Zn + 2HCl = ZnCl₂ + H₂, and shows that 2 atoms of H are used for every 1
of Zn.
(Mol. Wt. Zn.) (Mol. Wt. H₂) (Wt. Zn.) (Wt. H₂.)
65.3 : 2 = x : 10
65.3 × 10
--------- = x = 326.5 grams of Zn.
2
(8) BERTHOLLET’S LAW.--Berthollet established the following law, which
is of great importance. When two substances can form a substance
insoluble or volatile, under the condition of the reaction, that
substance will be formed till one of the factors is exhausted.
(9) RADICALS.--A radical is an atom or group of atoms which changes
places in a reaction. A compound radical is made up of different sorts
of radicals, as NH₄.
A basic radical is a metal, or a compound radical which behaves like a
metal, _e.g._, Zn and NH₄.
(10) HYDRATES.--A hydrate is a substance formed from water by replacing
half of its hydrogen by a radical, _e.g._, H₂O + 2Na = 2NaOH + H₂, where
the sodium has taken the place of one atom of hydrogen.
(11) BASE.--If a hydrate is formed by a basic radical, the hydrate is
called a base, _e.g._, ZnO₂H₂.
(12) ALKALI.--An alkali is a soluble base, _e.g._, NaOH, KOH, NH₄OH,
LiOH.
(13) ACID.--An acid is a substance containing hydrogen which may be
replaced by a basic radical, _e.g._, 2HCl + Zn = ZnCl₂ + H₂.
(14) SALTS.--A salt is a substance formed from an acid replacing its
hydrogen by a basic radical, _e.g._ 2HCl + Zn = ZnCl₂ + H₂.
An acid salt is a compound derived from an acid which has not all of its
hydrogen replaced, _e.g._, 2NaCl + H₂SO₄ = NaHSO₄ + HCl + NaCl.
(15) CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE.--_Termination_ “--UM” is now applied to all
_Metals_, though the older-known metals retain the former names,
_e.g._--Aluminium, Tellurium, etc.
_Termination_ “--IDE” denotes a _Binary Compound_, that is, a substance
composed of only two elements, _e.g._, Sodium Chloride (NaCl).
_Termination_ “--OUS” is applied to the first of two elements when it
exists in a greater proportion than in another combination with the same
element, _e.g._, one atom of phosphorus and three atoms of chlorine form
_Phosphorous Chloride_.
_Termination_ “--IC,” when the first exists in a lesser proportion,
_e.g._, one atom of phosphorus with five atoms of chlorine form
_Phosphoric Chloride_.
_Prefixes_ “MONO--,” “BI--,” “TRI--,” etc., indicate the proportion of
the latter of two elements, and are sometimes used instead of the above
termination. Thus phosphorous chloride may also be called _Phosphorous
Tri-Chloride_; so one atom of carbon with one atom of oxygen is _Carbon
Monoxide_.
_Prefix_ “HYPO--” (under) and “PER--” (over), specify compounds formed
by the same two elements containing less (or more) of an element than is
in the usual compound.
_Nomenclature of Salts._--From the common acids we get the following
salts:--
HCl forms chlorides.
HNO₃ forms nitrates.
H₂SO₄ forms sulphates.
H₂S forms sulphides.
H₂CO₃ forms carbonates.
H₂O forms no salts.
H₂SiO₄ forms silicates.
H₃PO₄ forms phosphates.
A rough rule for the nomenclature of acids may be made from the above.
Acids with the prefix _hydro_ and the suffix _ic_ form salts in _ide_;
with suffix _ate_, salts in _ate_; with suffix _ous_, salts in _ite_.
(16) BASICITY.--The basicity of a substance is measured by the amount of
hydrogen which it contains that can be replaced by a basic radical,
_e.g._, H₂SO₄ is di-basic, _i.e._, the two atoms of hydrogen can be
replaced by a basic radical. H₂SO₄ + CaCl₂ = CaSO₄ + 2HCl.
(17) QUANTIVALENCE.--The quantivalence of an element is measured by the
number of atoms of hydrogen it combines with or replaces. _E.g._, Na is
univalent, for when added to HCl it replaces one atom of hydrogen; Ca is
bivalent, for, as seen in the above reaction, it replaces two atoms of
hydrogen.
(18) TEST FOR A CHLORIDE.--To test for HCl or any chloride, add to the
solution to be tested a little AgNO₃, and if a chloride is present, a
milky-white precipitate will be formed. The reaction is as follows: HCl
+ AgNO₃ = AgCl (white precipitate) + HNO₃. A metal almost invariably
changes places with hydrogen.
_Caution._--In diluting H₂SO₄ add the acid to the water; for the
evolution of heat from the process will cause the water to boil, and
reversing this process will cause the liquid to boil over and possibly
result disastrously.
(19) IMPURITY IN H₂SO₄.--Commercial sulphuric acid contains PbSO₄ as an
impurity. This gives it the colored appearance, plumbic sulphate being
soluble in strong sulphuric acid.
(20) H₂S.--Sulphuretted hydrogen is somewhat soluble in water, slightly
poisonous, and is a reducing agent.
(21) CARBONIC ACID.--H₂CO₃ does not exist as an acid. We infer its
existence from the presence of its salts. Na₂CO₃ + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H₂CO₃,
but the H₂CO₃ is so unstable that it breaks up at once into H₂O and CO₂.
(22) TEST FOR A CARBONATE.--To test for a carbonate, treat the substance
with an acid; CO₂ is formed; pour the gas into a solution of lime-water,
and a white insoluble precipitate is formed, CaCO₃.
=TABLE OF ALL THE KNOWN CHEMICAL ELEMENTS=
The _Chemical Elements_ are the simplest known constituents of all
compound substances. Chemists regard them as elements or elementary
substances only when they have been proved to be _not_ compound. The
elements are somewhat arbitrarily divided into metals and
non-metals, the former constituting by far the larger class. Several
elements occupy positions on the border line. Below is a list of the
elements at present known with certainty, and of their atomic
weights as fixed by the various kinds of evidence obtained by very
numerous, and in many cases varied, experiments. The values are all
referred to oxygen as standard with atomic weight 16, and are those
adopted, for 1910, by the International Commission on Atomic
Weights. The standard O = 16 has been pretty generally adopted by
chemists as, upon the whole, more satisfactory than H = 1.
=Abbreviations.=--At. wt., atomic weight; S. G., specific gravity;
M. P., melting point; B. P., boiling point; C. T., critical
temperature.
+==============+===============================+==========================+
| NAME AND | OCCURRENCE, PREPARATION AND | COMPOUNDS AND CHIEF USES |
|IMPORTANT DATA| PROPERTIES | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Aluminum.= |OCC.--cryolite AlF₃, 3NaF; |Used for cooking utensils,|
|Symbol Al. |bauxite, impure Al(OH)₃; in |boat-building, military |
|At. wt. 27.1. |feldspars, micas and clay; |accouterments and small |
|Valence III. |emery, ruby, sapphire (Al₂O₃). |articles requiring light- |
|S. G. 2.7. |PREP.--com’l, by electrolysis |ness and strength; for |
|M. P. 658°. |of Al₂O₃, from bauxite, dis- |electric leads. The pow- |
|B. P. 1800°. |solved in cryolite, water-power|dered metal is used as a |
| |usually furnishing the electri-|body for paint; and its |
| |cal energy. |mixture with ferric oxide,|
| |PROP.--silver-white, ductile, |called thermite, is used |
| |malleable at 120°, tensile |for producing very high |
| |strength (wrought) 16 tons per |temperatures (up to |
| |sq. in. A better conductor of |3700°C.) for welding |
| |electricity, weight for weight,|rails, etc. Many metals |
| |than copper. Molten metal not |are reduced from their |
| |mobile enough to make castings.|oxides by means of Al, |
| |It turns badly in the lathe. |hence its use in casting |
| |Acted upon by dil. hydrochloric|steel. Aluminum bronze |
| |acid, slowly by sulphuric, but |(10% Al), rolled, has ten-|
| |not by nitric or the acids |sile strength of 40 tons |
| |occurring in foods. Soluble in |per sq. in. Its sulphate |
| |alkaline hydroxides. The tar- |forms alums, e.g., |
| |nishing action of moist air |KAl(SO₄)₂, 12H₂O, common |
| |soon comes to an end as the |alum. |
| |tarnish acts as an adherent | |
| |protective coating. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Antimony.= |OCC.--free, and as stibnite |The metal is a constituent|
|Symbol Sb. |(Sb₂S₃). |of the alloy type metal, |
|At. wt. 120.2.|PREP.--roasting stibnite gives |Britannia metal and |
|Valence III. |Sb₂O₄, which is then reduced by|Babbitt metal (used for |
|and V. |heating with carbon. |bearings). Its oxide |
|S. G. 6.6. |PROP.--white, brittle, crystal-|(Sb₂O₃) is both basic and |
|M. P. 630.7°. |line metal. Its alloys expand |acidic. The trichloride, |
|B. P. 1440°. |on solidification, and there- |butter of antimony |
| |fore give very sharp castings, |(SbCl₃), is easily hydro- |
| |e.g., for type. It does not |lyzed. Tartar emetic |
| |tarnish, but may be burned in |(SbOKC₄H₄O₆) is used in |
| |air, and unites directly with |medicine and in dyeing. |
| |the halogens. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Argon.= |Present in the air 0.94% by |Forms no compounds, hence |
|Symbol A. |volume. To isolate, air is |its name--does no work. Is|
|At. wt. 39.86.|freed from CO₂ by soda-lime, |a monatomic gas and is |
|Valence nil. |water by P₂O₅, oxygen by red- |identified by its charac-|
|Density 39.9 |hot copper, nitrogen by magne- |teristic spectrum seen by |
|(oxygen = 32).|sium and calcium. From the |examining the light |
|B. P. -186°. |residual mixture argon is ob- |emitted when the gas is |
|M. P. -190°. |tained by fractional distilla- |placed in a vacuum tube at|
| |tion. |low pressure and sparked. |
| | |More soluble in water than|
| | |nitrogen, 100 vols. water |
| | |dissolving 4 vols. argon |
| | |under ordinary conditions.|
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Arsenic.= |OCC.--free, as arsenical |Used for hardening lead |
|Symbol As. |pyrites (FeSAs), as orpiment |for shot. All its com- |
|At. wt. 74.96 |(As₂S₃) and as realgar (As₂S₂).|pounds are poisonous. |
|Valence III. |PREP.--by heating arsenical |White arsenic (As₂O₃) is |
|and V. |pyrites, FeSAs--FeS + As. |partly basic, forming a |
|S. G. 5.7. |PROP.--a steel-gray, dully- |chloride and partly acid- |
|B. P. 616° |metallic and crystalline ele- |ic, forming arsenites. |
|(sublimes). |ment classed as a metalloid |Scheele’s green (CuHAsO₃) |
|M. P. about |because intermediate between |is a pigment dangerous in |
|800° (under |metals and non-metals. Its |wallpapers. Traces of |
|pressure). |vapor has a density correspond-|arsenic are detected by |
| |ing to As₄ at 644°, and to As₂ |Marsh’s test in which the |
| |at 1700°. It burns in air and |intensely poisonous arsine|
| |unites directly with the halo- |(AsH₃) is formed. |
| |gens, sulphur and with many | |
| |metals. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Barium.= |OCC.--as barytes or heavy-spar |The peroxide (BaO₂) is |
|Symbol Ba. |(BaSO₄), and as witherite |used in the manufacture of|
|At. wt. |(BaCO₃). |oxygen and of hydrogen |
|137.37. |PREP.--by electrolysis of the |peroxide. The nitrate and |
|Valence II. |fused chloride. |chlorate in pyrotechny to |
|S. G. 3.8. |PROP.--a silver-white, lus- |give green fires. The sul-|
|M. P. 850°. |trous, malleable metal harder |phate as the body for a |
| |than lead. Like calcium, it |permanent white paint and |
| |acts slowly on water to give |for filling glazed paper. |
| |barium hydroxide and hydrogen. |All soluble compounds are |
| |The vapors of its compounds |poisonous. |
| |impart a green color to the | |
| |Bunsen flame. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Bismuth.= |OCC.--free and as trioxide |Used for making fusible |
|Symbol Bi. |(Bi₂O₃) and trisulphide |alloys, e.g. Wood’s metal,|
|At. wt. 208.0 |(Bi₂S₃). |M. P. 60.5°, which are |
|Valence III. |PREP.--the ore is roasted and |used in plugs of fire |
|(and V.). |then heated with charcoal and |sprinklers and boiler |
|S. G. 9.8. |metallic iron (to remove traces|safety valves, and for |
|M. P. 270.9°. |of sulphur.) |taking casts. The oxy- |
|B. P. 1420°. |PROP.--an exceedingly brittle, |nitrate is used in med- |
| |crystalline shining metal, |icine and as a cosmetic. |
| |white with a tinge of pink. | |
| |Bismuth expands on solidifica- | |
| |tion. It does not tarnish, but | |
| |can be burnt in air. Dissolves | |
| |in oxygen acids. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Boron.= |OCC.--as boric acid (H₃BO₃), |The compounds are analo- |
|Symbol B. |borax (Na₂B₄O₇, 10H₂O), coleman-|gous to those of silicon.|
|At. wt. 11.0. |ite (Ca₂B₆O₁₁, 5H₂O). |Borax is used as a flux, |
|Valence III. |PREP.--amorphous boron by re- |and, in solution, as a |
|S. G. |ducing B₂O₃ with Mg. Impure |mild alkali on account of |
|(amorph.) 2.4;|cryst. boron by reducing B₂O₂ |its hydrolysis. Boric acid|
|(cryst.) 2.5. |with excess of Al. |is used as a weak anti- |
|B. P. 3500° |PROP.--amorphous boron is a |septic and preservative. |
|(sublimes). |greenish-black powder that | |
| |burns in air at 700°, forming | |
| |B₂O₃ and also BN. It is oxi- | |
| |dized, by hot conc. sulphuric | |
| |or nitric acids, to boric acid.| |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Bromine.= |OCC.--in seawater as alkali |Potassium bromide is used |
|Symbol Br. |bromide, and in the upper |in medicine, silver |
|At. wt. 79.22 |layers of salt deposits as |bromide in photography. |
|Valence I. |sodium and magnesium bromide. |Bromine is used in course |
|S. G. 3.1 |PREP.--by treatment of the |of the preparation of |
|B. P. 59°. |brines with sulphuric acid and |organic dyes. |
|M. P. -7.3°. |manganese dioxide, or else with| |
| |chlorine. | |
| |PROP.--a dark red liquid, | |
| |smelling like chlorine, whose | |
| |vapor irritates eyes, throat | |
| |and nose. Dissolves in thirty | |
| |parts of water (bromine water).| |
| |Combines directly with most | |
| |other elements, but less vigor-| |
| |ously than chlorine. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Cadmium.= |OCC.--in association with the |All the compounds are |
|Symbol Cd. |zinc ores, as carbonate and |poisonous, and little |
|At. wt. |sulphide. |ionized. The sulphide |
|112.40. |PREP.--in the distillation of |(CdS) is the basis of |
|Valence II. |impure zinc, the cadmium comes |“cadmium yellow.” The |
|S. G. 8.6. |over in the first portions. |iodide is used in medi- |
|M. P. 320.9°. |PROP.--a silver-white metal, |cine. |
|B. P. 766°. |more ductile and malleable than| |
| |zinc. It burns in air, and is | |
| |attacked by dilute acids. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Caesium.= |OCC.--in certain micas, and in |The compounds are charac- |
|Symbol Cs. |the ashes of certain plants. |terized by giving, es- |
|At. wt. |PREP.--by heating the hydroxide|pecially, two bright lines|
|132.81. |(CsOH) with magnesium. |in the blue of the |
|Valence I. |PROP.--a white, silvery metal |spectrum (caesius sky- |
|S. G. 1.9. |resembling potassium. It is one|blue). |
|M. P. 26.3°. |of the most active of metals, | |
|B. P. 670°. |and decomposes water violently.| |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Calcium.= |OCC.--as carbonate (Iceland |Calcium oxide (quicklime) |
|Symbol Ca. |spar, calcite, aragonite, |is used for mortar and to |
|At. wt. 40.07.|marble, chalk, limestone), |remove hair from hides. |
|Valence II. |sulphate (gypsum), phosphate |The hydroxide [Ca(OH)₂] |
|S. G. 1.55. |(apatite), fluoride (fluor |mixed with sand forms |
|M. P. 803°. |spar), and as complex silicates|mortar; its solution is |
| |in great variety (feldspars, |limewater. Plaster of |
| |pyroxenes, amphiboles, etc.). |paris, a less hydrated |
| |PREP.--by electrolysis of the |sulphate, takes up water |
| |fused chloride. |on setting to form CaSO₄, |
| |PROP.--a white crystalline |2H₂O. The phosphates are |
| |metal, harder than lead, that |fertilizers. Bleaching |
| |can be cut, drawn, rolled and |powder is CaClOCl and |
| |turned. It attacks water, and |calcium carbide is CaC₂. |
| |burns in the air at a red heat |Common glass contains |
| |forming the oxide (CaO) and the|silicates of calcium and |
| |nitride (Ca₃N₂). It unites with|sodium. |
| |hydrogen to CaH₂, whose action | |
| |on water is a source of | |
| |hydrogen for balloons. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Carbon.= |OCC.--as diamond and graphite, |The carbon compounds form |
|Symbol C. |in the free state; in combina- |the subject of “Organic |
|At. wt. |tion with hydrogen as petro- |Chemistry.” Carbon dioxide|
|12.005. |leum, with oxygen as carbon di-|results from the burning |
|Valence IV. |oxide in the air, with these |of coal, coke, wood, oil |
|S. G. diamond |and other elements as coal, and|or illuminating gas; from |
|3.5: graphite |in plant and animal tissues; |fermentation and decay, |
|2.3: amorphous|and as many carbonates. |which are slow burnings; |
|1.9 |PREP.--by dry distillation of |and is exhaled in the |
|M. P.--not |wood or coal, yielding charcoal|breath. Carbon monoxide, |
|realized; |and coke respectively. |arising from recently- |
|estimated at |PROP.--diamond is crystalline |stoked fires, is an ex- |
|4400°. |and the hardest of minerals, |ceedingly poisonous gas. |
| |the dark-colored “bort” being | |
| |used for cutting and grinding. | |
| |Graphite has a black metallic | |
| |luster, is crystalline and may | |
| |be scratched by the finger- | |
| |nail. Charcoal is amorphous, | |
| |and possesses the power of ab- | |
| |sorbing gases and also coloring| |
| |matters. All three forms burn | |
| |in oxygen to produce carbon | |
| |dioxide. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Cerium.= |OCC.--as silicate in cerite, |Welsbach incandescent gas |
|Symbol Ce. |along with Nd, Pr and La; also |mantles contain one per |
|At. wt. |in monazite sand. |cent of cerium dioxide, |
|140.25. |PREP.--by electrolysis of the |CeO₂. |
|Valence III., |fused chloride. | |
|IV. (and VI.).|PROP.--a metal with the color | |
|S. G. 6.8; |and luster of iron, like tin in| |
|M. P. 623°. |hardness, and very ductile and | |
| |malleable. Burns in air more | |
| |easily and brightly than | |
| |magnesium. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Chlorine.= |OCC.--in seawater as chlorides |The gas is used in ex- |
|Symbol Cl. |of the alkalis and alkaline |tracting gold and in pre- |
|At. wt. 35.46.|earths, and as like compounds |paring bleaching and dis- |
|Valence I. |in salt deposits. |infecting agents. In pre- |
|(and VII.). |PREP.--by electrolysis of |sence of water it bleaches|
|S. G. (liquid)|alkali chloride, fused or in |many coloring matters. |
|1.3. |solution; or by the action of |Forms chlorides (as NaCl, |
|M. P. -101°. |manganese dioxide on hydro- |HCl, CaCl₂), hypochlorides|
|B. P. -33.6°. |chloric acid. |[as solution of Ca(OCl)₂],|
|C. T. +146°. |PROP.--a greenish-yellow gas of|chlorates (as KClO₃, used |
| |characteristic odor, with a |for matches and in pyro- |
| |violent action on the respira- |techny), and perchlorates |
| |tory tract. Unites directly |(as KClO₄). |
| |with all elements save oxygen, | |
| |nitrogen and the argon family. | |
| |Displaces bromine and iodine | |
| |from bromides and iodides, and | |
| |substitutes hydrogen in organic| |
| |compounds. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Chromium.= |OCC.--as chromite [Fe(CrO₂)₂]. |The alloy ferrochromium is|
|Symbol Cr. |PREP.--by reducing Cr₂O₃ with |used in steel-making. |
|At. wt. 52.0. |aluminum filings. |Chrome green, the pigment,|
|Valence II., |PROP.--a steel-gray, lustrous, |is Cr₂O₃. Chrome yellow is|
|III. and VI. |brittle and very hard metal. At|PbCrO₄. Bichromates (as |
|S. G. 6.6. |high temperatures it burns in |K₂Cr₂O₇) are used in |
|M. P. 1515°. |air to green Cr₂O₃. It is |photo-processes, tanning |
|B. P. 2200°. |attacked by dilute sulphuric or|and dyeing and as oxi- |
| |hydrochloric acid, but not by |dizing agents, e.g., in |
| |nitric acid. |batteries. |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Cobalt.= |OCC.--as smaltite (CoAs₂) and |Its intensely blue sili- |
|Symbol Co. |cobaltite (CoAsS). |cates are used in coloring|
|At. wt. 58.97.|PREP.--by igniting the oxide in|porcelain and constitute |
|Valence II. |hydrogen. |the pigment smalt. |
|and III. |PROP.--a white, magnetic, mal- | |
|S. G. 8.6. |leable metal, less tenacious | |
|M. P. 1490°. |than iron. By exposure it turns| |
| |pinkish. It is less active | |
| |chemically than iron. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Columbium= |OCC.--in the mineral columbite.|The hydride (CbH) burns in|
|(Niobium) |PREP.--by reduction of CbO₂ by |air. The compounds occur |
|Symbol Cb. |paraffin. |with those of tantalum, |
|At. wt. 93.5. |PROP.--a light-gray, malleable |which they closely |
|Valence I., |and ductile metal, as hard as |resemble. |
|II., IV. and |wrought iron, which is not | |
|V. |affected by acids, even by aqua| |
|S. G. 12.7. |regia. | |
|M. P. 1950°. | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Copper.= |OCC.--free, as cuprite (Cu₂O), |The metal is used for |
|Symbol Cu. |copper glance (Cu₂S), chalcopy-|coins, electroplating, |
|At. wt. 63.57.|rite (Cu₂S, Fe₂S₃), malachite |electric leads, roofing, |
|Valence I. and|[CuCO₃, Cu(OH)₃]. |cooking vessels and for |
|II. |PREP.--after removal of iron |making alloys, such as |
|S. G. 8.9. |and sulphur, the oxide is re- |brass, bell and gun |
|M. P. 1083°. |duced by heating with carbon. |metals, German silver and |
|B. P. 2310°. |It is refined electrolytically.|the bronzes. The soluble |
| |PROP.--a red, lustrous, very |compounds are poisonous, |
| |ductile and malleable metal of |and are therefore used as |
| |tensile strength fourteen tons |germicides in agriculture.|
| |per square inch, second only to|Blue vitriol is CuSO₄ |
| |silver in electrical conductiv-|5H₂O; the basic acetate is|
| |ity. In ordinary air it gradu- |verdigris. |
| |ally becomes coated with basic | |
| |carbonate. In absence of air, | |
| |nitric acid alone among the | |
| |dilute acids attacks it, but in| |
| |presence of air even the acids | |
| |found in foodstuffs can dis- | |
| |solve it. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Dysprosium.= |OCC.--in monazite, gadolinite, |The salts are green or |
|Symbol Dy. |etc. |yellow in color and show |
|At. wt. 162.5.|PREP.--not yet isolated. |characteristic absorption |
|Valence III. |PROP.--the oxide dysprosia, |bands. |
| |along with three other rare | |
| |earths, constitutes erbia. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Erbium.= |OCC.--same as for dysprosium. |The salts are rose- |
|Symbol Er. |PREP.--not yet isolated pure. |colored, and show charac- |
|At. wt. 167.7.|PROP.--crude erbia has been |teristic absorption |
|Valence III. |separated into erbia, holmia, |spectra. |
|S. G. 4.8. |thulia, and dysprosia. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Europium.= |OCC.--in monazite and other |The salts are pinkish and |
|Symbol Eu. |rare minerals. |show a faint absorption |
|At. wt. 152.0.|PREP.--not yet isolated. |spectrum. |
|Valence III. |PROP.--this element so closely | |
| |resembles samarium that the | |
| |analytical separation of the | |
| |two is difficult. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Fluorine.= |OCC.--as cryolite (AlF₃, 3NaF),|Hydrogen fluoride is used |
|Symbol F. |fluor spar (CaF₂) and very |for etching glass and in |
|At. wt. 19.0. |widely elsewhere in small quan-|silicate analysis. Silver |
|Valence I. |tities. |fluoride is soluble and |
|S. G. (liquid)|PREP.--by electrolysis of dry |calcium fluoride insolu- |
|1.11 at -187°.|hydrogen fluoride at -23°. |ble, in contrast with the |
|M. P. -223°. |PROP.--a pale yellowish-green |other halides of these |
|B. P. -187°. |gas that unites with every |metals. |
| |element excepting oxygen and | |
| |the argon family. It rapidly | |
| |displaces oxygen from water or | |
| |chlorine from hydrogen | |
| |chloride. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Gadolinium.= |OCC.--in gadolinite and |The salts are colorless |
|Symbol Gd. |samarskite. |and show no absorption |
|At. wt. 157.3.|PREP.--not yet isolated. |bands. |
|Valence III. |PROP.--This element closely | |
| |resembles terbium in its | |
| |compounds. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Gallium.= |OCC.--in zinc blende and in |It forms two chlorides |
|Symbol Ga. |bauxite. |(GaCl₃ and GaCl₂) which |
|At. wt. 69.9. |PREP.--by electrolysis of a |yield spark spectra very |
|Valence III. |suitable solution of its salts.|characteristic of gallium.|
|S. G. 5.9. |PROP.--a bluish-white, tough | |
|M. P. 30.1°. |metal that may be cut with a | |
| |knife. Like aluminum, it is | |
| |soluble in hydrochloric acid | |
| |and in caustic alkali, but not | |
| |in nitric acid. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Germanium.= |OCC.--in the rare mineral |The close relation of this|
|Symbol Ge. |argyrodite. |element to carbon and |
|At. wt. 72.5. |PREP.--by the reduction of the |silicon is shown in the |
|Valence II. |dioxide (GeO₂) by carbon. |compound germanium chloro-|
|and IV. |PROP.--a grayish-white, brit- |form (GeHCl₃). |
|S. G. 5.5. |tle, lustrous metal, insoluble | |
|M. P. 958°. |in hydrochloric acid. It com- | |
| |bines directly with the halo- | |
| |gens. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Glucinum= (or|OCC.--in beryl [Al₂Gl₂(SiO₃)₆].|Its hydroxide [Gl(OH)₂] is|
|Beryllium). |PREP.--by electrolysis of the |feebly acidic as well as |
|Symbol Gl. |fused double fluoride, GlF₂, |basic, thus resembling the|
|At. wt. 9.1. |2KF. |hydroxide of zinc. Emerald|
|Valence II. |PROP.--a hard, white metal that|is beryl colored green by |
|S. G. 1.7. |tarnishes when heated in air, |chromium. |
|M. P. below |and is soluble in dilute acids | |
|960°. |when powdered. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Gold.= |OCC.--chiefly free, but also as|Pure gold is called 24- |
|Symbol Au. |telluride; many specimens of |carat gold. American, |
|At. wt. 197.2.|iron are auriferous. |French and German gold |
|Valence I. and|PREP.--from gold-bearing sands |coins are 21.6 carat, |
|III. |by washing away the lighter |while British sovereigns |
|S. G. 19.32. |material, and dissolving the |are 22 carat, the balance |
|M. P. 1062.4°.|gold from the residue by mer- |in all these cases being |
| |cury, which is subsequently |copper. Jewelry is made in|
| |separated from the gold by |18, 14, 9, etc., carat |
| |distillation. Quartz ores are |gold, the addition of |
| |pulverized in stamping mills, |copper increasing the |
| |and the powder is then carried |hardness and rigidity. |
| |by water over amalgamated |Sodium chloraurate |
| |copper plates on which the gold|(NaAuCl₄) is used for |
| |collects. |“toning” in photography, |
| |PROP.--a soft, bright-yellow |while potassium auri- |
| |metal, easily scratched by the |cyanide [KAu(CN)₄] is used|
| |knife, an excellent conductor |in electro-gilding. |
| |of heat and of electricity. The| |
| |most ductile and the most mal- | |
| |leable of all the metals. | |
| |Chemically, gold is rather in- | |
| |ert, and is not attacked by the| |
| |oxygen of the air, by hydrogen | |
| |sulphide, nor, indeed, by any | |
| |single one of the common acids.| |
| |It is attacked by fused alka- | |
| |lis, yielding aurates, and by | |
| |aqua regia, yielding chlorauric| |
| |acid (HAuCl₄). | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Helium.= |OCC.--in air to the extent of |It is one of the decompo- |
|Symbol He. |one to two volumes per million;|sition products of certain|
|At. wt. 4.00. |also occluded in certain |other (radio-active) |
|Valence 0. |minerals. |elements. |
|S. G. (liquid |PREP.--neon and helium are | |
|at B.P.) |boiled off crude argon, and the| |
|0.122. |neon solidified by cooling. | |
|M. P. -272°. |PROP.--the lightest gas after | |
|B. P. -268.7°.|hydrogen, transparent, odorless| |
| |and colorless, very inert, | |
| |forming no compounds with other| |
| |elements. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Holmium.= |... |... |
|Symbol Ho. | | |
|At. wt. 163.5.| | |
|Valence III. | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Hydrogen.= |OCC.--in air to the extent of |Its two oxides are water |
|Symbol H. |one volume per 20,000 volumes |(H₂O) and hydrogen per- |
|At. wt. 1.008.|air; combined, in water (11.19%|oxide (H₂O₂), the latter |
|Valence I. |by weight) natural gas, petro- |of which is used in solu- |
|S. G. (liquid |leum and all animal and vege- |tion as a bleaching agent.|
|at B.P.) 0.07.|table bodies. |Every acid contains hydro-|
|M. P. -259°. |PREP.--by treating zinc with |gen as an essential con- |
|B. P. -252.5°.|hydrochloric or sulphuric acid;|stituent. Its compounds |
| |by electrolysis of water. |with carbon and other |
| |PROP.--the lightest gas, trans-|elements number over |
| |parent, odorless and colorless,|100,000. Hydrogen gas is |
| |soluble in water (2 volumes in |used for the oxyhydrogen |
| |100 volumes water under every- |flame and for filling |
| |day conditions), in platinum, |balloons. |
| |in palladium (502 volumes in 1 | |
| |of Pd). Burns in air and in | |
| |chlorine, and unites with many | |
| |of the other elements. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Indium.= |OCC.--in zinc blende (ZnS). |Its compounds color the |
|Symbol In. |PREP.--electrolytically from |nonluminous gas flame blue|
|At. wt. 114.8.|solutions of its salts. |and show a characteristic |
|Valence III. |PROP.--a white metal, malleable|blue line in the spectrum.|
|and I. |and softer than lead. | |
|S. G. 7.3. | | |
|M. P. 155°. | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Iodine.= |OCC.--in the ocean, in certain |Its tincture is used in |
|Symbol I. |seaweeds, and in Chili salt- |medicine as a counterirri-|
|At. wt. |peter, always in the combined |tant. Potassium iodide |
|126.92. |state. |(KI) and iodoform (CHI₃) |
|Valence I., V.|PREP.--from iodides by dis- |likewise find application |
|and VII. |placement of their iodine by |in medicine. The alkyl |
|S. G. 4.94. |chlorine. |iodides (e.g., C₂H₅I) are |
|M. P. 114°. |PROP.--a dark gray, brittle |much used in synthetic |
|B. P. 184°. |solid with a metallic luster. |organic chemistry. |
| |Its vapor is violet, as are its| |
| |solutions in chloroform and in | |
| |carbon bisulphide. It requires | |
| |over 5,000 parts of water for | |
| |its solution. Combines directly| |
| |with many elements, but is much| |
| |less active than chlorine and | |
| |bromine. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Iridium.= |OCC.--along with platinum. |It is used for pointing |
|Symbol Ir. |PREP.--by a complex series of |gold pens. Its alloy with |
|At. wt. 193.1.|operations from platinum ores. |nine parts of platinum is |
|Valence III. |PROP.--a white metal, brittle |used for standard meter |
|and IV. |when cold, and very hard. It is|bars on account of its |
|S. G. 22.4. |attacked by fused alkalies, but|inalterability. |
|M. P. 2300°. |not by aqua regia. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Iron.= |OCC.--as magnetic oxide |The metal is used as a |
|Symbol Fe. |(Fe₂O₄), hematite (Fe₂O₃), |structural material, for |
|At. wt. 55.85.|limonite (2Fe₂O₃, 3H₂O), |rails, machinery, tools, |
|Valence II. |siderite (Fe₂CO₃), which are im-|etc. Jeweler’s rouge and |
|and III. |portant ores; iron pyrites |Venetian red consist of |
|S. G. 7.86; |(FeS₂); in rocks as complex |the oxide (Fe₂O₃). Rust is|
|pig 7.03 to |silicates, and in plants and |chiefly the hydrated oxide|
|7.73. |animals. |(FeO, OH). Hammer scale |
|M. P. 1515°. |PREP.--pig iron is prepared in |and loadstone have the |
|B. P. 2450°. |the blast furnace by reduction |composition Fe₃O₄. Ferric |
|wrought 1100°-|of the ore by means of carbon |chloride (FeCl₃), ferrous |
|1500°. |monoxide in presence of a |iodide (FeI₂) and other |
|steel 1375°. |suitable flux. From pig iron, |iron compounds are used in|
|gray pig |wrought iron is obtained by |medicine. Green vitriol |
|1275°. |puddling, and steel by the |(FeSO₄, 7H₂O) is used in |
|white pig |Bessemer, Siemens-Martin or |making ink, and in dyeing.|
|1075°. |other process. |Potassium ferrocyanide |
| |PROP.--a white, malleable, |[K₄Fe(CN)₆] is used for |
| |ductile, magnetic metal, un- |making Prussian blue, |
| |changed in dry air or air-free |potassium cyanide, etc. |
| |water, but rusting in moist | |
| |air. Easily attacked by dilute | |
| |acids, but not by fused alka- | |
| |lies. Cast iron contains 2 to | |
| |5% of carbon and other impuri- | |
| |ties, and is hard and brittle. | |
| |Wrought iron contains less than| |
| |0.2% of carbon, and is softer | |
| |and tougher, with a tensile | |
| |strength of 22 to 25 tons per | |
| |square inch. Steel contains | |
| |from 0.2 to 1.5% of carbon, is | |
| |permanently magnetic, may be | |
| |tempered, and possesses tensile| |
| |strength up to 100 tons | |
| |per square inch. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Krypton.= |OCC.--in minute quantity in the|It forms no compounds, and|
|Symbol Kr. |air. |is identified by its |
|At. wt. 82.92.|PREP.--from crude argon by |characteristic spectrum. |
|Valence 0. |fractional distillation. | |
|S. G. (Liquid |PROP.--an inert, colorless, | |
|at B. P.) 2.2.|odorless gas, resembling, but | |
|M. P. -169°. |denser than, argon. | |
|B. P. -152°. | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Lanthanum.= |OCC.--as lanthanite [La₂(CO₃)₃,|When heated in air it |
|Symbol La. |8H₂O]. |forms oxide (La₂O₃) and |
|At. wt. 139.0.|PREP.--by electrolysis of fused|nitride (LaN). |
|Valence III. |LaCl₃. | |
|and V. |PROP.--an iron-gray metal | |
|S. G. 6.15. |tarnishing in air to steel- | |
|M. P. 810°. |blue; malleable and ductile. | |
| |Attacked slowly even by cold | |
| |water. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Lead.= |OCC.--as galena (PbS), and in |The metal is used for |
|Symbol Pb. |silver ores. |water pipes, roofs and |
|At. wt. |PREP.--by calcination of par- |gutters and storage bat- |
|207.20. |tially roasted galena. Purifi- |teries. For shot it is |
|Valence II., |cation is effected by Parkes |alloyed with 0.4% of |
|IV. |process. |arsenic. Typemetal con- |
|S. G. 11.4. |PROP.--a soft, gray metal, |tains 20% of antimony. |
|M. P. 327.2°. |malleable, but of low tensile |Babbitt metal, for bear- |
|B. P. 1525°. |strength. In presence of air, |ings, contains over 70% of|
| |water acts on lead to produce |lead. Solder and pewter |
| |the hydroxide, which being |are alloys of lead and |
| |slightly soluble, may cause |tin. The basic carbonate |
| |lead poisoning, if present in |[Pb(OH)₂, 2PbCO₃], “white |
| |water supplies. When heated in |lead,” is the basis of |
| |air it is oxidized to litharge |most oil paints. |
| |(PbO), and, under suitable con-| |
| |ditions, to minimum (Pb₃O₄) | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Lithium.= |OCC.--as a mixed fluoride with |The carbonate [Li₂(CO₃)] |
|Symbol Li. |aluminium in amblygonite. |is used in medicine as a |
|At. wt. 6.94. |PREP.--by electrolysis of the |solvent for uric acid, |
|Valence I. |fused chloride. |lithium urate being solu- |
|S. G. 0.53. |PROP.--a silver-white metal, |ble. The lithium salts |
|M. P. 186°. |softer than lead, that tar- |give a carmine flame |
|B. P. above |nishes quickly in air, and is |coloration. |
|1400°. |easily acted upon by water. | |
| |When heated, it unites vigor- | |
| |ously with nitrogen. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Lutecium.= |OCC.--in euxenite. |Its compounds resemble |
|Symbol Lu. |PREP.--it has not been |those of ytterbium. |
|At. wt. 175.0.|isolated. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Magnesium.= |OCC.--as magnesite (MgCO₂), |The sulphate (MgSO₄, 7H₂O)|
|Symbol Mg. |dolomite (MgCO₃, CaCO₃), |is known as epsom salts |
|At. wt. 24.32.|carnallite (MgCl₂, KCl, 6H₂O) |and is used in medicine, |
|Valence II. |and in very many complex sili- |as are the oxide (magne- |
|S. G. 1.75. |cates. |sia), the carbonates and |
|M. P. 650°. |PREP.--by electrolysis of |citrate. Magnalium is a |
|B. P. 1120°. |dried, fused carnallite. |light, hard alloy with |
| |PROP.--a silver-white metal, |aluminum. |
| |ductile when hot. It tarnishes | |
| |in air, and acts slowly upon | |
| |water, rapidly on steam. Burns | |
| |in air to the oxide MgO, | |
| |emitting a very bright light | |
| |used in photography. It unites | |
| |directly with nitrogen. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Manganese.= |OCC.--as pyrolusite (MnO₂), |Ferromanganese and |
|Symbol Mn. |beaunite (Mn₂O₃), hausmannite |spiegeleisen are alloys |
|At. wt. 54.93.|(Mn₃O₄) and manganese spar |with iron, used in steel |
|Valence II., |(MnCO₃). |making. With copper it |
|III., IV., VI.|PREP.--by heating Mn₃O₄ with |forms the hard, tough |
|and VII. |aluminum filings. |manganese bronzes, with |
|S. G. 7.3. |PROP.--a steel-gray, hard, |tensile strength up to 30 |
|M. P. 1120°. |brittle metal with a pinkish |tons per square inch. Im- |
|B. P. 1900°. |tinge. It rusts in moist air |pure sodium permanganate |
| |and is attacked by dilute |(NaMnO₄) is used in disin-|
| |acids. |ecting as Condy’s fluid. |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Mercury.= |OCC.--free and as cinnabar |It is used for filling |
|Symbol Hg. |(HgS). |thermometers and baro- |
|At. wt. 200.6.|PREP.--by roasting cinnabar HgS|meters. Its alloys are |
|Valence I. and|+ O₂--Hg + SO₂. |called amalgams, some of |
|II. |PROP.--a silver-white, mobile |which are used in dentist-|
|S. G. 13.6. |liquid with a vapor pressure at|ry. Calomel (HgCl) is |
|M. P. -39.5°. |0° of 0.0002 mm. It tarnishes |administered internally in|
|B. P. 356.95°.|but slowly in air and is |medicine; corrosive sub- |
| |attacked only by dilute nitric |limate (HgCl₂) forms a |
| |among the dilute acids. The |solution with very power- |
| |vapor is monatomic. |ful germicidal properties.|
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Molybdenum.= |OCC.--as molybdenite (MoS₂) and|The ferromolybdenum alloys|
|Symbol Mo. |wulfenite (PbMoO₄). |are used in the manufac- |
|At. wt. 96.0. |PREP.--by reducing the oxides |ture of special steels. |
|Valence III., |with aluminum powder. | |
|IV., V. and |PROP.--a white metal, as malle-| |
|VI. |able as iron, that will not | |
|S. G. 10.0. |scratch glass. Insoluble in | |
|M. P. 2450°. |hydrochloric or dilute sulphur-| |
| |ic acid. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Neodymium.= |OCC.--with cerium and |The salts are rose-violet |
|Symbol Nd. |lanthanum. |in color, and their solu- |
|At. wt. 144.3.|PREP.--by electrolysis of the |tions show characteristic |
|Valence III. |fused chloride. |absorption spectra. |
|and IV. |PROP.--a yellowish metal, tar- | |
|S. G. 7.0. |nishing in air. | |
|M. P. 840°. | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Neon.= |OCC.--in minute quantity in the|It forms no compounds, and|
|Symbol Ne. |atmosphere. |is recognized by its |
|At. wt. 20.2. |PREP.--neon and helium are |characteristic spectrum. |
|Valence 0. |boiled out of crude argon, and | |
|B. P. ca. |the neon separated from helium | |
|-243°. |by cooling with liquid hydro- | |
| |gen. | |
| |PROP.--a colorless, trans- | |
| |parent, odorless, inert gas, | |
| |resembling argon. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Nickel.= |OCC.--as nicollite (NiAs) and |The metal furnishes a pro-|
|Symbol Ni. |nickel glance (NiAsS). |tective coating when |
|At. wt. 58.68.|PREP.--by igniting the oxalate |plated on iron. German |
|Valence II. |in hydrogen. |silver is an alloy of |
|and III. |PROP.--a white, very hard, |nickel, copper and zinc. |
|S. G. 8.8. |lustrous metal, malleable, |Nickel steel is used for |
|M. P. ca. |ductile and tenacious. It rusts|armor plates. Manganin, |
|1452°. |but slowly in air, and is |containing nickel, copper |
|B. P. ca. |attacked easily by only nitric |and manganese, is used for|
|2600°. |acid. |electrical resistances. |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Nitrogen.= |OCC.--free nitrogen forms about|Nitrous oxide (N₂O), or |
|Symbol N. |four-fifths of air by volume. |laughing gas, is used by |
|At. wt. 14.01.|As Bengal saltpeter (KNO₃), |dentists. Nitric acid |
|Valence III. |Chili saltpeter (NaNO₃); and as|(HNO₃) has many applica- |
|and V. |an essential constituent of |tions in technical |
|S. G. (liquid |vegetable and animal proto- |chemistry. Ammonia (NH₃) |
|at B. P.) |plasm. |is a very soluble gas. |
|0.81. |PREP.--by heating ammonium |Ammonium sulphate |
|M. P. -214°. |nitrite, by oxidation of |[(NH₄)₂SO₄] and Chili |
|B. P. -194°. |ammonia, etc. |saltpeter are used as |
| |PROP.--a colorless, odorless, |nitrogenous manures. |
| |transparent gas, rather in- |Nitrogen is a constituent |
| |active chemically. At ordinary |of the aniline dyes, the |
| |temperature and pressure, 100 |proteins and many other |
| |volumes of water dissolve 1.5 |important classes of |
| |volumes of nitrogen. It unites |organic substances. |
| |directly with strongly heated | |
| |boron, lithium, calcium and | |
| |magnesium. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Osmium.= |OCC.--along with platinum. |Its alloy with iridium is |
|Symbol Os. |PREP.--by reducing OsO₄. |used in tipping gold pens.|
|At. wt. 190.9.|PROP.--a gray metal, harder |Osmium tetroxide (OsO₄) is|
|Valence II., |than glass, the heaviest of |used as a microscopic |
|III., IV., VI.|known bodies. |stain for fat. |
|and VIII. | | |
|S. G. 22.477. | | |
|M. P. 2500°. | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Oxygen.= |OCC.--free oxygen forms about |The gas is sold compressed|
|Symbol O. |one-fifth of air by volume. |in mild steel cylinders, |
|At. wt. 16.00.|Water contains 88.88% of oxy- |and is used for the oxy- |
|Valence II. |gen. The rocks of the earth’s |hydrogen blowpipe and in |
|S. G. (liquid |crust contain about 45% in |medicine, besides for |
|at B. P.) |combination, chiefly as sili- |chemical purposes. It is |
|1.13. |cates. |necessary to support |
|M. P. -218.4°.|PREP.--in the laboratory by |animal respiration and to |
|B. P. -182.5°.|heating potassium chlorate |sustain ordinary combus- |
| |(KClO₃). Commercially, from the|tion. It enters as a con- |
| |air. |stituent into all oxides, |
| |PROP.--a colorless, odorless, |most salts and many |
| |tasteless, transparent gas, |organic compounds. |
| |slightly heavier than air. At | |
| |ordinary temperature and pres- | |
| |sure, 100 volumes of water dis-| |
| |solve 3 volumes of oxygen. It | |
| |is very active chemically, com-| |
| |bining directly with all but a | |
| |few of the other elements to | |
| |form oxides. Sulphur, phospho- | |
| |rus, etc., burn much more | |
| |vigorously in oxygen than in | |
| |air. Liquid oxygen is magnetic.| |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Palladium.= |OCC.--along with platinum, and |Since it does not tarnish,|
|Symbol Pd. |with gold in Brazil. |it is used for coating |
|At. wt 106.7. |PREP.--by a complex series of |silver goods, and by |
|Valence II. |processes from platinum ores. |dentists as a substitute |
|and IV. |PROP.--a silvery, malleable and|for gold. |
|S. G. 11.9. |ductile metal, related to | |
|M. P. 1549°. |platinum, unlike which, how- | |
| |ever, it is attacked by nitric | |
| |acid. Under suitable conditions| |
| |it can take up over 900 volumes| |
| |of hydrogen. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Phosphorus.= |OCC.--as phosphates, such as |Red phosphorus is used in |
|Symbol P. |apatite [CaF(PO₄)₃]; in bones, |the manufacture of |
|At. wt. 31.04.|teeth, brain and seeds of |matches, as also is the |
|Valence III. |plants. |compound P₄S₃. In the form|
|and V. |PREP.--by reduction of calcium |of superphosphate of lime |
|S. G. |phosphate by carbon in the |[CaH₂(PO₄)₂] phosphorus is|
|white, 1.82. |electric furnace in presence of|an important artificial |
|red, 2.25. |a suitable flux. |manure. The chlorides |
|M. P. white, |PROP.--phosphorus exists in two|(PCl₃ and PCl₅) are much |
|44°. |allotropic modifications: white|used in organic chemistry.|
|B. P. 289°. |phosphorus is waxy in consis- | |
| |tency, soluble in carbon bi- | |
| |sulphide, evil smelling and | |
| |poisonous; red phosphorus is a | |
| |solid, insoluble in carbon bi- | |
| |sulphide, odorless and not | |
| |poisonous. White phosphorus has| |
| |a low ignition temperature, | |
| |hence its former use in | |
| |matches. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Platinum.= |OCC.--free, alloyed with the |On account of its resis- |
|Symbol Pt. |platinum metals, as nuggets in |tance to acids, platinum |
|At. wt. 195.2.|alluvial sands in the Urals, |is much used for chemical |
|Valence II. |California, etc. |vessels. Since platinum |
|and IV. |PREP.--it is freed from the |has a coefficient of |
|S. G. 21.48. |metals with which it is alloyed|expansion very close to |
|M. P. 1753°. |by a complex series of proces- |that of glass, platinum |
| |ses. |wires can be fused through|
| |PROP.--a silvery, tenacious, |glass without danger of |
| |ductile and malleable metal, |breakage on cooling. The |
| |unaltered in moist air and un- |salts are used in photo- |
| |attacked by any single common |graphy. |
| |acid. Aqua regia, fused alka- | |
| |lies, alkali nitrates and | |
| |cyanides attack it, however. | |
| |Platinum “sponge” and “black” | |
| |are finely divided forms. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Potassium.= |OCC.--as sylvite (KCl), |An alloy with sodium is |
|Symbol K. |carnallite (KCl, MgCl₂, 6H₂O); |used in filling high- |
|At. wt. 39.10.|in plant and animal ashes, and |temperature thermometers. |
|Valence I. |in many complex silicates. |Bengal saltpeter is the |
|S. G. 0.86. |PREP.--by reduction or by |nitrate and is used in |
|M. P. 62.5°. |electrolysis of fused potassium|pyrotechny, for gunpowder |
|B. P. 762°. |hydroxide (KOH). |and as a preservative. The|
| |PROP.--a silver-white, lustrous|iodide (KI) is used in |
| |metal, as soft as wax, tarnish-|medicine. The chlorate, |
| |ing instantly in moist air. |like the nitrate, is used |
| |Chemically it is a very active |as a source of oxygen in |
| |metal, decomposing water in the|pyrotechny and for match |
| |cold and uniting violently with|heads. Caustic potash |
| |the halogens, sulphur and |(KOH) has many chemical |
| |oxygen. |applications. The cyanide |
| | |(KCN) is used in gold ex- |
| | |traction. |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Praseodym- |OCC.--with cerium and |The salts are leek-green |
|ium.= |lanthanum. |in color, and their solu- |
|Symbol Pr. |PREP.--by electrolysis of the |tions have characteristic |
|At. wt. 140.9.|fused chloride. |absorption spectra. |
|Valence III. |PROP.--a yellowish metal, re- | |
|and IV. |maining untarnished in air. | |
|S. G. 6.47. | | |
|M. P. 940°. | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Radium=. |OCC.--in minute quantity in |The rays from radium com- |
|Symbol Ra. |pitchblende and other uranium |pounds (such as RaBr₂, |
|At. wt. 226.0.|minerals. |RaCl₂, RaCO₃) act destruc-|
|Valence II. |PREP.--the metal has recently |tively on living tissues |
|M. P. 700°. |been isolated; the bromide is |and on bacteria. One gram |
| |separated from the barium |of radium in any of its |
| |bromide prepared from pitch- |compounds gives off about |
| |blende by fractional crystalli-|100 calories of heat per |
| |zation. |hour. |
| |PROP.--in all of its compounds,| |
| |the metal has the power of | |
| |emitting certain radiations. | |
| |These can pass through matter | |
| |that is opaque to light, render| |
| |air a conductor, affect a | |
| |photographic plate and cause a | |
| |zinc-sulphide screen to | |
| |fluoresce visibly. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Rhodium.= |OCC.--in the ores of platinum. |The red chloride (RhCl₃) |
|Symbol Rh. |PREP.--by a complex series of |is formed by the action of|
|At. wt. 102.9.|processes from platinum ores. |chlorine upon the metal. |
|Valence II., |PROP.--a silvery, malleable and| |
|III. and IV. |ductile metal, not tarnishing | |
|S. G. 12.1. |in air and not attacked by aqua| |
|M. P. 1970°. |regia. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Rubidium.= |OCC.--the salts are associated |The compounds show charac-|
|Symbol Rb. |with salts of potassium. |teristic flame-spectra, |
|At. wt. 85.45.|PREP.--similar to that of |and were recognized as |
|Valence I., |potassium. |those of a new element |
|III. and V. |PROP.--a silver-white metal |spectroscopically by |
|S. G. 1.53. |resembling potassium, like |Bunsen. |
|M. P. 38.5°. |which it attacks water vigor- | |
|B. P. 69.8°. |ously. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Ruthenium.= |OCC.--in the ores of platinum. |The following oxides are |
|Symbol Ru. |PREP.--by a complex series of |known: Ru₂O₃, RuO₂, RuO₄, |
|At. wt. 101.7.|processes from platinum ores. |as well as salts corre- |
|Valence III., |PROP.--a hard, white, brittle |sponding to RuO₃ and |
|IV., VI., VII.|metal, oxidized when heated in |Ru₂O₇. |
|and VIII. |air, scarcely attacked by aqua | |
|S. G. 12.1. |regia. | |
|M. P. above | | |
|1950°. | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Samarium.= |OCC.--in the mineral |The salts are topaz-yellow|
|Symbol Sa. |samarskite. |in color, and are similar |
|At. wt. 150.4.|PREP.--by electrolysis of the |to those of lanthanum. |
|Valence II. |chloride. | |
|and III. |PROP.--a whitish-gray metal, | |
|S. G. ca. 7.7.|tarnishing in air. | |
|M. P. 1300 to | | |
|1400°. | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Scandium.= |OCC.--in the minerals euxenite |The chloride (ScCl₃) shows|
|Symbol Sc. |and gadolinite. |a characteristic spark |
|At. wt. 44.1. |PREP.--the metal has not been |spectrum. |
|Valence III. |isolated. | |
| |PROP.--the existence of this | |
| |element, whose oxide was dis- | |
| |covered in 1879, was predicted | |
| |by Mendeléeff in 1869. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Selenium.= |OCC.--free in some specimens of|Selenium cells are used as|
|Symbol Se. |sulphur, and in combination |indicators of intensity of|
|At. wt. 79.2. |with lead, iron and other |illumination. The com- |
|Valence II., |metals, as in pyrites. |pounds strongly resemble |
|IV. and VI. |PREP.--(amorphous) by reducing |those of sulphur. Hydrogen|
|S. G. |selenious acid (H₂SiO₃) by |selenide is an evil- |
|amorphous |sulphur dioxide. |smelling inflammable gas. |
|4.26. |PROP.--three varieties are |Selenic acid (H₂SeO₄) is a|
|monoclinic |known: (1) red amorphous, |more powerful oxidizer |
|4.47 |soluble in carbon bisulphide, |than sulphuric acid and |
|hexagonal 4.8.|from which it is deposited as |dissolves gold. |
|M. P. |(2) red translucent monoclinic | |
|amorphous 50°.|crystals, soluble in carbon bi-| |
|monoclinic 170|sulphide, (3) blue-gray metal- | |
|to 180°. |lic selenium, insoluble in | |
|hexagonal |carbon bisulphide. This last | |
|217°. |form conducts electricity many | |
|B. P. 688°. |times better when exposed to | |
| |light, and the better the | |
| |brighter the light. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Silicon.= |OCC.--silicon dioxide (SiO₂) |The “pigs” of silicon made|
|Symbol Si. |occurs as flint, quartz, quartz|at Niagara are used in |
|At. wt. 28.3. |sand, etc. The igneous rocks |steel-making. The ornamen-|
|Valence IV. |are composed largely of sili- |tal varieties of quartz |
|S. G. |cates, and this element consti-|find uses as gemstones, as|
|amorphous 2.3.|tutes over 25% of the earth’s |do several natural sili- |
|crystalline |crust. |cates. Silicon carbide, |
|2.34. |PREP.--by reducing sand with |“carborundum” (SiC), is |
|M. P. 1458°. |coke in the electric furnace. |used as an abrasive. |
|B. P. ca. |PROP.--amorphous silicon is a |Sodium silicate solution |
|3500°. |brown powder that burns when |is “water glass,” used to |
| |heated in air. Crystalline |protect sandstone and to |
| |silicon forms black needles. It|preserve eggs. Common |
| |is less active than the amor- |glass is a mixture of |
| |phous variety and is attacked |sodium and calcium sili- |
| |only slowly by a mixture of |cates. |
| |hydrofluoric and nitric acids. | |
| |It unites with fluorine, how- | |
| |ever, at ordinary temperatures.| |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Silver.= |OCC.--native, as sulphide |It is employed for arti- |
|Symbol Ag. |(Ag₂S) often associated with |cles of use and of orna- |
|At. wt. |galena; chloride (AgCl), etc. |ment and for coinage. |
|107.88. |PREP.--from lead by the |U. S. sterling silver con-|
|Valence I. |Pattison or Parkes process; |tains 90% silver and 10% |
|S. G. 10.53. |from the ores by the Mexican |copper. Lunar caustic is |
|M. P. 960°. |and other processes. |silver nitrate. This salt |
|B. P. 1955°. |PROP.--a white, highly lus- |and the halides of silver |
| |trous, tough, very ductile and |are extensively used in |
| |malleable metal, the best con- |photography. For electro- |
| |ductor of heat and electricity |plating, a bath of potas- |
| |known. Liquid silver dissolves |sium argenticyanide |
| |oxygen. It is unaffected by the|[KAg(CN)₂] is used. |
| |oxygen of moist air, and its | |
| |tarnishing is due to the action| |
| |of hydrogen sulphide. It dis- | |
| |solves in dilute nitric and in | |
| |concentrated hot sulphuric | |
| |acid. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Sodium.= |OCC.--in the sea as chloride |The metal is used in the |
|Symbol Na. |(NaCl); in salt deposits as |manufacture of several |
|At. wt. 23.00.|chloride, borate, nitrate; in |chemicals. Sodium chloride|
|Valence I. |many complex silicates in |(NaCl) is a necessity of |
|S. G. 0.97. |rocks. |life to most animals; and |
|M. P. 965°. |PREP.--by electrolysis of fused|is used in the manufacture|
|B. P. 883°. |sodium hydroxide (NaOH). |of hydrochloric acid, |
| |PROP.--a silver-white metal, as|chlorine and sodium com- |
| |soft as wax, that may be welded|pounds. Sodium carbonate |
| |at ordinary temperature. Like |(NaCO₃, 10H₂O) or washing |
| |potassium it is very active, |soda, and sodium hydroxide|
| |uniting directly with many |(NaOH) are used for |
| |other elements, and attacking |cleaning, and in the manu-|
| |water vigorously in the cold. |facture of soap and chemi-|
| | |cals. Baking soda is |
| | |sodium bicarbonate |
| | |(NaHCO₃). The sulphate |
| | |(Na₂SO₄, 10H₂O) is known |
| | |as Glauber’s salt; the |
| | |thiosulphate, by photo- |
| | |graphers, as “hypo.” |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Strontium.= |OCC.--as strontianite (SrCO₃) |The nitrate and chlorate |
|Symbol Sr. |and celestine (SrSO₄). |are used in pyrotechny for|
|At. wt. 87.63.|PREP.--by electrolysis of the |red fire. All volatile |
|Valence II. |fused chloride. |compounds color the Bunsen|
|S. G. 2.55. |PROP.--a white metal, softer |flame red. |
|M. P. ca. |than calcium and harder than | |
|800°. |sodium, tarnishing to a yellow | |
| |tint. Like calcium it is active| |
| |enough to attack water vigor- | |
| |ously in the cold. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Sulphur.= |OCC.--native, in combination |Sulphur is used to prepare|
|Symbol S. |with most metals as sulphides, |sulphur dioxide (SO₂), |
|At. wt. 32.06.|and with some metals as sul- |which is used in making |
|Valence II., |phates. |sulphuric acid and sul- |
|IV. and VI. |PREP.--by melting the free sul-|phites, and for bleaching;|
|S. G. |phur away from the rocky |also for vulcanizing |
|rhombic 2.06. |matrix, and subsequent purifi- |rubber and in the manufac-|
|monoclinic |cation by distillation. |ture of black gunpowder, |
|1.96. |PROP.--natural sulphur is rhom-|fireworks and matches. |
|M. P. |bic in crystalline form, yel- |Sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) is |
|rhombic |low, brittle, of vitreous |to chemical industry what |
|112.4°. |luster, and a poor conductor of|iron is to engineering. |
|monoclinic |heat and electricity. This and | |
|119°. |the monoclinic variety are | |
|B. P. 444.9°. |soluble in carbon bisulphide, | |
| |while amorphous sulphur is not.| |
| |When heated, sulphur unites | |
| |directly with most of the other| |
| |elements. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Tantalum.= |OCC.--in tantalite and many |The metal is used for |
|Symbol Ta. |other rare minerals. |filaments for electric |
|At. wt. 181.5.|PREP.--by the action of sodium |lamps, which possess twice|
|Valence II., |on sodium tantalofluoride |the efficiency of the |
|IV. and V. |(Na₂TaF₇). |carbon filament lamp. |
|S. G. 16.6. |PROP.--a hard, silver-white | |
|M. P. bet. |metal, ductile and malleable | |
|2250° and |when hot, of very high tensile | |
|2300°. |strength. The hot metal can ab-| |
| |sorb 740 volumes of hydrogen. | |
| |It is not attacked by aqua | |
| |regia. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Tellurium.= |OCC.--free and as tellurides. |The compounds find few ap-|
|Symbol Te. |PREP.--by reducing tellurious |plications. Telluric acid |
|At. wt. 127.5.|acid (H₂TeO₃) by means of sul- |(H₆TeO₆) has basic as well|
|Valence II., |phur dioxide. |as acid characters, in |
|IV. and VI. |PROP.--the crystalline variety |keeping with the position |
|S. G. cryst. |is white, has metallic luster, |of the element between |
|6.2. |and conducts heat and electri- |metals and nonmetals. |
|M. P. cryst. |city. The precipitated variety | |
|455°. |is black and of lower density. | |
|B. P. 1400°. |The element is related to sul- | |
| |phur but is more metallic in | |
| |character. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Terbium.= |OCC.--in gadolinite, |The salts show no absorp- |
|Symbol Tb. |samarskite, and other rare |tion spectrum. |
|At. wt. 159.2.|minerals. | |
|Valence III. |PREP.--the metal has not been | |
| |prepared. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Thallium.= |OCC.--in crookesite, and in |It forms two sets of |
|Symbol Tl. |small quantities in many |salts, the thallous (e.g.,|
|At. wt. 204.0.|samples of iron pyrites. |TlCl) and the thallic |
|Valence I., |PREP.--it is precipitated by |(e.g., TlCl₃). All the |
|and II. |zinc from a solution obtained |compounds show a charac- |
|S. G. 11.8. |by suitable treatment of the |teristic green line in the|
|M. P. 303. |flue dust from sulphuric acid |spectrum. |
|B. P. 1515°. |works. | |
| |PROP.--a bluish-white, lead- | |
| |like metal, rather soft, malle-| |
| |able, but of low tensile | |
| |strength. It decomposes water | |
| |rapidly at red heat, and dis- | |
| |solves in dilute acids. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Thorium.= |OCC.--in monazite sand. |The nitrate [Th(NO₃)₄, |
|Symbol Th. |PREP.--by reducing potassium |6H₂O] is used in making |
|At. wt. 232.4.|thorium chloride with sodium, |Welsbach incandescent |
|Valence IV. |or by electrolysis of the |mantles, which consist of |
|S. G. 11.0. |chloride in a mixture of fused |99% of ThO₂. All the com- |
|M. P. above |potassium and sodium chlorides.|pounds are radio-active. |
|1700°. | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Thullium.= |OCC.--in gadolinite and other |The salts are of a pale |
|Symbol Tm. |yttrium minerals. |bluish color which is |
|At. wt. 168.5.|PROP.--a metal with the color |destroyed very easily by |
|Valence III. |of nickel, that can be burnt in|minute quantities of |
|M. P. 1700°. |air. Hydrochloric acid attacks |erbium. |
| |it but slowly. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Tin.= |OCC.--as cassiterite (SnO₂). |Large quantities of tin |
|Symbol Sn. |PREP.--after roasting, the ore |are used in the tinning of|
|At. wt. 118.7.|is reduced by heating with |iron for tinplate. It is a|
|Valence II. |carbon. |constituent of the alloys |
|and IV. |PROP.--a silver-white, rather |Britannia metal, pewter, |
|S. G. |soft, very malleable and duc- |solder, bronze, etc. Tin |
|white 7.3. |tile metal, practically un- |forms two sets of salts, |
|gray 5.7. |changed in air. When heated, it|stannous (e.g., SnCl₂) and|
|M. P. 231.8°. |may be burned in air. Dilute |stannic (e.g., SnCl₄). |
|B. P. 2275°. |nitric acid is the only dilute |“Pink salt” [(NH₄)₂SnCl₆] |
| |acid that attacks it rapidly. |is used in dye. “Mosaic |
| |When kept long at temperatures |gold” is SnS₂. |
| |below zero Centigrade, ordinary| |
| |tin changes to a brittle, gray,| |
| |powdery modification. This form| |
| |is the stable one below 20°. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Titanium.= |OCC.--as rutile (TiO₂) and in |The element is very widely|
|Symbol Ti. |titanic iron ore (FeTiO₃). |disseminated, though in |
|At. wt. 48.1. |PREP.--by reducing the chloride|small quantity. It is con-|
|Valence II., |(TiCl₄) by means of sodium. |tained in the ashes of all|
|III. and IV. |PROP.--a hard, brittle metal, |plants. |
|S. G. 4.5. |resembling polished steel in | |
|M. P. below |appearance, that may be forged | |
|1850°. |at a low red heat. It dissolves| |
| |in dilute sulphuric acid, and | |
| |decomposes steam at 800°. It | |
| |unites easily with nitrogen. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Tungsten.= |OCC.--as wolfram (FeWO₄) and as|The metal is used for the |
|Symbol W. |scheelite (CaWO₄). |filaments of incandescent |
|At. wt. 184.0.|PREP.--by reducing tungstic |electric lamps, giving an |
|Valence II., |acid (H₂WO₄) by carbon at a high|efficiency of 1.3 watts |
|IV., V. and |temperature. |per candle power. Tungsten|
|VI. |PROP.--a hard, brittle, gray |steel has 5% W. Sodium |
|S. G. 19.3. |metal, attacked by chlorine |tungstates are used as |
|M. P. 3177°. |only at 250°, although it can |mordants in dyeing. |
|B. P. ca. |be caused to burn in air. It is| |
|3700°. |slowly acted upon by dilute | |
| |acids and even by water. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Uranium.= |OCC.--as pitchblende, which |All the compounds of ura- |
|Symbol U. |contains U₃O₈. |nium are radioactive in |
|At. wt. 238.2.|PREP.--by reducing the oxides |proportion to their ura- |
|Valence III., |with aluminum. |nium content. Glass to |
|IV., V. and |PROP.--a white, lustrous metal,|which uranium compounds |
|VIII. |tarnishing in air and attacking|have been added shows a |
|S. G. 18.7. |water slowly in the cold. It |greenish-yellow fluores- |
|M. P. ca. |combines directly with many of |cence. |
|1500°. |the other elements. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Vanadium.= |OCC.--in a few rather rare |Vanadium added to steel in|
|Symbol V. |minerals. |even small quantity (0.2%)|
|At. wt. 51.0. |PREP.--by reduction of the di- |increases the tenacity and|
|Valence II., |chloride (VCl₂) in hydrogen. |elastic limit without |
|III., IV. and |PROP.--a silver-white, lustrous|reducing the ductility. |
|V. |metal, harder than quartz. It | |
|S. G. 5.7. |does not tarnish nor attack | |
|M. P. ca. |water at ordinary temperatures,| |
|1715°. |but can be burnt in oxygen. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Xenon.= |OCC.--in minute quantity in the|It forms no compounds. |
|Symbol Xe. |air, less than one volume in | |
|At. wt. 130.2.|100 million. | |
|Valence 0. |PREP.--by fractionation of | |
|B. P. -109°. |liquid argon. | |
|S. G. (liquid |PROP.--a transparent, colorless| |
|at B. P.) |and odorless gas, very inert | |
|3.82. |like its congener argon. It is | |
| |the densest of the argon | |
| |family. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Ytterbium= |OCC.--in gadolinite, euxenite |The compounds show a char-|
|(Neoytter- |and other rare minerals. |acteristic spark spectrum.|
|bium). |PREP.--the metal has not been | |
|Symbol Yb. |isolated. | |
|At. wt. 173.5.| | |
|Valence III. | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Yttrium.= |OCC.--in gadolinite, euxenite |The chloride yields a |
|Symbol Y. |and other rare minerals. |characteristic, though |
|At. wt. 88.9. |PREP.--by electrolysis of |complex, spectrum. |
|Valence III. |sodium yttrium chloride. | |
|S. G. 3.8. |PROP.--a gray, lustrous metal. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Zinc.= |OCC.--as zinc blende (ZnS), |Sheet zinc is used for |
|Symbol Zn. |calamine (ZaCO₂), zincite |roofs and gutters. Iron is|
|At. wt. 65.37.|(ZnO), etc. |galvanized by dipping it |
|Valence II. |PREP.--after roasting, the ore |in molten zinc, and so |
|S. G. 6.9 to |is reduced by coal, the metal |protected from rusting. |
|7.2. |distilling off. |Zinc is used for galvanic |
|M. P. 419.3°. |PROP.--a bluish-white, lus- |batteries and, alloyed |
|B. P. 906°. |trous, brittle metal, that is |with copper, to make |
| |malleable and ductile at 120°. |brass. The salts are used |
| |It tarnishes in moist air, |in medicine; the chloride |
| |attacking water slowly in the |and sulphate antiseptic |
| |cold and rapidly when heated in|solutions. |
| |steam. It dissolves in dilute | |
| |acids and in sodium hydroxide | |
| |solution. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+
|=Zirconium.= |OCC.--as zircon (ZrSiO₄). |The oxide is contained in |
|Symbol Zr. |PREP.--by reducing the oxide |some incandescent gas |
|At. wt. 90.6. |(ZrO₂) with carbon in the elec-|mantles. |
|Valence IV. |tric furnace. | |
|S. G. 6.4. |PROP.--a hard, gray metal, re- | |
| |maining bright in air and only | |
| |slowly oxidized at a white | |
| |heat. It is dissolved by aqua | |
| |regia and by caustic potash | |
| |solution. | |
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------------------+