--------------------+
| _15th|JOHANN GUTENBERG, |
| Cent.|German inventor of |
|A. D._|printing (1400- |
| |1468). |
| =1400| |
| A. D.|Vasco da Gama, |
| to |Portuguese navigator|
| 1500 |(1450?-1525). |
|A. D.=| |
| |CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS|
| |(Italian Cristoforo |
| |Colombo; Spanish |
| |Cristoval Colon), |
| |Genoese discoverer |
| |of America (1436?- |
| |1506). |
| | |
| |Fernando Magellan, |
| |Portuguese navigator|
| |(1470?-1521). |
| | |
| |William Caxton, |
| |English printer |
| |(1412?-1491). |
+------+--------------------+
| _16th|BERNARD PALISSY |
| Cent.|French potter (1510-|
|A. D._|1589). |
| | |
| =1500|Sir Walter Raleigh, |
| A. D.|English navigator, |
| to |statesman and |
| 1600 |courtier (1552- |
|A. D.=|1618). |
| | |
| |Sir Francis Drake, |
| |English navigator |
| |(1539-1595). |
+------+--------------------+
| _17th|Marquis Sébastien |
| Cent.|Leprestre de Vauban,|
|A. D._|French military |
| |engineer and marshal|
| =1600|(1633-1707). |
| A. D.| |
| to | |
| 1700 | |
|A. D.=| |
+------+--------------------+
| _18th|SIR RICHARD |
| Cent.|ARKWRIGHT, inventor |
|A. D._|of spinning-jenny |
| |(1732-1792). |
| =1700| |
| A. D.|John Howard, English|
| to |philanthropist |
| 1800 |(1726-1790). |
|A. D.=| |
| |JAMES WATT, per- |
| |fecter of the steam |
| |engine (1736-1819). |
| | |
| |ROBERT FULTON, |
| |American engineer |
| |and inventor of the |
| |steamboat (1765- |
| |1815). |
| | |
| |John Fitch, American|
| |inventor (1743- |
| |1798). |
| | |
| |Aloisio, or Luigi, |
| |Galvani, Italian |
| |discoverer of |
| |galvanism (1737- |
| |1788). |
+------+--------------------+
| _19th|ELI WHITNEY, Ameri- |
| Cent.|can inventor of the |
|A. D._|cotton gin (1765- |
| |1825). |
| =1800| |
| A. D.|SAMUEL FINLEY BREESE|
| to |MORSE, American |
| 1900 |artist and inventor |
|A. D.=|(1791-1872). |
| | |
| |GEORGE STEPHENSON, |
| |English perfecter of|
| |the locomotive en- |
| |gine (1781-1848). |
| | |
| |Alfred Krupp, German|
| |manufacturer of iron|
| |and steel (1810- |
| |1887). |
| | |
| |Henry Bessemer, En- |
| |glish engineer and |
| |inventor (1813- |
| |1898). |
| | |
| |George H. Corliss, |
| |American machinist |
| |and inventor (1820- |
| |1888). |
| | |
| |Elias Howe, American|
| |inventor of the |
| |sewing-machine |
| |(1819-1867). |
| | |
| |Ernst Werner |
| |Siemens, German |
| |physicist, inventor,|
| |manufacturer (1816- |
| |1892). |
| | |
| |Robert Stephenson, |
| |English engineer |
| |(1803-1859). |
| | |
| |Viscount Ferdinand |
| |de Lesseps, French |
| |engineer of the Suez|
| |Canal (1805-1894). |
| | |
| |Alfred Bernard |
| |Nobel, Swedish phys-|
| |icist and chemist |
| |(1833-1896). |
| | |
| |Cyrus Hall |
| |McCormick, American |
| |inventor and manu- |
| |facturer of harvest-|
| |ers (1809-1884). |
| | |
| |James M. Smithson, |
| |English philanthro- |
| |pist (1765-1829). |
| | |
| |Stephen Girard, |
| |American merchant |
| |and philanthropist |
| |(1750-1831). |
| | |
| |Ezra Cornell, Ameri-|
| |can capitalist and |
| |philanthropist |
| |(1807-1874). |
| | |
| |George Peabody, |
| |American merchant |
| |and philanthropist |
| |(1795-1869). |
| | |
| |William Wilson |
| |Corcoran, American |
| |philanthropist |
| |(1798-1888). |
| | |
| |James Lick, American|
| |philanthropist |
| |(1796-1876). |
| | |
| |Johns Hopkins, Amer-|
| |ican capitalist and |
| |philanthropist |
| |(1795-1873). |
| | |
| |Cornelius |
| |Vanderbilt, American|
| |capitalist and phi- |
| |lanthropist (1794- |
| |1877). |
| | |
| |Paul Tulane, Ameri- |
| |can philanthropist |
| |(1801-1887). |
| | |
| |Philip Danforth |
| |Armour, American |
| |philanthropist |
| |(1832-1901). |
| | |
| |Leland Stanford, |
| |railroad construc- |
| |tor, senator and |
| |philanthropist |
| |(1824-1893). |
| | |
| |Lord Donald |
| |Alexander Smith |
| |Strathcona and Mount|
| |Royal, Canadian |
| |capitalist and phi- |
| |lanthropist (1820- |
| |1914). |
| | |
| |John Pierpont |
| |Morgan, American |
| |financier (1837- |
| |1913). |
| | |
| |Marshall Field, |
| |American merchant |
| |and philanthropist |
| |(1835-1906). |
| | |
| |James J(erome) Hill,|
| |American railway |
| |president (1838- |
| |1916). |
| | |
| |Robert Falcon Scott,|
| |English Antarctic |
| |explorer (1868- |
| |1912). |
| | |
| |Wilbur Wright, Amer-|
| |ican inventor and |
| |aeronaut (1867- |
| |1912). |
+------+--------------------+
| _20th|Alexander Graham |
| Cent.|Bell, inventor of |
|A. D._|the speaking tele- |
| |phone (1847- ----). |
| =1900| |
| A. D.|Thomas Alva Edison, |
| to |American inventor |
| 2000 |(1847- ----). |
|A. D.=| |
| |G. Marconi, Italian |
| |inventor of wireless|
| |telegraph (1875- |
| |----). |
| | |
| |K. W. Röntgen (1845-|
| |----). |
| | |
| |Andrew Carnegie, |
| |American capitalist |
| |and philanthropist |
| |(1835- ----). |
| | |
| |Emile Berliner, |
| |German-American in- |
| |ventor (1851- ----).|
| | |
| |Henry Ford, American|
| |automobile manufac- |
| |turer (1863- ----). |
| | |
| |William Randolph |
| |Hearst, publicist |
| |and newspaper pub- |
| |lisher (1863- ----).|
| | |
| |First Baron Alfred |
| |Charles William |
| |Harmsworth |
| |Northcliffe, English|
| |newspaper proprietor|
| |(1865- ----). |
| | |
| |Orville Wright, |
| |American inventor |
| |and aeronaut (1871- |
| |----). |
| | |
| |Captain Roald |
| |Amundsen, Norwegian |
| |explorer and naviga-|
| |tor (1872- ----). |
| | |
| |Robert Edwin Peary, |
| |American arctic ex- |
| |plorer and officer |
| |U. S. N. (1856- |
| |----). |
| | |
| |Phebe Apperson |
| |Hearst (née |
| |Apperson), American |
| |philanthropist |
| |(1842- ----). |
+------+--------------------+
[Illustration: =THE WOMAN WHO FOUNDED THE RED CROSS=
The above picture shows Florence Nightingale at the ancient town of
Scutari, opposite Constantinople, during the Crimean war. It was here
and in the Crimea that this gentle Englishwoman laid the foundation for
the systematic relief of the intense suffering that is a necessary part
of war, and which later led to organized army hospitals and the
associated work of the Red Cross. A highly educated and brilliantly
accomplished woman, she early equipped herself as a trained nurse, and
devoted her life to the alleviation of suffering and distress.]